Lecture 3 考研英语写作(精华)

考研英语翻译LECTURE 3 应试技巧课堂练习Exercise 1Between the eighth and eleventh centuries A. D., the Byzantine Empire staged an almost unparalleled economic and cultural revival, a recovery that is all the more striking because it followed a long period of severe internal decline. (1)By the early eighth century, the empire had lost roughly two-thirds of the territory it had possessed in the year 600, and its remaining area was being raided by Arabs and Bulgarians, who at times threatened to take Constantinople and extinguished the empire altogether. The wealth of the state and its subjects was greatly diminished, and artistic and literary production had virtually ceased. (2)By the early eleventh century, however, the empire had regained almost half of its lost possessions, its new frontiers were secure, and its influence extended far beyond its borders. The economy had recovered, the treasury was full, and art and scholarship had advanced.(3)To treat the Byzantine military, cultural, and economic advances as differentiated aspects of a single phenomenon is reasonable considering that these three forms of progress have gone together in a number of states and civilizations. Rome under Augustus and fifth-century Athens provide the most obvious examples in antiquity. Moreover, an examination of the apparent sequential connections among military, economic, and cultural forms of progress might help explain the dynamics of historical change.(4)The common explanation of these apparent connections in the case of Byzantium would run like this: when the empire had turned back enemy raids on its own territory and had begun to raid and conquer enemy territory, Byzantine resources naturally expanded and more money became available to patronize art and literature. Therefore, Byzantine military achievements led to economic advances, which in turn led to cultural revival.No doubt this hypothetical pattern did apply at times during the course of the recovery. Yet it is not clear that military advances invariably came first. Economic advances second, and intellectual advances third. In the 860's the Byzantine Empire began to recover from Arab incursions so that by 872 the military balance with the Abbasid Caliphate had been permanently altered in the empire's favor. The beginning of the empire's economic revival, however, can be placed between 810 and 830. Finally, the Byzantine revival of learning appears to have begun even earlier. (5)A number of notable scholars and writers appeared by 788 and, by the last decade of the eighth century, a cultural revival was in full bloom, a revival that lasted until the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Thus the commonly expected order of military revival followed by economic and then by cultural recovery was reversed in Byzantium. In fact, the revival of Byzantine learning may itself have influenced the subsequent economic and military expansion.Exercise 2Tracing the origins of viruses is difficult because they don’t leave fossils and because of the tricks they use to make copies of themselves wit hin the cells they’ve invaded. (1)Some viruses even have the ability to stitch their own genes into those of the cells they infect, which means studying their ancestry requires untangling it from the history of their hosts and other organisms.What makes t he process even more complicated is that viruses don’t just infect humans; they can infect basically any organism — from bacteria to horses; seaweed to people.Still, scientists have been able to piece together some viral histories, based on the fact that the genes of many viruses seem to share some properties with cells’ own genes. (2)This could suggest that they started as big bits of cellular DNA and then became independent — or that these viruses came along very early in evolution, and some of their DNA stuck around in cells’ genomes. The fact that some viruses that infect humans share structural features with viruses that infect bacteria could mean that all of these viruses have a common origin, dating back several billion years.(3)This highlights another problem with tracing virus origins: most modern viruses seem to be a patchwork of bits that come from different sources —a sort of “mix and match” approach to building an organism.(4)The fact that viruses, like the distantly related viruses that cause measles and rabies, are only found in a limited number of species suggests that those viruses are relatively new — after all, those organisms came along somewhat recently in evolutionary time. Many of these “new” viruses likely originated in insects many million years ago and at some point in evolution developed the ability to infect other species — probably as insects interacted with or fed from them.(5)Then there are the viruses whose genomes are so large that scientists can’t quite figure out what part of the cell they would have come from. Take, for instance, the largest-ever virus so far discovered, mimivirus: its genome is some 50 times larger than that of HIV and is larger than that of some bacteria. Some of the largest known viruses infect simple organisms. This indicates that they may have an ancient origin, possibly as parasitic life-forms that then adap ted to the “virus lifestyle.”In fact, viruses may be responsible for significant episodes of evolutionary change, especially in more complex types of organisms.However, despite all of their common features and unique abilities to copy and spread their genomes, the origins of most viruses may remain forever obscure.课堂讲评Exercise 1【语篇分析】本文是一篇现象解释型文章，试图解释拜占庭帝国的荣辱兴衰的原因。

1. OpportunitiesOpportunities are a much-debated topic in that it affects everybody in their daily lives.Some people criticize the importance of opportunities, who arguethat without knowledge and skill the opportunities are doomed to slip away.They believe that knowledge and skill are more important than opportunities. But people who advocate the importance of opportunities, on the other hand, arguethat opportunities are the most important factor in their lives. Without opportunities, they would not succeed in reality.As far as I am concerned, I can only say that I need opportunity, and I need hard work more. We all know that opportunities do play an important role in our success. However, many people believe that the key factor that leads to their final success depends on two aspects. The first aspect is one’s diligence and ability.The second one is the opportunities. A further argument is that ability is the basic of success. Without ability, even very good opportunities come, you can not grasp them. However, what really counts is not how lucky you are to get good opportunities, but whether or not you have such an ability to take advantage of them. There are plenty of opportunities for everyone in our society, but only those who are prepared adequately and qualified highly can make use of them to achieve their goal.（222 words）2.My View on the Negative Effects of Reference BooksNowadays students constantly find themselves flooded by all kinds of reference books. Reference books themselves are of no harm. It’s generally believed most of them are helpful and beneficial. However, the overuse or not using them in a proper way, such as depending too much on them, will certainly do harm to students.Obviously, depending too much on reference books, has many negative effects. To begin with, they can make some students (be) less attentive in class. Armed with keys to all the questions, they seem to know all and only find their memory completely blank in exam-rooms. Besides, some reference books published in such a haste that they occasionally provide students with wrong answers, thus making students confused about some knowledge. Worst of all, by merely copying from the reference books, students gradually become lazy and get into passive learning habits which are difficult to get rid of, and what‟s more, do great harm to their creativity.Therefore, I suggest students take protective attitudes towards themselves in front of all kinds of reference books. In addition, they should be taught how to make proper use of the books and never overuse them by merely copying (without thinking). Only in this way can they reduce the negative effects of reference books.（211 words）3.Harmfulness of Video GamesNowadays, time and again, students are prohibited form playing video games, but almost in vain. As a matter of fact, many teenagers are still seen indulgingin the exciting games, esp. during the vacations. However, this problem has caught the national wide attention.As is well-known, video games can do great harm to students and society. First, they greatly affect students’ eyes ight and their health. As a matter of fact, some students can’t resist the temptation of playing video games. Therefore, they cut their lunch and pour all their pocket money on video games. And what is worse,they waste all their free time on the games so as to escape the teachers‟ strict requirements and the parents‟ harsh words. As a result, they fail rapidly in health. Besides, video games take students’ attention from their classroom and greatly affect their studies. As some students are so indulged in the games, they naturally forget about their homework and even begin to skip school. Third, some violence in the games can lead students astray. Finally, the deadly need for money to play the games can drive them to robbery, theft or any other kinds of crimes or tragedies.Therefore, it‟s high time we took effective measures to stop the students from playing video games. On one hand, we should let people in the society become fully aware of the harmfulness of video games. On the other hand, we should enhance the punishment of the illegal owner of the video houses so as to completely prohibit the students from playing video games.（260 words）4.Can Success Be Measured in Terms of Money?There is a deep-rooted concept in the minds of many people that money is the only yardstick of success. What they do not realize is that there are many types of success, and some are associated with wealth and some not. It is high time that such people opened their eyes and took a sober look at the world around them.While it is true that a successful businessman or inventor will usually become rich, many other people who are outstanding in their fields do not reap monetary rewards. One example is the rocket scientist who makes great achievements in the field of astronautics while gaining glory for his country, but draws a modestsalary.Another example is Lei Feng, who has marked his name in history because his life was devoted to helping others, although he owned almost no personal possessions.Measuring success by money alone leads people to strive to make money by fair means or foul. If one’s only goal in life is to become rich, without serving o thers or making any worthwhile achievements, then one certainly cannot regard oneself as a success. Furthermore, those who spend their lives scrambling for more, even though they gain it, are the biggest losers of all.（206 words）5.On ReadingIt‟s generally believed that reading is an important part of our life .To begin with, it undoubtedly enriches our life. When we feel lonesome, we can pick up a book and enjoy what we read. By reading, we may feel we lead different kinds of lives, and talk to people of different periods in history. Besides, by reading, we may also feel someone is giving us some good advice on life and work. Therefore, reading is really indispensable to our life.To be good readers, we should take at least three factors into account.First, one should read extensively. No doubt, the more books one reads, the more one is inclined to read. Besides, a good reader should always read some books actively rather than passively, because reading is viewed as a kind of effective intercourse with the writer. Finally, a good reader should always ponder upon what he reads, for reading without reflecting is like eating without digestion.All in all, from reading comes understanding; and from understanding comes more reading. A good reader is one who not only reads actively and extensively, but also reads with full understanding.（190 words）6. Social Activities and Our StudySocial activities benefit us in many ways. First, they can widen our horizons. By taking part in them, we can not only learn what we can’t from books but learn how to put theories into practice. Second, they provide us with a chance to know about the society and enrich our social experience. As a result, we may find it not too difficult to adapt ourselves to the society when we graduate.Too many social activities, however, will cause a lot of problems. They will cost us much time and energy. If we indulge ourselves in these activities at the expenseof our studies, we will never be able to have a good command ofknowledge.Therefore, we will fail to be qualified students.My suggestion is that we students should spend most of our time and energy studying, and once in a while participate in some social activities. Only in this way can we benefit a lot.（158 words）7. University Students and LecturesCompared with primary school and middle school, life in university is much colorful. Besides their studies, university students can have more time playing sports, reading their favorite books or making short-time trips. In addition to all these activities, there is one typical characteristic of university life, that is, university students have many lectures to attend.In university, there are various lectures of different kinds, such as those of required courses and compulsive subjects. There is one lecture almost every day. In some universities, sometimes there may be several lectures going on at the same time. The topics of the lectures may range from very academic ones to those that can be enjoyed by every students, from those on natural science to those on social science,from those at home to those abroad, and from those on ancient civilizations to those on modern technology. They may be given by common teachers, famous scholars or even businessmen.Facing so varied lectures, what should university students do? A wise student will attend them selectively. For those related to his major, he seldom misses them in order to acquire a new perspective and a better understanding of his major. For those that are easy to understand and interesting to him, he may enjoy them when he is free. For those given by top quality professors, no matter how busy he is, he always manages to attend them. In this way, he may make good use of the lectures and develop his knowledge structure, creative mind and even character.（254 words）8. The Rise of Shanzhai CultureThe vast array of knockoff（仿造品）name-brand products, such as cell phones, DVDs, MP3 players, have made “shanzhai” the hottest word of the year. Now we wear shanzhai watches, talk through shanzhai cell phones, play shanzhai video games, use shanzhai computers, even watch shanzhai TV shows. Once a term used beforesome electronic products to suggest a copycat（盲目模仿者）version of inferior quality, shanzhai now suggests to many Chinese creativity and trendiness. With the media all over the rise of shanzhai culture, public opinions are clearly divided.Advocates invariably associate it with innovation, stylishness, the DIY spirit, open-mindedness and practicality, as shanzhai products often mix imitation with innovation – a similar skin but a different heart. The end products are usually more functional and much cheaper than the original. Besides, they respond to the market more swiftly and they are more considerate in design. Thanks to them, morepeople at the grassroots level can enjoy the benefit of modern technology.However, other people, including myself, hold more reserved attitudes towards the shanzhai fever. For all the popularity it has won, a copycat is a copycat. The mockery（嘲弄，取笑）of the prestige products not only steals their profits but also upsets market competition. Moreover, shanzhai products thrive on the current legal loopholes. Under the disguise of anti-dominance slogans, they make illegal profits by violating intellectual property rights and evading taxes. And to top it off, the so-called innovation is only senseless talk as true innovation always faces huge costs and potential failures, while plagiarism simply builds success on other people’s risks.（256 words）9. Brain DrainWith the world entering a new millennium, there arouses a fierce competition in science and technology. Consequently, brain drain occurs in the developing countries all over the world. Brain drain is more than an outflow of knowledge. It causes a loss of minds and hearts as well. The countries that lose their well-trained professionals to other countries usually suffer hard conditions caused by the lack of scientists and technicians. As a result, the gap between the rich and the poor widens.The reasons that cause brain drain vary in different cases. The most obvious is good jobs and high salaries. Although not all people take money as everything, we have to admit that in our daily life money is something few of us want to completely give up.In order to reverse the trend of brain drain, many countries are taking measures to attract their professionals back, such as providing them with higher salaries, spacious housing and good research facilities, etc. In my opinion, the most important is to speed up developments in their economies and upgrade their science and technology level. So long as a country is strong enough, it sill attracts its well-trained professionals back to serve their motherland.（201 words）10. The Greatest Invention of the Past CenturyThe past 20th century saw a great deal of inventions in human history. For example, antibiotics, cars, airplanes, telephones, radio, and the nuclear weapon, etc, were all invented in this period.Of all these inventions, which one is the greatest? Different people may have different answers. In my opinion, the computer is the greatest of all, for it has not only brought people a lot of benefits, but also has transformed human life so fundamentally that up to now, not a single invention can outweigh the important function of the computer.Today, computers are widely applied in various fields. Industry, agriculture, military affairs, scientific research, computers are employed to engage in all kinds of activities imaginable.Perhaps the most obvious application of the computer is in our daily life. School education, website browsing, shopping, entertainment… etc., with a click of the mouse, everything just appears before us. The miraculous computers have brought the convenience to the people that are unprecedented in human history.With all the above reasons, I think the computer is the greatest and the most marvelous invention of the past 20th century.（185 words）11、How to Keep Psychologically Healthy?One in four people will experience some kind of mental problem in the course of a year. When you fail to manage these problems, they are likely to cause various mental illnesses.The cause of mental health problems often vary a lot from one case to another. In today’s society,a good number of people are suffering from heavy pressure. Others lack communication skills. In addition, a lot of people are ignorant of psychological knowledge about how to keep mentally fit.There are a lot of ways to curb mental health problems and keep psychologically healthy. Firstly, find the real cause of your mental health problem and see whether you can do something about it. Secondly, learn to relax yourself and take exercises to release the pressure. Lastly, you may find it helpful to talk to your partner or friend about your problem, or seek support and advice form a psychological consultant. Only in this way can you recover from it!（161 words）12. Genetic EngineeringThe world is entering the age of genetic engineering. Scientists have cloned animals, and the cloning of humans may soon commence. Gene therapy research is exploring ways to treat various inherited syndromes.Genetic engineering will affect the major environmental problems of our time. It is crucially important that we take stock of this technology‟s probable effects on our planet‟s ecosystems. We should also take a sober look at the effects of genetic engineering in the social and political realms.As with the environment, genetic engineering of humans has the potential to be dangerous. Work on gene therapy for humans is proceeding cautiously, but the prospective rewards of gene therapy are tremendous. Therapy someday will be directed at germ cells. But this is an area of medical research in which work must progress with great care.When gene therapy has become a precise procedure, prospective parents will be faced with a wide range of possibilities. The possibilities for genetic engineering are likely to be vast, but only for millionaire parents.（169 words）13. Don‟t Hesitate to Say “No”Usually when people are asked to help the others, they are ready to do so if they can. But sometimes, they have to say “no” when what they are asked to do is beyond their ability, or it is something that will violate the law or certain regulations.Then there rises a question: why some people don’t say “no” when they actually should say “no”?The causes are a bit complicated. Some people hesitate to say “no” just for the purpo se of not losing face before friends. They are afraid of damaging their friendly relationship.The demerits of hesitating to say “no” are obvious. Some people always find themselves in an embarrassing position: they spend much time and money helping the others, but only find that they have made a mess of the whole matter. Some others find themselves in prison, not knowing that they have broken thelaw.Therefore, “don‟t hesitate to say …no‟ ” is sometimes a must.（160 words）14. Choosing an OccupationEach of us college graduates will have to face the reality of choosing an occupation upon graduation from college or university. And how to make a rightchoice is of vital importance for our career, for an ideal job may stimulate one to work with zest and vigor, making contributions to his country.To make a wise choice, two important things should be taken into consideration. One is the interest, the other, the demands of people and society. Only when the two aspects are connected, can a man show his talent and ability to the best advantage. If they conflict, the former should yield to thelatter, for the people‟s interests are more important than the individual‟s.In regard to my choice in the future, I prefer to work in a foreign enterprise as an interpreter. Because with the implementation of the Open-Door Policy,exchange between China and foreign countries in economy and culture has been growing significantly, thus leaving great opportunity for my career in the coming future.（169 words）15. Energy ResourcesChina is rich in various energy resources. Coal and petroleum, for instance, are two major ones. They are essential in developing the country‟s industry, science and technology. China has done a great deal in the past few decades to raise its output of coal and petroleum.Three energy resources are being used up rapidly. With the building of four modernizations, new industrial and science projects are springing up like bamboo shoots after rain. They are all big consumers of energy resources. Besides, there has been considerable waste in the utilization of these resources.To avoid an energy crisis in the future, the government must take certain measures. In my opinion, two points are of urgent concern. First, it should let people know the importance of saving energy. Second, efforts should be made to develop new energy resources, such as solar energy, geothermal energy and soon. We have reasons to be optimistic in this respect.（155 words）16. Taking Part-time jobsThere are many advantages for a student to have a part time job. For instance, it helps him to realize that no success comes from nothing. It enables him to be independent and builds up his self-confidence. Therefore, part-time jobs can get the students out of the ivory tower and give them the opportunity to know more of himself and of his personal value in society.As everything has two sides, the disadvantages can‟t be ignored. Part-time jobs cut into students’ study time; some even become so preoccupied with making money that they can’t focus their attention on studying. In the end, the students may fall behind or fail in their studies.In my opinion, students may choose to take up a job according to their own situation, but they should keep in mind that the most important task for a student is studying. So it is up to the student to keep a good balance between studying and part-time job, putting his study on top of the list.（169 words）17. Wealth and HappinessEveryone wants to get wealth. In today’s material world, making money or becoming wealthy symbolizes a person‟s success and capability. Manypeople make every effort, pay any price to attain greater wealth. With money, they can buy large apartments in nice neighborhood, own stately luxury cars and have high social position. Wealth seems to bring all happiness in their life.In my opinion, people cannot do something without money, but money is not everything. What wealth will bring you depends on your personal belief and goal in life. If you are kind enough to help others, especially the poor, being wealthy is a good thing. With money, you can do much more for the benefit of people and your country, and to your own happiness. If you want money just for your own needs, you will never be satisfied, nor will you be a happy person. In a word, your wealth does not always go hand in hand with happiness. Only when one makes contributions to the society can wealth bring happiness to his life.（175 words）18. Advantages of a Job InterviewIn the present employment market, a job interview has become a must. It is advantageous not only to the interviewer but also to the interviewee, simply because it can promote mutual understanding between them.During the job interview, the interviewer has the chance to tell the interviewee something about his company, for example, the job vacancy, the working conditions, the annual welfare and so on. By asking the interviewee some questions, he gets to know whether the interviewee is capable of doing the job in his company.For the interviewee, the job interview gives him an opportunity to present his academic knowledge, his background, and his interest in the job. By asking andanswering questions, he can show the interviewer his personality, self-confidence and potentiality. If both sides are satisfied with the result of the job interview, the interview may turn out to be a “win-win” practice, to the satisfaction of the both sides.（154 words）19. The Two-day WeekendSince the two-day weekend was officially adopted in 1995, it has found an immediate welcome. College students are happy that every week they have two days off. During the two days, some of them can go out to enjoy themselves or get together with friends or take a Part-time job somewhere. Some may prefer to relax themselves by listening to music, reading novels, or dealing with personal affairs. Still some may be more active in participating in various sports activities.However, the two-day weekend may exert some negative effects on some students. For example, some students are likely to idle away their time by sleeping too much or playing too much. They may take it for granted that the two-day weekend is only a period of time for relaxation.As far as I am concerned, I will make my weekend more meaningful and colorful. Sometimes I’ll go to the library to study, or go to see exhibitions to broaden my vision. Sometimes I sill visit my relatives and old friends. Of course, an excursion to the countryside is my favorite way of spending the two-day weekend.（186 words）20. Get to Know the Society outside the CampusWith the economic development and the changes in social life, students should not only obtain knowledge from the textbooks in the university but also seize every opportunity to adapt themselves to the changing society outside the university.There are many ways for students to know the society outside the campus.They cankeep themselves well-informed through the mass media—TV, radio, newspapers, magazines, and internet. The most important channel for them to know the society is to participate in some activities and social investigations organized by the communities as young volunteers, or to take a part-time job, such as clerking in a department of social service or tutoring in the families. These methods will enable them to get in touch with society.As a college student, I will get myself enlisted in an organization attached to the “Project Hope” this summer vacation. By helping the dropouts in the remoteareas, I can make some contribution to the society, and at the same time, get to know more knowledge outside the campus.（171 words）21. On Private Cars in ChinaWith the development of economy and increase in the living standard, the number of people owning private cars is on the rise. Opinions on whether private cars should be encouraged vary from person to person.Some claim that private cars can bring convenience and mobility. People who own private cars don’t have to wait for buses or ride bicycles in the wind or rain. They can enjoy leisure time by making trips to the countryside or seaside on the weekend,instead of being confined to the immediate neighborhood. Moreover, the growth of automobile industry can promote other important industries such as iron and steel production, energy and technological application, creating new job opportunities.However, others argue that cars will give rise to a series of problems. As more and more cars are produced and run in the street, a large volume of exhaust gas will be given off, polluting the air and producing much noise. What‟s more, private cars contribute to traffic congestion. Finally, traffic accidents and energy consumption also add to the disadvantages of owning private cars.Considering the advantages and disadvantages, I think we should neither stop the consumption of private cars nor blindly encourage it at present. With the improvement of traffic situation, private cars using clean energy may be encouraged in the future.（217 words）22.College Graduates‟ Employment SituationIn spite of the high education they have received, college students find it difficult to hunt a job nowadays. It may seem quite strange since, compared with other young people, they are commonly considered intelligent, knowledgeable, and better qualified.There are several factors accounting for this situation. Firstly, China is a developing country with a large population where job opportunities are relatively insufficient. What‟s more, the number of university graduates is increasing rapidly in recent years. Secondly, now many college students pursue too high a goal. The jobthey want should not only pay off well but also be very prestigious. Another reason is that the majors some students study in college do not fit in with the demands of the labor market.In my opinion, both the employers and the job hunters should contribute to the solution. The companies or factories should offer favorable conditions for college students, while the latter should not be too critical about the job, but think more about the future development and their contributions to the society. The government should also take its responsibility to create more job opportunities.With the combined efforts, most of the university graduates will find their satisfying jobs.（199 words）23. The Rush of Going AbroadIn recent years there is a great mass fervor of going abroad. To achieve the purpose many people spend a large sum of money and a lot of time preparing for various examinations, such as TOEFL, GRE, GMAT, IELTS, and so on. It is a great investment accompanied by great risk. There must be something attractive enough for them to take such an important step in life.China is a densely populated developing country where living conditions are and working opportunity is not so desirable as those in some developedcountries.Consequently, it will be more competitive to seek careers and achieve success. While some foreign countries, such as the U.S., Canada, Britain, Australia, or even Japan, can afford better education and living conditions—that’s why so many people seek to study abroad.Everyone has the right to choose his own way of life. As for me, going abroad is too expensive and time-consuming. Since many ambitious young people have gone abroad, it may be less competitive to find ideal jobs at home. Above all, if everyone leaves his country, who will shoulder the task of building our homeland? I prefer to stay in China, and my career is right here in my country.（204 words）24. What Will WTO Bring Us?Since China entered WTO, many people are happy and optimistic about the future. What will WTO bring us? Obviously, since we have entered WTO, there will be fewer trade barriers for us on the world market; better, cheaper goods will surge in, bringing benefit to the people; more foreign companies and agencies will be established in China, offering more job opportunities and relieving unemployment pressure. It has political significance, too. China‟s participation in world market。

13考研英语作文The Importance of Time Management。

Time management is a crucial skill that everyone should possess in order to achieve success and lead a fulfilling life. With the increasing demands of modern life, it has become more important than ever to manage our time effectively. In this essay, I will discuss the importance of time management and provide some practical tips on how to improve this skill.Firstly, time management helps us to be more productive and efficient. By setting clear goals and prioritizing our tasks, we can focus our energy on the most important things and avoid wasting time on unimportant activities. This can help us to accomplish more in less time, which is essential in today's fast-paced world.Secondly, effective time management can reduce stress and improve our overall well-being. When we have a clearplan for our day and know what needs to be done, we can approach our work with a sense of calm and confidence. This can help us to avoid the anxiety and overwhelm that can come from feeling like we have too much to do and not enough time to do it.Finally, time management is essential for achieving our long-term goals. Whether we are working towards a career goal, a personal project, or a fitness target, we need to be able to manage our time effectively in order to make progress. By breaking our goals down into manageable tasks and scheduling time for them, we can stay on track and make steady progress towards our goals.So, how can we improve our time management skills? Here are some practical tips:1. Set clear goals: Before you start your day, take some time to think about what you want to achieve. Write down your goals and prioritize them based on their importance.2. Create a schedule: Once you have identified your goals, create a schedule for your day. Be realistic about how much time you need for each task and leave some buffer time in case things take longer than expected.3. Avoid distractions: When you are working on a task, try to eliminate distractions such as social media, email, or phone notifications. This can help you to stay focused and be more productive.4. Take breaks: It is important to take regular breaks throughout the day to recharge your energy and avoid burnout. Take a short walk, do some stretching, or simply take a few deep breaths to clear your mind.In conclusion, time management is a crucial skill that can help us to be more productive, reduce stress, and achieve our long-term goals. By setting clear goals, creating a schedule, avoiding distractions, and taking breaks, we can improve our time management skills and lead a more fulfilling life.。

Lecture 3A Review of National Income Determination IntroductionThough we will only spend one lecture on Chapter 3, we will be using and referencing terms and concepts from it for the remainder of the course. It is thus essential that you read and understand the material within it – which should be a review of the topics you covered in this course’s pre-requisite.The textbook and assignments will help you to understand the nitty-gritty of national income determination. I will use these lecture notes, instead, to explain the concept of modeling as it exists in economics.As a species, we humans are intrinsically Curious. Rather than take our environment for granted, we question what we sense around us; we want to know how it works, so we may (among other things) use this knowledge to shape our surroundings to our liking.Sometimes, it is a fairly simple matter to find an answer.If the question is ‘do rocks fall when drop’, we can pickup a rock and drop it, then observe the result. If thequestion is ‘How does the sun shine as brightly as itdoes?’ the solution is not as easily found. We can’t justgo and look at the solar core. Past scientists found itnecessary to build a ‘toy’ model of the sun out ofmathematics, assumed facts (assumptions) and educated guesses (called hypotheses). They then play with this model and find an explanation for what happens inside the sun that fits with everything else that’s known about that heavenly body. Models allow us to do much that we couldn’t do if we were stuckworking only with real things. As in the example, they allow us to investigate situations that would normally be too hazardous or complicated to observe directly.Another important use of models is in allowing us to fully examine the implications of certain beliefs about the world. This “Suppose that… then… which means…” form of modeling allows us to check the truth of statements that are not directly testable by testing their implications. When we are modeling complicated systems, such as a national economy, having a simplified version of the object of interest also allows us to gain insights in a setting where we would, in the real world, be overwhelmed or distracted with irrelevant information.In what follows, we’ll develop a simple model of a macroeconomy, and you’ll be able to see the benefits (and drawbacks!) first-hand. I’ll follow the layout of Chapter 3 of your textbook closely.The purpose of the modelWe begin, as all modelers must, with questions to be answered. All models have a purpose; it is their purpose that determines their shape and form, since in our ‘toy’ world, we only create those things that we are worried about, and ignore everything else.In this case, the questions we wish to answer are:1.What determines a nation’s total income?2.Who gets the income from production? (Capitalists vs Labourers)3.Who buys the output of the economy?4.Is there anything that makes sure that the economy doesn’t over- or under-produce? If so, what is it and how does it work?How should we start construction of our toy world? We know that we wish to talk about firms and the share of income distributed to the owners of capital and workers… since we’re going to have to say something about them, we might as well do that now.Production (Supply)In our toy world, let’s say that firms need capital (K) and labour (L) tomake their products. Capital can be thought of as equipment – a hairdresser’s scissors, a factory’s machines, or a shoemaker’s leather.Labour is work by humans.In the real world, the amount of capital and the number of workers keep changing… that’s complicated and doesn’t add much to what we want to talk about, so let’s just assume that our economy has a fixed amount of each of these factors of production. Let’s say the amount of capital is some number K and the amount of labour is some number L. Note that the underlined values are specific values, like 4, or 803. When they’re not underlined, I’m talking about a general amount of capital or labour – because the amount is not specified, these are called variables, from the Latin word for ‘changeable’.How do firms use the capital and labour? We already said that the factors are used in the production of a good. Let’s call what’s made – that is, the output of the firms – Y. This could be shoes, or apples, or haircuts. Then, we can say that Y=F(K,L). This is algebraic shorthand for ‘Output is made using Capital and Labour’. You can think of F as the technology, or even as the Factory. Put K and L into the factory, and Y comes out.But what amount of Y? To keep things simple, let’s say that if you put in twice as much K and L, you get twice as much Y out. The algebraic shorthand for this is zY=F(zK,zL), where z is any positive number. (If this confuses you, then be sure to read section 3-1 of your text.) This is called constant returns to scale, referring to the fact that if you use three times the ingredients, you’ll get three times the product, no matter how much of theproduct you’re making. Other possible assumptions are decreasing returns to scale, where the more you make of something the more materials you need to make an additional unit, and increasing returns to scale, where each unit you make is ‘cheaper’, in terms of materials, than the one before it.Since there’s a limited amount of capital and labour in the whole economy, if all of it is used, we can get at most a value of output given by Y=F(K,L). This just says that the total possible output of our toy economy is equal to the output we get when we use ALL the capital and all the labour available to us.What next? We want to find out how much the workers and capital owners are paid, so we need to include their wages into the model. Let’s call the wage paid to capital ‘rent’, labeled R, and call the wages paid to workers W.It makes sense that wages will depend on the employer’s profits. A firm’s profit is revenue minus costs, and revenue equals price times quantity. Quantity (of output) is Y, and let’s call the price of output, P. If Y is the number of radios made by a factory, P is the price of a radio.Profits = Revenue – CostsProfits = Price x Output – Rent x Capital – Wage x LabourProfits = PY – RK – WLProfits = PF(K,L) – RK – WLIn section 3-2, your textbook explains how we get from this expression to a final value for rent and the wage rate. Read it carefully. I’ll only cite the end result here, which is that firms will keep hiring more workers and investing in more capital until employing one more unit would cause profits to fall. (‘Too many cooks spoil the broth,’ as the saying goes.)We’ve gone a long way towards explaining production, and the demand for factors of production – but what about the demand for goods and services?DemandLast year, you learned that a country’s output can be divided into four categories:Y = C + I + G + NXC = (Non-government) ConsumptionI = InvestmentG = Government PurchasesNX = Net Exports = Exports – ImportsNone of our questions have to do with other countries, so Net Exports are irrelevant for our model – let’s assume they’re equal to zero. That leaves us with C, I and G.Consumption What determines Consumption? What does it depend on? It seems reasonable that the amount of money people spend on ‘stuff’ depends on the amount of money they have in their pocket, and we’ve seen earlier that GDP, or Y, is not only a measure of total production in a country, but also of total income… so let’s write C=C(Y). That just says, ‘spending on stuff depends on income’. However… C does NOT include government spending, which is its own category. If the government spends, it presumably has money to spend, and it earns that money through taxes. If the government takes the taxes, then private consumers lose it, and so the amount of money they have to spend is actually their (gross) income minus taxes. Let’s call the total amount of tax money collected in the economy, T. Then disposable income, the amount of income available to private consumers, is Y-T. We can now write C=C(Y-T). That is, consumption depends on income net of taxes.Investment What about investment? Where does it come from? All investment is paid for out of someone’s savings. If a small business borrows from the bank in order to buy a new cash register, they’re borrowing savings that someone else deposited in that bank. If Microsoft, which is sitting on a pile of cash, digs into that pile to pay for a new office building, then it is using its own savings. In both cases, the interest rate is important in determining investment. The small business will only buy the cash register so long as the interest on the loan isn’t prohibitively high (imagine an extreme where the bank charged 10,000 percent interest a day). Microsoft will only buy the office building if the interest it would have gotten from keeping that money in the bank isn’t too great. (If each dollar you put into the bank earned a hundred dollars a week in interest, you might think twice about making large withdrawals, since you’d be losing a hundred times the withdrawal each day, in interest you could have earned.) Thus, investment depends on and falls with interest. We write this as I=I(r). Section 3-3 of your text has an illustration of this relationship.Government Spending What about Government Purchases? If the government runs a balanced budget – that is to say, it doesn’t go into debt and it doesn’t have any money left over – then by definition, G = T – (transfer payments)1. There’s no reason to suppose this is the case, though, so we won’t assume it. However, none of our questions had anything to do with the government, specifically. We can’t just assume G=0 and T=0, since the tax level might be a clue to the answers of some of our other questions. If taxes are very high, people might consume less, for instance. At the same time, HOW taxes are set is rather complicated and outside the scope of our model... so let’s keep G and T in the model, but assume that they’re constant. We’ll just say G=G, and T=T, and they’re not necessarily equal to each other.1 Transfer payments are things like employment insurance, welfare, and so on, where the government gives money to individuals without expecting a good or service in return. In this respect, they resemble a negative tax. Transfer payments are not counted as part of Government Spending.Putting everything together, our toy economy can be summarized by the algebraic shorthandY=C(Y-T) + I(r) + GThis is assuming that there is no unemployment, and no spare capital. If there WERE unemployment, then we would not have Y=Y, since Y is defined as the level of output when all the workers in the economy are used in production.Note all the underlines – everything is constant, or determined, except for I(r) – the interest rate isn’t pegged down.Or is it? Rearranging, we find thatI(r) = Y-C(Y-T)-GOnce we have income, taxes and government spending, we also have investment. Since the right-hand-side is constant, the left-hand-side must be, too. Though seemingly trivial, this is an important result: given our assumptions, investment (and the interest rate) is determined by national income, government purchases and the tax level.This is usually phrased another way. Note that in an economy with no export or incomes, C+G represents spending on ‘stuff’ by the sum total of the private and public sectors. Thus, Y-(C+G) is the amount of money left over when all the ‘stuff’ the economy wants has been bought. When an individual person, such as yourself, is in the enviable position of having money left over once they’ve bought everything they need or want, that extra money is called ‘savings’. It’s the same for a country. In our simple model, Y-(C+G) is termed the national savings, S.Thus,I(r) = S(Y,T,G) = SIf S depends on a bunch of things that are all pegged down (constant), then it’ll also be a constant – some number such as 10, 20 or 42.This fits in nicely with my previous statement that all investment is done using someone’s savings.This is as far as I’ll go with the model. There are some interesting things you can do with it, involving changes in T and G, and using specific ‘production functions’ – I’ll leave that as your homework! Be sure to read the appendix to the chapter, as you will find it useful.I’ll conclude by examining how, and how well, our toy economy helped to answer our initial questions.Performance of the Model1. What determines a nation’s total income?According to this model, government purchases, the tax level and the interest rate. The model relies heavily on assumptions and does not explain where taxes or government demand come from – or even what it means by ‘the’ interest rate, since quite a few are at work in the real economy!2. Who gets the income from production?The model answers this rather well. It creates a profit function for a firm, and then, using the analysis given in section 3-2 of the text, explains what levels of labour and capital will be chosen by a profit-maximizing business.3. Who buys the output of the economy?Consumers buy output proportionally with their disposable income. This result relies heavily on assumptions. The government is assumed to buy yet more output, but nothing is said about how it chooses what to buy. The amount of output dedicated to investment is explained in a more satisfactory fashion – it depends on the interest rate, and ultimately, on the rate of saving in the economy.4. What makes sure supply and demand are equal?Something has to wiggle around and adjust to make sure that demand equals supply. In our model, this ‘something’ is the interest rate. (Everything else is fixed!)Even this extremely simple model, based on nothing more than a few common-sense assumptions, has given us valuable insight into the workings of a complicated system – the macroeconomy. Whether this insight is true remains to be seen, of course.If this were a new model, the next step would be to check that the assumptions behind the model are reasonable, by looking at data, and then to test one of its predictions.Which prediction? Let’s find one.I(r) = SThus, if national savings rise, then investment (in the model) has to rise. Since investment was said to go down as the interest rate went up, we should see a rise in national savings accompanied with a fall in the interest rate, and vice-versa.If our model was found not to contradict the data, then we might promote it to the status of a theory – albeit a very weak one! It relies on many strong assumptions, limiting its explanatory power. Still, it’s a start, and in the weeks to come we’ll add to it.。

版式与《考研25堂》高分课同第三篇翻译LECTURE 1 题目特征本堂目标课堂讲解课堂练习Exercise 1You’ve hard a problem, you’ve thought about it till were tired, forgotten it and perhaps slept on it, and then flash! When you weren’t thi nking about it suddenly the answer has come to you, as a gift from the gods.Of course all ideas don’t come like that, but the interesting thing is that so many do, particularly the most important ones. They burst into the mind, glowing with the heat of creation. How they do it is a mystery. (1)Psychology does not yet understand even the ordinary processes of conscious thought, but the emergence of new ideas by a “leap in thought” is particularly intriguing, because they have come from somewhere. For the moment let us assume that they come from the “unconscious”.(2)This is reasonable, for the psychologists use this term to describe mental processes which are unknown to the subject, and creative thought consists precisely in what was unknown becoming known.(3)It seems that all truly creative activity depends in some degree on these signals from the unconscious, and the more highly intuitive the person, the sharper and more dramatic the signals become.But growth requires a seed, and the heart of the creative process lies in the production of the original fertile nucleus from which growth can proceed. This initial step in all creation consists in the establishment of a new unity from disparate elements, of order out of disorder, of shape from what was formless. (4)The mind achieves this by the plastic reshaping, so as to form a new unit, of a selection of the separate elements derived from experience and stored in memory. Intuitions arise from richly unified experience.(5)This process of the establishment of new form must occur in pattern of nervous activity in the brain, lying below the threshold of consciousness, which interact and combine to form more comprehensive patterns. Experimental physiology has not yet identified this process, for its methods are as yet insufficiently refined, but it may be significant that a quarter of the total bodily consumption of energy during sleep goes to the brain, even when the sense organs are at rest, to maintain the activity of ten thousand million brain cells. These cells, acting together as a single organ, achieve the miracle of the production of new patterns of thought. No calculating machine can do that, for such machines can “only do what we know how to design them to do”, and these formative brain processes obey laws which are still unknown.Can any practical conclusions be drawn from the experience of genius? Is there an art ofthought fro the ordinary person? Certainly there is no single road to success; in the world of the imagination each has to find his own way to use his own gift.Exercise 2It is a universally acknowledged fact that human beings possess a larger brain than animals. This allows us to coordinate our lives better and communicate with each other on a higher, more sophisticated level. Language is a mode of communication where with a limited number of words we can produce an infinite number of sentences. It gives us the chance to discuss ideas, and look at the world with a critical eye. (1)It is of utmost importance to note that we have developed our linguistic abilities so that we not only have the option of interacting verbally and through signs but also on a written basis.The central question to be examined is: How does language actually influence our specifically animal operations? (2)A case in point would be that when we look at an object, for example a tree, do we see it in its pure, realistic and natural way or is language imposing a certain influence in the way we look at this tree? Do we regard it as an object of nature which is a tall woody plant having a single, usually, long and straight main stem, generally with a few or no branches on its lower part? Or are we simply seeing it that way because of the context of the language in our culture?(3)Since the languages of the world differ in regard to their semantic and structural characteristics, it seems somewhat logical to argue that people speaking widely different languages would also differ in the way they viewed and thought about the world. An example may illustrate this point. If one must classify things such as camels, automobiles or snow in certain ways, then one must perceive them differently from someone who does not require to make these distinctions. Eskimos may have a number of different meanings for the word “snow”, whereas we only have one. (4)From this we can deduce that it is still debatable whether we perceive the world in its real form or whether we are affected by the language of our society without us realizing. Hence one can infer that language imposes meaning on everything existing in our world through the human being.Consequently, meaning must be placed at the center of any attempt to explain language. But, meaning lies not in the words but in the people. We use words to approximate the meanings we wish to communicate, but these words still remain imperfect and incomplete representations of our meanings. (5)After having delved deeper into this subject, we can conclude that language is the trait which decisively distinguishes man from all other creatures and that human language is arguably the single most remarkable characteristic which we have.课堂讲评Exercise 1Exercise 2LECTURE 2翻译方法本堂目标课堂讲解上面两部分插入《考研25堂高分课》216-219课堂练习上面部分内容，注意将原来的“开始上课”改为此处的“课堂讲解”。

TS补充：1.I assume that this hard nut can be cracked if both individuals and society take concerted andsustained efforts. (坏)2.As a consequence, the highest priority should be given to this issue/hard nut. （好/坏）3.From my perspective, things must be done before things get worse. （坏）4.No easy remedy can be exerted in addressing this alarming issue/cracking the hard nut, butthe following actions might be meaningful. (坏)5.The problem/phenomenon reflected in the picture deserves our attention, on both individualand social scale. (好/坏)具体措施1.法律Laws and regulations should be made to severely punish those who________________2.呼吁We should appeal to the public/the society/the authorities/our government to______3.终结we must take positive steps to put an end to this alarming phenomenon.4.画家It is self-evident that the drawer of the picture is urging us to start a campaign to savethe forests.5.大众声音there should be an increasingly loud voice from the public for firm measuresagainst saving/waste.6.意识we should cultivate the awareness of the young that academic credibility is extremelyvital to us.7.媒体It is the obligation of our mass media to analyze, publicize, and emphasize this issue .OR: the media should play a positive and decisive role in publicizing such phenomenon in order to arouse the public awareness8.明智we should be sensible enough to give our children more freedom.9.用图画启迪we can frequently use the picture to educate and enlighten people to….10.自己：we each individual should start from right here and now and attach great value andimportance to the priority/urgency of the issue.不遗余力：spare no efforts to do解决问题：crack the hard nut==reverse the disturbing trend==address the delicate problem The time when people start to reflect on the issue is the time when we/our society can become prosperous and harmonious./the hard nut can be cracked.举例段：When it comes to cooperation, it can be aptly exemplified by the following cases.When I am having my philosophy class, we need a discussion and cooperation, which can take every possibility into consideration. /when I am studying English, I need a partner who can provide me with effective and efficient suggestions, and therefore, we can both improve our speaking English. Another case in point is that China needs to collaborate with other countries, which will lay a solid foundation for our economic development. On the whole, these examples, effectively and efficiently prove that___________________________________________.。

2023年考研英语作文万能模板考研英语作文万能篇11、人生价值类模板1：As the old Chinese saying goes, . It echoes with this picture in which . The title of the picture further points out that .The picture is meant to . As far as I am concerned, I think . This universal truth can be particularly proved in the field of , where .A brief survey of history about also demonstrates the fundamental importance of . , for example, . The same principle applies to common people as well, and I am sure everybody can benefit from . (参见范文5)模板2：From the picture we can perceive that . What astonishes the drawing and the readers is that . It is known to all that , but it seems .The artist utilizes this artistic presentation to imply a spreading vogue that . Ultimately, the trend boils down to . Accordingly, . To worsen the problem,this behavior is evoking .In my point of view, we are in a prime time to curb the problem from deteriorating. First and foremost, the whole society should arrive at the consensus that . Besides, an awareness of should be infused into everybody’s mind. (参见范文6)2、家庭关系类模板1：The cartoon reveals a very thought-provoking scene. The artist purposefully exaggerates . This picture reveals the in-depth problem of .In fact, . There are two reasons for this. The first and perhaps most important is that . The other reason is more serious from a practical point of view. . It owes to .In my point of view, the trend goes quite against the genuine and original purpose of our . What I want to emphasize by the above analysis is that, . Therefore, I strongly contend that .模板2：There is a popular Chinese song, named “ ”, which encourages . However, the in the picture does but fora very different reason—. From the facial expression of we can read .Sadly as it is, this phenomenon does not occur rarely in today’s society, for which are responsible. For one thing, . For another, . As a matter of fact, the boosting economic development in China sadly and ironically witnesses a deterioration of .The above analysis is best exemplified by . In my opinion, the awareness of is elementary for paving the way towards success. (参见范文6)3、社会热点类模板1：The two pictures illustrate vividly . In the left picture , while in the right .From the two pictures we can sense a crazy tendency of . Aside from , another telling example is , which was so successful in that . The pictures also make it obvious that we should .Admittedly, it is natural that . Nevertheless, it is the responsibility of our government and society to . In my opinion, what’s the more important is to . In short, . (参见范文1)模板2：It goes without saying that this picture aims at revealing a current problem: . In this drawing, . Even .It seems to me that the artist is sending a message about the importance of . Though the drawing is a little exaggerating, it is not rare for us to find in . If we let this situation of continues, it not only harms , but also prevents .Accordingly, we urgently call for . Though the government has already taken pains to implement regulations, it still failz to . In my opinion, this problem should be urgently solved so as to protect benefits. I expect the government will put forward more effective propositions as soon as possible.(参见范文5)功能IV：对比论证这类功能详细是针对那些要求比较不同事物或者同一事物的不同方面的文章。

考研英语作文例证英文回答：When it comes to the topic of postgraduate entrance examination in China, it is a hotly debated issue. Some people believe that taking the postgraduate entrance examination is a good way to further their education and enhance their competitiveness in the job market. On theother hand, others argue that the postgraduate entrance examination is too stressful and puts too much pressure on students.In my opinion, I believe that taking the postgraduate entrance examination is a good choice for me. First of all, obtaining a postgraduate degree can provide me with more opportunities for career development. For example, manywell-paid jobs in China require candidates to have a postgraduate degree. Additionally, pursuing a postgraduate degree can also help me gain more knowledge and skills inmy field of study, which is beneficial for my future career.Moreover, preparing for the postgraduate entrance examination can also help me improve my self-discipline and time management skills. As the saying goes, "No pain, no gain." I believe that the process of preparing for the examination will be challenging, but it will also be rewarding. It will push me to work harder and become more focused on my goals.中文回答：说到中国的研究生入学考试这个话题，这是一个备受争议的问题。

LECTURE 3 状语从句本堂目标熟悉九大类状语从句以及各种状语从句的连接词，了解各种易混从句之间的区别以及各自的使用场合，重点掌握几种让步状语从句的特殊句型。

基础预习用来作状语的从句叫做状语从句。

从本质上讲，状语从句就是用连词将几个分句连接起来，以表达分句之间特定的逻辑关系。

【例】（02-T ext 4）George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, aslong as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has donenothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. “It’s like surgery,” he says.“We don’t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn’t intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death. If you’re a physician, you can risk your patients’ suicide aslong as you don’t intend their suicide.”【点睛】6个连接词将本段话连接起来，也就是说本段中含有6个状语从句，其中as long as，if引导条件状语从句；even if，although引导让步状语从句；because引导原因状语从句。

【译文】波士顿大学健康法律系主任乔治·安纳斯认为，只要医生是出于合理的医疗目的开药，纵然服用此药后会加速病人的死亡，医生是无罪的。