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The time course of a lane change Driver control and eye-movement

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The time course of a lane change:Driver control andeye-movement behaviorDario D.Salvuccia,*,Andrew Liu b a Department of Mathematics and Computer Science,Drexel University,3141Chestnut Street,Philadelphia,PA 19104,USAb MIT Man Vehicle Laboratory,70Vassar Street,Rm 37-219,Cambridge MA 02139,USAReceived 7F ebruary 2002;received in revised form 19March 2002;accepted 20March 2002AbstractIn this paper we explore the time course of a lane change in terms of the driver’s control and eye-movement behavior.We conducted an experiment in which drivers navigated a simulated multi-lane highway environment in a fixed-base,medium-fidelity driving simulator.We then segmented the driver data into standardized units of time to facilitate an analysis of behavior before,during,and after a lane change.Results of this analysis showed that (1)drivers produced the expected sine-wave steering pattern except for a longer and flatter second peak as they straightened the vehicle;(2)drivers decelerated slightly before a pass lane change,accelerated soon after the lane change,and maintained the higher speed up until the onset of the return lane change;(3)drivers had their turn signals on only 50%of the time at lane-change onset,reaching a 90%rate only 1.5–2s after onset;(4)drivers shifted their primary visual focus from the start lane to the destination lane immediately after the onset of the lane change.These results will serve as the basis for future development of a new integrated model of driver behavior.Ó2002Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved.Keywords:Driver behavior;Lane changes;Eye movements;Integrated driver model1.IntroductionDriving is a highly complex task that requires continual integration of perception,cognition,and motor response.Of the various subtasks that comprise the entire driving task,lane changing is one subtask that incorporates many of the critical aspects of driving,such as lower-level control *Corresponding author.Tel.:+1-215-895-2674.E-mail address:salvucci@ (D.D.Salvucci).1369-8478/02/$-see front matter Ó2002Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved.PII:S1369-8478(02)00011-6Transportation Research Part F 5(2002)123–132124 D.D.Salvucci,A.Liu/Transportation Research Part F5(2002)123–132(e.g.,steering,acceleration),monitoring(i.e.,maintaining situation awareness),and decision making(e.g.,when to change lanes).Despite the vast attention given to the driving task in general, much less attention has been directed to lane changing,despite its ubiquity in common driving environments––for instance,highway driving,which accounts for roughly70%of vehicle miles on American roadways(Federal Highway Administration,1998).Existing work on lane-changing behavior in large part emphasizes the decision-making aspects of the task,particularly gap ac-ceptance and the decision of when to change lanes(e.g.,Ahmed,Ben-Akiva,Koutsopoulos,& Mishalani,1996;Gipps,1986).While other studies have addressed different aspects of lane changing,from behavioral aspects such as typical durations(e.g.,Finnegan&Green,1990)to practical development of lane-change collision warning systems(Talmadge,Chu,&Riney,2000), we have yet to form a complete picture of when and how drivers change lanes including all the various perceptual and motor processes involved.This paper attempts toflesh out this picture of lane-changing behavior by analyzing the time course of a lane change across several modalities.The paper expands on our recent study of eye movements during lane changing(Salvucci,Liu,&Boer,in press)and examines the integration of steering,throttle,turn signals,and eye movements for left-to-right and right-to-left lane changes. By aggregating and displaying these multi-modal together as they occur before,during,and after a lane change,the analysis elucidates several interesting and surprising properties of drivers’lane-changing behavior.These results form a solid foundation on which to develop and validate a rigorous integrated model of driver behavior.2.MethodThis study of lane-changing behavior is based on data collected for a previous study(Salvucci et al.,in press)that focused exclusively on eye-movement data.The experimental task involved driving on a multi-lane highway with traffic in afixed-base driving simulator.For clarity,we briefly review specific details of the data collection below.We also describe the data processing into time course graphs as needed for the multi-modal time-course analysis in the next section.2.1.SubjectsThe experiment included a total of11participants forfinal analysis––two women and nine men between the ages of18and31,all with at least two years of driving experience.An additional two participants did not complete the experiment because of serious difficulties in controlling the vehicle in the simulated environment.Another two additional participants were not included in data analysis because their eye movements could not be recorded successfully.2.2.Driving simulator and environmentThe Nissan Cambridge Basic Research(CBR)driving simulator(Beusmans&Rensink,1995) was used as the platform for simulation and data collection.The simulator includes the front buck of a Nissan240sx convertible that has been instrumented to collect standard driver data(steeringD.D.Salvucci,A.Liu/Transportation Research Part F5(2002)123–132125 position,throttle and brake position,turn signals,etc.).The simulated environment is projected in front of the buck with afield of view of roughly70°,which we found adequate for a realistic driving experience.The simulator also incorporates an IScan(Burlington,MA)head-mounted eye tracker for collecting eye-movement data with respect to the projected view;this eye tracker maps the pupil center and an infrared reflect point to an estimated point-of-regard with an accuracy of approximately1°of visual angle.Although the mirrors in the buck were not used,a simulated rear-view mirror was incorporated into the projected environment at approximately the visual angle of the actual rear-view mirror,and could be utilized effectively by drivers to maintain awareness of surrounding vehicles.While a number of simulated environments have been developed for the Nissan CBR simulator, we employed a multi-lane highway environment with moderate simulated traffic.The high-way included two lanes in each direction,standard lane markings,and a barrier offthe side of the road;there were no on-or off-ramps and no extraneous scenery(to focus drivers on the driving and lane-changing task at hand).The environment imposed a three-wheel dynamic model as the translation between driver input and vehicle response.Simulated vehicles moved at a random‘‘desired’’speed between22.35and31.29m/s(50–70mph),passed slower vehicles in the right lane when necessary,and returned back to the right lane after passing as soon as possible. The simulator in conjunction with the driving environment produced a continual tabular stream of data used for analysis.In particular,four sources of data were collected at a sample rate of13Hz and combined to the datafile:(1)standard control data,including typical signals of steering-wheel position,throttle and brake position,turn signals,and any other accessible con-trols within the vehicle;(2)eye-movement data representing where the driver is directing their visual attention––or more accurately,representing gaze as a surrogate for the actual focus of visual attention;(3)vehicle data indicating position,heading,and speed of both the driver’s ve-hicle as well as all other vehicles,to allow for recreation and full analysis of the entire environ-ment;(4)verbal protocol data representing the intention to perform a lane change.Thisfinal data type requires further explanation.For our analysis of lane changes,we required some way of partitioning the data stream into segments each representing a single lane change(as well as before-and after-change data).To this end,we asked subjects to report the intention to make a lane change by saying‘‘lane change’’or‘‘pass’’,and the experimenter recorded these reports in the data by means of a keystroke.Subjects also reported the end of a lane change by saying‘‘done’’; for the occasional cases in which the subject forgot to report,the experiment recorded the end when it was readily apparent.In summary,these four types of data form the necessary backbone for our time-course analysis of lane-changing behavior.2.3.ProcedureAfter a general introduction to the simulator and task,the experiment began with two practice sessions in which subjects became acquainted with driving in the simulator and with reporting their lane changes as verbal protocols.Subjects then drove in two consecutive sessions(in a counterbalanced order):one on a straight highway without curves,and one on a highway with shallow curves.For each of these sessions,subjects drove for approximately14min for a total distance of approximately25km(15.5miles).Subjects had a short break between sessions,during which the eye tracker was re-calibrated if necessary.126 D.D.Salvucci,A.Liu/Transportation Research Part F5(2002)123–1323.ResultsOur analysis of the lane-changing data centers around a time course analysis in which we vi-sualize aggregated data sequences from different modalities before,during,and after a lane change.Figs.1and2show the time-course graphs for right-to-left and left-to-right lane changes, respectively.The remainder of this section explains how these graphs were created and what they indicate about the nature of drivers’lane-changing behavior.The time-course graphs were created in several stages.First,we partitioned all data streams for all subjects and extracted the segments that represented a lane change;these segments were identified using the verbal protocol data,which indicate the start and end of each lane change.Second,we computed a scaled time unit for each lane-change segment as1/10of the total lane change time,and re-sampled the data during the lane change by averaging within these time units(thus producing10 data points during each lane change).Third,we extended each segment to include eight scaled timetheunits before and after the lane change.Fourth,we added a single data point before and after Array Fig.1.Time-course graphs for right-to-left lane changes.Note that one scaled time unit represents approximately0.5s.extended segment to include all lane-keeping data that occurred before and after the segment.Fi-nally,we aggregated all data points for an individual driver,and produced aggregate graphs over these data including both the mean and standard error across the individual driver data.As can be seen in the figures,the graphs thus include five regions of analysis:initial lane keeping,labeled LK;before the lane change,BLC;during the lane change,LC;after the lane change,ALC;and final lane keeping,LK.The data in the graphs include a total of 401lane changes (36:5Æ11:2per driver),and the duration of a single lane change averaged 5:14Æ:86s;thus each scaled unit in the graphs corresponds to approximately one-half second of real time.In the following analysis,we will refer to quantities of time in terms of both seconds and scaled units using this correspondence.ne positionThe first panels in Figs.1and 2show the lane position as a function of time.The general picture is not surprising:the vehicle begins moving from the center of the start lane at the onset of thelane Fig.2.Time-course graphs for left-to-right lane changes.Note that one scaled time unit represents approximately 0.5s.D.D.Salvucci,A.Liu /Transportation Research Part F 5(2002)123–132127128 D.D.Salvucci,A.Liu/Transportation Research Part F5(2002)123–132change,and it begins to level out to the center of the destination lane by the end of the lane change.One interesting aspect of these data occurs in the5s(10scaled units)before the start of the lane change––namely,there is a subtle shift away from the destination lane approximately 2–3s(4–6units)before lane-change onset.This shift could be attributed to drivers compensating for potential danger while visually scanning their environment.In the5s prior to the lane change, drivers begin to look around their vehicle to ensure a safe lane change(as we will see in the eye-movement data).It seems that in these5s,drivers move slightly away from the destination to avoid possible vehicles in that lane.Of course,assuming the lane is clear,the driver can then proceed to steer the car into the destination lane.3.2.SteeringThe steering profiles for both lane-change directions have similar characteristics.First,the initial steering from center occurs approximately a half second(one scaled unit)before the re-ported initiation of the lane change.This latency is likely due to slightly delayed reporting in the verbal protocol.From there,the steering profile takes on a rough sine-wave shape.Driversfirst steer toward the destination and then back to center to level the vehicle on a steady path to the destination lane.Then,in a continual smooth movement,drivers steer in the other direction and back to center to straighten the vehicle in the destination lane.Note that the second peak has a slightly larger duration and smaller maximum magnitude,indicating a smoother leveling-offprocess.We should note one aspect of the steering data that we noticed in viewing individual lane-change protocols in replay.In the aggregate graphs in thefigures,the steering profiles show only a single sine-wave like function.However,many individual protocols seemed to show several sine-wave like functions that occur one after another––more specifically,a larger sine wave followed by one or more smaller ones.In essence,drivers seemed to perform a sequence of small‘‘lane changes’’that move the vehicle incrementally toward the center of the destination lane.First, drivers would perform a single,larger steering maneuver to move the vehicle roughly into the next lane.Then,they would execute smaller sine-wave maneuvers to adjust the position of the vehicle within the lane.The graphs in thefigure aggregate these many sine waves together,with thefinal appearance of a single maneuver.Given the variability in our data,we were unable to perform a more systematic analysis to determine the presence of these smaller maneuvers,but we hope to explore this issue further in future studies.3.3.Throttle positionIn examining throttle position,it is essential to look at the two types of lane changes separately, given that they represent very different situations.Fig.1shows the throttle-position profile for right-to-left lane changes in which the driver is generally passing a slower lead vehicle.In the5s (10scaled units)before the lane change,the driver decelerates gradually,presumably to avoid colliding with the slower vehicle.However,soon after lane-change onset,the driver accelerates to passing speed and maintains that speed through the rest of the lane change and beyond.Of note, the average speed remains high even long after the lane change(the right-most data point),in-dicating an overall speed change during the pass.D.D.Salvucci,A.Liu/Transportation Research Part F5(2002)123–132129 Fig.2shows the profile for left-to-right lane changes in which the driver returns to the right lane after a pass.Generally,the driver does not need to decelerate in this case;if there is a slower vehicle in the right lane ahead of the driver’s car,most drivers simply continue the pass maneuver. However,drivers do indeed decelerate immediately upon starting the lane change,reducing quickly to slow-lane speed and remaining at this speed from then on.3.4.Turn signalsThe turn-signal(‘‘indicator’’or‘‘blinker’’)profiles in thefigures show the ratio of protocols in which the turn signal was on at the given time.The profiles for lane changes in both directions look relatively similar.First,drivers began turning on the signals approximately1.5s(3scaled units)before the start of the lane change.However,at the time of lane-change onset,the signal was on only half of the time(with a ratio of approximately.50);only after an additional1.5–2s (3–4units)did the ratio reach its peak of approximately.90.Drivers also generally turned offthe signals well before the end of the lane change.The smoothness of this profile is quite striking, given that one might expect more of a step-function profile,with a rapid increase at onset and rapid decrease at offset.It should be noted with these turn-signal data that drivers may have used signals in two distinct ways,just as in normal driving:(1)to indicate the execution of a lane change,or(2)to indicate the intention to execute a lane change.For the latter case,drivers may turn on the signal before looking around their environment,to warn other drivers of the imminent maneuver or possibly to ‘‘ask’’for help in creating space for the maneuver(as might be common on highly congested roadways).However,given that in this experiment drivers turned on the signal around onset time or even later,it seems that drivers generally followed thefirst interpretation.3.5.Eye movementsIn an earlier paper(Salvucci et al.,in press),we examined drivers’eye movements during lane changes as a single profile aggregated for both directions of lane changes.Figs.1and2show the eye-movement data for each direction as gaze dwell ratios––that is,the ratio of time spent looking at objects in the start lane,the end lane,or the rear-view mirror.In Fig.1,drivers spend most of their gaze time before the lane change looking at the start lane(i.e.,their current lane).As onset approaches,more gaze time is directed to the end lane and the mirror,since drivers are checking to the side and rear of the vehicle to ensure safe passage.When drivers initiate the lane change,the dwell ratios for both start and end lane converge to approximately the same value while the ratio for the mirror trails off.These values remain steady through the lane change and beyond;es-sentially,drivers need to look at the destination lane to control the vehicle,but keep looking at passed car in the start lane to monitor its position.In Fig.2,drivers begin as they ended above,with equal dwell ratios to the start and end lanes. Again,as onset approaches,drivers direct more of their gaze to the mirror and less to the start lane.Somewhat by onset time,and certainly by the midpoint of the lane change,drivers direct the vast majority of their gaze to the destination lane.Thus,drivers have come full circle and the end of the profile matches the start of that in Fig.1.The most striking aspect of both profiles is how quickly the gaze distributions change at the onset of the lane change:within only1–2s(2–4scaled130 D.D.Salvucci,A.Liu/Transportation Research Part F5(2002)123–132units)after onset,drivers focus their gaze on the destination lane,even when the vehicle remains (at least partially)in the start lane.4.SummaryTo summarize the results above,we noticed several aspects of the time course of driver lane changes that stood out in our analysis:1.Drivers exhibited the expected sine-wave steering pattern except for a longer andflatter secondpeak as they straightened the vehicle.In addition,drivers exhibited a slight tendency to steer away from the destination lane2–3s before the onset of the lane change.2.Drivers decelerated slightly before making a pass lane change,accelerated soon after the lanechange to a higher passing speed,and maintained this speed up until the onset of the lane change back to the slow lane.3.Drivers had their turn signals on approximately50%of the time at lane-change onset,reachingapproximately90%of the time1.5–2s into the lane change.4.Drivers began shifting their gaze away from the start lane approximately5s before lane-changeonset,and shifted their gaze toward the destination lane almost immediately after lane-change onset.Given the smaller scope of our study and the use of a driving simulator rather than a real vehicle, these results should be taken as preliminary observations into the nature of driver behavior during lane changes.However,these data do provide a baseline for further,more rigorous studies on lane changing as well as analogous time-course analyses for similar driver maneuvers.5.DiscussionIn addition to augmenting our general knowledge about lane-changing behavior,we are in the process of using these data to develop and validate an integrated model of driver behavior (Salvucci,Boer,&Liu,2001;for similar models,see also Aasman,1995;Levison&Cramer, 1995).Our initial efforts have attempted to formalize a simple control mechanism that enables basic steering,lane changing,and curve negotiation in as straightforward a way as possible.To this end,we have constructed an integrated driver model(Salvucci et al.,2001)that utilizes a simple two-level steering model(see Donges,1978;Land&Horwood,1995;McRuer,Allen,Weir, &Klein,1977)based on two control points:(1)a far point that guides predictive steering,possibly the road tangent point(Land&Lee,1994),road vanishing point,or lead vehicle;and(2)a near point that guides steering to lane center.With this steering model,lane changing is implemented in an extremely simple way:to initiate a lane change,the model simply switches from using the far and near points of the start lane to using the far and near points of the destination lane.The only minor adjustment to this method was the addition of a control parameter to limit the speed of the lane change,modeling individuals’variability in their desire to execute the maneuver more quickly or slowly.We have validated this model’s behavior with parts of the collected data,namely theD.D.Salvucci,A.Liu/Transportation Research Part F5(2002)123–132131 steering and gaze data.In future work we hope to capture additional aspects of behavior pre-sented here,including throttle and turn-signal data.Lane changing is not simply a control problem,however;it involves both monitoring to maintain situation awareness and higher-level decision making to determine when to execute. Thus,we would like our integrated driver model to capture these aspects of behavior as well.The recently-developed model has been implemented in a cognitive architecture,or computational framework that incorporates the abilities and limitations of human behavior.By utilizing a cognitive architecture(specifically the ACT-R architecture of Anderson&Lebiere,1998),the model operates over declarative memory structures that embody current situation awareness but fade over time.Thus,by‘‘gazing’’at its environment with simulated‘‘eyes’’,the model can gather information about its surroundings and,for instance,can recall or forget a vehicle in the driver’s ‘‘blind spot’’.Also,the model incorporates higher-level decision making based on both the contents of its declarative memory structures as well as its current perceptual information.The integration of higher-level cognition and lower-level control offers the integrated model the po-tential to represent driver behavior in both coarse andfine-grained levels of details,and also predict the effects of secondary tasks on driver performance(e.g.,Salvucci,2001).Time-course analyses for lane changing and other maneuvers and tasks are crucial to providing insight into how to build such models and providing data with which to validate these models in a rigorous manner.AcknowledgementsWe thank GeoffUnderwood and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on earlier drafts of this paper.Portions of this work were done at Nissan Cambridge Basic Research in Cambridge,MA.ReferencesAasman,J.(1995).Modelling driver behaviour in Soar.Leidschendam,The Netherlands:KPN Research.Ahmed,K.I.,Ben-Akiva,M.E.,Koutsopoulos,H.N.,&Mishalani,R.G.(1996).Models of freeway lane changing and gap acceptance behavior.In J.-B.Lesort(Ed.),Transportation and traffic theory.New York:Elsevier Science Publishing.Anderson,J.R.,&Lebiere,C.(1998).The atomic components of thought.Hillsdale,NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Beusmans,J.,&Rensink,R.(Eds.).(1995).Cambridge Basic Research1995Annual Report(Tech.Rep.No.CBR-TR-95-7).Cambridge,MA:Nissan Cambridge Basic Research.Donges,E.(1978).A two-level model of driver steering behavior.Human Factors,20,691–707.Federal Highway Administration.(1998).Our nation’s highways:selected facts andfigures(Tech.Rep.No.FHWA-PL-00-014).Washington,DC:US Department of Transportation.Finnegan,P.,&Green,P.(1990).The time to changes lanes:a literature review(Tech.Rep.No.UMTRI-90-34).Ann Arbor,MI:The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.Gipps,P.G.(1986).A model for the structure of lane-changing decisions.Transportation Research-Part B,5,403–414. Land,M.F.,&Lee,D.N.(1994).Where we look when we steer.Nature,369,742–744.Land,M.,&Horwood,J.(1995).Which parts of the road guide steering?Nature,377,339–340.Levison,W.H.,&Cramer,N.L.(1995).Description of the integrated driver model(Tech.Rep.No.FHWA-RD-94-092).McLean,VA:Federal Highway Administration.132 D.D.Salvucci,A.Liu/Transportation Research Part F5(2002)123–132McRuer,D.T.,Allen,R.W.,Weir,D.H.,&Klein,R.H.(1977).New results in driver steering control models.Human Factors,19,381–397.Salvucci,D.D.(2001).Predicting the effects of in-car interface use on driver performance:an integrated model approach.International Journal of Human-Computer Studies,55,85–107.Salvucci,D.D.,Boer,E.R.,&Liu,A.(2001).Toward an integrated model of driver behavior in a cognitive architecture.Transportation Research Record,1779.Salvucci,D.D.,Liu,A.,Boer,E.R.(in press).Control and monitoring during highway driving.Vision in vehicles9.Amsterdam:Elsevier.Talmadge,S.,Chu,R.Y.,Riney,R.S.(2000).Description and preliminary data from TRW’s lane change collision avoidance testbed.In:Proceedings of the Intelligent Transportation Society of America’s Tenth Annual Meeting and Exposition.。

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学开车 英文作文

学开车 英文作文

学开车英文作文Learning to Drive。

Driving is an essential skill that everyone should learn. Whether you are a student, a professional, or a parent, knowing how to drive can make your life easier and more convenient. But learning to drive is not easy, and it requires a lot of time, effort, and practice.When you start learning to drive, the first thing you need to do is to get familiar with the basics. You need to learn how to operate the car, including how to start it, how to use the pedals, how to shift gears, and how to use the signals. You also need to learn the rules of the road, including the traffic signs, the speed limits, and theright-of-way rules.Once you have mastered the basics, you can start practicing your driving skills. You can practice in a parking lot or an empty road, where you can get used to thefeel of the car and the steering wheel. You can alsopractice on different types of roads, such as highways, country roads, and city streets, to get a feel fordifferent driving conditions.As you gain more experience, you can start practicing more advanced driving skills, such as parallel parking,lane changing, and defensive driving. You can also take a driving course or hire a driving instructor to help you improve your skills and prepare for the driving test.Finally, when you feel confident and ready, you cantake the driving test and get your driver's license. The driving test will assess your ability to drive safely and responsibly, and it will include a written test and a practical test.In conclusion, learning to drive is a challenging but rewarding experience. It requires patience, persistence,and practice, but it can open up a world of opportunities and make your life easier and more convenient. So if you haven't learned to drive yet, don't hesitate to start today!。

给别人写去动物园的交通方式英语作文

给别人写去动物园的交通方式英语作文

给别人写去动物园的交通方式英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1How to Get to the ZooHey there! Today, I'm going to share with you all the different ways you can get to the awesome city zoo we have here. Whether you're a local looking for a fun day out or a visitor trying to see one of our top attractions, this guide will help you plan your journey. Let's dive right in!Option 1: Taking the BusOne of the most convenient and affordable options is to hop on a bus. Several bus routes go right by the zoo entrance, so you can avoid dealing with parking and high fuel costs. Just check the transit maps or apps to find the bus that works best for your location.From the city center, you'll want to take the #12 bus heading east. This runs every 20 minutes, and the zoo is just the fourth stop. You can't miss the giant elephant statue marking the entrance!If you're coming from the northern suburbs, the #43 bus is your best bet. This one also runs really frequently and takes you straight there. Just get off at the "City Zoo" stop.Pro tip: Bring some quarters or get a reloadable transit card. Most buses don't give change, and you'll need exact fare.Option 2: Driving and ParkingFor those who prefer driving themselves, you'll want to use the main visitor parking lot off Elm Street. It's just a short walk from there to the front gates.From downtown, take Main Street heading east. Then, turn right onto Elm Street, and you'll see the huge parking lot on your left after a few blocks. Parking costs 8 for the full day, which isn't bad.If you're coming from the highway, take Exit 28 for the zoo. Just follow the signs from there. The lot tends to fill up by late morning on weekends, so try to arrive early if you're driving.Hot tip: See if your membership includes free or discounted parking. That saves you a few bucks!Option 3: Cycling Your Way ThereBikes are another fantastic option for getting to the zoo, especially on nice days. You can avoid traffic jams, get some exercise, and reduce your carbon footprint. Winning!Several bike paths and trails connect to the zoo area. Ifyou're coming from the north side, take the River Trail path that runs alongside...well, the river! It's a scenic ride.From the downtown core, hop on the Main Street bike lane and follow it eastward. You'll go straight to the zoo's bike parking area near the entrance.Remember to bring a good bike lock and park at the designated racks. Bike theft can happen, so better to be safe!Option 4: A Scenic WalkFinally, the zoo is absolutely walkable from many parts of the city if you don't mind some exercise. strap on your walking shoes and take a stroll through our lovely neighborhoods to get there.From central areas, it's only about a 2-mile walk via the pedestrian paths. You can make a morning of it and stop for coffee or breakfast bites along the way.Walking trail maps are available on the city's website to plan your route. Just search for "scenic walks to the zoo" and you'll find them easily.Whichever way you choose to get to the zoo, remember to give yourself plenty of time. You don't want to miss any of the amazing exhibits or activities once you're there. And be prepared for crowds, especially on weekends and holidays when it's busiest.One last tip: Bring a refillable water bottle to stay hydrated while you're exploring. There are fountains and filling stations all around to cool off.Well, that's my rundown of transportation tips for our beloved city zoo. I'm so excited for you to experience it! From the majestic tigers and gorillas to the adorable otters and penguins, get ready for an amazing up-close look at wildlife. Happy trails!篇2How to Get to the Zoo: A Handy GuideHey there, fellow students! Are you looking to spend a fun day exploring the wonders of the animal kingdom? Well, you're in luck because today I'm going to share with you the ultimate guide on how to get to the zoo. Whether you're a city slicker or a country bumpkin, this guide will ensure you arrive at your desired destination without any hiccups. So, grab a pen and paper (or your trusty smartphone), and let's dive in!Option 1: Taking the BusFor those of you who prefer the good old-fashioned public transportation route, hopping on a bus is a fantastic choice. First things first, you'll need to figure out which bus line goes directly to the zoo or stops nearby. A quick online search or a chat with the friendly folks at the transit authority should provide you with the necessary information.Once you've got the bus number and route sorted, it's time to plan your journey. Check the bus schedule to ensure you don't end up waiting forever at the stop. Trust me; there's nothing worse than watching those minutes tick by while you're eager to see some adorable animals.When you finally board the bus, make sure to have your fare ready (or your transit pass, if you're a savvy commuter). Don't be that person who holds up the line while they dig through their backpack for loose change. Stay alert and keep an eye out for your stop – you don't want to end up on the other side of town!Option 2: Driving Your Own Set of WheelsIf you're one of the lucky ones with access to a car, driving to the zoo can be a breeze. However, before you hit the road, there are a few things to keep in mind.First and foremost, familiarize yourself with the route. Plug the zoo's address into your trusty GPS or consult anold-fashioned map (remember those?). This will help you avoid any unexpected detours or wrong turns that could leave you feeling like a lost puppy.Next, consider the parking situation. Many zoos offer on-site parking, but these lots can fill up quickly on busy days. Research alternative parking options nearby or look into carpooling with friends to save on parking fees.Once you've secured a spot, don't forget to grab any necessary items from your car – sunscreen, water bottles, snacks, and, of course, your camera to capture those adorable animal moments.Option 3: Embracing the Great Outdoors (Walking or Biking)For the eco-conscious or fitness-minded among us, walking or biking to the zoo can be an excellent option. Not only is it environmentally friendly, but it's also a great way to sneak in some exercise before indulging in those tasty zoo snacks.If you're planning to walk, make sure to wear comfortable shoes and pack plenty of water and snacks for the journey. You might also want to consider bringing a small backpack or fannypack (yes, they're making a comeback!) to stash any essentials you might need.Biking to the zoo can be a fun and efficient way to get there, especially if you live relatively close by. Just remember to follow all traffic laws, wear a helmet, and lock up your bike securely once you arrive.Option 4: Ride-Sharing ServicesIn the age of modern technology, it would be remiss not to mention ride-sharing services as a viable option for getting to the zoo. Apps like Uber, Lyft, or local alternatives can be a convenient and hassle-free way to get to your destination.Simply open the app, input the zoo's address, and wait for your ride to arrive. One of the best things about ride-sharing is that you don't have to worry about parking or navigating unfamiliar streets – just sit back, relax, and let your driver do the work.However, keep in mind that surge pricing during peak hours or busy events can make ride-sharing a bit pricier than usual. It's always a good idea to check the estimated fare before booking your ride.No matter which option you choose, the most important thing is to plan ahead and give yourself plenty of time to get to the zoo. Nothing puts a damper on a fun day quite like rushing around or feeling stressed about being late.So, there you have it, folks – a comprehensive guide to help you navigate your way to the zoo like a pro. Whether you're a city slicker, a country bumpkin, or somewhere in between, one of these options is sure to suit your needs.Now, go forth and enjoy your day surrounded by the majestic creatures of the animal kingdom. Just remember to stay hydrated, slather on that sunscreen, and maybe even pack a few extra snacks – you never know when those pesky monkeys might try to swipe your treats!Happy exploring, and may the force (of nature) be with you!篇3How to Get to the ZooHey friends! Today I want to tell you all about how to get to the awesome zoo we have here in our city. The zoo is such a cool place to visit and see all the amazing animals. But first you need to know how to get there! Whether you're going by car, bus, bike or even walking, I'll give you all the details on the best routes.If you're driving, it's actually pretty easy to get to the zoo. Just get on the highway and take Exit 28 for Zoo Drive. You'll see the signs pointing you in the right direction. Once you're on Zoo Drive, just follow that road for about 2 miles and you'll see the huge parking lot on your right. Parking does cost 5 though, so make sure to bring some cash or your card.The zoo is also really convenient if you want to take the bus.A few different bus routes go right to the entrance. The 37 bus runs every 20 minutes and its last stop is literally just steps away from the zoo gates. Or you can hop on the 61 which also takes you straight there. Just check the bus schedule since that one runs a little less frequently. Either way, the bus is cheap at only 1.50 each way and no parking fees!If you're feeling energetic, biking can be a great option too. There's actually a nice bike path that runs alongside the river and goes pretty much directly to the zoo. Just follow the "Zoo Route" signs when you get close. The path starts over by Lincoln Park and is about a 5 mile ride from there. It's flat the whole way so pretty easy biking. Just don't forget to bring a lock to secure your bike at the racks outside the entrance.And for all you walkers out there, don't worry - the zoo is walkable from lots of neighborhoods! If you live downtown, it'sonly about a 2 mile walk. Or from the university area, more like 3 miles. The route is simple - just take Main Street heading east until you get to Zoo Drive, then turn right and follow the road straight to the entrance. There are sidewalks pretty much the whole way.No matter how you get there, just make sure to get to the zoo entrance before 4pm. That's when they stop letting people in for the day. The zoo is open from 9am to 6pm daily in the summer, but the hours change a bit in spring and fall so check their website to be sure.Once you make it through the gates, you'll probably want to grab a map to plan out your route for seeing all the cool animals. The zoo is huge with tons of different areas and exhibits to explore. My personal favorites are the big cats like lions and tigers, the amazing gorilla sanctuary, and of course the adorable red panda area. But there's seriously so much more!If you get hungry while you're there, don't worry - there are a bunch of restaurants and food trucks all around the park. They've got everything from hot dogs and pizza to fancier pasta and salads if you want a bigger meal. And there are drinking fountains all over to help you stay hydrated, especially on those super hot summer days.One tip though - wear your most comfortable walking shoes! You'll probably end up doing a ton of walking around to see all the different areas. My pedometer always tracks like 6 or 7 miles whenever I go. Those zoo grounds are no joke in terms of size!Well that's my full guide on how to get to our amazing city zoo and tips for once you're there. Getting to see all those awesome animals up close is just the coolest thing. From the huge elephants and giraffes to the tiny little monkeys and bird habitats, you'll have an absolute blast. The zoo makes such a fun outing for families, friends, or even just by yourself if you're an animal lover like me.So what are you waiting for? Next sunny day, pick your favorite transportation method and head over to the zoo! Getting there is a piece of cake with my detailed directions. Just don't forget cash for parking, lock for your bike, and those comfy shoes. Then get ready to spend a wild day taking in all the incredible sights and sounds. You'll make so many amazing memories!。

雅思听力场景词汇精华版

雅思听力场景词汇精华版

IELTS Listening VocabularyScene 1: Accommodation 住宿location 位置 考点 layout 布局 type of house 房屋类型 facilities 房屋设施 信息 Newspaper Advertisement/Ads 广告 House Agency 房屋中介 city centre 市中心 downtown 商业中心区 urban 城市的 位置 street 街道 avenue 大道 road 路 lane 小路小巷 flat (英) 公寓 apartment (美) 公寓 类型 studio flat/apartment 单居室公寓 hall(s) of residence (英) 学校公寓 dormitory/dorm (美) 学生宿舍 youth hostel 青年旅店 house agent 房屋代理人 人 landlord 房东 landlady 女房东 facilities 设施 lobby 大堂大厅 lounge 公共休息室 entrance gate/hall 入口 foyer 休息室、门厅 garden 花园 yard 围绕建筑物的一块场地 attic 阁楼 设施 balcony 阳台 basement 地下室 garage 车库 radio(s) 收音机 stereo 立体声音响 lamp 台灯 digital camera 数码相机 lift(英)elevator(美)电梯 furnished 配备家具的 饮食 vegetarian 素食者 n./a. take-away 外卖 homestay 家庭寄宿 host family 寄宿家庭 friendly faces 住在当地人家里 en suite 带独立卫浴设备的宿舍 standard suite 标准套间 bedsit 小套房(卧室兼起居室) property owner 业主 tenant 房客，租客 flatmate 同公寓房客 refrigerator(fridge) 冰箱 air-conditioner 空调 water heater 热水器 shower 淋浴 radiator 电暖炉 stove 炉灶 microwave oven 微波炉 flashlight 电筒 kitchen curtain 厨房窗帘 cabinet 橱柜 drawer 抽屉 cot 轻便小床 bed sheet 床单 blanket 毛毯 carpet 地毯 cushion 沙发靠垫 towel 浴巾毛巾 meal times 就餐时间 weekdays/workdays 周一至五 environment 环境 contact 联系方式 rental price 房租价格 rules and regulations 规则,规定 Accommodation Office 宿舍管理办公室 social network 社会网络 suburb 郊区 rural 农村的 outskirts 外围地区，郊外 countryside 乡下，农村 village 村庄 cottage 小屋，村舍Compiled By Chen Qian1not near the railway station 离火车站远 问题 far from the bus stop 离汽车站远 near the airport 离机场近 lock 锁 规定 front door key 前门钥匙 emergency, fire door 消防通道 maximum rent 最高租金 minimum rent 最低租金 费用 rental price 租金价格 refundable deposit 可退还的押金 hire furniture 租家具 week by week/ per week / weekly 付款 cash 现金 by cheque/check 支票insect 昆虫 shared kitchen 公用厨房 have no privacy 没有隐私 no smoking/drinking/pets allowed 禁止吸烟/喝酒/养宠物 be allergic to 对…过敏 laundry charges 洗衣费 water/electricity/power/telephone bill 水费/电费/电话账单 personal property insurance 个人财产保险 by credit card 信用卡 Master Card 万事达卡 Visa Card 维萨卡Compiled By Chen Qian2Scene 2: Food & Diet 饮食College Dining Room/Hall 学校餐厅 Riverside Restaurant 河边餐厅 seafood restaurant 海鲜餐厅 Place self-service restaurant 自助餐厅 café 咖啡馆, 小餐馆（不供酒水） cafeteria [美]自助食堂[餐馆] school cafeteria 学校食堂/自助餐厅 buffet lunch 自助餐 cater 提供饮食及服务 Drinks drinks and snacks 饮料和零食 refreshment 茶点，点心 alcoholic beverages 含酒精的饮料 cater 提供饮食及服务 regular dinner 套餐 snack 快餐，零售 mid-morning snacks (上午)间食 appetizer/starter 开胃小吃 soup 汤 side dishes 副菜 main course 主菜 Food dessert/after-dinner snacks 饭后甜点 French / Italian cuisine 法国/意大利菜 vegetarian 素食主义者 red meat (pork, lamb, mutton, beef) 红肉（猪肉、羔羊肉、羊肉、牛肉等） white meat(fish, chicken, duck) 白肉 (鱼肉、鸡肉、鸭肉等) meat and cheese 肉类和奶酪 junk food 垃圾食品 hot (味道)剌激性的, 辛辣的 Description spicy辛辣的 greasy 油腻的 Item kitchen utensils 厨房器皿 cutlery 餐具 pay the bill 付账的 Payment split the bill 平均分担费用 go Dutch AA 制 by credit card 信用卡付账 change 零钱 tips 小费 tasty美味的，可口的 delicious 美味的 low nutrition 低营养 knife and fork 刀和叉 tea and coffee 茶和咖啡 mineral water 矿泉水 fruit juice 果汁 coke cola 可乐 hamburger 汉堡包 vegetable burger 蔬菜堡 take-away 外卖 hot dog 热狗 sandwich 三明治 pizza 披萨 fish and chips 炸鱼加炸土豆片 sauce调味汁, 酱汁 vinegar 醋 flour 面粉 lentil curry 小扁豆咖喱 garlic大蒜 salad 沙拉 nut(s) 干果, 坚果 chocolate 巧克力 coffee shop 咖啡店 pub 酒吧 drive-in restaurant 免下车餐馆 bakery 面包店 pizzeria 比萨饼店 snack bar 小吃店 tavern 客栈Compiled By Chen Qian3Scene 3: Travel(l)ing 旅游主要考察地名(distance from nearest city),行政区划,人口(population),语言,风土人情,有利 考点 和不利因素 (advantage/disadvantage),吸引人之处(attraction) ,气候和天气(climate/weather： wet and windy, cold and wet, rainy, cloudy.) tour 旅行, 观光 tourism 旅游业 trip 短途旅行 voyage 航行, 航海 cruise乘船巡游 活动 hiking 徒步旅行 banquet 宴会 feast 盛宴 picnic 野餐 camping 野营 barbecue 烧烤 leisure time 空闲时间 relaxation 消遣，娱乐 unwind yourself 放松自己 recreation means 娱乐方式 travel agency 旅行社 package tour 跟团旅游 self-organized expedition 自助游 穿着 walking boots 步行靴 wading boots 涉水靴 stout boots 结实的靴子 携带物品 passport 护照 准备 visa 签证 fishing gear 钓具 double-grill 双层烤架 booklet 小册子 make a reservation 预定 book the ticket 预定票 confirm a reservation 确定定位 cancel one’s reservation 取消定位 first come, first reservation 先到先服务原则 fare 票价 toll 通行费 saver ticket 优惠票 open ticket 开放机票 one-way ticket 单程票 round-trip ticket 往返票Landscapeswimming 游泳 jogging 慢跑 excursion 远足 cycling 骑自行车 mountain climbing 登山 hot air ballooning 乘坐热气球 rafting 漂流 skiing 滑雪 water skiing 滑水 rowing划船，赛艇运动 plan the route 计划路线 itinerary 旅程, 行程 schedule 时间表；明细表 planner 计划(表) emergency contact person 紧急联系人comfortable clothes/trousers 舒适的衣服 sandal [`sændl] 凉鞋 sun glasses 太阳眼镜 book of local history 当地历史书 entrance fee 门票 insurance 保险 safety helmet 安全帽 souvenir 纪念品 tourist brochure 游客手册 timetable 时刻表 airport tax 机场税 duty-free shop 免税店 vacant seat 空座 excess change 超重 direct/ non-stop flight 直达航班 connecting-flight 转机 layover/ stopover 中途停留 check in 办理登记手续 driving license 驾照 expire （信用卡，护照）过期 cave 洞穴 fossil 化石4art gallery 画廊，艺术馆 education exhibition 教育展风景Compiled By Chen Qianexhibition of instruments 乐器展 historical/ art/science/natural/ museum 历史、艺术、科学、自然博物馆 concert hall 音乐厅 cathedral总教堂, 大教堂 church 教堂 castle 城堡 palace 宫殿 coastal area 沿海地区 eastern beach 东海岸 harbour/harbor海港 theme garden 主题花园 backyard (yard) <美>后花园 department store 百货商店 family ticket 家庭套票 children 人 kid 儿童 elder 长辈 the old 老人 hotel 宾馆 住宿 motel 汽车旅馆 youth hostel 青年旅社 free transportation 免费运送 one-way ticket 单程票 round trip ticket 往返票 rush hour 交通高峰期 vehicle 车辆 交通 wheel 方向盘，车轮 ferry 轮渡 flight 航班 bus route 公车路线 mini-sized coach 长途汽车 bicycle 自行车 motorcycle 摩托车 其他 safety regulations 安全规章ancient temple 古庙 silent island 孤岛 tower 塔 outdoor activities 户外活动 forest area森林地带 wildlife 野生动植物 safari park 野生动物园 tropical rainforest 热带雨林 creek 小溪 Central Park 中心公园 Stonehenge 巨石阵 Great Barrier Reef 大堡礁 Sydney Opera House 悉尼歌剧院 Tower of London 伦敦塔 passenger 旅客 shopper 购物者 commuter 通勤者 tourist 游客 thief 小偷 B&B (bed and breakfast) cottage 小屋 trolley 电车 tram 有轨电车 steam engine ship 蒸汽船 cable car 缆车 wheelchair 轮椅 double-decker bus 双层公共汽车 coach/ motor coach 长途汽车 trolleybus 无轨电车 tramcar, streetcar 有轨电车 tube/subway/underground/Metro 地铁 driving/driver’s license 驾照 helmet 头盔 民宿Compiled By Chen Qian5Scene 4: Health 健康catch a cold 感冒 cough 咳嗽 症状 Symptom fever 发烧 dizzy 头晕 headache 头痛 stomachache 胃痛 toothache 牙痛 epidemic 流行病 疾病 Disease influenza 流感 heart disease 心脏病 injury 损伤 wound 伤口 disabled 肢体残疾的 Medical Center 医疗中心 Health Center 健康中心 private clinic 私人诊所 医院及医生 make an appointment 预约 surgeon 外科医生 physician 内科医生 oculist / eye doctor 眼科医生 dentist 牙医 head 头 forehead 额头 eyes 眼睛 身体 nose 鼻子 mouth 嘴 ear 耳朵 neck 脖子, 颈部 arm 手臂 precaution/prevention 预防 take one ‘s temperature 量体温 治疗 Treatment take one’s blood pressure 量血压 feel one’s pulse 量脉搏 to prescribe/ give a prescription 开处方 take medicine or pills 吃药 get/have/receive an injection 打针 chemist’s 药店，药房 antibiotics 抗生素 药物 aspirin 阿斯匹林 pain killer 止痛片 penicillin 盘尼西林 mental 精神的 其他 physical 肉体的 beats 跳动的次数 vet 兽医 psychiatric psychiatrist nurse 护士 patient 患者, 病人 wrist 手腕 palm 手掌 finger 手指 chin, jaws 下巴 waist 腰部 heart 心脏 ankle 脚踝 slim 苗条的, 纤细的 have an operation 动手术 ambulance 救护车 therapy 理疗，疗法 relaxation therapy 放松疗法 recreaton therapy 娱乐疗法 psychotherapy 精神疗法，心理疗法 physical therapy 理疗 pill，tablet 药片，药丸 vitamin 维他命 capsule 胶囊 ointment 药膏 vaccine 疫苗 cycle 循环 blood flow 血流 a.精神病的； n.精神病学家 private practice 私人诊所 General Practioner/ GP 全科医师 tropical disease 热带病 yellow fever 黄热病 chest infection 胸部发炎 decayed teeth 蛀牙 eyesight 视力 sore throat 嗓子疼 stuffed nose 鼻子不通 stiff neck 脖子发僵 allergic 过敏的 insomnia 失眠 drowsiness 嗜睡，睡意Compiled By Chen Qian6Scene 5: Social Life 社会生活Sports Activities Town Hall 市政厅 Main Hall 主厅 地点 Fitness Center 健身中心 Sports Hall 体育馆 gym 健身房, 运动场 stadium 露天体育场 personal trainer /PT 私人教练 instructor 教练 人 coach 教练 team leader 领队 judge 评委 interest 爱好 hobby 嗜好 taste 爱好 bowling 保龄球 活动 bowling alley 保龄球道 football 橄榄球 soccer 英式足球 hunting 打猎 hiking 远足 Shopping retail pattern 零售模式 shopping mall/center 购物中心 department store 百货商店 general store杂货店，综合商店 grocery store 食品商店 reasonable price 合理的价格 free parking lot 免费停车场 Movie movie theater 电影院 comedy 喜剧 tragedy 悲剧 documentary 纪录片 Party fancy dress 晚会服装；奇装异服 fancy party 化妆舞会 decoration balloons 装饰气球 toy 玩具 film festival 电影节 guest宾客 waiter / waitress (男/女)服务生 cartoon 卡通片 science fiction movie 科幻片 literary film 故事片 headphone头戴式耳机 bookshop 书店 shopping online 网上购物 website网站, 网址 counter（商店、银行等的）柜台 shop assistant售货员 item 项目/货品/东西 e.g. single item 单件物品 fitness club 健身俱乐部 soccer club 足球俱乐部 walking club 徒步旅行俱乐部 tennis club 网球俱乐部 chess club 国际象棋俱乐部 golf club 高尔夫俱乐部 referee/umpire 裁判员 sportsman 男运动员 membership 会员资格； gym membership 健身房会员 annual membership fee 年会费 cycling 骑自行车 tennis 网球 squash 壁球 surfing 冲浪 roller-skating 旱冰 water-skiing 滑水 swimming 游泳 yoga 瑜珈 weight training 力量训练Compiled By Chen Qian7dress code 着装要求 costume服装, 女装 formal clothes 正装 casual clothes 休闲装 服装 comfortable clothes 舒适的衣服 dark/black trousers 深色/黑色裤子 black skirt 黑色短裙 blue sweater 蓝色毛衣 school uniform 校服 party wear 晚宴装 Industry forestry industry 林业 mining industry 矿业 energy industry 能源业 fishing industry 渔业 insurance company 保险公司 Working employment 就业，职业 unemployment 失业 employ 雇佣 employer 雇主 employee 雇员 staff 全体职员 the role of staff 员工的角色 director 主任、董事、导演 accountant 会计师 shop manager 店长 senior manager 高层管理者 engine 发动机 engineer 工程师 cleaner 保洁员 customer 顾客 colleague 同事 vacancy 空缺 recruit method 招聘方法 salary/payment 薪水/报酬 Banking 人 账户 cashier 收银员 teller 银行职员 domestic bank 国内银行 oversea bank 国外银行 commercial bank 商业银行 merchant bank 商业银行 bank book/pass book 存折 open a bank account 开户casual/leisure wear 休闲服 sportswear 运动装 uniform 制服 suit一套衣服, 西装 swimming suit 游泳衣 silver cloth 银布 clothing 服装 jeans 牛仔服 sandal 凉鞋 spare socks 备用袜子 agriculture/agricultural farming products 农产品 wetland 沼泽地，湿地 marsh 沼泽 black velvet 黑天鹅绒，材料名 charitable organization 慈善组织 tourism organizaiton 旅游组织 co(-)operation合作 co(-)coperative 合作的, 协作的 corporation crime 公司/集团犯罪 violent crime 暴力犯罪 royal commission 英国皇家调查委员会 economic growth 经济增长 population growth 人口增长 British Council 英国文化协会 city council 城市委员会 (vs. counsel) geography trip 地理考察 subcommittee 小组委员会 welfare department 福利部门 flexible working time 弹性工作时间 position 位置，职位 extension 分机，延期 shift work 倒班 day/night work 白/晚班 accountant 会计 savings account 储蓄存款帐户 current account 活期存款帐户 check/cheque account 支票帐户 deposit account 定期存款帐户 monthly savings account 按月计息帐户 daily interest account 按天计息帐户8Compiled By Chen Qianopening sum 开户金额 current account balance 现金帐户余额 type of account 账户类型 fill out/in an application form 填申请表 申请 name date of birth address telephone (home & work) occupation 职业 type of account valid identity certificate 有效身份证明 security 担保人，保证金 bank statement 对账单 earn interest 赚取利息 annual interest rate 年利率 apply for a loan 申请贷款 grant a loan 批准贷款 low-interest loan 低息贷款 no-interest loan 无息贷款 instant account 速成户头 signature card 签名卡 draw/withdraw 提款 service charge 服务费/手续费 four in hundred 四张一百元面额 give the money in fives/tens 费用 换成五元或十元面额 coin 硬币 penny(单) pence (复) 便士 nickel（美、加）的五分硬币 dime（美、加）的十分硬币joint account 联名帐户 expense account 公款支付帐户 order check/cheque 记名支票 rubber check/cheque 空头支票 blank check/cheque 空白支票 traveler’s check/cheque 旅行支票 exchange rate 汇率 password/code 密码 full refund 全额偿还 extension 延期 overdraw/overdraft 透支 rebate 回扣 payday 发薪日 pay slip/envelop 薪水单 mortgage 抵押 by installment 分期付款 debt 债务 collateral 担保物 chquebook/checkbook 支票簿 money order 汇票 A.T.M 自动取款机 bill 钞票 change 零钱 cash 现金 unit 货币单位 value/worth 面值 ounce 盎司 1/16 磅 amount in figures 小写金额 amount in words 大写金额Compiled By Chen Qian9Scene 6: Education 教育major 主修 minor 副修 subject 学科 curriculum 课程 Arts 文科 fine arts 美术 Science 理科 School of Arts and Sciences 文理学院 Applied Mathematics 应用数学 Accountancy/Accounting 会计学 Architecture 建筑学 Anthropology 人类学 Astronomy 天文学 学科 Astrology 占星术 Archaeological 考古学的 Biology 生物学 Banking Chemistry 化学 chemistry lab 化学实验室 Computer Science 计算机专业 Engineering 工程(学) Economics 经济学 Environmental Science 环境学 Education 教育学 Finance 金融学 Geography 地理 geographical adj.地理学的 geographic location 地理位置 President Chancellor Dean 系主任 Secretary 秘书 人 Associate Professor 副教授 Lecturer 讲师, Instructor 讲师 Supervisor 导师 Tutor 导师 Support Tutor 助教 Teaching Assistant (T.A.) 助教 Am. 校长 En.(大学/名誉)校长 Student Adviser 学生顾问/辅导员 Senior Advisor 资深督导师 Counselor 顾问，指导老师 Coordinator 协调员 international/overseas student 国际学生 freshman 大学一年级学生 sophomore 大学二年级学生 junior 大学三年级学生 senior 大学四年级学生 candidate 候选人，求职者 applicant 申请者 representative 代表，代理人 History 历史 economic history 经济学史 historian n.历史学家 historical a. International Business 国际商务 Journalism 新闻学 Linguistics 语言学 Literature 文学 Law 法学 Microbiology 微生物学 Money Management 理财课 Time Management 时间管理课 Stress Management 压力管理课 Space Management 空间管理课 Mass Media 大众传播 Modern Languages 现代语言 Politics 政治 Physical Education=PE 体育 Physiology 生理学 Psychology 心理学 psychological course 心理学课程 psychologist 心理学家 patients 患者 Philosophy 哲学 Statistics 统计学 Sociology 社会学Principal 校长Compiled By Chen Qian10orientation 新生入学，新生报到 orientation meeting 迎新会 welcome package 入学或旅游时收到的欢迎辞 新生入学 registration 注册 enroll 报名 enrollment fee 报名费 surroundings 环境 history of school 学校历史 semester/ term 学期 curriculum 课程 extra-curriculum 课外 课程 resume 个人简历 CV=Curriculum vitae 个人简历 compulsory course 必修课 optional / selective course 选修课 exemption 免修课 lecture 大班授课 lecturer 讲师 tutorial 小班辅导课 授课 attendance rate 出勤率 presentation 论文陈述,课堂发言 seminar 学术研讨 workshop 专题讨论会 group discussion 小组讨论 pressure / stress 压力 social problems social network disruption 社交圈 new surroundings 新环境 a balanced diet 均衡饮食 take regular exercise 有规律练习 assignment 作业 coursework 作业 case study 案例研究 essay 短文 short report 报告 study diary 学习日记 course feedbacks 课程反馈 evaluation 评估 assessment methods 考核方法 paper 论文 essay 短文 论文 thesis 硕士/专题论文 dissertation 博士论文 theme of project 项目主题 subject 研究对象 -faculty [美](大学或学院的)全体教职员；系 the students and faculty 全院师生 the faculty of theology 神学系 achievements 成就 buildings and functions 建筑及功能 culture 文化 rules and regulations 规章制度 problem-solving 问题解决 beginning course 入门课程 basic course 基础课 intermediate course 中级课程 advanced course 高级课程 intensive course 强化课 session 学期; (进行某活动连续的)一段时间 general English course 实用英语课程 academic English 学术英语 field trip 实地考察旅行 cassette recorder 卡带式录音机 tape recorder 磁带录音机 videotape 录像带 projector 投影仪 photocopier 复印机 printer 打印机 scanner 扫描仪 financial problems 经济问题 academic problems 学术问题 drop a course 退选一门课 dropout 辍学问题-评估exam 考试 open exam 开卷考试 closed exam 闭卷 failure 不及格 resit 重考 mark/score 分数 grade 年级，成绩 A plus record 记录，学习成绩; credit (point)学分 (academic) transcript 成绩单 research methods 搜集数据的方式 interview 采访 observation 实地观察 questionnaire 问卷调查 gather/collect data 收集数据 analysis 分析11Compiled By Chen Qiantopic/title of essay 论文题目 project outline 项目大纲 essay plan 论文计划 abstract 摘要 summary report 摘要报告 summarize 总结 objective 目标，目的 research 调查，研究 investigation 调查，研究 survey 调查 checklist 清单，一览表statistics 统计数据 common sense 常识 hypothesis 假设 reference 参考书目 bibliography 参考文献目录 introduction 引言 review of literature 文献综述 previous studies 采用前人的研究 theoretical background 理论背景 theoretical framework 理论架构 research findings 研究结果Compiled By Chen Qian12passport photos 护照照片 item: book librarian 图书管理员 delivery desk 借书台 library/admission card 借书卡 call slip 借书证 international system 网络系统 open shelves 开架书库 图书馆 close shelves 闭架书库 classification 分类 category 种类 catalog 目录 reference 参考书目 bibliography 参考书目 periodical 期刊 current issue 现刊 back issue 过期期刊 毕业 certificate 毕业证，结业证 diploma 毕业证，大专文凭 commencement 毕业典礼pink slip 代书板，(美)解雇通知书 reference stacks 书库 in circulation 在书库里 out circulation 已借出 not for circulation 不外借 closed reserve 只读不借 photocopy 影印，复印 reserve 预借 book in advance check out 登记借出 date of expiry 期限 renew renewal due 到期 overdue 过期 pay fines 交罚金 Bachelor’s degree 学士学位 Master’s degree 硕士学位 Doctor’s degree 博士学位 PHD=Doctor of Philosophy（哲学）博士 v .续借 n. 续借recall 收回、召回Compiled By Chen Qian13Scene 7: Environment 地理环境atmosphere 大气 atmospheric components 大气成分 气 air quality 空气质量 oxygen 氧气 carbon dioxide 二氧化碳 gas 气体，煤气，汽油 pollution 污染 contamination 污染 污染 contaminant 污染物 contaminated land 污染的土地 contaminated soil 污染的土壤 rubbish 垃圾 garbage can 垃圾箱 waste disposal 垃圾处理 drop-off site 垃圾投放处 atmospheric pollution 大气污染 greenhouse effect 温室效应 现象 global warming 全球变暖 temperature 温度 - 10℃: 10 degrees centigrade wind erosion 风蚀 coal 煤 mine 矿，矿山 firewood 木柴，柴火 oil 汽油，油类 petrol 汽油 资源/材料 solar energy 太阳能 wind energy 风能 wind force 风力 electric power 电力 freshwater resources 淡水资源 conservation of freshwater 淡水保护 marine ecosystems 海洋生态系统 海洋 marine pollution 海洋污染 ocean temperature 海洋温度 living marine resources 海洋生物资源 nature conservation 自然保护 eco-development 生态发展 发展 renewable resources 可再生资源 cost-benefit 成本-效益 development cooperation 发展合作 development planning 发展计划 人口 human settlements 人类居住 environmental indicators 环境指标 social surveys 社会调查 status of development 发展状况 sustainable development 可持续发展 environmental economic issues 环境经济问题 minorities 少数民族14rainfall 降雨 acid rain 酸雨 fog 雾 evaporate v. 蒸发 evaporation n. 蒸发plastic collection 回收塑料 recycling material 回收材料 sewage 污水 sewer 下水道 soil 土壤 stone 石头，石料 caves 洞穴 bacteria 细菌 viruses 病毒 seismic activity 地震活动 solar radiation 太阳辐射 volcano eruption 火山喷发 tides 潮,潮汐 flood 洪水 drought control 抗旱 natural resources 自然资源 mineral resources 矿产资源 natural drainage systems 自然排水系统 water treatment 水处理 electric power plants 发电厂 nuclear power plants 核电站 nuclear fuels 核燃料 turbine (涡)轮机, 叶轮机, 汽轮机 fiberglass 玻璃纤维,玻璃丝 timber 木材, 木料 organic fiber 有机纤维 coastal ecosystems 沿海生态系统 coastal environments 沿海环境 coastal erosion 海岸侵蚀Compiled By Chen Qianhuman migration 人类迁居 human population 人口 human rights 人权 population shift 人口迁移 Geography 行政区 county state cost of living 优缺点 crime pace of life agriculture 农业 manufacturing 制造业 产业 processing 加工业 farming 农业，畜牧业 sheep and cattle 羊和牛 weather 天气 climate 气候 天气和气候 climatic issues 气候问题 humid / wet 潮湿的 humidity 湿度 语言 language 语言 accent 口音，重音race relations 种族关系 lifestyles/ life-styles 生活方式 urban area 城市地区 coastal area 沿海地区 province town interesting boring dull fishing 渔业 wine-making 酿酒 transportation 交通 printing 印刷业 electronics 电子行业 windy 有风的 rainy 有雨的 snowy 有雪的 cloudy 多云的 dialect 方言Compiled By Chen Qian15Scene 8: Animals & Plants 动植物动物 lion 狮子 goat 山羊 sheep (绵)羊 陆 kangaroo 袋鼠 koala 树袋熊 zebra 斑马 elephant 大象 crocodile 鳄鱼 海 shark 鲨 dolphin 海豚 空 falcon 猎鹰 pigeon 鸽子 creature 生物 认识植物 plant 植物 vegetation 植被 root 根 stem 茎（植物） stalk 茎（草或花） 类 trunk 干 branch 树枝 bought 粗枝 twig 细枝 bloom 开花植物 fruit tree 果树 blossom 果花 flower vase 花瓶 artificial flowers 人造花 rose 玫瑰 种类 cabbage 圆白菜,卷心菜 radish 萝卜 garlic 大蒜 onion 洋葱 red pepper 辣椒 spinach 菠菜 carrot 胡萝卜 cucumber 黄瓜 树木 shrub 灌木 wood 木材 species in rare animal area 其它 稀有动物的种类 捕猎 hunting tomato 西红柿 potato 马铃薯 melon 香瓜 bean 菜豆 watermelon 西瓜 pumpkin 南瓜 strawberry 草莓 wild berry 野草莓 pear 梨子 grape 葡萄 peach 桃子 mushroom 蘑菇 lettuce 莴苣，生菜 lentil 小扁豆 oak tree 橡树 ivy 常春藤 保护区 protected areas 受保护的物种 protected species 生态平衡 ecological balance grass 草本植物 tree 木本植物 bamboo 竹子 leaf 叶子 fruit 果实 core 核 seed 种子 bud 发芽 flower 花朵 owl 猫头鹰 rhino 犀牛 ostrich 鸵鸟 bear 熊 wolf 狼 fox 狐 deer 鹿 bull 公牛 whale 鲸 hippos 河马植物 botany, plant scienceCompiled By Chen Qian16。

天津市南开中学2024届中考联考英语试题含答案

天津市南开中学2024届中考联考英语试题含答案

天津市南开中学2024届中考联考英语试题含答案注意事项:1．答题前，考生先将自己的姓名、准考证号码填写清楚，将条形码准确粘贴在条形码区域内。

2．答题时请按要求用笔。

3．请按照题号顺序在答题卡各题目的答题区域内作答，超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试卷上答题无效。

4．作图可先使用铅笔画出，确定后必须用黑色字迹的签字笔描黑。

5．保持卡面清洁，不要折暴、不要弄破、弄皱，不准使用涂改液、修正带、刮纸刀。

Ⅰ. 单项选择1、Tim ,your room is a mess ,please ______ your things .A．put out B．put away C．give out D．give away2、- I think I should be allowed to make decisions _________ myself. - But you are not old enough.A．with B．up C．by D．against3、We thought it＿for him to finish the job in such a short time. But in the end he succeeded.A．easy B．boring C．important D．impossible4、—Will you miss your family when you go abroad for further study this autumn?—Of course. But luckily, I can ________ them by e-mail or WeChat.A．come up with B．get along withC．keep in touch with D．make friends with5、---- Mum, I want to watch Across the Sea to See You (漂洋过海来看你) on Zhejiang Satellite TV.---- Oh, dear, it ______ for a few minutes. Come on!A．has begun B．will begin C．has been on D．will be on6、You can the hotel on the Internet if you go out to travel.A．name B．book C．park D．buy7、— Would you like to have ________ coffee?—No, thanks. I don’t want ________ drinks.A．some; some B．any; any C．some; any D．any; some8、singersA．climbs B．parents C．works9、My grandparents live in an old apartment with floors and they are on the floor.A．fifth; three B．fifth; third C．five; three D．five;: third10、We can donate some money to the _______ Hope to help the poor children.A．Protect B．Project C．Provide D．PerfectⅡ. 完形填空11、Little Spider Encourages KingMore than 700 years ago, Scotland was fighting with England. The king of England wanted to 1 Scotland. He had a strong army so it was 2 for Scotland army to fight. Scotland 3 many times. Later King Robert ofScotland was caught but luckily he ran away from the English 4 .One rainy day, King Robert hid in a cave(洞穴).He thought that he was not good enough to be the king. He was so 5 that he didn't even see a spider near him. He looked up when he saw the spider 6 ;it was trying to climb up to its web(网)at the top of the cave 7 it fell down.”How 8 !”thought King Robert," The spider is9 me. It's not strong enough.’’He watched while the spider tried again. It fell down a 10 time.”Be careful, little spider," he said.”Life is so hard. You'll never get back to your11 .’’But the spider tried again and again. King Robert watched while 12 slowly climbed back to its web. After an hour, the spider reached the web.”You are really great," the king said. ¨If you can keep trying, I can too. I13 carry on fighting.¨Then the king's army grew stronger and 14 stopped the English army.Nobody knows 15 this is a true story. Many parents tell it to their children because they want their children to learn a lesson.1．A．help B．control C．promise D．refuse2．A．easy B．safe C．difficult D．popular3．A．lost B．won C．cheated D．explained4．A．army B．king C．people D．spiders5．A．happy B．wonderful C．excited D．worried6．A．running B．jumping C．climbing D．walking7．A．and B．but C．so D．or8．A．great B．nice C．sad D．proud9．A．with B．as C．for D．like10．A．first B．second C．third D．fourth11．A．web B．country C．cave D．stone12．A．this B．that C．one D．it13．A．must B．may C．dare D．can14．A．carefully B．finally C．slowly D．seriously15．A．what B．that C．if D．whichⅢ. 语法填空12、The Value of a DollarWhen I was nineteen, I had a job at a local bookstore. One night, a young couple came in and walked here andthere looking for a book. They seemed 1．(be) the usual type to give mall 2．(worker) a hard time. When they came to the register (收银处), she was a dollar or two short of 3．(buy) the book she wanted.She looked 4．(disappoint). I had a customer discount (折扣) card and it was still active. I told the girl 5．(gentle), “Hang on, don’t worry, you’ll have the money to buy the book.” I put in my password.S he gave me a 6．(thank) smile. With a dollar left, she and her boyfriend left the store. I believed that I would never see 7．（they）again.I don’t remember 8．long it was, but they did return later that evening just to bring me 9．beautiful card that said “It’s people like you who make the world a 10．(good) place to live in.”I’m deeply moved by the little girl and her boyfriend. In fact, they have also made the world a little brighter.Ⅳ. 阅读理解A13、In 1971，a plane crashed in the Amazon jungle in Peru. Only one person survived. She was a 17- year-old German girl called Juliane Koepke. When the plane crashed，Juliane fell through the trees and landed on the ground. She did not wake up for a day. When she did，she had a terrible headache and a bad cut on her arm，but she could walk. She stood up and started to look for help，Soon Juliane realized that she was by herself in the jungle. She needed to find her way to a town or village, but how could she do that? She knew that the aeroplane had crashed in the middle of the largest jungle in the world.Luckily，Juliane knew something about the jungle. Her parents were scientists. They were studying the jungle in Peru，and that is where Juliane grew up. She knew that the most important thing was to find fresh water. When Juliane found a stream，she followed it in the direction that the water was moving. She knew that the stream would become a river，and there were often villages near a river. It wasn't an easy journey for her. She walked for days. She often had to walk or swim through dangerous water full of crocodiles. When the animals attacked her，she fought them with stick.Rescue planes were looking for people who were still alive after the accident，but after ten days，they decided to give up. They knew that they would never find anybody. Two days later, Juliane Koepke waked out of the jungle，hungry and very tired，but alive.1．Juliane knew something about the jungle because she .A．was a very clever German girlB．read a lot about the jungle from booksC．grew up in Peru where her parents studied the jungleD．experienced a plane crash before2．Juliane walked along the stream because .A．rescue planes were looking for people near the riverB．she knew there were probably villages along the river aheadC．she wanted to swim through dangerous water full of crocodilesD．she loved to fight with the crocodiles in the river with a stick3．The best title for this passage is “.”A．A Clever and Brave Girl B．The Largest Jungle in the WorldC．A German Girl in Peru D．The Most Important Thing in the JungleB14、Ladies and gentlemen, I returned to this year in a time machine. In the year 2500, we are able to travel through time to any year in the history of the earth. This year is your last chance your lifestyle to save the earth.Beginning in the middle of the 20th century, a few people were worried about polluting the earth’s water and air, but most people did not change their way of life. Instead, they continued to pour(倒) dangerous chemical(化学物品) and other waste into lakes and seas, to drive more and more cars and trucks, and to cut down trees.By the year 2200, the earth’s water was completely polluted. People could no longer drink water, and they had to use other types of liquids(液体). Scientists said that in the future there might be too many people on the earth. But not enough was done.So by the year 2300, there were so many people that food became scarce. There was no water to grow food and all of the fish in lakes and seas died because of pollution. Terrible wars broke out between the rich and the poor. Scientists were working very hard to find another planet in space where humans could live.By the year 2400, the air was too polluted for humans to breathe. So we had to leave the earth. But only the rich were able to leave. Where did we go? Nowhere. And everywhere. Y ou see scientists did not find another safe planet, so now we must travel around the universe in our space ships. We are still looking for a place to call our home.So it is up to you to change history. There is still hope. You must change your lifestyle now, before it is too late. 1．Which problem is NOT talked about in Paragraph 2?A．Water B．Air C．Lifestyle D．Food2．The underlined word ‘scarce’ means ‘______’ in Chinese.A．昂贵的B．充足的C．缺乏的D．特殊的3．Which of the following is NOT true?A．Only a few people changed their lifestyle in the 20th century.B．There was no clean water for people to drink by the year 2200.C．All the fish died because of the pollution by the year 2300.D．We found a new home in another planet by the year 2400.4．What’s the best title of the passage?A．Stop polluting B．Change or leaveC．Look for new home D．Return to the earthC15、Beijing was the capital for six dynasties(朝代). Among many new high buildings, you still can find something different here. When you walk through the hutong you will really love this old capital.A hutong is narrow lane between the outer walls of houses. The main buildings in a hutong are siheyuan-buildings with houses around a yard.If you come and go through the narrow hutong, you will get a feel for the heart of old Beijing. It is a place of peace, and it’s not like the noisy city. Usually, you can see groups of older people sitting together and playing cards or Chinese chess.The hutong is an important element (元素) of Beijing. Most of them were built during the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. The oldest hutong is Sanmiao Street, which is more than 900 years old.The hutong shows the culture of ordinary Beijingers. The people of Beijing used to enjoy a big dinner with their neighbors in the hutong. Neighbors and friends are never too far away to hear a shout.There are lanes that are similar to hutong in other parts of China. But they have different names. For example, in Shanghai, people call these lanes linong. While in Hunan, people call them xiangzi.1．Beijing used to be the capital of dynasties.A．three B．four C．five D．six2．The underlined word “lane” means in Chinese.A．马路B．街道C．巷道D．捷径3．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A．Living in a hutong is comfortable but noisy.B．Most of hutong in Beijing were built more than 900 years ago.C．Beijingers are difficult to get each other’s help because they live too far away.D．Different places have different names of hutong in China.4．Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?A．Old Capital Culture—Hutong B．The History of HutongC．Beijingers’ Living Condition D．What Is HutongD16、When you watch 3D movies or TV，you have to wear a special pair of glasses．The 3D glasses make the images from the screen look like they are there in the room with you．Three-dimensional，or 3D，means having three dimensions（维度）: width，height and depth．3D technology（技术）is based on the way the human brain（大脑）and eyes work．Because thepupilsof a person's eyes are about 1．5era apart （分开），when we look at something，each eye sees it from a different angle（角度）．Our eyes send the two images to our brain，and the brain puts them together．The small difference between the image from the right eye and the image from the left eye allows us to see depth．When we view pictures and television in two dimensions，each eye gets the same information．That is because the image has no real depth，and there is only one of viewing it．So the goal of 3D technology is to get a different image into each of the viewer．It uses two film projectors．One projects a left eye image and the other projects a right image．The 3D glasses allow us to see a different image in each eye．While watching 3D films，we feel that we are in the same environment as the things we're watching．However，it also has its disadvantages．The 3D glasses work by controlling the amount of light that reaches the eyes．It makes the screen look darker．What's more，people with eye problems may get headaches if they spend too much time watching 3D movies，because their brains need to work harder to "read" the images．2．（小题1）According to the passage，we can see 3D TV with the help of ____．A．the exciting games B．the special glassesC．the dark screen D．the image in the room3．（小题2）The second paragraph mainly tells us ____．A．how we see things in 3DB．how 3D films are madeC．what the human brain does for our eyesD．how different images get into the brain521．（小题3）The underlined word "pupils" in the passage means____ in Chinese．A．学生B．视线C．睫毛D．瞳孔5．（小题4）Which of the following is TRUE?A．3D glasses make the screen look brighter．B．People with eye problems can't see 3D films．C．A 3D film needs making by two film projectors．D．3D glasses held people get the same image in each eye．E17、Look at your classmates around you. Y ou all wear the same uniform and similar sneakers. Do you want to stand out among them? A fashionable and useful backpack can be a great idea!Backpacks are lightweight and easy to carry.They are great tools for students. They help you to stay organized. You can keep school things, books and personal items like cell phones and keys neatly (整洁地). With auniquebackpack, you can also stand out among your classmates. Tourists also love backpacks. With convenient backpacks, backpackers can move freely from one place to another. Meanwhile, they can also free their hands to do other things like taking photos.But in the very beginning backpacks were not what we see today.It is thought that US hiker Dick Kelty invented the first modern backpack in 1951. He used nylon (尼龙) and aluminum tubing (铝制管型材料) to make backpacks lightweight. Then he added shoulder straps (带子) and waist straps to transfer(转移) much of the weight to the hips (臀部).Today, backpacks come in different styles.Rolling (滚动的) backpacks have wheels on the bottom. Users can pull them along the ground if they are too heavy to carry on their shoulders.And with more people bringing laptops to school and work, backpacks also offer space for lightweight electronics. 1．Backpacks are useful for tourists because_____.A．they have wheels on the bottomB．it frees tourists’ hands to do other thingsC．tourists can feel fashionableD．they make tourists feel special2．The underline d word “unique” in the passage probably means “”.A．普通的B．独特的C．有用的D．便利的3．The first modern backpack was thought to be invented by _____.A．a famous inventor B．an EnglishmanC．a hiker D．a student4．In order to make the backpack light, _____ is used.A．cotton B．nylonC．cloth D．paper5．The passage mainly talks about _____.A．a famous TV dramaB．different functions (功能) of backpacksC．the history of backpacksD．who wears backpacksF18、Elsie Comer is nearly 92，but she can still play a game of Words with Friends on her iPad and claims (宣称) that the Apple product has changed her life.Mrs. Comer，who lives in a house close to Manchester Airport. admits(承认) to playing the hugely popular puzzle game at a time. and also uses her iPad totrackthe planes that fly overhead and explore the world with Google Earth."It's been a wonderful way to keep in touch with my family，" she said. "I use it nearly all the hours of daylight. 2-3 hours in the morning. then again in the afternoon." I live near the airport，so I love being able to look at the Flight Tracker and see where the planes that fly overhead are going. I also really like Words with Friends，and have 16 games going at the moment.Mrs. Comer taught painting when she left school. She did own a laptop, but struggled(费力) with it. “She had a laptop before，but the problem was that she couldn't see the cursor(光标) . And that she also has shaky hands that struggle with the mouse.” said her 63-year-old daughter，Jean Holt ，from Citheroe, “I was in America visiting my daughter. and I played with an iPad and decided to buy one for my mother.”Mrs. Holt loaded the iPad with apps(应用程序) gradually so her mother could learn how to use them. "She uses it several hours a day，and is determined (决定) to keep up with everything new. So she reads the news，sends emails，and uses FaceTime to make video calls to us all." she said.ELSIES FA VO RITE APPS★Words with Friends-a free Scrabble-like puzzle app★Flight Tracker-allowing her to see the details of planes that fly overher home★ FaceTime-used to make video talk to her family around the world★iMessage-used to send text messages to mobile phones★Solitaire-a classic card Same1．Why does the writer write this passage?A．To tell us the secrets of how Mrs. Comer keeps healthy.B．To describe how to use Apple apps in our daily life.C．To explain Mrs. Corner makes a living alone.D．To prove iPad has good effect on Mrs. Comer's life.2．What does the writer mainly tell us in the passage?A．What Mrs. Comer uses her iPad to do in her daily life.B．How Mrs. Comer explores the world with Google Earth.C．When Mrs. Comer sends text messages to mobile phones.D．Why Mrs. Holt bought an iPad for her mother instead.3．What does the underlined word " track" mean in the second paragraph?A．catch up with B．follow the route ofC．take a photo of D．keep in touch with4．What can we learn from the passage?A．A friend in need is a friend indeed.B．Where there is a will，there is a way.C．One is never too old to learn.D．A good beginning is half done.Ⅴ.书面表达19、书面表达假设你是阳光中学九年级学生李平。