Preface to the revised edition

PREFACE TOFIFTEENTH EDITIONThis new edition,thefifth under the aegis of the present editor,remains the one-volume source of factual information for chemists,both professionals and students—thefirst place in which to“look it up”on the spot.The aim is to provide sufficient data to satisfy all one’s general needs without recourse to other reference sources.A user willfind this volume of value as a time-saverbecause of the many tables of numer ical data which have been especially compiled.Descriptive properties for a basic group of approximately4300organic compounds are compiled in Section1,an increase of300entries.All entries are listed alphabetically according to the senior prefix of the name.The data for each organic compound include (where available)name,structural formula,formula weight,Beilstein reference(or if un-available,the entry to the Merck Index,12th ed.),density,refractive index,melting point, boiling point,flash point,and solubility(citing numerical values if known)in water andvarious common organic solvents.Structural formulas either too complex or too ambig-uous to be rendered as line formulas are grouped at the bottom of each facing double page on which the entries appear.Alternative names,as well as trivial names of long-standing usage,are listed in their respective alphabetical order at the bottom of each double page in the regular alphabetical sequence.Another feature that assists the user in locating a desired entry is the empirical formula index.Section2on General Information,Conversion Tables,and Mathematics has had the table on general conversion factors thoroughly reworked.Similarly the material on Statis-tics in Chemical Analysis has had its contents more than doubled.Descriptive properties for a basic group of inorganic compounds are compiled in Section 3,which has undergone a small increase in the number of entries.Many entries under the column“Solubility”supply the reader with precise quantities dissolved in a stated solvent and at a given temperature.Several portions of Section4,Properties of Atoms,Radicals,and Bonds,have been significantly enlarged.For example,the entries under“Ionization Energy of Molecular and Radical Species”now number740and have an additional column with the enthalpy of formation of the ions.Likewise,the table on“Electron Affinities of the Elements, Molecules,and Radicals”now contains about225entries.The Table of Nuclides has material on additional radionuclides,their radiations,and the neutron capture cross sec-tions.Revised material for Section5includes the material on surface tension,viscosity,di-electric constant,and dipole moment for organic compounds.In order to include more data at several temperatures,the material has been divided into two separate tables.Ma-terial on surface tension and viscosity constitute thefirst table with715entries;included is the temperature range of the liquid phase.Material on dielectric constant and dipoleviiviii PREFACE TO FIFTEENTH EDITIONmoment constitute another table of1220entries.The additional data at two or more tem-peratures permit interpolation for intermediate temperatures and also permit limited ex-trapolation of the data.The Properties of Combustible Mixtures in Air has been revised and expanded to include over450compounds.Flash points ar e to be found in Section1. Completely revised are the tables on Thermal Conductivity for gases,liquids,and solids. Van derWaals’constants forgases has been br ought up to date and expanded to over500 substances.Section6,which includes Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation,Entropies,and Heat Capacities of Organic and Inorganic Compounds,and Heats of Melting,Vaporization, and Sublimation and Specific Heat at Various Temperatures for organic and inorganic compounds,has expanded by11pages,but the majoradditions have involved data in columns where it previously was absent.More material has also been included for critical temperature,critical pressure,and critical volume.The section on Spectroscopy has been retained but with some revisions and expansion. The section includes ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy,fluorescence,infrared and Raman spectroscopy,and X-ray spectrometry.Detection limits are listed for the elements when usingflame emission,flame atomic absorption,electrothermal atomic absorption,argon induction coupled plasma,andflame atomicfluorescence.Nuclear magnetic resonance embraces tables for the nuclear properties of the elements,proton chemical shifts and coupling constants,and similar material for carbon-13,boron-11,nitrogen-15,fluorine-19,silicon-19,and phosphorus-31.In Section8,the material on solubility constants has been doubled to550entries. Sections on proton transfer reactions,including some at various temperatures,formation constants of metal complexes with organic and inorganic ligands,buffer solutions of all types,reference electrodes,indicators,and electrode potentials are retained with some revisions.The material on conductances has been revised and expanded,particularly in the table on limiting equivalent ionic conductances.Everything in Sections9and10on physiochemical relationships,and on polymers, rubbers,fats,oils,and waxes,respectively,has been retained.Section11,Practical Laboratory Information,has undergone significant changes and expansion.Entries in the table on“Molecular Elevation of the Boiling Point”have been increased.McReynolds’constants for stationary phases in gas chromatography have been reorganized and expanded.The guide to ion-exchange resins and discussion is new and embraces all types of column packings and membrane materials.Gravimetric factors have been altered to reflect the changes in atomic weights for several elements.Newly added are tables listing elements precipitated by general analytical reagents,and giving equations for the redox determination of the elements with their equivalent weights.Discussion on the topics of precipitation and complexometric titrations include primary standards and indicators for each analytical technique.A new topic of masking and demasking agents includes discussion and tables of masking agents forvar ious elements,foranions and neutral molecules,and common demasking agents.A table has been added listing the common amino acids with theirpI and p Kvalues and their3-letterand1-letterabbr evi-astly a9-page table lists the threshold limit value(TLV)for gases and vapors.As stated in earlier prefaces,every effort has been made to select the most useful and reliable information and to record it with accuracy.However,the editor’s50years ofPREFACE TO FIFTEENTH EDITION ix involvement with textbooks and handbooks bring a realization of the opportunities for gremlins to exert their inevitable mischief.It is hoped that users of this handbook will continue to offer suggestions of material that might be included in,or even excluded from, future editions and call attention to errors.These communications should be directed to the editor.The street address will change early in1999,as will the telephone number. However,the e-mail address should remain as“pd105@.”Knoxville,TN John A.DeanPREFACE TOFOURTEENTH EDITIONPerhaps it would be simplest to begin by stating the ways in which this new edition,the fourth under the aegis of the present editor,has not been changed.It remains the one-volume source of factual information for chemists,both professionals and students—thefirst place in which to“look it up”on the spot.The aim is to provide sufficient data to satisfy all one’s general needs without recourse to other reference sources.Even the worker with the facilities of a comprehensive library willfind this volume of value as a time-saverbecause of the many tables of numer ical data which have been especially compiled.The changes,however,are both numerous and significant.First of all,there is a change in the organization of the subject matter.For example,material formerly contained in the section entitled Analytical Chemistry is now grouped by operational categories:spectroscopy;electrolytes,electro-motive force,and chemical equilibrium;and practical laboratory information.Polymers,rubbers, fats,oils,and waxes constitute a large independent section.Descriptive properties for a basic group of approximately4000organic compounds are compiledin Section1.These follow a concise introduction to organic nomenclature,including the topic of stereochemistry.Nomenclature is consistent with the1979rules of the Commission on Nomencla-ture,International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry(IUPAC).All entries are listed alphabeti-cally according to the senior prefix of the name.The data for each organic compound include(where available)name,structural formula,formula weight,Beilstein reference,density,refractive index, melting point,boiling point,flash point,and solubility(citing numerical values if known)in water and various common organic solvents.Structural formulas either too complex or too ambiguous to be rendered as line formulas are grouped at the bottom of the page on which the entries appear. Alternative names,as well as trivial names of long-standing usage,are listed in their respective alphabetical order at the bottom of each page in the regular alphabetical sequence.Another feature that assists the user in locating a desired entry is the empirical formula index.Section2combines the former separate section on Mathematics with the material involving General Information and Conversion Tables.The fundamental physical constants reflect values rec-ommended in1986.Physical and chemical symbols and definitions have undergone extensive re-vision and expansion.Presented in14categories,the entries follow recommendations published in 1988by the IUPAC.The table of abbreviations and standard letter symbols provides,in a sense,an alphabetical index to the foregoing tables.The table of conversion factors has been modified in view of recent data and inclusion of SI units;cross-entries for“archaic”or unusual entries have been curtailed.Descriptive properties for a basic group of approximately1400inorganic compounds are com-piled in Section3.These follow a concise,revised introduction to inorganic nomenclature that follows the recommendations of the IUPAC published in1990.In this section are given the exact atomic(or formula)weight of the elements accompanied,when available,by the uncertainty in the finalfigure given in parentheses.In Section4the data on bond lengths and strengths have been vastly increased so as to include not only the atomic and effective ionic radii of elements and the covalent radii for atoms,but also the bond lengths between carbon and other elements and between elements other than carbon.Allxixii PREFACE TO FOURTEENTH EDITIONlengths are given in picometers(SI unit).Effective ionic radii are tabulated as a function of ion charge and coordination number.Bond dissociation energies are given in kilojoules per mole with the uncertainty of thefinalfigure(s)given in parentheses when known.New tables include bond dipole moments,group dipole moments,work functions of the elements,and relative abundances of the naturally occurring elements.The table of nuclides has been shortened and includes only the more commonly encountered nuclides;tabulations list half-life,natural abundance,cross-section to thermal neutrons,and radiation emitted upon disintegration.Entries have been updated.Revised material in Section5includes an extensive tabulation of binary and ternary azeotropes comprising approximately850entries.Over975compounds have values listed for viscosity,di-electric constant,dipole moment,and surface tension.Whenever possible,data for viscosity and dielectric constant are provided at two temperatures to permit interpolation for intermediate tem-peratures and also to permit limited extrapolation of the data.The dipole moments are often listed for different physical states.Values for surface tension can be calculated over a range of temperatures from two constants that can befitted into a linear equation.Also extensively revised and expanded are the properties of combustible mixtures in air.A table of triple points has been added.The tables in Section6contain values of the enthalpy and Gibbs energy of formation,entropy, and heat capacity atfive temperatures for approximately2000organic compounds and1500inor-ganic compounds,many in more than one physical state.Separate tabulations have enthalpies of melting,vaporization,transition,and sublimation for organic and inorganic compounds.All values are given in SI units(joule)and have been extracted from the latest sources such as JANAF Ther-mochemical Tables,3d ed.(1986);Thermochemical Data of Organic Compounds,2d ed.(1986); and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Organic Compounds,published underthe auspices of the IUPAC (1985).Also updated is the material on critical properties of elements and compounds.The section on Spectroscopy has been expanded to include ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy,fluorescence,Raman spectroscopy,and mass spectroscopy.Retained sections have been thoroughly revised:in particular,the tables on electronic emission and atomic absorption spectroscopy,nuclear magnetic resonance,and infrared spectroscopy.Detection limits are listed for the elements when usingflame emission,flame atomic absorption,electrothermal atomic absorption,argon ICP,and flame atomicfluorescence.Nuclear magnetic resonance embraces tables for the nuclear properties of the elements,proton chemical shifts and coupling constants,and similar material for carbon-13, boron-11,nitrogen-15,fluorine-19,silicon-29,and phosphorus-31.Section8now combines all the material on electrolytes,electromotive force,and chemical equi-librium,some of which had formerly been included in the old“Analytical Chemistry”section of earlier editions.Material on the half-wave potentials of inorganic and organic materials has been thoroughly revised.The tabulation of the potentials of the elements and their compounds reflects recent IUPAC(1985)recommendations.An extensive new Section10is devoted to polymers,rubbers,fats,oils,and waxes.A discussion of polymers and rubbers is followed by the formulas and key properties of plastic materials.For each member and type of the plastic families there is a tabulation of their physical,electrical, mechanical,and thermal properties and characteristics.A similar treatment is accorded the various types of rubber materials.Chemical resistance and gas permeability constants are also given for rubbers and plastics.The section concludes with various constants of fats,oils,and waxes.The practical laboratory information contained in Section11has been gathered from many of the previous sections of earlier editions.This material has been supplemented with new material under separation methods,gravimetric and volumetric analysis,and laboratory solutions.Significant new tables under separation methods include:properties of solvents for chromatography,solvents having the same refractive index and the same density,McReynolds’constants for stationary phases in gas chromatography,characteristics of selected supercriticalfluids,and typical performances in HPLC for various operating conditions.Under gravimetric and volumetric analysis,gravimetric factors,equations and equivalents for volumetric analysis,and titrimetric factors have been retainedPREFACE TO FOURTEENTH EDITION xiii along with the formation constants of EDTA metal complexes.In this age of awareness of chemical dangers,tables have been added for some common reactive and incompatible chemicals,chemicals recommended for refrigerated storage,and chemicals which polymerize or decompose on extended storage at low temperature.Updated is the information about the U.S.Standard Sieve Series.Ther-mometry data have been revised to bring them into agreement with the new International Temper-ature Scale–1990,and data for type N thermocouples are included.Every effort has been made to select the most useful and most reliable information and to record it with accuracy.However,the editor’s many years of involvement with handbooks bring a realiza-tion of the opportunities for gremlins to exert their inevitable mischief.It is hoped that users of this handbook will offer suggestions of material that might be included in,or even excluded from,future editions and call attention to errors.These communications should be directed to the editor at his home address(or by telephone).John A.DeanPREFACE TOFIRST EDITIONThis book is the result of a number of years’experience in the compiling and editing of data useful to chemists.In it an effort has been made to select material to meet the needs of chemists who cannot command the unlimited time available to the research specialist,or who lack the facilities of a large technical library which so often is not conveniently located at many manufacturing centers. If the information contained herein serves this purpose,the compiler will feel that he has accom-plished a worthy task.Even the worker with the facilities of a comprehensive library mayfind this volume of value as a time-saverbecause of the many tables of numer ical data which have been especially computed forthis pur pose.Every effort has been made to select the most reliable information and to record it with accuracy. Many years of occupation with this type of work bring a realization of the opportunities for the occurrence of errors,and while every endeavor has been made to prevent them,yet it would be remarkable if the attempts towards this end had always been successful.In this connection it is desired to express appreciation to those who in the past have called attention to errors,and it will be appreciated if this be done again with the present compilation for the publishers have giventheir assurance that no expense will be spared in making the necessary changes in subsequent printings.It has been aimed to produce a compilation complete within the limits set by the economy of available space.One difficulty always at hand to the compilerof such a book is that he must decide what data are to be excluded in order to keep the volume from becoming unwieldy because of its size.He can hardly be expected to have an expert’s knowledge of all branches of the science nor the intuition necessary to decide in all cases which particular value to record,especially when many differing values are given in the literature for the same constant.If the expert in a particularfield will judge the usefulness of this book by the data which it supplies to him fromfields other than his specialty and not by the lack of highly specialized information in which only he and his co-workers are interested(and with which he is familiar and for which he would never have occasion to consult this compilation),then an estimate of its value to him will be apparent.However,if such specialists will call attention to missing data with which they are familiar and which they believe others less specialized will also need,then works of this type can be improved in succeeding editions.Many of the gaps in this volume are caused by the lack of such information in the literature.It is hoped that to one of the most important classes of workers in chemistry,namely the teachers,the book will be of value not only as an aid in answering the most varied questions with which they are confronted by interested students,but also as an inspiration through what it suggests by the gaps and inconsistencies,challenging as they do the incentive to engage in the creative and experimental work necessary to supply the missing information.While the principal value of the book is for the professional chemist or student of chemistry,it should also be of value to many people not especially educated as chemists.Workers in the natural sciences—physicists,mineralogists,biologists,pharmacists,engineers,patent attorneys,and librar-ians—are often called upon to solve problems dealing with the properties of chemical products or materials of construction.For such needs this compilation supplies helpful information and will serve not only as an economical substitute for the costly accumulation of a large library of mono-graphs on specialized subjects,but also as a means of conserving the time required to search forxvxvi PREFACE TO FIRST EDITIONinformation so widely scattered throughout the literature.For this reason especial care has been taken in compiling a comprehensive index and in furnishing cross references with many of the tables.It is hoped that this book will be of the same usefulness to the worker in science as is the dictionary to the worker in literature,and that its resting place will be on the desk rather than on the bookshelf. Cleveland,Ohio nge May2,1934。

Preface to the First German Edition of Socialism: Utopian and ScientificSource: MECW Volume 24, pp. 457-9;First published: in F. Engels, Die Entwicklung des Sozialismus von der Utopie zur Wissenschaft, Hottingen-Zurich, 1882;The following work is derived from three chapters of my book: Herrn E. Dürings Umwalzung der Wissenschaft, Leipzig, 1878. Iput them together for my friend Paul Lafargue for translation into French and added a few extra remarks. The French translation revised by me appeared first in the Revue socialiste and then independently under the title: Socialisme utopique et socialisme scientifique, Paris, 1880. A rendering into Polish made from the French translation has just appeared in Geneva and bears the title: Socyjalizm utopijny a naukowy, Imprimerie de l‟Aurore, Genève, 1882.The surprising success of the Lafargue translation in the French-speaking countries and especially in France itself forced me to consider the question whether a separate German edition of these three chapters would not likewise be of value. Then the editors of the Zurich Sozialdemokrat informed me that a demand was generally being raised within the GermanSocial-Democratic Party for the publication of new propaganda pamphlets, and they asked me whether I would not apply those three chapters to this purpose. I was naturally in agreement with that and put my work at their disposal.It was, however, not originally written for immediate popular propaganda. How could what was in the first place a purely scientific work be suitable for that, What changes in form and content were required?So far as form is concerned, only the numerous foreign words could arouse doubts. But even Lassalle in his speeches and propaganda writings was not at all sparing with foreign words, and to my knowledge there has been no complaint about it. Since that time our workers have read newspapers to a fargreater extent and far more regularly and to the same extent they have become thereby more familiar with foreign words. I have restricted myself to removing all unnecessary foreign words. Where they were unavoidable, I have refrained from adding so-called explanatory translations. The unavoidable foreign words, usually generally accepted scientific-technical expressions, would not have been unavoidable if they had been translatable. Translation, therefore, distorts the sense; it confuses instead of explaining. Oral information is of much greater assistance.The content on the other hand, I think I can assert, will cause German workers few difficulties. In general, only the third section is difficult, but far less so for workers, whose general conditions of life it concerns, than for the “educated” bourgeois. In the many explanatory additions that I have made here, I have had in mind not so mu ch the workers as “educated” readers; persons of the type of the Deputy von Eynern, the Privy Councillor Heinrich von Sybel and other Treitschkes, who are governed by the irresistible impulse to demonstrate again and again in black and white their frightful ignorance and, following from this, their colossal misconception of socialism. If Don Quixote tilts his lance at windmills, that is in accordance with his office and his role; but it would be impossible for us to permit Sancho Panza anything of the sort.Such readers will also be surprised that in a sketch of the history of the development of socialism they should encounter the Kant-Laplace cosmogony, modern natural science and Darwin, classical German philosophy and Hegel. But scientific socialism is after all an essentially German product and could arise only in that nation whose classical philosophy had kept alive the tradition of conscious dialectics: in Germany. [“In Germany” is a slip of the pen. It should read “among Germans.” For as indispensable, on the one hand, as German dialectics were for the genesis of scientific socialism, as equally indispensable for it were the developed economic and political conditions of England and France. The economic and political stage of development of Germany, which at the beginning of the forties was still more backward than today, could produce at the most caricatures of socialism (c.f. Communist Manifesto, III, 1. c., “German, or …True‟, Socialism”). Only by the subjection of the economic and political conditions produced in England and France to German dialectical criticism could a real result be achieved. From this angle, therefore, scientificsocialism is not an exclusively German, but just as much as international product. – footnote was added by Engels to the third German edition of 1883.]The materialist conception of history and its specific application to the modern class struggle between proletariat and bourgeoisie was only possible by means of dialectics. And if the schoolmasters of the German bourgeoisie have drowned the memory of the great German philosophers and of the dialectics produced by them in a swamp of empty eclecticism-so much so that we are compelled to appeal to modern natural science as a witness to the preservation of dialectics in reality-we German Socialists are proud of the fact that we are descended not only from Saint-Simon, Fourier and Owen, but also from Kant, Fichte and Hegel.F r e d e r i c k E n g e l sL o n d o n,S e p t e m b e r21,1882。

Literary Terms1.Renaissance: As an artistic movement, Renaissance refers to a period inEuropean history between 14th and 17th centuries during which the discovering and reading of ancient Greek and Roman classics led to the flowering of painting, sculpture, architecture and so on. It first started in Italy and then spreaded all over Europe.2.Sonnet:The term “sonnet” derives from the Latin sonitus (meaning “sound”,“song”) The ordinary sonnet consists of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameters with considerable variations in rhyme scheme. There are three basic sonnet forms: The Italian or the Petrarchan Sonnet , The Spencerian sonnet and The English or the Shakespearean sonnet.3. English Romanticism: English literary romanticism is believed to date fromthe publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads (1798). In the preface to the second edition of that influential work (1800), Wordsworth stated his belief that poetry results from “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings”It focuses on the individual self, on the writer’s personal reaction to life.Other Representatives include such poets as G. Byron, P.Shelley, R. Burns, Keats, Robert Southey, and prose writers as C. Lamb, and W. Hazlitt, etc..3.Stream of consciousness :Stream of consciousness is a narrative techniquethat presents thoughts as if they were coming directly from a character’s mind.Lacking chronological order, the events are presented from the character’s point of view, mixed in with the character’s ongoing feeling and memories, 4.Realism: It is a mode of writing that gives the impression of recording orreflecting faithfully an actual way of life. The term refers, both to a literary method based on detailed accuracy of description and to a more general attitude that rejects idealization, escapism, and other extravagant qualities of romance in favor of recognizing soberly the actual problems of life.5.Gothic novel : It is a type of prose fiction. The writers of this type of fictionsmostly set their stories in the medieval period and in a Catholic country. The locale was often a gloomy castle or house. This type of fictions made bountiful use of ghosts, mysterious disappearances, and other supernatural occurrences.6.Symbol: Generally speaking, a symbol is a sign which suggests more than itsliteral meaning. Literary symbols are of two broad types: the conventional ones and the occasionally-coined ones. For instance, roses symbolizes love;spring symbolizes life.7.Modernism: It is the name of the major artistic movement that attempted todevelop a response to the sense of social breakdown occurring the aftermath of World War I. It was an international movement shared by many art forms. As far as literature is concerned, it reflects the impact upon literature of the psychology of Freud.8. Enlightenment: It appeared in Europe and it lasted until the FrenchRevolution in 1789. It was closely associated with some new ideas such as liberty, democracy and rights of individuals which embodied the ideology of the rising middle class in Europe at that time.9. Puritanism：Puritans were the name given in the 16th century to the moreextreme Protestants within the Church of England who thought the English Reformation had not gone far enough in reforming the doctrines and structure of the church; they wanted to purify their national church by eliminating every shred of Catholic influence. They believed in the seven deadly sins: greed (avarice), envy, loath, gluttony, wrath, luxury and pride. Human beings are permanent sinners. Once it entered your life, there was no way to avoid it.It’s difficult to live a good life. But after sin, we can go to a paradise. They believed in after-world life. Strict puritans even regarded drinking, gambling and participation in theatrical performances as punishable offences.。

Headoffice管理总部He sang of America and shaped the country’s conception of itself.他用诗歌来歌颂美国，塑造了美国的观念。

Walter Whitman (May 31, 1819 –March 26, 1892) was an American poet, essayist, journalist, and humanist. He was a part of the transition between Transcendentalism and realism, incorporating both views in his works. Whitman is among the most influential poets in the American canon, often called the father of free verse. His work was very controversial in its time, particularly his poetry collection Leaves of Grass, which was described as obscene for its overt sexuality.Born on Long Island, Whitman worked as a journalist, a teacher, a government clerk, and a volunteer nurse during the American Civil War in addition to publishing his poetry. Early in his career, he also produced a temperance novel, Franklin Evans (1842). Whitman's major work, Leaves of Grass, was first published in 1855 with his own money. The work was an attempt at reaching out to the common person with an American epic. He continued expanding and revising it until his death in 1892. After a stroke towards the end of his life, he moved to Camden, New Jersey where his health further declined. He died at age 72 and his funeral became a public spectacle.Whitman's sexuality is often discussed alongside his poetry. Though biographers continue to debate his sexuality, he is usually described as either homosexual or bisexual in his feelings and attractions. However, there is disagreement among biographers as to whether Whitman had actual sexual experiences with men. Whitman was concerned with politics throughout his life. He supported the Wilmot Proviso and opposed the extension of slavery generally. His poetry presented an egalitarian view of the races, and at one point he called for the abolition of slavery, but later he saw the abolitionist movement as a threat to democracy.Leaves of GrassWhitman claimed that after years of competing for "the usual rewards", he determined to become a poet. He first experimented with a variety of popular literary genres which appealed to the cultural tastes of the period. As early as 1850, he began writing what would become Leaves of Grass,a collection of poetry which he would continue editing and revising until his death. Whitman intended to write a distinctly American epic and used free verse with a cadence based on the Bible. At the end of June 1855, Whitman surprised his brothers with the already-printed first edition of Leaves of Grass. George "didn't think it worth reading".Whitman paid for the publication of the first edition of Leaves of Grass himself and had it printed at a local print shop during their breaks from commercial jobs. A total of 795 copies were printed. No name is given as author; instead, facing the title page was an engraved portrait done by Samuel Hollyer, but in the body of the text he calls himself "Walt Whitman, an American, one of the roughs, a kosmos, disorderly, fleshly, and sensual, no sentimentalist, no stander above men or women or apart from them, no more modest than immodest". The book received its strongest praise from Ralph Waldo Emerson, who wrote a flattering five page letter to Whitman and spoke highly of the book to friends. The first edition of Leaves of Grass was widely distributed and stirred up significant interest, in part due to Emerson's approval, but was occasionally criticized for the seemingly "obscene" nature of the poetry. Geologist John Peter Lesley wrote to Emerson, calling the book "trashy, profane & obscene" and the author "a pretentious ass". On July 11, 1855, a few days after Leaves of Grass was published, Whitman's father died at the age of 65.In the months following the first edition of Leaves of Grass, critical responses began focusing more on the potentially offensive sexual themes. Though the second edition was already printed and bound, the publisher almost did not release it. In the end, the edition went to retail, with 20 additional poems, in August 1856. Leaves of Grass was revised and re-released in 1860[55] againHeadoffice管理总部in 1867, and several more times throughout the remainder of Whitman's life. Several well-known writers admired the work enough to visit Whitman, including Bronson Alcott and Henry David Thoreau.During the first publications of Leaves of Grass, Whitman had financial difficulties and was forced to work as a journalist again, specifically with Brooklyn's Daily Times starting in May 1857. As an editor, he oversaw the paper's contents, contributed book reviews, and wrote editorials. He left the job in 1859, though it is unclear if he was fired or chose to leave.Whitman, who typically kept detailed notebooks and journals, left very little information about himself in the late 1850s.WritingWhitman's work breaks the boundaries of poetic form and is generally prose-like. He also used unusual images and symbols in his poetry, including rotting leaves, tufts of straw, and debris. He also openly wrote about death and sexuality, including prostitution. He is often labeled as the father of free verse, though he did not invent it.Poetic theoryWhitman wrote in the preface to the 1855 edition of Leaves of Grass, "The proof of a poet is that his country absorbs him as affectionately as he has absorbed it." He believed there was a vital, symbiotic relationship between the poet and society.This connection was emphasized especially in "Song of Myself" by using an all-powerful first-person narration. As an American epic, it deviated from the historic use of an elevated hero and instead assumed the identity of the common people. Leaves of Grass also responded to the impact that recent urbanization in the United States had on the masses.Legacy and influenceWalt Whitman has been claimed as America's first "poet of democracy", a title meant to reflect his ability to write in a singularly American character. A British friend of Walt Whitman, Mary Smith Whitall Costelloe, wrote: "You cannot really understand America without Walt Whitman, without Leaves of Grass... He has expressed that civilization, 'up to date,' as he would say, and no student of the philosophy of history can do without him." Modernist poet Ezra Pound called Whitman "America's poet... He is America." Andrew Carnegie called him "the great poet of America so far". Whitman considered himself a messiah-like figure in poetry. Others agreed: one of his admirers, William Sloane Kennedy, speculated that "people will be celebrating the birth of Walt Whitman as they are now the birth of Christ".The literary critic, Harold Bloom wrote, as the introduction for the 150th anniversary of Leaves of Grass:If you are American, then Walt Whitman is your imaginative father and mother, even if, like myself, you have never composed a line of verse. You can nominate a fair number of literary works as candidates for the secular Scripture of the United States. They might include Melville's Moby-Dick, Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, and Emerson's two series of Essays and The Conduct of Life. None of those, not even Emerson's, are as central as the first edition of Leaves of Grass.Whitman's vagabond lifestyle was adopted by the Beat movement and its leaders such as Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac in the 1950s and 1960s as well as anti-war poets like Adrienne Rich and Gary Snyder. Lawrence Ferlinghetti numbered himself among Whitman's "wild children", and the title of his 1961 collection Starting from San Francisco is a deliberate reference to Whitman's Starting from Paumanok. Whitman also influenced Bram Stoker, author of Dracula, and was the model for the character of Dracula. Stoker said in his notes that Dracula represented the quintessential male which, to Stoker, was Whitman, with whom he corresponded until Whitman'sdeath.Whitman is a 2009 inductee of the New Jersey Hall of Fame.The final stanza of the poem "The Wound-Dresser" by Walt Whitman has been engraved across the top of the massive granite walls encircling the 188-foot north entrance escalators descending to the underground trains at the DuPont Circle stop on the Washington, D.C. transit system. The installation was formally dedicated as a tribute to caregivers for those with HIV/Aids and otherdevastating illnesses at a ceremony on July 14, 2007.。

PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION Air conditioning,or HV AC&R,is an active,rapidly developing technology. It is closely related to the living standard of the people and to the outdoor environment,such as through ozone depletion and global warming. Currently,air conditioning consumes about one-sixth of the annual national energy use in the United States.At the beginning of a new millennium,in addition to the publication of ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1999 and ASHRAE Standard 62-1999,often called the Energy standard and Indoor Air Qual-ity standard,the second edition of Handbook of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration is intended to summarize the following advances,developments,and valuable experience in HV AC&R technol-ogy as they pertain to the design and effective,energy-efficient operation of HV AC&R systems: First,to solve the primary problems that exist in HV AC&R,improve indoor air quality through minimum ventilation control by means of CO2-based demand-controlled or mixed plenum con-trolled ventilation,toxic gas adsorption and chemisorption,medium- and high-efficiency filtration, and damp surface prevention along conditioned air passages. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 52.2-1999 uses 16 minimum efficiency reporting values (MERVs) to select air filters based on particle-size composite efficiency.Energy conservation is a key factor in mitigating the global warming effect. Electric deregula-tion and the use of real-time pricing instead of the time-of-use rate structure in the United States have a significant impact on the energy cost. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1999 has accumulated valuable HV AC&R energy-efficient experiences since the publication of Standard 90.1-1989 and during the discussions of the two public reviews.For buildings of one or two stories when the outdoor wind speed is normal or less than normal, the space or building pressurization depends mainly on the air balance of the HV AC&R system and on the leakiness of the building. A proper space pressurization helps to provide a desirable indoor environment.Second,there is a need for a well-designed and -maintained microprocessor-based energy man-agement and control system for medium-size or large projects with generic controls in graphical display,monitoring,trending,totalization,scheduling,alarming,and numerous specific functional controls to perform HV AC&R operations in air,water,heating,and refrigeration systems. HV AC&R operations must be controlled because the load and outside weather vary.The sequence of operations comprises basic HV AC&R operations and controls. In the second edition,the sequence of operations of zone temperature control of a single-zone V A V system,a V A V reheat system,a dual-duct V A V system,a fan-powered V A V system,and a four-pipe fan-coil system is analyzed. Also the sequence of operations of a plant-building loop water system control, the discharge air temperature control,and duct static pressure control in an air-handling unit are dis-cussed.Third,new and updated advanced technology improvements include•Artificial intelligence,such as fuzzy logic,artificial neural networks,and expert systems,is widely used in microprocessor-based controllers.•BACnet is an open protocol in control that enables system components from different vendors to be connected to a single control system to maximize efficiency at lowest cost.•Computational fluid dynamics is becoming an important simulation technology in airflow,space diffusion,clean rooms,and heat-transfer developments.xixii PREFACE•Scroll compressors are gradually replacing reciprocating compressors in packaged units and chillers because of their higher efficiency and simple construction.•Ice storage systems with cold air distribution shift the electric power demand from on-peak hours to off-peak hours and thus significantly reduce the energy cost.•Desiccant-based air conditioning systems replace part of the refrigeration by using evaporative cooling or other systems in supermarkets,medical operation suites,and ice rinks.•Fault detection and diagnostics determine the reason for defects and failures and recommend a means to solve the problem. It is a key device in HV AC&R operation and maintenance.Fourth,air conditioning is designed and operated as a system. In the second edition,HV AC&R systems are classified in three levels. At the air conditioning system level,systems are classified asindividual,evaporative,space,packaged,desiccant-based,thermal storage,clean-room,and centralsystems. At the subsystem level,systems are classified as air,water,heating,refrigeration,and con-trol systems. At the main component level,components such as fans,coils,compressors,boilers,evaporators,and condensers are further divided and studied. Each air conditioning system has itsown system characteristics. However,each air conditioning system,subsystem,and main compo-nent can be clearly distinguished from the others,so one can thus easily,properly,and more pre-cisely select a require system.Fifth,computer-aided design and drafting (CADD) links the engineering design through calcu-lations and the graphics to drafting. CADD provides the ability to develop and compare the alterna-tive design schemes quickly and the capability to redesign or to match the changes during construc-tion promptly. A savings of 40 percent of design time has been claimed.Current CADD for HV AC&R can be divided into two categories:engineering design,including calculations,and graphical model drafting. Engineering design includes load calculations,energyuse estimates,equipment selection,equipment schedules,and specifications. Computer-aided draft-ing includes software to develop duct and pipework layouts and to produce details of refrigerationplant,heating plant,and fan room with accessories.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe author wishes to express his sincere thanks to McGraw-Hill editors Linda R. Ludewig andDavid Fogarty,Professor Emeritus W. F. Stoecker,Steve Chen,and Professor Yongquan Zhang fortheir valuable guidance and kind assistance. Thanks also to ASHRAE,EIA,and many others for theuse of their published materials. The author also wishes to thank Philip Yu and Dr. Sam C. M. Huifor their help in preparing the manuscript,especially to Philip for his assistance in calculating thecooling load of Example 6.2 by using load calculation software TRACE 600.Shan K. WangPREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITIONAir conditioning,or more specifically,heating,ventilating,air ventilating,air conditioning,and re-frigeration (HV AC&R),was first systematically developed by Dr. Willis H. Carrier in the early1900s. Because it is closely connected with the comfort and health of the people,air conditioningbecame one of the most significant factors in national energy consumption. Most commercial build-ings in the United States were air conditioned after World War II.In 1973,the energy crisis stimulated the development of variable-air-volume systems,energy management,and other HV AC&R technology. In the 1980s,the introduction of microprocessor-based direct-digital control systems raised the technology of air conditioning and refrigeration to ahigher level. Today,the standards of a successful and cost-effective new or retrofit HV AC&R pro-jects include maintaining a healthy and comfortable indoor environment with adequate outdoorventilation air and acceptable indoor air quality with an energy index lower than that required bythe federal and local codes,often using off-air conditioning schemes to reduce energy costs.The purpose of this book is to provide a useful,practical,and updated technical reference for the design,selection,and operation of air conditioning and refrigeration systems. It is intended to sum-marize the valuable experience,calculations,and design guidelines from current technical papers,engineering manuals,standards,ASHRAE handbooks,and other publications in air conditioningand refrigeration.It is also intended to emphasize a systemwide approach,especially system operating characteris-tics at design load and part load. It provides a technical background for the proper selection and op-eration of optimum systems,subsystems,and equipment. This handbook is a logical combination ofpractice and theory,system and control,and experience and updated new technologies.Of the 32 chapters in this handbook,the first 30 were written by the author,and the last two were written by Walter P. Bishop,P. E.,president of Walter P. Bishop,Consulting Engineer,P. C.,who has been an HV AC&R consulting engineer since 1948. Walter also provided many insightfulcomments for the other 30 chapters. Another contributor,Herbert P. Becker,P. E.,reviewed Chaps.1 through 6.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe authors wishes to express his sincere thanks to McGraw-Hill Senior Editor Robert Hauserman,G. M. Eisensberg,Robert O. Parmley,and Robert A. Parsons for their valuable guidance and kindassistance. Thanks also to ASHRAE,EIA,SMACNA,The Trane Company,Carrier Corporation,Honeywell,Johnson Controls,and many others for the use of their published materials. The authoralso wishes to thank Leslie Kwok,Colin Chan,and Susanna Chang,who assisted in the preparationof the manuscript.Shan K. Wangxiii。

Literary terms:1. Epic: long narrative poem, majestic both in theme and style. Epics deal with legendary or historical events of national or universal significance, involving action of broad sweep and grandeur. Most epics deal with the exploits of a single individual, thereby giving unity to the composition. Commonplace details of everyday life may appear, but they serve as background for the story and are described in the same lofty style as the rest of the poem.2. Blank Verse: in literature, unrhymed poetry, typically in iambic pentameter, and, as such, the dominant verse form of English dramatic and narrative poetry since the mid-16th century. Blank verse was adapted by Italian Renaissance writers from classical sources; and English playwright William Shakespeare transformed blank verse into a supple instrument, uniquely capable of conveying speech rhythms and emotional overtones. According to the English poet John Milton, only unrhymed verse could give English the dignity of a classical language. As he explained in the preface to his epic Paradise Lost, one of the greatest of all poems in blank verse:3.Sonnet:lyric poem of 14 lines with a formal rhyme scheme, expressing different aspects of a single thought, mood, or feeling, sometimes resolved or summed up in the last lines of the poem. Originally short poems accompanied by mandolin or lute music, sonnets are generally composed in the standard meter of the language in which they were written—for example, iambic pentameter in English, and the Alexandrine in French (see Versification).The two main forms of the sonnet are the Petrarchan, or Italian, and the English, or Shakespearean. The former probably developed from the stanza form of the canzone or from Italian folk song. The earliest known Italian sonneteer was Guittone d'Arezzo.4. soliloquy (from Latin: "talking by oneself") is a device often used in drama when a character speaks to himself or herself, relating thoughts and feelings, thereby also sharing them with the audience. Other characters, however, arecharacters; an aside is a (usually short) comment by one character towards the audience.Soliloquies in ShakespeareThe plays of William Shakespeare feature many soliloquies, the most famous being the "To be or not to be" speech in Hamlet. In Richard III and Othello, the respective villains use soliloquies to entrap the audience as they do the characters on stage. Macbeth's "Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow" speech and Juliet's "O Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?" are other famous examples of Shakespearean soliloquies. (Juliet's speech is overheard by Romeo, but because she believes herself to be alone, her speech is still considered a soliloquy.) There are also a few in Macbeth "is this a dagger I see before me?" is one of the many.mental thoughts aloud, though sometimes also to directly address anotherpoetry. Monologues share much in common with several other literary devicesbetween each of these devices.6. Couplet:, in poetry, term applied to two successive lines of verse that form a single unit because they rhyme; the term also is often used for lines that express a complete thought or form a separate stanza. Couplets in English are usually written in ten-syllable (decasyllabic) lines, a form first used by the14th-century poet Geoffrey Chaucer. This evolved into the so-called heroic couplet popular in the 17th and 18th centuries. The heroic couplet, two rhyming iambic pentameter lines, is also called a closed couplet because the meaning and the grammatical structure are complete within two lines. John Dryden and Alexander Pope employed this form with great effect,7. Romanticism: (literature), a movement in the literature of virtually every country of Europe, the United States, and Latin America that lasted from about 1750 to about 1870, characterized by reliance on the imagination and subjectivity of approach, freedom of thought and expression, and an idealization of nature. The term romantic first appeared in 18th-century English and originally meant “romancelike”—that is, resembling the fanciful character of medieval romances.The preface to the second edition of Lyrical Ballads (1800), by English poets William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge was also of prime importance as a manifesto of literary romanticism. Here, the two poets affirmed the importance of feeling and imagination to poetic creation and disclaimed conventional literary forms and subjects. Thus, as romantic literature everywhere developed, imagination was praised over reason, emotions over logic, and intuition over science—making way for a vast body of literature of great sensibility and passion. This literature emphasized a new flexibility of form adapted to varying content, encouraged the development of complex and fast-moving plots, and allowed mixed genres (tragicomedy and the mingling of the grotesque and the sublime) and freer style.8. Realism (art and literature), in art and literature, an attempt to describe human behavior and surroundings or to represent figures and objects exactly as they act or appear in life. Attempts at realism have been made periodically throughout history in all the arts; the term is, however, generally restricted to a movement that began in the mid-19th century, in reaction to the highly subjective approach of romanticism.In general, the work of these writers illustrates the main tenet of realism, that writers must not select facts in accord with preconceived aesthetic or ethical ideals but must set down their observations impartially and objectively. Concerned with the faithful representation of life, which frequently lacks form, the realists tended to downplay plot in favor of character and to concentrate on middle-class life and preoccupations, avoiding larger, more dramatic issues.9. Naturalism(literature), in literature, the theory that literary composition should be based on an objective, empirical presentation of human beings. It differs from realism in adding an amoral attitude to the objective presentation of life. Naturalistic writers regard human behavior as controlled by instinct, emotion, or social and economic conditions, and reject free will, adopting instead, in large measure, the biological determinism of Charles Darwin and the economic determinism of Karl Marx.Naturalism was first prominently exhibited in the writings of 19th-century French authors, especially Edmond Louis Antoine de Goncourt, his brother Jules Alfred Huot de Goncourt, and Émile Zola.10. Stream of consciousness is often confused with interior monologue, but the latter technique works the sensations of the mind into a more formal pattern: a flow of thoughts inwardly expressed, similar to a soliloquy. The technique of stream of consciousness, however, attempts to portray the remote, preconscious state that exists before the mind organizes sensations. Consequently, the re-creation of a stream of consciousness frequently lacks the unity, explicit cohesion, and selectivity of direct thought.Stream of consciousness, as a term, was first used by William James, the American philosopher and psychologist, in his book The Principles of Psychology (1890). Widely used in narrative fiction, the technique was perhaps brought to its highest point of development in Ulysses (1922) and Finnegans Wake (1939) by the Irish novelist and poet James Joyce11.elegy originally, in classical Greek and Roman literature, a poem composed of distichs, or couplets. Classical elegies addressed various subjects, including love, lamentation, and politics, and were characterized by their metric form. Ancient poets who used the elegiac form include the Alexandrian Callimachus and the Roman Catullus. In modern poetry (since the 16th century) elegies have been characterized not by their form but by their content, which is invariably melancholy and centers on death. The best-known elegy in English is Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard (1751), by the English poet ThomasGray, which treats not just a single death but the human condition as well.12. Lyric, short poem that conveys intense feeling or profound thought. In ancient Greece, lyrics were sung or recited to the accompaniment of the lyre. Elegies and odes were popular forms of the lyric in classical times. The lyric poets of ancient Greece included Sappho, Alcaeus, and Pindar; the major Roman lyric poets included Horace, Ovid, and Catullus. Lyrical poetry was also written in ancient India and China; and the Japanese verse called haiku is a lyric.13. Enlightenment, Age of, a term used to describe the trends in thought and letters in Europe and the American colonies during the 18th century prior to the French Revolution. The phrase was frequently employed by writers of the period itself, convinced that they were emerging from centuries of darkness and ignorance into a new age enlightened by reason, science, and a respect for humanity.The precursors of the Enlightenment can be traced to the 17th century and earlier. They include the philosophical rationalists René Descartes and Baruch Spinoza, the political philosophers Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, and various skeptical thinkers in France such as Pierre Bayle. Equally important, however, were the self-confidence engendered by new discoveries in science and the spirit of cultural relativism encouraged by the exploration of the non-European world.14.Modernist literature has its origins in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, mainly in Europe and North America. Modernism is characterized by a self-conscious break with traditional styles of poetry and verse. Modernistsmaxim to "Make it new." The modernist literary movement was driven by a conscious desire to overturn traditional modes of representation and expressFormal/Stylistic characteristicsJuxtaposition, irony, comparisons, and satire are important elements found in modernist writing. Modernist authors use impressionism and other devices to emphasize the subjectivity of reality, and they see omniscient narration and fixed narrative points of view as providing a false sense of objectivity. They also employ discontinuous narratives and fragmented plot structures. Modernist works are also often reflexive and draw attention to their own role as creator. Juxtaposition is used for example in a way to represent something that would be oftentimes unseen, for example, a cat and a mouse as best friends. Irony and satire are important tools used by the modernist writer to comment on society.Thematic characteristicsFor the first-time reader, modernist writing can seem frustrating to understand because of the use of a fragmented style and a lack of conciseness. Furthermore the plot, characters and themes of the text are not always presented in a linear way. The goal of modernist literature is also not particularly focused on catering to one particular audience in a formal way. In addition modernist literature often forcefully opposes, or gives an alternative opinion, on a social concept. Common concerns of modernism are: the breaking down of social norms, rejection of standard social ideas, and traditional thoughts and expectations, rejection of religion and anger against the effects of the world wars. As well, modernists tend to reject history, social systems, and emphasize alienation in modern urban and industrial societies. 期末考试范围，考查以下作家含教材中作品 1. Shakespeare4. Defoe 8. Shelley 9.Wordsworth 10. Keats 11. Jane Austen 12. Charlotte Bronte 13. Dickens 18. D. H. Lawrence以下作家(不含教材里的作品)2. Bacon 3. Milton6. Blake 5. Swift 7. Byron 14 .Hardy 15. George Bernard Shaw 16. T.S. Eliot 17. Joyce 19. William Golding 20. Doris Lessing。

一部优秀的通论性作品应该具备哪些要素作者：郝春文来源：《敦煌研究》2019年第02期内容摘要：撰写通论性作品的基本要求是：概括准确、架构合理、条理清晰、语言简明流畅。

刘进宝教授的《敦煌学通论》（修订版）在充分参考、概括国内外相关研究成果的基础上，从敦煌的历史、敦煌石窟艺术、敦煌文物的流散、敦煌遗书、敦煌学研究五个方面对敦煌学进行了比较全面系统的介绍，是一部优秀的通论性著作。

但和一部经典的通论相比，该书还有很多值得改进之处。

关键词：通论；《敦煌学通论》；经典中图分类号：G236 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1000-4106（2019）02-0126-03What Components Should a Good IntroductoryWork Possess—A Preface to the Introduction to Dunhuang Studies （Revised Edition）HAO Chunwen（School of History， Capital Normal University， Beijing 100089）Abstract： The basic requirements for writing an introductory work are accurate summarization， reasonable structure， overall coherence， and concise and fluent language. By consulting and summarizing both domestic and foreign research results， the text of Introduction to Dunhuang Studies（Revised Edition）written by Professor Liu Jinbao presents a comprehensive and systematic introduction to the following aspects of the field of the Dunhuang Studies： the history of Dunhuang， the art of Dunhuang caves， the dispersion of Dunhuang cultural relics， Dunhuang textual documents， and the history and current research situation of the Dunhuang Studies. The reviewer considers this revised introductory work to be comprehensive and generally reliable， but finds that in comparison with classic introductory texts， there remain places that could be improved.Keywords： introduction； Introduction to Dunhuang Studies； classic（Translated by WANG Pingxian）有关敦煌学的出版物，大致可以分为三类，即专题性论著、通论性著述和通俗读物，其他学科的情况应该也差不多。

An outline of:Lean Thinking Banish Waste and Create Wealth in YourCorporationBy James P. Womack and Daniel T. JonesNew York, NY: Free Press, Simon & Schuster, Inc., 1996, Second Edition, 2003 Preface to the 2003 Edition. Forecasts are always wrong. That is why lean thinkersstrive to reduce order-to-delivery time. During the 2002 meltdown, this 1996 book went back on the Business Week bestseller list. We have added what we have learned since 1996 in this edition. Lean Thinking is more relevant today. Lean ideas are the single most powerful tool available for creating value and eliminating waste in any organization.Part I: Lean PrinciplesTaiichi Ohno (1912 – 1990), a Toyota executive, identified seven types of waste found in any process:• Transportation. Unnecessary transport of parts under production.• Inventory. Stacks of parts waiting to be completed or finished products waiting to be shipped.• Motion. Unnecessary movement of people working on products.• Waiting. Unnecessary waiting by people to begin the next step.• Over-Processing the product with extra steps.• Over-Production of products not needed.• Defects in the product.We have added an eighth waste: goods and services that do not meet the customer’s needs. Other authors have added: underutilization of peopleLean Thinking is the antidote to waste. There are (5) Lean Principles:• Specify Value. Value can be defined only by the ultimate customer. Value is distorted by pre-existing organizations, especially engineers and experts. They add complexity of no interest to the customer.• Identify the Value Stream. The Value Stream is all the actions needed to bring a product to the customer. If the melter, forger, machiner, and assembler never talk,duplicate steps will exist.• Flow. Make the value-creating steps flow. Eliminate departments that execute a single-task process on large batches.• Pull. Let the customer pull the product from you. Sell, one. Make one.• Pursue Perfection. There is no end to the process of reducing time, space, cost and mistakes.Lean is doing more with less. Use the least amount of effort, energy, equipment, time, facility space, materials, and capital – while giving customers exactly what they want.The Prize We Can Grasp Now. Converting a batch-and-queue system to continuous flow, with pull, will:Double labor productivity• Cut throughput time by 90%• Reduce inventory by 90%• Cut errors by 50%• Cut injuries1: ValueA House or a Hassle-Free Experience? Doyle Wilson Homebuilder found that customers “valued” a hassle-free design process and on-time delivery. All his processes were thenre-aligned to meet this goal.Define Value in Terms of the Whole Product. As the product flows, each firm defines value differently. Think of air travel. Each firm – agent, airline, taxi, currency exchange, customs, immigration – defines their own priorities, duplicates efforts, and works in disharmony with the whole process. The customer is not satisfied.2: The Value StreamThe View from the Aisle. A value stream “map” identifies every action to design, order, and make a specific product. Each step is then sorted into three categories: (1) those that add value, (2) those that add no value but are currently necessary, and (3) those that add no value and can be eliminated. After the third category has been eliminated, the second category should be addressed through flow, pull, and perfection techniques.The Value Stream for a Carton of Cola. The British grocery chain Tesco retails products with thousands of value streams. In the canned cola value stream, three hours of value-added activity take 319 days to perform.3: FlowThe World of Batch-and-Queue. Five-sixths of home-building is waiting for the next set of specialists or rework. Flow principles typically cut half the effort and the time required.The Techniques of Flow. The 1st step is to maintain focus on the product. The 2nd step is to ignore job boundaries and departments IOT remove impediments to continuous flow of the specific product. The 3rd step is to rethink work practices to eliminate backflow, scrap, and stoppages IOT make the product continuously.• Takt time synchronizes the rate of production to the rate of sales. (48) bikes per day sold divided by (8) hours of production = (6) bikes and hour, or (1) bike every tenminutes.• Flow requires all workers and machines to be capable at all times. This requires cross-training.• Flow requires workers to know the status of production at all times. This requires visual controls.• All activities can flow. Concentrate on the value stream for a specific product, eliminateorganizational barriers, and relocate and right-size tools.4: PullPull means that no one upstream should produce anything until the customer downstream asks for it. “Don’t make anything until it is needed, then make it very quickly.” “Sell one, buy one.” “Ship one, make one.”The Bad Old Days of Production. The Toyota bumper replacement system suffered long lead times. The ability to get parts quickly from the next upstream producer enabled re-orders in small amounts. This is the secret to reducing inventory. Cut lead times and inventories. Demand should instantly generate new supply.5: PerfectionThe Incremental Path. Freudenberg-NOK, a gasket manufacturer, improved a single process six times in three years. “Why didn’t they get is right the first time?” Because perfection is continuous.Continuous Radical and Incremental Improvement. If you are spending capital, you are doing it wrong. Once leaders understand the first four lean principles – value specification, value stream identification, flow, andpull – their perfection step starts with policy: a vision of the ideal process, and the step-wise goals and projects to get there. Transparency is everything. Everyone must know what you are attempting to achieve and what area is the first priority. The force behind this is the leader known as the change agent.Part II: From Thinking to Action: The Lean Leap6: The Simple CaseLantech manufacturers stretch wrap machines. “Process Villages” – Sawing department, Machining department, Welding department, Painting department, and Sub-assembly department – all generated long lead times. Batches of ten were manufactured to ship one. Inventory overwhelmed the factory. Order changes created havoc in the plant. “The more inventory yo u have, the less likely you will have the part you need.”• The Lean Revolution. Ron Hicks leaned Lantech. He created four cells, one for each product. He defined standard work: on time, on spec, every time. Takt time wasintroduced: number of products needed per day divided by number of hours (8/8 = 1hour). He right-sized machines to fit inside work cells. He implemented quickchangeover to make multiple different parts with little machine downtime.• Result. Lantech cut 30% excess space, doubled product output, cut defects from 8 per product to 0.8 per product, and cut lead time from sixteen weeks to fourteen hours.On-time shipping rose from 20 to 90%.7: A Harder CaseThe Change Agent. Art Byrne was hired as CEO of Wiremold in 1991. “CEOs are timid to change the shop floor.” Byrne led lean training using a manual he wrote himself. He led toursof the plant to observe waste that his managers were now able to see.• Improvements Must be Fast. Three days was Byrne’s standard.• Post a Scorecard for Each Product Team. Wiremold tracked: Productivity – sales per employee, Service – percent delivered on-time, Inventory – turns, and Quality –mistakes.• Teach People How to See. Create a lean training function. Teach all employees the five principles of lean: Value, Value Stream, Flow, Pull, and Perfection. Teach allemployees lean techniques: standard work, takt time, visual control, pull scheduling,and single-piece flow.• Results. Wiremold freed 50% factory floor space, eliminated a warehouse, and converted $11M of inventory into $24M in sales. Lead time fell from four weeks totwo days.8: The Acid TestPratt & Whitney (P&W). In 1991, CEO Karl Krapek and cost-cutter Mark Coran leanedP&W.• Jet Engines. Founded in 1860, P&W led the aircraft engine business by 1929. When they abandoned piston engines to gamble on jets in 1946, business soared. Production inefficiencies were overlooked.• Overcapacity. Faced with competition in the 1980s, P&W rationalized plant layout and addressed development costs. They needed lower production costs and flexibility toreact to customer needs. Why did P&W need so much space, tools, inventory andpeople to get so little done? Daily output of engines and spare parts could fit insideCEO’s office. Failure to manage ass ets. P&W cut people, cut managers, andoverhauled their entire production culture and processes.• The Monument of all Monuments. A “monument” is a machine or process too big to be moved and whose scale requires operating in batch mode. Monuments are evil, generating huge amounts of waste. P&W had an $80M grinding system, representing obsolete thinking. Although speeding up grinding from 75 minutes to 3 minutes and eliminating multiple manual grinding jobs, in actuality grinding jobs took longer (due to eight-hour changeovers and batch scheduling), and required more people (22 computer technicians). P&W retired the $80M monument, returned to 75-minute production.9: Lean Thinking versus German TechnikPorche. Chairman Wendelin Wiedeking introduced lean thinking to Porche. In 1994, the first-ever Porsche rolled off the line with nothing wrong with it.• Engineers. Porche is led by engineers, intrigued with unique solutions that are difficult to manufacture. Workers are craftsmen. Unfortunately, much craftsmanship is waste.Tinkering with the product – repairing and polishing raw materials, troubleshooting,re-assembling elements, repainting and re-fitting – were thought to be necessaryactivities to produce a high-quality product.• Crisis. 1986 was the boom year. 1992 was the crash. Porche products were tooexpensive. Costs and throughput time had to be slashed. New quality focus: “Stopfixing mistakes that should never have been made.” Reduction in inventory: “Whereis the factory? This is the warehouse!”• Just-in-Time (JIT) Game. Porche asked all their suppliers to play a simulation to learn lean concepts. Lean concepts were critical across all firms contributing to the Porche value stream.• The Remarkable Lean Transition at Porche. In five years, through 1997, Porch doubled its productivity, cut manufacturing space in half, cut lead time for a finished vehicle from six weeks to three days, cut supplier defects 90%, cut inventories 90%,and cut first-time-through errors by 55%.• The German Tradition. The Germans need to stop prioritizing the engineer’s definition of value, “voice of the engineer,” over the customer’s definition of value,“voice of the customer.” A German weakness is a fondness for monster machines that produce large batches: paint booths are an example.• Variety and Refinement Cost. Volkswagen makes four exterior mirrors, nineteen parts each, in seventeen colors. Nissan has four-part mirrors in four colors. Excess varietyoften exceeds the ability of the customer to notice, and his willingness to pay.10: Mighty Toyota; Tiny ShowaShowa has been transformed by its relationship with Toyota. Showa, a radiator manufacturer, had “Process villages” for casting, cleaning, stamping, welding, painting and assembly. Each was run in batch mode with long intervals between tool changes. Mountains of parts were transported and stored between steps.• The Initial Struggle. Taiichi Ohno, lean advisor, promised to reduce three months ofinventory to three days, double labor productivity, and halve plant space for zerocapital investment. This he did.• The Final Element: Rethinking Order-Taking and Scheduling. Showa then leanedorder-taking by scheduling backwards, working to takt time, to synchronize orderswith production slots, exactly four days before shipment time. Orders with incorrectinformation were never passed along.• Toyota Today. Lesson: high-tech automation only works if the plant can run at 100percent output and if the cost of indirect technical support and high-tech tools is lessthan the cost of direct labor saved.Part III: Lean Enterprise11: A Channel for the Stream; a Valley for the ChannelThe Lean Enterprise. No one watches the performance of the whole value stream. Identify all actions to bring a product to the customer, across all firms. There is no privacy. Eachfirm’s costs become transparent.12: Dreaming About PerfectionLong-Distance Travel. Each organization ignores the role of the other parties. The time, cost, and comfort of the total trip are key performance measures. What would travel times be without queues?Construction. 80% of home building is hurry-up and wait, then re-working the construction errors.The Prize We Can Grasp Right Now. Lean thinking can boost productivity while reducing errors, inventories, accidents, space requirements, production lead times, and costs in general. Lean thinking requires little capital.Part IV: Epilogue13: A Steady Advance of Lean ThinkingThis chapter an updated review of Wiremold, Toyota, Porsche, Lantech, and Pratt & Whitney.14: Institutionalizing the RevolutionAn Enhanced Action Plan is the 2003 update to the 1996 plan from Chapter 11.Getting Started [Months 1 – 6]• Find a Change Agent with ability and authority.• Get the Knowledge through an advisor. Start at the big picture before addressing small steps.• Seize a Crisis or create one. Focus on fixing an obvious problem. Small wins. Don’t spend money.• Map your current value streams. Managers need to see. Map also the flow of information going upstream to create a closed circuit. See Rother and Shook, Leaning to See, 1998.• Analyze each step of the Current State. Does this step create value? Is this step capable, available, flexible? Is capacity sufficient? Excessive? Does theinformation flow from the customer smoothly? Every process has a box score:total lead time, value creating time, changeover time, uptime, rework, inventory,every part made every x minutes. If this step went away, what would happen?• Envision the Future State. Draw it.• Begin as soon as possible with an important, visible activity. Convert managers with hand-on activity.• Demand Immediate Results. Everyone should see results which create psychological momentum. One week: less planning, more doing. Identify the waste and remove it.Communicate with your people by showing results at the scene of action.Creating an Organization to Channel Your Streams [Months 6 – 24]• Reorganize Your Firm by product and value streams. Put a Change Agent in charge of each product.• Create a Lean Promotion Team.• Deal with Excess People Early.• Devise a Growth Strategy.• Remove the Anchor Draggers.• When You’ve Fixed Something, Fix It Again.• New: Convince Your Suppliers and Customers to Take the Steps Just Described.Install Business Systems to Encourage Lean Thinking [Months 24 – 48]Create new ways to keep score.• Create new ways to reward people.• Make everything transparent so everyone can see progress.• Teach lean. Learn lean.• Right-size Your Tools to insert directly into the value stream. Large and fast is more efficient but less effective. This wrong assumption is the cornerstone ofbatch-and-queue thinking.• Pay a bonus. Tie bonus amount to the profitability of the firm.Completing the Transformation [Months 48 – 60] Convert to bottom-up initiatives. Lean ideas are democratic and not top-down. Layers of management can be stripped away.New: Convert From Top-Down Leadership to Bottom-Up Initiatives. Toyota gets brilliant results from average managers using brilliant procedures. Competitors get mediocre results from b rilliant managers using mediocre procedures. Don’t search for brilliant managers. Perfect your processes.Reviewer’s CommentsIn 1988 James Womack first described Toyota as a “lean” corporation. Womack and co-writer Daniel Jones described the Toyota Production System (TPS) in The Machine That Changed the World. In 1990, the two toured companies in Europe, North American, and Japan presenting ideas on how to convert mass production practices to lean practices. Lean Thinking, first published in 1996, is a survey of the lean movement. It clearly describes the waste found in mass production, explains the five principles of lean thinking, and then draws lessons from real companies who have successfully implemented lean ideas. Lean Thinking is not a technical how-to text on production, but an enlightened overview of top-level lean ideas and applications. This updated edition includes lessons that the authors have collected between 1996 and 2003, especially the concept of a lean enterprise – a collection of companies working lean together to produce a single product with the least wasted effort and capital. The book is well-written, researched, and organized, and the authors make a strong case that lean is universal and will benefit any organization in any endeavor. Lean thinking and practices are the single most powerful tool for eliminating waste in any organization.中文翻译概述精益思想去除浪费，并在贵公司创造财富由詹姆斯P.沃麦克和丹尼尔T.琼斯纽约编写，纽约：自由出版社，西蒙与舒斯特公司，1996年。