北京化工大学-《最优化方法》研究生试卷(word文档良心出品)

作用：①仿真的过程也是实验的过程，而且还是系统地收集和积累信息的过程。

尤其是对一些复杂的随机问题，应用仿真技术是提供所需信息的唯一令人满意的方法。

②仿真技术有可能对一些难以建立物理模型或数学模型的对象系统，通过仿真模型来顺利地解决预测、分析和评价等系统问题。

③通过系统仿真，可以把一个复杂的系统化降阶成若干子系统以便于分析，并能指出各子系统之间的各种逻辑关系。

④通过系统仿真，还能启发新的策略或新思想的产生，或能暴露出在系统中隐藏着的实质性问题。

同时，当有新的要素增加到系统中时，仿真可以预先指出系统状态中可能会出现的瓶颈现象或其它的问题。

2.简述两个Wardrop 均衡原理及其适用范围。

答：Wardrop提出的第一原理定义是：在道路的利用者都确切知道网络的交通状态并试图选择最短径路时，网络将会达到平衡状态。

在考虑拥挤对行驶时间影响的网络中，当网络达到平衡状态时，每个 OD对的各条被使用的径路具有相等而且最小的行驶时间；没有被使用的径路的行驶时间大于或等于最小行驶时间。

Wardrop提出的第二原理是：系统平衡条件下，拥挤的路网上交通流应该按照平均或总的出行成本最小为依据来分配。

第一原理对应的行为原则是网络出行者各自寻求最小的个人出行成本，而第二原理对应的行为原则是网络的总出行成本最小。

3.系统协调的特点。

答：（1）各子系统之间既涉及合作行为，又涉及到竞争行为。

（2）各子系统之间相互作用构成一个反馈控制系统，通过信息作为“中介”而构成整体（3）整体系统往往具有多个决策人，构成竞争决策模式。

（4）系统可能存在第三方介入进行协调的可能。

6．对已经建立了概念模型的系统处理方式及其特点、适用范围。

答：对系统概念模型有三种解决方式。

1.建立解析模型方式对简单系统问题，如物流系统库存、城市公交离线调度方案的确定、交通量不大的城市交叉口交通控制等问题，可以运用专业知识建立系统的量化模型（如解析数学模型），然后采用优化方法确定系统解决方案，以满足决策者决策的需要，有关该方面的内容见第四、五章。

一、选择题(15*2分)1.算法分析是（ C）A.将算法用某种程序设计语言恰当地表示出来B.在抽象数据集合上执行程序,以确定是否会产生错误的结果C.对算法需要多少计算时间和存储空间作定量分析D.证明算法对所有可能的合法输入都能算出正确的答案2.算法与程序的区别在于算法具有（C ）A.能行性B.确定性C.有穷性D.输入和输出3.记号Ω的定义正确的是（B）A.O(g(n)) = { f(n) | 存在正常数c和n0使得当n≥n0 有f(n) ≤ cg(n) }B.O(g(n)) = { f(n) | 存在正常数c和n0使得当n≥n0有 cg(n) ≤ f(n) }>0使得对所有n≥n0 C.(g(n)) = { f(n) | 对于任何正常数c>0，存在正数和n有f(n)<cg(n) }D.(g(n)) = { f(n) | 对于任何正常数c>0，存在正数和n>0使得对所有n≥n0有cg(n) < f(n) }4.衡量一个算法好坏的标准是（C ）A.运行速度快B. 占用空间少C.时间复杂度低D. 代码短5.二分搜索算法是利用（A）实现的算法。

A.分治法B.动态规划法C.贪心法D.回溯法6.下面问题（B ）不能使用贪心法解决。

A. 单源最短路径问题B. N皇后问题C. 最小代价生成树问题D. 背包问题7．用贪心法设计算法的关键是（ B ）。

A.将问题分解为多个子问题来分别处理B.选好最优量度标准C.获取各阶段间的递推关系式D.满足最优性原理8.找最小生成树的算法Kruskal的时间复杂度为（ D ）（其中n为无向图的结点数，m为边数）A．O(n2) B．O(mlogn) C．O(nlogm) D．O(mlogm)9.回溯法搜索状态空间树是按照（C ）的顺序。

A.中序遍历B.广度优先遍历C.深度优先遍历D.层次优先遍历10. 一个问题可用动态规划算法或贪心算法求解的关键特征是问题的（ B ）A.重叠子问题B.最优子结构性质C.最优量度标准性质D.定义最优解11.程序块（A）是回溯法中遍历排列树的算法框架程序。

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mitigate alleviate prospective expected outshone surpassed initiates originates transitioned transferred mobilized organized convictions beliefs ambiguity vagueness assets advantages perception impression foster encourage collaborated cooperated ●fare food moderate mildfar-reaching widespread authentic genuine diverse variedstreaky fattycommemorate honorlingering continuinghumility modestywronged treated unjustly●establishment setupfacet aspectprevalent commonestimated judgedclaimed revealedflourish pass out quicklyoccasionally oftencommissioned orderedprestigious popularreimburse switchcomponent necessityflexibility ability to maximizeself-discipline self control●stalling delayingpending waiting forturned out becameat his disposal under his controldown on his lucksuffering from bad luckslump declinesoared increasedskimped did withoutthe dole welfareeligible for aid able to get help●unit 11.Details of the highly sensitive information have not been made _public c__.2. Working at home requires a good deal of __discipline b_.3. He never ceased to be amazed by her physical _strength a.4. The article made no reference __a_ to previous research on the subject.5. The great _ strength __d_of our plan lies in its simplicity.6. The palace and its grounds are open to the__ public _a_during the summer months.7. Supporters __ demonstrated __ b __outside the courtroom during the trial.8. I didn’t enjoy studying Philosophy—I found it too much of a theoretical discipline __c___9. Ask your teacher to act as one of your___ references___c__ .10. He said he left the company because of a_personality a_clash with the director.11. Different cultures have different ways of __ disciplining__d___their children.12. The study__ demonstrates__ a__ the link between poverty and malnutrition.13. The disclosure of the information will not be a criminal offence if it can be shown that it was in the_ public _d_ interest.14. The book will become a standard work of__ reference___b__ .15. It’s partly the architecture which gives the town its_ personality c__.●unit 21.A. A blossom develops from a bud .B. In this poem, the budding flower means youth.2.A. The only access to that ancient castle is along a muddy track.B. Users can access their voice mail remotely.3.A. The medicine had a slightly bitter aftertaste.B. There was a lot of hard work before we first taste success.4.A.Katherine was nobody’s fool when it came to money.B. It’s no good fooling yourself. He’s not coming back.5.A. The factory produces an incredible 100 cars per hour.B. We sell tinned goods and local produce.6.A. They garnish the room with modern paintings.7.A. The Queen reign but does not rule.B.The king’s reign lasted for 30 years.8.A. Environmental protection is a growing concerned in China.B. He loved his wife, and concern for her happiness.9.A. The building is name after a successful entrepreneur.B. Could I call you first name ？10.A. I’ve practiced playing the piano for five years.B. It is his practice to take a walk after dinner every evening.unit 51. master mastery masterpieceA. It’s one of the greatest __ masterpieces of Western art.B. I never quite __ mastered __ the art of walking in high heels.C. He doesn’t have __ mastery __ of the basic rules of grammar.2. commit commission commitmentA. He has clearly _ committed __his government to continuing down the path of economic reform.B. You can __ commission _ them to paint something especially for you.C. She d oesn’t want to make a big emotional __ commitment __ to Steve at the moment.3. execute executive executionA. Franklin is in charge of _ executing the company’s reorganization plan.B. The solicitors are proceeding with the _ execution __ of her mot her’s will.C. He sits on the _ executive __ committee that manages the bank.4.present presentation representA. Bear’s Cafe needs to pay more attention to __ presentation __ and taste.B. The goddess is _ represented__ as a woman with cow’s horns.C. The sword was _ presented__ by the family to the museum.D. Were you _ present __ when the news was announced?5. innovator inventor investorA. The patent lists six __ inventors__ who worked on the system.B. Foreign _ investors __ have shown considerable interest in the venture.C. Caesar planned vast projects and emerged as a great military ___ innovators _ .6. breath breathe breathless breathtakingA. We had to stop for _breath__ before we got to the top.B. She lay awake listening to her si ster’s steady __breathing__.C. The bank’s new on-line service is still growing at a __breathtaking_pace.D. I was a little _breathless_ and my heartbeat was bumpy and fast.7. physical physiological psychologicalA. The emotional and _physical_ strain of the previous day had left him exhausted.B. The drug produced no obvious __physiological_ response.C. Robyn’s loss of memory is a _psychological__ problem, rather than a physical one.8. routine disciplineA. Martial arts teach respect, _discipline_, and cooperation.B. We are trying to get the baby into a __routine_ of feeding and sleeping.C. You must _discipline__ yourself to finish your work on time.9. perform perfect practice properA. You’re getting better—you just need a little more _practice_.C. Gemma spent hours trying to __perfect___ her technique.D. In those days it was not thought entirely __proper___ for a woman to be on the stage.10.resistance reaction response reconciliationA. The decision provoked an angry _reaction___ from local residents.B. It took hours of negotiations to bring about a _reconciliation_ between the two sides.C. The demonstrators offered little or no __resistance__ to the police.D. There has been no _response__ to his remarks from the government.●Unit81. She was a woman of uninspiring appearance and a dreadful bore boot .2. Society does not exist in a vacuum, it is influenced by Government policies, the environment and culture.3. Your efforts will be rewarded and you will find that you no longer have to bother about the boring details of everyday life.4. The reward police had offered for any information leading to his arrest is twenty times the average national wage.5. We ended the year with a net profit of 9.7 million, which represents earnings of just 5%.6. Elderly people were still slowly negotiating the hotel steps when the parade started.7. The odds are that he will commit the same crime again.8. The little company battled its way to success, despite the enormous odds .9. Fatal accident have decreased in frequency in recent year.10. The government opened negotiations with the IMF for another loan.1. black and white in black and whiteA. Part of the problem is that we only see the issues as black and white_.B. Once it’s down _ in black and white__, you can’t forget it.C. I still get a thrill seeing re-runs of old _ black-and-white__ movies on Saturday afternoon television.2. on the scene behind the scenes set the sceneA. The accident victim died before the ambulance arrived _ on the scene_.B. Foster set the scene___ before the performance so that the audience knows what to expect.C. Women make their contribution in the world either in high-profile or __ behind the scene_ .3. make a difference make all the difference make any difference make no differenceA. He told me he should have been more careful; but that it would __ make no difference __.B. The lighting will _ make a difference __ to how well people can see the picture.C. Will exercise _ make any difference _ to my chances of getting fat?D. A few kind words at the right time _ make all the difference __.4. work on work out work againstA. If you _ work on _ it steadily you should win through in the end.B. Criticizing the security procedures usually __ work against __ making them effective.C. Why don’t you leave him here till you see how things _ work out ?5. spread out spread through spread toA. Buddhism _ spread to __ China from India.B. Felix watched his men _ spread out _ to cover the whole area.C. A mass movement against forced labor _ spread through __ the state.●Unit91. Thousands of spectators _crammed (b) into the stadium to see the game.2. Tell the students to blow up the _balloon _(a)_ and then tape the straw to it.3. Most river tourists travel in big noisy motor rigs, which _crash (a)__through all but the biggest rapids4. Jill _crammed (a)_ her clothes into the bag.5. He lost control of his car at the first bend and _crashed (a)_ .6. We _crammed (d)_ in as much sightseeing as possible during our stay in New York.7. The company’s debt has _ballooned (c)__ in the past year.8. You can _crash (b)__ at our place if you can’t get a ride home.9. We’ll have to get out of this situation before the _balloon (b)_ goes up.10. As house sales have __slumped (b)___, so has spending in department-store on items like furniture, carpets and electrical appliances.11. It is believed that the proceeds from the sale will go into a __trust (c) _ fund for the children.12. The hardest thing is finding a car dealer you can _trust (d)!13. I was fortunate enough to have very __liberal (c) _ parents.14. The post-war _slump (c) __ sent the unemployment figures soaring to twice the expected level.15. That decision did not win her much support from _liberals (b)__ and moderates.16. When he is 25, the trustees will give him full control of his _trust (b)__ fund.…………1)employment 2) __ paid _ 3)___ adjust 4)__ setting _ 5)__ discouraged 6)__ credit 7) ___ cite _ 8)__ demonstrate9)___ teamwork10)___ rules_.1）integration 2） choice 3） handed 4） aspiring 5) steaming 6）masterpiece 7） pleasure 8）partake9）amazing10） present……1) written 2) practiced 3) adapted 4) fundamental 5) soul 6) described 7) mental 8) state of being 9) pictured 10) exercises 11) control 12) experiences13) including14) individuals15) medical…………Classes last from 30 to 90 minutes and are offered at various skill levels. …… 1) were to 2) inefficient 3) paved with 4) obliged 5) evidence 6)substantial decrease 7) potential 8) consumed9) possible10) the same…………risk of being killed.……1)__ expensive_ 2) than_ 3) higher_ 4)_imported 5) due to_ 6) Communities 7) remote 8) _wages9) subsidized10)_allowance_……payment to help offset the higher cost of living.●Unit 11) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.译文：而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而使所有其他形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。

2012年北京化工大学招收硕士研究生入学考试试题（考生注意：全部答案必须写在答题纸上否则后果自负!）考试科目代码：850考试科目：管理学一、判断题1.决策遵循的是满意原则，而不是最优原则（）。

2.部门划分的目的在于确定组织中各项任务的分配与责任的归属以求分工合理，职责分明，有效地达到组织的目标（）。

3.进行人员配备，寻找最合适的人选，就是要追求尽善尽美（）。

4.对薪金、地位等物质利益的追求是强烈的管理愿望的基础，是发挥全部管理才能的前提（）。

5.主管人员下达的命令越一致，领导与被领导者对最终成果的责任感也就越大（）。

二、多项选择题1.按地区划分部门的优点有（）。

A.有利于改善地区的协调B.有利于改善地区之间的协调C.有利于培养全面管理人才；D.有利于取得地区经营的经济效益E.有利于加强主管部门的控制2.现代的观点认为，人员配备要包括（）。

A.选人B.评人C.育人D.使用人E.留住人3.有效的管理幅度设计的应考虑的影响因素主要有：（）。

A.管理工作的内容和性质B.管理人员的工作能力情况C.下属人员的空间分布状况D.组织变革的速度E.信息沟通的情况4.上下级关系的数量增加就能（）。

A.增加管理宽度B.增加管理层次C.减少管理宽度D.减少管理层次E.对管理层次和管理宽度没有什么影响5.有效的授权必须掌握的原则是（）。

A.重要性原则B.适度原则C.责权一致原则D.级差授权原则6.计划按其所涉及综合性程度，可分为（）。

A.战略计划B.战术计划C.上层计划D.中层计划E.基层计划7.一般来说，越是组织的下层主管人员，所做出的决策越倾向（）。

A.战略型B.经验型C.常规型D.肯定型E.风险型8.主观决策法的特点是（）。

A.方法灵便B.易产生主观型C.缺乏严格论证D.易于一般于部所接受E.适合于非常规决策9.目标管理自身的缺点有（）。

A.目标管理理论尚未普及宣传B.适当的目标不易确定C.目标一般是短期的，而与长期目标脱节D.不灵活E.完成结果不易评价10.下列哪些属于计划工作的原理（）。

《最优化方法》1一、填空题:1. _______________________________________________________ 最优化问题的数学模型一般为：_____________________________________________ ,其中___________ 称为目标函数，___________ 称为约束函数，可行域D可以表示为_______________________________ ，若 ________________________________ ，称/为问题的局部最优解，若为问题的全局最优解。

2.设f(x)= 2斤+2“2-兀|+5花，则其梯度为__________ ^x = (l,2)r?6/ = (l,0)r,则f(x)在壬处沿方向d的一阶方向导数为___________ ，几何意义为_____________________________________ ，二阶方向导数为____________________ ,几何意义为_____________________________3.设严格凸二次规划形式为：min /(%) = 2兀］2 + 2x； - 2兀］-x2s.t. 2%! 4- x2 < 1> 0x2 > 0则其对偶规划为_______________________________________________min%（d ） = f （x k +ad k ）的最优步长为务=—叫）F.d kT Gd k2. （10分）证明凸规划min/（x ）,x G D （其中子（兀）为严格凸函数，D 是凸集）的最优解是唯一的3. （13分）考虑不等式约束问题min /（x ）s.t. c i （x ） < 0, Z G / = {1,2,…，加}其中/（x ）,6 （兀）a e /）具有连续的偏导数，设X 是约束问题的可行点，若在元处 d 满足巧（计<0,VC,（元）（可则d 是元处的可行下降方向。

北京化⼯⼤学-《最优化⽅法》研究⽣试卷⼀、（15分）求下⾯LP 问题的所有基本解，指出哪些是基本可⾏解，并求最优解。

≥=+++=+++-+-=0,,,3227432.6325min 4321432143214321x x x x x x x x x x x x t s x x x x z⼆、（16分）已知线性规划问题≤≤-=--≤+--≥-+----=⽆约束321321321321321,0,052010651535.765min x x x x x x x x x x x x t s x x x z（1）化为标准型。

（2）列出⽤两阶段法求解时第⼀阶段的初始单纯形表。

三、（12分）设有LP 问题≥≤-+-≤++-+=.0,,122.max 32132132121x x x x x x x x x t s x x z （1）写出其对偶问题；（2）⽤对偶理论证明原问题⽆最优解。

四、（13分）已知某线性规划问题的⽬标函数是求最⼤值，各变量均⾮负，在⽤标准的单纯形法求解过程中，得到下表：（1）在所有空格中填上适当的数。

（2）分别确定a 1，a 2的取值范围，使以下情况成⽴：①此解为最优解。

②此解为最优解，且有⽆穷多最优解。

③此解不是最优解，且能由该解得到下⼀个解。

五、（12分）设212212)1()(100)(x x x x f -+-=，（1）求)(),(2x f x f ??;（2）证明T x )1,1(*=为 f (x )的⼀个极⼩点；（3）求f (x )在点T x )1,1()0(-=的最速下降⽅向和⽜顿⽅向。

六、（16分）⼀股民拟将90000元的资⾦⽤于购买A 、B 两种股票，有关数据如下，问股民如何购买股票，才能使（按优先级从⾼到低）（1）年风险系数不⾼于700；（2）年收益不低于10000元？七、（16分）分配甲、⼄、丙、丁去完成A 、B 、C 、D 、E 五项任务。

若任务E 必须完成，其它4项中可任选3项完成，每⼈完成各项任务的时间如下表：确定最优分配⽅案，使完成任务的总时间最少。

选择填空1、单选题（1）html中的注释标签是（）A、 <-- -->B、<--! -->C、<!-- -->D、<-- --!>（2）<strong>…</strong>标签的作用是（）A、斜体B、下划线C、上划线D、加粗（3）网页中的空格在html代码里表示为（）A、&amp;B、&nbsp;C、&quot;D、&lt;（4）定义锚记主要用到<a>标签中的（）属性。

A、nameB、targetC、onclickD、onmouseover（5）要在新窗口中打开所点击的链接，实现方法是将<a>标签的target属性设为（）A、_blankB、_selfC、_parentD、_top（6）下列代表无序清单的标签是（）A、 <ul>…<li>…</ul>B、<ol>…<li>…</ol>C、<hl>…<li>…</hl>D、< li >…< ol >…</ li >（7）要实现表单元素中的复选框，input标签的type属性应设为（）A、radioB、checkboxC、selectD、text（8）要实现表单元素中的单选框，input标签的type属性应设为（）A、radioB、checkboxC、selectD、text（9）要使表单元素（如文本框）在预览时处于不可编辑状态，显灰色，要在input中加（）属性A、selectedB、disabledC、typeD、checked2、多选题（选错、多选、少选都不给分）（5*2）（1）定义表格常用的3个标签是（）A、tableB、trC、tdD、tp（2）哪两个属性可用于表格的合并单元格（）A、colspanB、trspanC、tdspanD、rowspan（3）实现下拉列表框，要用到一下哪几个标签（）A、inputB、selectC、optionD、radio（4）定义框架要用到以下的哪个标签（）A、frameworkB、framesetC、frameD、framespace（5）要在网页中加入音乐或背景音乐，以下哪个标签可以实现（）A、embedB、objectC、bgsoundD、sound3、填空题（1*8）（1）、可用p标签定义段落。