常见铸造缺陷图⽂并茂，内附视频⼀、铸造的定义及原理⾦属铸造是将把熔化的⾦属液注⼊⽤耐⾼温材料制作的中空铸型内，冷凝后得到预期形状的制品，这就是铸造。
所得到的制品就是铸件。
液体⾦属→充型→凝固收缩→铸件⼆、铸造的分类1. 重⼒铸造是指⾦属液在地球重⼒作⽤下注⼊铸型的⼯艺，也称浇铸。
其⾦属液⼀般采⽤⼿⼯倒⼊浇⼝，依靠⾦属液⾃重充满型腔、排⽓、冷却、开模得到产品。
2.压⼒铸造在⾼压作⽤下，使液态或半液态⾦属以较⾼的速度充填压铸型(压铸模具)型腔，并在压⼒下成型和凝固⽽获得铸件的⽅法。
三、⼯艺常见缺陷⼀、⽓孔形成原因：1.液体⾦属浇注时被卷⼊的⽓体在合⾦液凝固后以⽓孔的形式存在于铸件中2.⾦属与铸型反应后在铸件表⽪下⽣成的⽪下⽓孔3.合⾦液中的夹渣或氧化⽪上附着的⽓体被混⼊合⾦液后形成⽓孔因砂芯未烘⼲造成的侵⼊性⽓孔 | ⽓孔实物，1x⼆、疏松形成原因1.合⾦液除⽓不⼲净形成疏松2.最后凝固部位不缩不⾜3.铸型局部过热、⽔分过多、排⽓不良铸件疏松三、夹杂形成原因1.外来物混⼊液体合⾦并浇注⼈铸型2.精炼效果不良3.铸型内腔表⾯的外来物或造型材料剥落四、夹渣形成原因1.精炼变质处理后除渣不⼲净2.精炼变质后静置时间不够3.浇注系统不合理，⼆次氧化⽪卷⼊合⾦液中4.精炼后合⾦液搅动或被污染五、裂纹形成原因1.铸件各部分冷却不均匀2.铸件凝固和冷却过程受到外界阻⼒⽽不能⾃由收缩，内应⼒超过合⾦强度⽽产⽣裂纹六、偏析形成原因合⾦凝固时析出相与液相所含溶质浓度不同，多数情况液相溶质富集⽽⼜来不及扩散⽽使先后凝固部分的化学成分不均匀七、成分超差形成原因1.中间合⾦或预制合⾦成分不均匀或成分分析误差过⼤2.炉料计算或配料称量错误3.熔炼操作失当，易氧化元素烧损过⼤4.熔炼搅拌不均匀、易偏析元素分布不均匀⼋、针孔形成原因合⾦在液体状态下溶解的⽓体（主要为氢），在合⾦凝固过程中⾃合⾦中析出⽽形成的均布形成的孔洞下⾯是常见铸造缺陷的视频，看完后理解更深刻：四. 铸造缺陷专业词汇A . 尺⼨，形状缺陷铸造缺陷 casting defects尺⼨超差 impropershrinkage allowance尺⼨不合格 wrong size模样错误 excess rappingof pattern, deformed pattern, pattern error壁厚不均 differentthickness铸型下垂 mold sag错型 mold shift,shift, miss-match, cross-joint舂移 ram off, ramaway塌型 mold drop,drop off, drop out, drop sticker上型下沉，沉芯 sag( 上型和型芯下垂导致壁厚减⼩）飞翅 fins, jointflash翘曲 warp age,buckling, warping, camber铸件变形 warped casting挤箱 push up, cramp-off型裂 broken mold,cracked掉砂 crush ofmold, crush变形 deformation,casting distortion, warped castingB. 缩孔（由凝固收缩引起 )缩孔 shrinkage,shrinkaged cavity内部缩孔 internal shrinkage,dispersed shrinkage, blind shrinkage敞露缩孔 open shrinkage,external shrinkages, sink marks, depression缩松 porosity,shrinkage porosity, leakers, micro shrinkage, disperded shrinkage缩陷 sink marks,draw, suck-in芯⾯缩孔 core shrinkage内⾓缩孔 cornershrinkage, fillet shrinkage出汗孔 extruded bead,exudation线状缩孔 fissure likeshrinkageC. ⽓体缺陷（由⽓体引起的孔）⽓孔 blowholes,gas hole, blow针孔 pinholes裂纹状缺陷，线状缺陷 fissure defectsD. 裂纹裂纹 crack缩裂 shrinkagecrack季裂 seasoncracking, season crack应⼒热裂 hot cracking,hot tearing, hot tear淬⽕裂纹 quench crack,quenching crack应⼒冷裂 cold cracking,breakage, cold tearing, cold tear龟裂 crack激冷层裂纹，⽩裂 chill crackE. 夹杂物夹渣 slaginclusion, slag blowholes砂眼 sandinclusion, raised sand, sand hole其他夹杂物 the other inclusion胀砂 push up,cramp-off, sand hole掉砂 crush, crushof mold硬点 hard spot浮渣 dross ( 浇注后在铸型内形成的缺陷，尤其是⽯墨、氧化物和硫化物的线状缺陷的总称，另外，浇注过程中被卷进去的缺陷成为夹渣和砂眼，两者的区别是形成原因不同）⽯墨浮渣 graphite dross,carbon dross氧化⽪夹渣 oxide dross, oxideinclusion, skins, seams硫化物熔渣 sulfide dross沉淀物 sludge夹渣物 sand inclusion,oxide inclusion, skins, seams⿊点，⿊渣 black spots, lustrous carbon涂料夹渣 blacking,refractory coating inclusions光亮碳膜 lustrous carbonfilms, kish tracksF. 外观缺陷浇不⾜ misrun, shortrun, cold lap, cold shut冷隔 cold shut,cold laps轻度冷隔 seam两重⽪ plate皱⽪ surface fold,gas run, elephant skin, seams, scare, flow marks漏箱 run-out,runout, break-out, bleeder漏芯 mold drop,stiker未浇满 short pours,short run, poured short⽓孔 blowholes, blow飞翅 fins，joint flash胀砂，⽓疱 swell, blister芯撑未融合 chaplet shut,insert cold shut, unfused chaplet热粘砂 burn in热痕 flow marks内渗⾖，冷⾖，冷隔 internal sweating, coldshot, shot iron外渗物 sweating磷化物渗⾖ phosphide sweat铅渗⾖ lead sweat锡渗⾖ tin sweat掉砂 rat, sticker （型砂的⼀部分附着在模样上⽽形成的表⾯缺陷）G. 型芯缺陷砂芯断裂 crushed core,broken core砂芯压碎 broken core芯⾯缩孔 core blow砂芯缩孔 core blow砂芯下垂 sag core,deformed core砂芯弯曲 deformed core漂芯 shiftedcore, core raise, raised core, mold element cutout偏芯 core shiftH. 表⾯缺陷沾砂 burn on,sand burning, burn in , penetration粘型（⾦属型） fusion两重⽪ laminations ,plat机械粘砂 penetration ,metal penetration夹渣结疤 scabs ,expansion scabs , corner scab表⾯粗糙 rough casting ,rough surface⿏尾 buckle , rattail涂料结疤 blacking scab ,wash scabs烘⼲不⾜ sever surface ,wash scabs熟痕 surfacedefect casting by combination of gas and shrinkage ( 在靠近厚断⾯处形成下陷的蛇状伤痕）涂料剥落 wash erosion⽓疱 blister ,surface or subsurface blow hole⽓疱 blister ,surface or subsurface blow hole表⾯粗糙 rough surface ,seems , scars起⽪ stripping剥落结疤 pull down ,spalling scab伤痕 crow’s feet⿇⾯ pittingsurface , orange peel , alligator skin热裂痕 surface folds, gas runs泡疤表⾯ surface folds ,gas runs象⽪状皱⽪ surface fold , gasrun , elephant skin皱⽪ surface fold, gas run , seams , scare , flow marks波纹 wave冲砂 wash冲蚀 erosionI. 组织缺陷（铸铁 )球化不良 poor nodularity, degenerated graphite蠕墨化不良 degeneratedgraphite异常⽯墨 abnormalgraphite开花状⽯墨 exploded graphite过冷⽯墨 under cooledgraphite , D-type graphite⽯墨细⼩颗粒 chunky graphite⽯墨粗⼤ kish graphite ,kish整列⽯墨 aligned graphite⽯墨漂浮 floated graphite⽯墨魏⽒组织 Widmannstattengraphite⿇⼝ mottled castiron , mottle灰点 mottle反⿇⼝ inverse mottle( 与⿇⼝相反，在薄断⾯处和尖⾓处形成的⿇⼝）⽩⼝ chill反⽩⼝ reverse chill ,inverse chill冷⾖ extruded bead, exudation , internal sweating退⽕不⾜ miss annealing ,incomplete annealing粗⼤枝晶组织 coarsened dendritic反偏析 inversesegregation⽐重偏析 gravity segregation溶质偏析 solutesegregation宏观偏析 macroscopicsegregation微观偏析 microscopicsegregationJ. 断⼝缺陷表⾯铁素体 ferrite rim表⾯珠光体 pearlite rim⽩缘，脱碳 pearlitic rim ,picture frame , pearlite layer不均匀断⼝ heterogeneousfractured surface不均匀断⼝ heterogeneousfractured surface破碎激冷层 scattered chillstructure , cold flakes晶粒粗⼤ rough grain尖钉状断⼝ spiky fracturedsurface冰糖状断⼝ rock candy fracturesurfaceK. ⼒学性能缺陷硬点 hard spot ( 对铸件，硬点是硬区、⽩⼝或冷⾖等⼒学性能缺陷的总称；对铝合⾦，硬点是铸件内各种⾼硬度相，如初晶Si相、⾦属间化合物、氧化物，偏析等总称）硬度不良 poor hardness ,too high or low hardnessL. 使⽤性能缺陷腐蚀性不良 poor corrosionresistance切削性不良 poor machinability⿇点 torn surface锌晶间腐蚀 zinc intergranularcorrosion电导率不良 poor electricalconductivityM. 其他缺陷残留飞翅 residual fin残留⿊⽪ residual blackskin浇道冒⼝断⼝缺⾁ broken casting at gate ,riser or vent端部缺⾁ inside cut切⼝缺⾁（压铸件） inside cut翘曲 ( 喷丸引起） camber , excessivecleaning铸件弯曲 ( 铸件变形） warped casting , casting distortion , deformed mold , mold creep打磨缺⾁ crow’s feet铸造管理缺陷裂纹 crack压痕 impression残留物型砂残留 sand inclusions喷丸粒残留 residual shot锌蒸汽向炉壁渗透 zinc infiltration intorefractory航空⽆损检测砖家NDT 微论坛官⽅公众号。
