A Kinetic Model for CO2 Corrosion of Steel in Confined

PartI words Chapter1 Introductionalluvial mining---冲积矿床开采aluminium—铝an optimum grind size—最佳磨矿粒度barytes—重晶石comminution—粉碎degree of liberation—解离度diamond ores—金刚石矿石Electrical conductivity properties—导电性fluorite—萤石fundamental operations—基本选别流程release/liberation—解离Galena—leadsulphide—方铅矿sphalerite-zincsulphide—闪锌矿cassiterite-tin oxide—锡石grinding—磨矿Laboratory and pilot scale test-work—试验室和半工业实验Line flowsheet—线流程locking of mineral and gangue—连生体Middlings—中矿mill(concentrator)--- 选矿厂milling costs—磨矿消耗Minerals definition(p.1)metallic ore processing –金属矿石加工gangue—脉石Mineral—矿物ore—矿石crust of the earth—地壳sea-bed—河床non-metallic ores—非金属矿石bauxite—氧化铝optical properties—光学性质Ore bodies—矿体part per million(ppm)Primary grind—粗磨product handling—产品处理pyrite –黄铁矿Recovery—回收率Refractory bricks—耐火砖abrasives—磨料Separation—分离Smelter—熔炼sorting—拣选subsequent concentration process—后续选别流程Tailings retreatment—尾矿再处理as-mined(run of mine)—原矿mineral processing(ore dressing/mineral dressing/milling（磨选）)—矿物加工portion/concentrate—精矿discard/tailing—尾矿the flowsheet—工艺流程The minimum metal content(grade)—最低金属含量The valuable mineral—有用矿物complex ores—复合矿The waste minerals—脉石enrichment process—富集工艺metal losses—金属损失the enrichment ratio—富集比efficiency of mineral processing operations—矿物加工作业效率The ratio of concentration –选别比the grade/assay—品位ultra-fine particles—超细颗粒unit concentration processes—单元选别流程Chapter2Ore handingopen-pit ore(露天开采的矿石p30，左下)run-of-mine ore(原矿)Typical washing plant flowsheet(洗矿车间典型流程figure 2.2) tipper (卸料器p33 右上)Shuttle belt (梭式胶带p33 右中)Gravity bucket elevator （斗式重力提升机p33 右下）Ore storage(矿物储存p35 右上)包括:stockpile （矿场）bin（矿仓）tank (贮槽)Front-end loader (前段式装载机p35 右上)Bucket-wheel reclaimer（斗轮式装载机p35 右上）Reclaim tunnel system（隧道装运系统p35 右上）The amount of reclaimable material/the live storage(有效贮量p35 右中figure 2.7) Conditioning tank (调和槽p36 左上)Chain-feeder (罗斯链式给矿机figure 2.9)Cross-section of elliptical bar feeder （椭圆形棒条给矿机figure 2.10）Vibrating grizzly feeder (振动格筛给矿机p37 左上)Apron feeder (板式给矿机figure 2.11)Belt feeder (胶带给矿机p37 右下)Chapter 4 particle size analysisacicular(针状);adverse(相反的);algorithm(算法);angular(多角状);aperture(孔径);apex (顶点);apparatus(仪器);arithmetic(运算器，算术); assaying(化验);attenuation(衰减);beaker decantation(烧杯倾析); blinding(阻塞);calibration(校正);charge(负荷);congest(充满);consecutive(连续的);contract(压缩);convection current(对流); conversion factor(转化因子); crystalline(晶体状);cyclosizer(旋流分析仪);de-aerated(脱气);derive:(得出);dilute(稀释);dimensionless quantity(无量纲量); dispersing agent(分散剂);distort(变形);duplicate(重复); electrical impedence(电阻); electroetching(电蚀刻); electroform(电铸);elutriation(淘析);epidote(绿帘石);equilateral triangle(等边三角形); flaky(薄片状);flask(烧瓶);fractionated sample(分级产品); gauze(筛网);geometric(几何学的);granular(粒状的);graticule(坐标网);gray scale(灰度);ground glass(毛玻璃);hand sieve(手动筛);histogram(直方图);immersion(浸没);inter-conversion(相互转变); interpolate(插值);intervals(区间);laminar flow(粘性流体);laser diffraction(激光衍射);light scattering method(光散射法); line of slope(斜率);logarithmic(对数的);machine sieve(机械筛); mechanical constraint(机械阻力);mesh(目);modular(系数的，制成有标准组件的);near size(临界筛孔尺寸);nominal aperture();nylon(尼龙);opening(开口);ordinate(纵坐标);perforated(多孔的);pipette(吸管);plotting cumulative undersize(累积筛下曲线); median size(中间粒度d50);polyhedron(多面体); reflection(反射); procure(获得);projected area diameter(投影面直径);ratio of the aperture width(筛比);refractive index(折射率);regression(回归) ;reproducible(可再生的);sedimentation balance(沉降天平); sedimentation(沉降) ;segment(片);sensor section(传感器); sieve shaker(振动筛，振筛器); spreadsheet(电子表格);simultaneously(同时地);size distribution(粒度分布);spectrometer(摄谱仪);stokes diameter(斯托克斯直径);subdivide(细分);sub-sieve(微粒);suction(吸入);syphon tube(虹吸管);tabulate(列表);tangential entry(切向入口);terminal velocity(沉降末速);truncate(截断);twill(斜纹图);two way cock(双通塞);ultra sonic(超声波);underside(下侧);vertex(顶点);vortex outlet (涡流出口);wetting agent(润湿剂);Chapter 5 comminutionattrition----- 研磨batch-type grindability test—小型开路可磨性实验bond’s third theory—邦德第三理论work index----功指数breakage—破碎converyor--- 运输机crack propagation—裂隙扩展crushing and grinding processes—破碎磨矿过程crushing----压扎crystalline material—晶状构体physical and chemical bond –物理化学键diameter—直径elastic—弹性fine-grained rocks—细粒岩石coarse-grained rocks—粗粒岩石chemical additives—化学添加剂fracture----碎裂free surface energy—自由表面能potential energy of atoms—原子势能graphical methods---图解法grindability test—可磨性实验crushing and grinding efficiency--- 破碎磨矿效率grinding media—磨矿介质gyratory crusher---旋回破碎机tumbling mill --- 筒形磨矿机impact crusher—冲击式破碎机high pressure griding roll--高压辊磨impact breaking-冲击破碎impact—冲击jaw—颚式破碎机material index-材料指数grindability—可磨性mill----选矿厂non-linear regression methods--- 非线性回归法ore carry--- 矿车Parameter estimation techniques—参数估计技术reduction ratio—破碎比roll crusher—辊式破碎机operating work indices—操作功指数Scraper—电铲slurry feed—矿浆SPI(SAG Power Index)—SAG 功指数simulation of comminution processes and circuits—粉碎工艺流程模拟stirred mill—搅拌磨stram energy---应变能the breakage characteristics—碎裂特性the crystalline lattice—晶格the reference ore---参比矿石product size distribution--- 产品粒度分布theory of comminution—粉碎理论brittle—脆性的tough material--- 韧性材料platstic flow—塑性流动Tracer methods—示踪法vibration mill-- 振动磨矿机Chapter 6CrushersAG/SAG mills(autogenousgrinding/semiautogenous grinding) 自磨、半自磨Alternating working stresses交替工作应力Amplitude of swing 摆幅Arrested or free crushing 夹压碎矿、自由碎矿Bell-shaped 钟形Belt scales 皮带秤Binding agents 粘结剂Bitumen 沥青Blending and rehandling 混合再处理Breaker plate 反击板Capital costs 基建费用Capstan and chain 铰杆铰链Cast iron or steel 铸铁铸钢Chalk 白垩Cheek plates 夹板Choke fed 阻塞给矿（挤满给矿）Choked crushing 阻塞碎矿Chromium carbide 碳铬合金Clay 粘土Concave 凹的Convex 凸的Corrugated 波纹状的Cross-sectional area 截面积Cross-section剖面图Crusher gape 排矿口Crusher throat 破碎腔Crushing chamber 破碎腔Crushing rolls 辊式碎矿机Crushing 破碎Discharge aperture 排矿口Double toggle 双肘板Drilling and blasting 打钻和爆破Drive shaft 驱动轴Eccentric sleeve 偏心轴套Eccentric 偏心轮Elliptical 椭圆的Epoxy resin 环氧树脂垫片Filler material 填料Fixed hammer impact mill 固定锤冲击破碎机Flakes 薄片Flaky 薄而易剥落的Floating roll 可动辊Flywheel 飞轮Fragmentation chamber 破碎腔Grizzlies 格条筛Gypsum 石膏Gyratory crushers 旋回破碎机Hammer mills 锤碎机Hydraulic jacking 液压顶Idle 闲置Impact crushers 冲击式破碎机Interparticle comminution 粒间粉碎Jaw crushers 颚式破碎机Limestone 石灰岩Lump 成块Maintenance costs 维修费Manganese steel mantle 锰钢罩Manganese steel 锰钢Mechanical delays 机械检修Metalliferous ores 有色金属矿Nip 挤压Nodular cast iron 球墨铸铁Nut 螺母Pack 填充Pebble mills 砾磨Pillow 垫板Pitman 连杆Pivot 轴Plates 颚板Primary crushing 初碎Receiving areas 受矿面积Reduction ratio 破碎比Residual stresses 残余应力Ribbon 流量Rivets 铆钉Rod mills 棒磨Roll crushers 辊式碎矿机Rotary coal breakers 滚筒碎煤机Rotating head 旋回锥体Scalp 扫除Secondary crushing 中碎Sectionalized concaves分段锥面Set 排矿口Shales 页岩Silica 二氧化硅Single toggle 单肘板Skips or lorries 箕斗和矿车Spider 壁架Spindle 竖轴Springs 弹簧Staves 环板Steel forgings 锻件Stroke 冲程Stroke 冲程Surge bin 缓冲箱Suspended bearing 悬吊轴承Swell 膨胀Swinging jaw 动颚Taconite ores 铁燧岩矿石Tertiary crushing 细碎The (kinetic) coefficient of friction （动）摩擦系数The angle of nip啮角The angle of repose 安息角The cone crusher 圆锥破碎机The cone lining 圆锥衬里The gyradisc crusher 盘式旋回碎矿机Thread 螺距Throughput 处理量Throw 冲程Tripout 停机Trommel screen 滚筒筛Valve 阀Vibrating screens 振动筛Wear 磨损Wedge-shaped 锥形Chapter 7 grinding millsAbrasion 磨蚀Alignment Amalgamation 融合/汞剂化Asbestos 石棉Aspect ratio 纵横比/高宽比Attrition 磨蚀Autogenous mill 自磨机Ball mill 棒磨Barite 重晶石Bearing 轴承Bellow 吼叫Belly 腹部Best-fit 最优化Bolt 螺栓Brittle 易碎的Build-up 增强Butt-weld 焊接Capacitance 电容量Cascade 泻落Cataract 抛落Central shaft 中心轴Centrifugal force 离心力Centrifugal mill 离心磨Chipping 碎屑Churning 搅拌器Circulating load 循环负荷Circumferential 圆周Clinker 渣块Cobbing 人工敲碎Coiled spring 盘簧Comminution 粉碎Compression 压缩Contraction 收缩Corrosion 腐蚀Corrugated 起褶皱的Crack 裂缝Critical speed 临界速度Crystal lattice 晶格Cushion 垫子Cyanide 氰化物Diagnose 诊断Dilute 稀释Discharge 放电Drill coreElastic 有弹性的Electronic belt weigher 电子皮带秤Elongation 延长率Emery 金刚砂Energy-intensive 能量密度Entangle 缠绕Expert system 专家系统Explosives 易爆炸的Flange 破碎Fracture 折断、破碎Front-end loader 前段装备Gear 齿轮传动装置Girth 周长Granulate 颗粒状的Grate discharge 磨碎排矿GreenfieldGrindability 可磨性Grinding media 磨矿介质Groove 沟槽Helical 螺旋状的High carbon steel 高碳钢High pressure grinding roll 高压滚磨Hopper 加料斗Housing 外壳Impact 冲击Impeller 叶轮IntegralInternal stress 内部压力Kinetic energy 运动能Least-square 最小平方Limestone 石灰岩Liner 衬板Lock 锁Lubricant 润滑剂Magnetic metal liner 磁性衬板Malleable 有延展性的Manhole 检修孔Material index 材料指数Matrix 矿脉Muffle 覆盖Multivariable control 多元控制Newtonian 牛顿学的Nodular cast iron 小块铸铁Non-Newtonian 非牛顿的Normally 通常Nuclear density gauge 核密度计Nullify废弃Oblique间接地，斜的Operating 操作Orifice 孔Output shaft 产量轴Overgrinding 过磨Parabolic 像抛物线似地Pebble 砾石Pebble mill 砾磨PendulumPilot scale 规模试验Pinion 小齿轮Pitting 使留下疤痕Plane 水平面PloughPotential energy 潜力Pressure transducer 压力传感器Prime moverPrismatic 棱柱形的Probability 可能性/概率Propagation 增值Pulp density 矿浆密度Pulverize 粉碎Quartzite 石英岩Radiused 半径Rake 耙子Reducer还原剂Reduction ratio 缩小比Retention screenRetrofit 改进Rheological 流变学的Rib骨架Rod 棒Roller-bearing 滚动轴承Rotor 旋转器Rubber liner 橡胶衬板Rupture 裂开ScatsScoop铲起Scraper 刮取器Screw flight 螺旋飞行Seasoned 干燥的SegregationSet-point 选点Shaft 轴Shear 剪Shell 外壳Simulation 模拟SlasticitySpalling 击碎Spigot 龙头Spill 溢出/跌落Spin 使什么旋转Spiral classifier 螺旋分级机Spout 喷出Stationary 静止的Stator 固定片Steady-state 不变的Steel plate 钢盘Steel-capped 钢帽Stirred mill搅拌磨Stress concentration 应力集中Sump 水池Taconite 铁燧岩Tensile stress 拉伸力Thicken 浓缩Throughput 生产量Thyristor 半导体闸流管Time lag 时间间隔Tower mill塔磨Trajectory 轨迹Trial and error 反复试验Trunnion 耳轴Tube millTumbling mill 滚磨Undergrinding 欠磨Underrun 低于估计产量Unlock 开启Vibratory mill 振动磨Viscometer 黏度计Viscosity 黏性Warp 弯曲Wearing linerWedged 楔形物Work index 功指数Chapter 8Industrial screeningBauxite 铝土矿Classification 分级Diagonal 斜的Dry screening 干筛Efficiency or partition curve 效率曲线、分离曲线Electrical solenoids 电磁场Elongated and slabby particles 细长、成板层状颗粒Granular 粒状Grizzly screens 格筛Hexagons 六边形Hydraulic classifiers 水力旋流器Linear screen 线性筛Mesh 网眼Mica 云母Near-mesh particles 近筛孔尺寸颗粒Octagons 八边形Open area 有效筛分面积Oscillating 振荡的Perpendicular 垂直的Polyurethane 聚氨酯Probabilistic 概率性的Resonance screens 共振筛Rhomboids 菱形Rinse 漂洗Rubber 橡胶Screen angle 颗粒逼近筛孔的角度Shallow 浅的Static screens 固定筛Tangential 切线的The cut point（The separation size）分离尺寸Trommels 滚筒筛Vibrating screens 振动筛Water sprays 喷射流Chapter9 classification added increment（增益）aggregate（聚集）alluvial（沉积）apex(顶点) deleterious(有害) approximation（概算，近似值）apron（挡板）buoyant force（浮力）correspond（符合,相符）critical dilution（临界稀释度）cut point（分离点）descent（降落）dilute（稀释的）drag force（拖拽力）duplex（双）effective density（有效比重）emergent（分离出的）equilibrium（平衡）exponent（指数）feed-pressure gauge（给矿压力表）free-settling ratio（自由沉降比）full teeter（完全摇摆流态化）geometry（几何尺寸）helical screw（螺旋沿斜槽）hindered settling（干涉沉降）hollow cone spray（中空锥体喷流）Hydraulic classifier（水力分级机）imperfection（不完整度）incorporated（合并的）infinite（任意的）involute（渐开线式）Mechanical classifier（机械分级机）minimize（最小限度的）multi-spigot hydro-sizer（多室水力分级机）pressure-sensitive valve（压敏阀）Newton’s law（牛顿定律）orifice（孔）overflow（溢流）parallel（平行的，并联的）performance or partition curve（应用特性曲线）predominate（主导）pulp density（矿浆比重）quadruple（四倍）quicksand（流砂体）Reynolds number（雷诺数）scouring（擦洗）Settling cones（圆锥分级机）shear force(剪切力)simplex（单）simulation（模拟）slurry（矿浆）sorting column（分级柱）spherical（球形的）spigot（沉砂）Spiral classifiers（螺旋分级机）Stokes’ law（斯托克斯定律）surging（起伏波动）suspension（悬浮液）tangential（切线式）Teeter chamber（干涉沉降室）teeter（摇摆）terminal velocity(末速)The rake classifier(耙式分级机) turbulent resistance（紊流阻力）underflow （底流）vertical axis（垂直轴）vessel（分级柱）viscosity（粘度）viscous resistance(粘滞阻力) vortex finder（螺旋溢流管）well-dispersed（分散良好的）Chapter 10gravity concentrationactive fluidised bed(流化床); amplitude(振幅);annular(环状的); asbestos(石棉); asymmetrical (非对称的); baddeleyite (斜锆石); barytes (重晶石); cassiterite (锡石); chromite(铬铁矿);circular (循环的); circumference (圆周); closed-circuit (闭路);coefficient of friction (摩擦系数); compartment (隔箱);concentration criterion (分选判据); conduit(管);contaminated(污染);counteract (抵消);degradation (降解);density medium separation (重介质分选); detrimental(有害的);diaphragm (隔膜);dilate (使膨胀);displacement (置换);divert (转移);dredge (挖掘船);eccentric drive(偏心轮驱动); encapsulate (密封);equal settling rate(等沉降比);evenly(均匀的);excavation (采掘);exhaust (废气);feed size range (给矿粒度范围); fiberglass (玻璃纤维);flash floatation (闪浮);flattened(变平);float (浮子);flowing film (流膜);fluid resistance (流体阻力);gate mechanism (开启机制);halt(停止);hand jig (手动跳汰机);harmonic waveform (简谐波);helical(螺旋状的);hindered settling (干涉沉降);hutch(底箱)；immobile (稳定);interlock (连结);interstice (间隙);jerk(急拉);kyanite (蓝晶石);lateral (侧向的，横向的);linoleum (漆布);mica(云母);momentum (动量) ;mount(安装);multiple (多重的)；multi-spigot hydrosizer (多室水力分级机); natural gravity flower (自流); neutralization (中和作用);nucleonic density gauge (核密度计); obscure (黑暗的，含糊不清的); obsolete (报废的);onsolidation trickling (固结滴沉);open-circuit (开路);pebble stone/gravels(砾石); periphery(周边的);pinched (尖缩的) ;platelet(片晶);platinum(铂金);plunger (活塞);pneumatic table(风力摇床); pneumatically (靠压缩空气); porus(孔);preset(预设置);pressure sensing(压力传感的); pressurize (加压);pulsating (脉动的);pulsion/suction stroke (推/吸冲程); quotient (商);radial(径向的);ragging (重物料残铺层);rate of withdraw (引出速率);raw feed (新进料);reciprocate(往复);refuse (垃圾);render (使得);residual (残留的);retard(延迟);riffle (床条);rinse(冲洗);rod mill (棒磨);rotary water vale (旋转水阀); rubber(橡胶);saw tooth (锯齿形的);scraper(刮板);sectors(扇形区);semiempirical(半经验的); settling cone (沉降椎);shaft (轴);side-wall (侧壁);sinterfeed (烧结料);sinusoidal (正弦曲线);slime table(矿泥摇床);sluice (溜槽);specular hematite (镜铁矿); spinning (自转；离心分离); splitters (分离机);starolite (星石英);staurolite (十字石);stratification (分层); stratum (地层); submerge (浸没);sump (池); superimposed (附加的); surge capacity (缓冲容量); synchronization (同步的); throughput(生产能力); tilting frames (翻筛); timing belt (同步带); trapezoidal shaped (梯形的); tray (浅盘) ;trough(槽);tungsten (钨);uneven (不均匀的);uniformity(均匀性);uranolite (陨石);validate(有效);vicinity (附近);water (筛下水);wolframite (黑钨矿，钨锰铁矿);Chapter 11 dense medium separation(DMS) barite（重晶石）Bromoform（溴仿）bucket（桶）carbon tetrachloride（四氯化碳）centrifugal（离心的）chute（陡槽）Clerici solution（克莱利西溶液）corrosion（腐蚀）dependent criterion（因变判据）discard（尾渣）disseminate（分散，浸染）DMS（重介质分选）dominant（主导）Drewboy bath（德鲁博洗煤机）drum separator（双室圆筒选矿机）Drum separator（圆筒选矿机）Dyna Whirlpool（）effective density of separation（有效分选比重）envisage（设想）feasibility（可行性）ferrosilicon（硅铁）flexible sink hose（沉砂软管）fluctuation（波动）fluorite（萤石）furnace（炉）grease-tabling（涂脂摇床）hemisphere（半球）incombustible（不可燃烧的）incremental（递增的）initially（最早地）installation（设备）LARCODEMS（large coal dense medium separator）lead-zinc ore（铅锌矿）longitudinal（纵向）magneto-hydrostatic（磁流体静力）mathematical model（数学模型）metalliferous ore（金属矿）nitrite（亚硝酸盐）Norwalt washer（诺沃特洗煤机）olfram（钨）operating yield（生产回收率）optimum（最佳）organic efficiency（有机效率）paddle（搅拌叶轮）Partition coefficient or partition number（分配率）Partition or Tromp curve（分配或特劳伯曲线）porous(多孔的)probable error of separation；Ecart probable （EP）（分选可能误差）raw coal（原煤）recoverable（可回收的）residue（残渣）revolving lifter（旋转提升器）two-compartmentrigidity（稳定性）sand-stone（砂岩）shale(页岩)siliceous（硅质的）sink-discharge（排卸沉砂）sodium（钠）sulphur reduction（降硫）tabulate（制表）tangential（切线）tedious (乏味)Teska Bash（）Tetrabromoethane（TBE，四溴乙烷）theoretical yield（理论回收率）toxic fume（有毒烟雾）tracer（示踪剂）typical washability curves（典型可选性曲线）Vorsyl separator（沃尔西尔选矿机）weir（堰板）well-ventilated（通风良好的）Wemco cone separator（维姆科圆锥选矿机）yield stress（屈服应力）yield（回收率）Chapter 12 Froth flotationActivator（活化剂）adherence （附着，坚持）adhesion（附着）adhesion（粘附）adjoining（毗邻，邻接的）adsorption(吸附)aeration（充气）aeration（充气量）aerophilic（亲气疏水的）aerophilic（亲气性）Aggregation（聚集体）agitation（搅动）agitator（搅拌机）allegedly（据称）Amine（胺）baffle（析流板）Bank（浮选机组）barite（重晶石）Barren（贫瘠的）batch(开路)Borne（承担）Bubble（泡沫）bubble（气泡）bubble-particle（泡沫颗粒）bulk flotation （混合浮选）capillary tube（毛细管）cassiterite （锡石）cerussite(白铅矿) chalcopyrite（黄铜矿）circulating load（循环负荷）cleaner（精选）clearance（间隙）Collector(捕收剂)collide（碰撞，抵触）compensate（补偿，抵偿）component（组成）concave（凹）concentrate trade（精矿品位）Conditioning period（调整期）conditioning tank（调和槽）cone crusher（圆锥破碎机）configuration(表面配置，格局) Conjunction(关联，合流)contact angle measurement（接触角测量）contact angle（接触角）copper sulphate（硫酸铜）copper-molybdenum（铜钼矿）core(核心)correspondingly（相关的）cylindrical（圆柱）Davcra cell(page305)decantation（倾析）depressant（抑制剂）deteriorating（恶化）Dilute（稀释）Direct flotation（正浮选）disengage（脱离，解开）dissemination（传播）dissolution（解散）distilled water（蒸馏水）diverter（转向器）drill core(岩心)drill(钻头,打眼)duplication（复制）dynamic（动态，能动）economic recovery（经济回收率）Elapse（过去，推移）electrolyte（电解质）electrowinning（电积）Eliminating（消除）enhance（提高、增加）Entail（意味着）entrainment（夹带）erosion（腐蚀）Fatty acid（脂肪酸）fatty acids（脂肪酸）faulting（断层）FCTRfiltration（过滤）fine particle（较细颗粒）floatability（可浮性）flotation rate constant（浮选速率常数）flowsheet（工艺流程）fluctuation（波动）fluorite（萤石）frother（起泡剂）Frother（起泡剂）Gangue（脉石）grease（润滑脂）grindability（可磨性）gross（毛的，）Hallimond tube technique（哈利蒙管）hollow（凹，空心的）hydrophilic（亲水性）Hydrophobic（疏水）Impeller（叶轮）in situ（原位）Incorporate（合并）indicator（指标，迹象）inert（惰性的）intergrowth（连生）intermediate-size fraction（中等粒度的含量）ionising collector（离子型捕收剂）amphoteric（两性）irrespective（不论）jaw crusher(颚式破碎机)jet（喷射，喷出物）laborious（费力的）layout（布局，安排）layout（布局，设计）liable（负责）magnitude（幅度）maintenance（维修）malachite（孔雀石）manganese（锰）mathematically (数学地) mechanism（进程）metallurgical performance（选矿指标）metallurgical（冶金的）MIBC（methyl isobutyl carbinol）（甲基异丁甲醇）Microflotation（微粒浮选）Mineralized（矿化的）mineralogical composition(矿物组成) mineralogy（矿物学）mineralogy（岩相学）MLA(mineral liberation analyser)modify（改变）molybdenite（辉钼矿）multiple（复合的）multiple-step（多步）Natural floatability（天然可浮性）hydrophobic（疏水性的）neutral（中性的）non-metallic（非金属）non-technical（非技术）nozzle（喷嘴）optimum（最佳）organic solvent（有机溶剂）oxidation（氧化）oxyhydryl collector（羟基捕收剂）xanthate（黄药）Oxyhydryl collector（羟基捕收剂）palladium（钯）parallel（平行）penalty（惩罚，危害）penetrate（穿透）peripheral(周边)peripheral（周边的）permeable base（透气板）personnel（人员）pH modifier（pH调整剂）pinch（钉）platinum（铂）pneumatic（充气式）polishing（抛光）portion（比例）postulate（假设）predetermined value（预定值）prior（优先）Pulp potential(矿浆电位)pyramidal tank（锥体罐）pyrite(黄铁矿)QEMSCAN(p288)reagent(药剂)rectangular（长方形）regulator（调整剂）reluctant（惰性的）residual（残留物）reverse flotation（反浮选）rod mill（棒磨机）rougher concentrate（粗选精矿）rougher-scavenger split（粗扫选分界）scale-up（扩大）scavenger（少选精矿）scheme（计划，构想）SE（separation efficienty）sealed drum（密封桶）severity（严重性）Sinter（烧结）sleeve（滚轴）slipstream（汇集）smelter（熔炼）sparger（分布器）sphalerite（闪锌矿）sphalerite（闪锌矿）Standardize（标定，规范）stationary（静止的）stator（定子，静片）storage agitator(储存搅拌器) Straightforward（直接的）Subprocess（子过程）subsequent（随后）Sulphide（硫化物）summation（合计）sustain（保留）swirling（纷飞）tangible（有形，明确的）tensile force（张力）texture（纹理）theoretical（原理的）thickener （浓密机）titanium（钛）TOF-SIMStonnage（吨位）Tube（管，筒）turbine（涡轮）ultra-fine（极细的）undesirable(不可取) uniformity（统一性）unliberated（未解离的）utilize（使用）Vigorous（有力，旺盛）weir-type（堰式）whereby（据此）withdrawal（撤回）Work of adhesion（粘着功）XPSAgglomeration-skin flotation（凝聚-表层浮选p316 左中）Associated mineral （共生矿物）by-product （副产品）Chalcopyrite (黄铜矿)Coking coal (焦煤p344 左下)Control of collector addition rate(p322 last pa right 捕收剂添加率的控制) Control of pulp level(矿浆液位控制p321 last pa on the right )Control of slurry pH(矿浆pH控制p322 2ed pa on the left)DCS--distributed control system(分布式控制系统p320 右中)Denver conditioning tank(丹佛型调和槽figure 12.56)Electroflotation (电浮选p315 右中)feed-forward control(前馈控制p323 figure 12.60)Galena（方铅矿）Molybdenum （钼）Nickel ore (镍矿的浮选p343 左)PGMs--platinum group metals(铂族金属)PLC--programmable logic controller（可编程序逻辑控制器p320 右中）porphyry copper（斑岩铜矿）Table flotation (摇床浮选俗称“台选”p316 左中)Thermal coal (热能煤p344 左下)Ultra-fine particle（超细矿粒p315 右中）Wet grinding(湿式磨矿)Chapter 13 Magnetic and electrical separationCassiterite(锡石矿) wolframite(黑钨矿) Diamagnetics(逆磁性矿物) paramagnetics(顺磁性矿物) Ferromagnetism(铁磁性) magnetic induction(磁导率)Field intensity(磁场强度) magnetic susceptibility(磁化系数) Ceramic(瓷器) taconite(角岩)Pelletise(造球) bsolete(废弃的)Feebly(很弱的) solenoid(螺线管)Cobbing(粗粒分选) depreciation(折旧)Asbestos(石棉) marcasite(白铁矿)Leucoxene(白钛石) conductivity(导电性)Preclude(排除) mainstay(主要组成)Rutile(金红石) diesel(柴油)Cryostat(低温箱)Chapter 14 ore sortingappraisal(鉴别);audit(检查);barren waste(废石); beryllium isotope(铍同位素); boron mineral(硼矿物); category(范围);coil(线圈);downstream(后处理的); electronic circuitry(电路学); feldspar(长石); fluorescence(荧光);grease(油脂);hand sorting(手选);infrared(红外的);irradiate(照射);laser beam(激光束); limestone(石灰石); luminesce(发荧光); luminescence(荧光); magnesite(菱镁矿); magnetic susceptivity(磁敏性); matrix(基质); microwave(微波);monolayer(单层);neutron absorption separation(中子吸收法); neutron flux (中子通量);oleophilicity(亲油的);phase shift(相变);phosphate(磷酸盐);photometricsorting(光选);photomultiplier(光电倍增管);preliminary sizing(预先分级);proximity(相近性);radiometric (放射性的);scheelite(白钨矿);scintillation(闪烁);seam(缝隙);sequential heating(连续加热);shielding(防护罩);slinger(投掷装置);subtle discrimination(精细的鉴别);talc(滑石);tandem(串联的);thermal conductivity(热导率);ultraviolet(紫外线); water spray(喷水); Chapter15DewateringAcrylic(丙烯酸) monomer(单分子层) Allotted(分批的)jute(黄麻) Counterion(平衡离子) amide(氨基化合物) Diaphragm(隔膜) blanket(覆盖层) Electrolyte(电解液) gelatine(动物胶) Flocculation(聚团) decant(倒出)Gauge(厚度，测量仪表) rayon(人造纤维丝) hyperbaric(高比重的) Membrane(薄膜) coagulation(凝结) miscelaneous(不同种类的) barometric(气压的) Potash(K2CO3)tubular(管状的) Sedimentation(沉淀) filtration(过滤)Thermal drying(热干燥) polyacrylamide(聚丙烯酰胺)Chapter16 tailings disposalBack-fill method—矿砂回填法tailings dams—尾矿坝impoundment—坝墙Cyclone—旋流器Dyke—坝体slimes—矿泥Floating pump—浮动泵站compacted sand—压实矿砂Lower-grade deposits -- 低品位矿床heavy metal—重金属mill reagent—选矿药剂Neutralization agitator—中和搅拌槽thickener---浓密池overflow –溢流River valley—河谷upstream method of tailings-dam construction –上流筑坝法Sulphur compound—硫化物additional values—有价组分the resultant slimes—脱出的矿泥surface run-off-- 地表水lime—石灰the downstream method—下游筑坝法the centre-line method –中线筑坝法drainage layer—排渗层Underflow—沉砂water reclamation—回水利用reservoir—贮水池Part II ElaborationsChapter2 Ore handing1.The harmful materials and its harmful effects(中的有害物质，及其影响) -----P30 右2.The advantage of storage (贮矿的好处)-----p35 左下Chapter 4 particle size analysis3.equivalent diameter (page90);4.:stokes diameter (page98) ; median size (page95,left and bottom); 80% passing size (page95,right) ; cumulative percentage(page94-95under the title’presentation of results’); Sub-sieve;(page 97,right)5.why particle size analysis is so important in the plant operation? (page90, paragraph one); some methods of particle analysis, their theory and the applicable of thesize ranges.(table4.1+theory in page91-106)7.how to present one sizing test?(page94)8.how to operate a decantation test?(page98 sedimentation test)9.advantage and disadvantage of decantation in comparison with elutriation? (Page99 the second paragraph on the left +elutriation technique dis/advantage in page 102 the second paragraph on the left)Chapter 6Crushers10.The throw of the crusher: Since the jaw is pivoted from above, it moves a minimum distance at the entry point and a maximum distance at the delivery. This maximum distance is called the throw of the crusher.11.Arrested(free) crushing: crushing is by the jaws only12.Choked crushing: particles break each other13.The angle of nip:14.1)the angle between the crushing members2)the angle formed by the tangents to the roll surfaces at their points of contact withthe particle(roll crushers)15.Ore is always stored after the crushers to ensure a continuous supply to the grinding section. Why not have similar storage capacity before the crushers and run this section continuously?(P119,right column, line 13)16.The difference between the jaw crusher and the gyratory crusher?(P123,right column, paragraph 3)17.Which decide whether a jaw or a gyratory crusher should be used in a particular plant?(p125,left column, paragraph 2)18.Why the secondary crushers are much lighter than the heavy-duty, rugged primary machines?(P126,right column, paragraph 4)19.What’s the difference between the 2 forms of the Symons cone crusher, the Standard and the short-head?(P128,left column, paragraph3 )20.What’s the use of the parallel section in the cone crusher?(P128,left column, paragraph4)21.What’s the use of the distributing plate in the cone crusher?(P128,right column, paragraph1)22.Liner wear monitoring(P129,right column, paragraph2)23.Water Flush technology(P130, left column, paragraph1)24.What’s the difference between the gyradisc crusher and the conventional cone crusher?(P130,right column, paragraph 4)25.What’s the use of the storage bin?(P140,left column, paragraph 2)26.Jaw crushers(p120)27.the differences between the Double-toggle Blake crushers and Single-toggle Blakecrushers(p121, right column, paragraph 3)28.the use of corrugated jaw plates(p122, right column, line 8)29.the differences between the tertiary crushers and the secondary crushers?(p126,right column, paragraph 5)30.How to identify a gyratory crusher, a cone crushers?(p127, right column, paragraph 3)31.the disadvantages of presence of water during crushing(p130,right column, paragraph 2)32.the relationship between the angle of nip and the roll speed?(p133, right column)33.Smooth-surfaced rolls——used for fine crushing; corrugated surface——used for coarse crushing;(p134, left column, last paragraph)Chapter 7 grinding mills34.Autogenous grinding：An AG mill is a tumbling mill that utilizes the ore itself as grinding media. The ore must contain sufficient competent pieces to act as grinding media.P16235.High aspect ratio mills: where the diameter is 1.5-3 times of the length. P16236.Low aspect ratio mills：where the length is 1.5-3 times of the diameter. P16237.Pilot scale testing of ore samples: it’s therefore a necessity in assessing the feasibility of autogenous milling, predicting the energy requirement, flowsheet, and product size.P16538.Semi-autogenous grinding: An SAG mill is an autogenous mill that utilizes steel balls in addition to the natural grinding media. P16239.Slurry pool：this flow-back process often leads to higher slurry hold-up inside an AG or SAG mill, and may sometimes contribute to the occurrence of “slurry pool”, which has adverse effects on the grinding performance.P16340.Square mills：where the diameter is approximately equal to the length.P16241.The aspect ratio: the aspect ratio is defined as the ratio of diameter to length. Aspect ratios generally fall into three main groups: high aspect ratio mills、square mills and low aspect ratio mills.P16242.grinding circuit: Circuit are divided into two broad classifications: open and closed.( 磨矿回路p170)43.closed circuit: Material of the required size is removed by a classifier, which returns oversize to the mill.(闭路p170左最后一行)44.Circulation load: The material returned to the mill by the classifier is known as circulation load , and its weight is expressed as a percentage of the weight of new feed.(循环负荷p170右)45.Three-product cyclone: It is a conventional hydrocyclone with a modified top cover plate and a second vortex finder inserted so as to generate three product streams. (p171右)46.Parallel mill circuit: It increase circuit flexibility, since individual units can be shut down or the feed rate can be changed, with little effect on the flowsheet.(p172右) 47.multi-stage grinding: mills are arranged in series can be used to produce。

机械专业英语词汇 陶瓷 ceramics合成纤维 synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀 electrochemical corrosion 车架 automotive chassis 悬架 suspension 转向器 redirector 变速器 speed changer 板料冲压 sheet metal parts 孔加工 spot facing machining 车间 workshop 工程技术人员 engineer 气动夹紧 pneuma lock数学模型 mathematical model 画法几何 descriptive geometry 机械制图 Mechanical drawing 投影 projection 视图 view剖视图 profile chart标准件 standard component 零件图 part drawing 装配图 assembly drawing 尺寸标注 size marking技术要求 technical requirements 刚度 rigidity 内力 internal force 位移 displacement 截面 section疲劳极限 fatigue limit 断裂 fracture塑性变形 plastic distortion脆性材料 brittleness material 刚度准则 rigidity criterion 垫圈 washer 垫片 spacer直齿圆柱齿轮 straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮 helical-spur gear 直齿锥齿轮 straight bevel gear 运动简图 kinematic sketch 齿轮齿条 pinion and rack 蜗杆蜗轮 worm and worm gear 虚约束 passive constraint 曲柄 crank 摇杆 rackerUn Re gi st er ed凸轮 cams共轭曲线 conjugate curve 范成法 generation method 定义域 definitional domain 值域 range导数\\微分 differential coefficient 求导 derivation定积分 definite integral 不定积分 indefinite integral 曲率 curvature偏微分 partial differential 毛坯 rough游标卡尺 slide caliper 千分尺 micrometer calipers 攻丝 tap二阶行列式 second order determinant 逆矩阵 inverse matrix 线性方程组 linear equations 概率 probability随机变量 random variable排列组合 permutation and combination 气体状态方程 equation of state of gas 动能 kinetic energy 势能 potential energy机械能守恒 conservation of mechanical energy动量 momentum 桁架 truss 轴线 axes 余子式 cofactor逻辑电路 logic circuit触发器 flip-flop脉冲波形 pulse shape数模 digital analogy液压传动机构 fluid drive mechanism 机械零件 mechanical parts 淬火冷却 quench 淬火 hardening 回火 tempering调质 hardening and tempering 磨粒 abrasive grain 结合剂 bonding agent 砂轮 grinding wheelUn Re gi st er ed后角 clearance angle 龙门刨削 planing 主轴 spindle 主轴箱 headstock 卡盘 chuck加工中心 machining center 车刀 lathe tool 车床 lathe 钻削 镗削 bore 车削 turning 磨床 grinder 基准 benchmark 钳工 locksmith 锻 forge 压模 stamping 焊 weld拉床 broaching machine 拉孔 broaching 装配 assembling 铸造 found流体动力学 fluid dynamics 流体力学 fluid mechanics 加工 machining液压 hydraulic pressure 切线 tangent机电一体化 mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration 气压 air pressure pneumatic pressure 稳定性 stability 介质 medium液压驱动泵 fluid clutch液压泵 hydraulic pump阀门 valve失效 invalidation 强度 intensity 载荷 load 应力 stress安全系数 safty factor 可靠性 reliability 螺纹 thread 螺旋 helix 键 spline 销 pin滚动轴承 rolling bearing 滑动轴承 sliding bearingUn Re gi st er ed弹簧 spring制动器 arrester brake 十字结联轴节 crosshead 联轴器 coupling 链 chain 皮带 strap精加工 finish machining 粗加工 rough machining 变速箱体 gearbox casing 腐蚀 rust 氧化 oxidation 磨损 wear 耐用度 durability 随机信号 random signal 离散信号 discrete signal 超声传感器 ultrasonic sensor 集成电路 integrate circuit 挡板 orifice plate 残余应力 residual stress 套筒 sleeve 扭力 torsion冷加工 cold machining 电动机 electromotor 汽缸 cylinder过盈配合 interference fit 热加工 hotwork 摄像头 CCD camera 倒角 rounding chamfer优化设计 optimal design工业造型设计 industrial moulding design有限元 finite element滚齿 hobbing插齿 gear shaping伺服电机 actuating motor 铣床 milling machine 钻床 drill machine 镗床 boring machine 步进电机 stepper motor 丝杠 screw rod 导轨 lead rail 组件 subassembly可编程序逻辑控制器 Programmable Logic Controller PLC 电火花加工 electric spark machining电火花线切割加工 electrical discharge wire - cuttingUn Re gi st er ed相图 phase diagram 热处理 heat treatment固态相变 solid state phase changes有色金属 nonferrous metal 陶瓷 ceramics合成纤维 synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀 electrochemical corrosion 车架 automotive chassis 悬架 suspension 转向器 redirector 变速器 speed changer 板料冲压 sheet metal parts 孔加工 spot facing machining 车间 workshop 工程技术人员 engineer 气动夹紧 pneuma lock 数学模型 mathematical model 画法几何 descriptive geometry 机械制图 Mechanical drawing 投影 projection 视图 view剖视图 profile chart 标准件 standard component 零件图 part drawing 装配图 assembly drawing 尺寸标注 size marking技术要求 technical requirements 刚度 rigidity内力 internal force位移 displacement截面 section疲劳极限 fatigue limit 断裂 fracture塑性变形 plastic distortion 脆性材料 brittleness material 刚度准则 rigidity criterion 垫圈 washer 垫片 spacer直齿圆柱齿轮 straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮 helical-spur gear 直齿锥齿轮 straight bevel gear 运动简图 kinematic sketch 齿轮齿条 pinion and rack 蜗杆蜗轮 worm and worm gearUn Re gi st er ed虚约束 passive constraint 曲柄 crank 摇杆 racker 凸轮 cams共轭曲线 conjugate curve 范成法 generation method 定义域 definitional domain 值域 range导数\\微分 differential coefficient 求导 derivation 定积分 definite integral 不定积分 indefinite integral 曲率 curvature偏微分 partial differential 毛坯 rough游标卡尺 slide caliper 千分尺 micrometer calipers 攻丝 tap二阶行列式 second order determinant 逆矩阵 inverse matrix 线性方程组 linear equations 概率 probability随机变量 random variable排列组合 permutation and combination 气体状态方程 equation of state of gas 动能 kinetic energy 势能 potential energy机械能守恒 conservation of mechanical energy 动量 momentum 桁架 truss 轴线 axes余子式 cofactor逻辑电路 logic circuit 触发器 flip-flop脉冲波形 pulse shape 数模 digital analogy液压传动机构 fluid drive mechanism 机械零件 mechanical parts 淬火冷却 quench 淬火 hardening 回火 tempering调质 hardening and tempering 磨粒 abrasive grainUn Re gi st er ed结合剂 bonding agent 砂轮 grinding wheelAssembly line 组装线 Layout 布置图Conveyer 流水线物料板 Rivet table 拉钉机 Rivet gun 拉钉枪 Screw driver 起子Pneumatic screw driver 气动起子 worktable 工作桌 OOBA 开箱检查 fit together 组装在一起 fasten 锁紧(螺丝) fixture 夹具(治具) pallet 栈板 barcode 条码barcode scanner 条码扫描器 fuse together 熔合 fuse machine 热熔机 repair 修理 operator 作业员 QC 品管 supervisor 课长 ME 制造工程师 MT 制造生技cosmetic inspect 外观检查 inner parts inspect 内部检查 thumb screw 大头螺丝 lbs. inch 镑、英寸 EMI gasket 导电条 front plate 前板 rear plate 后板 chassis 基座 bezel panel 面板 power button 电源按键 reset button 重置键Hi-pot test of SPS 高源高压测试 Voltage switch of SPS 电源电压接拉键 sheet metal parts 冲件 plastic parts 塑胶件 SOP 制造作业程序material check list 物料检查表 work cell 工作间 trolley 台车Un Re gi st er edsub-line 支线 left fork 叉车personnel resource department 人力资源部 production department 生产部门 planning department 企划部 QC Section 品管科 stamping factory 冲压厂 painting factory 烤漆厂 molding factory 成型厂 common equipment 常用设备 uncoiler and straightener 整平机 punching machine 冲床 robot 机械手hydraulic machine 油压机 lathe 车床planer |plein|刨床 miller 铣床 grinder 磨床linear cutting 线切割 electrical sparkle 电火花 welder 电焊机staker=reviting machine 铆合机 position 职务 president 董事长 general manager 总经理 special assistant manager 特助 factory director 厂长department director 部长deputy manager | =vice manager 副理section supervisor 课长deputy section supervisor =vice section superisor 副课长 group leader/supervisor 组长 line supervisor 线长 assistant manager 助理to move, to carry, to handle 搬运 be put in storage 入库 pack packing 包装 to apply oil 擦油 to file burr 锉毛刺 final inspection 终检 to connect material 接料 to reverse material 翻料 wet station 沾湿台Un Re gi st er edcleaning cloth 抹布 to load material 上料 to unload material 卸料to return material/stock to 退料 scraped |\\'skr?pid|报废 scrape ..v.刮;削deficient purchase 来料不良 manufacture procedure 制程deficient manufacturing procedure 制程不良 oxidation |\\' ksi\\'dei?n|氧化 scratch 刮伤 dents 压痕defective upsiding down 抽芽不良 defective to staking 铆合不良 embedded lump 镶块feeding is not in place 送料不到位 stamping-missing 漏冲 production capacity 生产力 education and training 教育与训练 proposal improvement 提案改善 spare parts=buffer 备件 forklift 叉车trailer=long vehicle 拖板车 compound die 合模 die locker 锁模器pressure plate=plate pinch 压板 bolt 螺栓administration/general affairs dept 总务部 automatic screwdriver 电动启子 thickness gauge 厚薄规 gauge(or jig)治具power wire 电源线 buzzle 蜂鸣器defective product label 不良标签 identifying sheet list 标示单 location 地点present members 出席人员 subject 主题 conclusion 结论 decision items 决议事项responsible department 负责单位 pre-fixed finishing date 预定完成日approved by / checked by / prepared by 核准/审核/承办Un Re gi st er edPCE assembly production schedule sheet PCE 组装厂生产排配表 model 机锺 work order 工令 revision 版次 remark 备注production control confirmation 生产确认 checked by 初审 approved by 核准 department 部门stock age analysis sheet 库存货龄分析表 on-hand inventory 现有库存 available material 良品可使用 obsolete material 良品已呆滞to be inspected or reworked 待验或重工 total 合计cause description 原因说明 part number/ P/N 料号 type 形态item/group/class 类别 quality 品质prepared by 制表 notes 说明year-end physical inventory difference analysis sheet 年终盘点差异分析表physical inventory 盘点数量 physical count quantity 帐面数量 difference quantity 差异量 cause analysis 原因分析 raw materials 原料 materials 物料finished product 成品semi-finished product 半成品 packing materials 包材good product/accepted goods/ accepted parts/good parts 良品 defective product/non-good parts 不良品 disposed goods 处理品 warehouse/hub 仓库 on way location 在途仓 oversea location 海外仓spare parts physical inventory list 备品盘点清单 spare molds location 模具备品仓 skid/pallet 栈板 tox machine 自铆机 wire EDM 线割 EDM 放电机 coil stock 卷料Un Re gi st er edsheet stock 片料 tolerance 工差 score=groove 压线 cam block 滑块 pilot 导正筒 trim 剪外边 pierce 剪内边 drag form 压锻差pocket for the punch head 挂钩槽 slug hole 废料孔 feature die 公母模 expansion dwg 展开图 radius 半径 shim(wedge)楔子 torch-flame cut 火焰切割 set screw 止付螺丝 form block 折刀 stop pin 定位销round pierce punch=die button 圆冲子 shape punch=die insert 异形子 stock locater block 定位块 under cut=scrap chopper 清角 active plate 活动板 baffle plate 挡块 cover plate 盖板 male die 公模 female die 母模 groove punch 压线冲子air-cushion eject-rod 气垫顶杆spring-box eject-plate 弹簧箱顶板bushing block 衬套insert 入块club car 高尔夫球车 capability 能力 parameter 参数 factor 系数phosphate 皮膜化成 viscosity 涂料粘度 alkalidipping 脱脂 main manifold 主集流脉 bezel 斜视规 blanking 穿落模 dejecting 顶固模demagnetization 去磁;消磁Un Re gi st er edhigh-speed transmission 高速传递 heat dissipation 热传 rack 上料 degrease 脱脂 rinse 水洗 alkaline etch 龄咬 desmut 剥黑膜 D.I. rinse 纯水次 Chromate 铬酸处理 Anodize 阳性处理 seal 封孔 revision 版次part number/P/N 料号 good products 良品 scraped products 报放心品 defective products 不良品 finished products 成品 disposed products 处理品 barcode 条码 flow chart 流程表单 assembly 组装 stamping 冲压 molding 成型spare parts=buffer 备品 coordinate 座标 dismantle the die 折模 auxiliary fuction 辅助功能 poly-line 多义线 heater band 加热片thermocouple 热电偶 sand blasting 喷沙 grit 砂砾derusting machine 除锈机 degate 打浇口 dryer 烘干机 induction 感应 induction light 感应光response=reaction=interaction 感应 ram 连杆edge finder 巡边器 concave 凸 convex 凹 short 射料不足 nick 缺口 speck 瑕??Un Re gi st er edsplay 银纹 gas mark 焦痕 delamination 起鳞 cold slug 冷块 blush 导色 gouge 沟槽;凿槽 satin texture 段面咬花 witness line 证示线 patent 专利 grit 沙砾granule=peuet=grain 细粒 grit maker 抽粒机 cushion 缓冲 magnalium 镁铝合金 magnesium 镁金 metal plate 钣金 lathe 车 mill 锉 plane 刨 grind 磨 drill 铝 boring 镗 blinster 气泡 fillet 镶;嵌边through-hole form 通孔形式 voller pin formality 滚针形式 cam driver 铡楔 shank 摸柄 crank shaft 曲柄轴augular offset 角度偏差 velocity 速度production tempo 生产进度现状 torque 扭矩spline=the multiple keys 花键 quenching 淬火 tempering 回火 annealing 退火 carbonization 碳化tungsten high speed steel 钨高速的 moly high speed steel 钼高速的 organic solvent 有机溶剂 bracket 小磁导 liaison 联络单 volatile 挥发性Un Re gi st er edion 离子 titrator 滴定仪 beacon 警示灯 coolant 冷却液 crusher 破碎机阿基米德蜗杆 Archimedes worm 安全系数 safety factor; factor of safety 安全载荷 safe load 凹面、凹度 concavity 扳手 wrench 板簧 flat leaf spring 半圆键 woodruff key 变形 deformation 摆杆 oscillating bar摆动从动件 oscillating follower摆动从动件凸轮机构 cam with oscillating follower 摆动导杆机构 oscillating guide-bar mechanism 摆线齿轮 cycloidal gear 摆线齿形 cycloidal tooth profile 摆线运动规律 cycloidal motion 摆线针轮 cycloidal-pin wheel 包角 angle of contact 保持架 cage背对背安装 back-to-back arrangement 背锥 back cone ； normal cone 背锥角 back angle背锥距 back cone distance 比例尺 scale比热容 specific heat capacity闭式链 closed kinematic chain闭链机构 closed chain mechanism 臂部 arm变频器 frequency converters变频调速 frequency control of motor speed 变速 speed change变速齿轮 change gear change wheel 变位齿轮 modified gear变位系数 modification coefficient 标准齿轮 standard gear 标准直齿轮 standard spur gear 表面质量系数 superficial mass factor表面传热系数 surface coefficient of heat transfer 表面粗糙度 surface roughnessUn Re gi st er ed并联式组合 combination in parallel 并联机构 parallel mechanism并联组合机构 parallel combined mechanism 并行工程 concurrent engineering 并行设计 concurred design, CD 不平衡相位 phase angle of unbalance 不平衡 imbalance (or unbalance) 不平衡量 amount of unbalance 不完全齿轮机构 intermittent gearing 波发生器 wave generator 波数 number of waves 补偿 compensation参数化设计 parameterization design, PD 残余应力 residual stress操纵及控制装置 operation control device 槽轮 Geneva wheel槽轮机构 Geneva mechanism ； Maltese cross 槽数 Geneva numerate 槽凸轮 groove cam 侧隙 backlash差动轮系 differential gear train差动螺旋机构 differential screw mechanism 差速器 differential常用机构 conventional mechanism; mechanism in common use车床 lathe承载量系数 bearing capacity factor 承载能力 bearing capacity 成对安装 paired mounting尺寸系列 dimension series 齿槽 tooth space 齿槽宽 spacewidth 齿侧间隙 backlash 齿顶高 addendum齿顶圆 addendum circle 齿根高 dedendum 齿根圆 dedendum circle 齿厚 tooth thickness 齿距 circular pitch 齿宽 face width 齿廓 tooth profile 齿廓曲线 tooth curve 齿轮 gear齿轮变速箱 speed-changing gear boxes 齿轮齿条机构 pinion and rackUn Re gi st er ed齿轮插刀 pinion cutter; pinion-shaped shaper cutter 齿轮滚刀 hob ,hobbing cutter 齿轮机构 gear 齿轮轮坯 blank 齿轮传动系 pinion unit 齿轮联轴器 gear coupling 齿条传动 rack gear 齿数 tooth number 齿数比 gear ratio 齿条 rack齿条插刀 rack cutter; rack-shaped shaper cutter 齿形链、无声链 silent chain 齿形系数 form factor齿式棘轮机构 tooth ratchet mechanism 插齿机 gear shaper 重合点 coincident points 重合度 contact ratio 冲床 punch传动比 transmission ratio, speed ratio 传动装置 gearing; transmission gear 传动系统 driven system 传动角 transmission angle 传动轴 transmission shaft 串联式组合 combination in series串联式组合机构 series combined mechanism 串级调速 cascade speed control 创新 innovation creation 创新设计 creation design垂直载荷、法向载荷 normal load 唇形橡胶密封 lip rubber seal磁流体轴承 magnetic fluid bearing从动带轮 driven pulley从动件 driven link, follower从动件平底宽度 width of flat-face 从动件停歇 follower dwell 从动件运动规律 follower motion 从动轮 driven gear 粗线 bold line粗牙螺纹 coarse thread 大齿轮 gear wheel 打包机 packer 打滑 slipping 带传动 belt driving 带轮 belt pulleyUn Re gi st er ed带式制动器 band brake 单列轴承 single row bearing单向推力轴承 single-direction thrust bearing 单万向联轴节 single universal joint 单位矢量 unit vector当量齿轮 equivalent spur gear; virtual gear当量齿数 equivalent teeth number; virtual number of teeth 当量摩擦系数 equivalent coefficient of friction 当量载荷 equivalent load 刀具 cutter 导数 derivative 倒角 chamfer导热性 conduction of heat 导程 lead导程角 lead angle等加等减速运动规律 parabolic motion; constant acceleration and deceleration motion 等速运动规律 uniform motion; constant velocity motion 等径凸轮 conjugate yoke radial cam 等宽凸轮 constant-breadth cam 等效构件 equivalent link 等效力 equivalent force等效力矩 equivalent moment of force 等效量 equivalent 等效质量 equivalent mass等效转动惯量 equivalent moment of inertia等效动力学模型 dynamically equivalent model 底座 chassis 低副 lower pair点划线 chain dotted line （疲劳）点蚀 pitting 垫圈 gasket垫片密封 gasket seal碟形弹簧 belleville spring 顶隙 bottom clearance定轴轮系 ordinary gear train; gear train with fixed axes 动力学 dynamics 动密封 kinematical seal 动能 dynamic energy 动力粘度 dynamic viscosity 动力润滑 dynamic lubrication 动平衡 dynamic balance动平衡机 dynamic balancing machine 动态特性 dynamic characteristics 动态分析设计 dynamic analysis designUn Re gi st er ed动压力 dynamic reaction 动载荷 dynamic load 端面 transverse plane端面参数 transverse parameters 端面齿距 transverse circular pitch 端面齿廓 transverse tooth profile 端面重合度 transverse contact ratio 端面模数 transverse module端面压力角 transverse pressure angle 锻造 forge对称循环应力 symmetry circulating stress 对心滚子从动件 radial (or in-line ) roller follower 对心直动从动件 radial (or in-line ) translating follower 对心移动从动件 radial reciprocating follower对心曲柄滑块机构 in-line slider-crank (or crank-slider) mechanism 多列轴承 multi-row bearing 多楔带 poly V-belt多项式运动规律 polynomial motion 多质量转子 rotor with several masses 惰轮 idle gear 额定寿命 rating life 额定载荷 load rating II 级杆组 dyad发生线 generating line 发生面 generating plane 法面 normal plane法面参数 normal parameters 法面齿距 normal circular pitch 法面模数 normal module法面压力角 normal pressure angle法向齿距 normal pitch法向齿廓 normal tooth profile法向直廓蜗杆 straight sided normal worm 法向力 normal force反馈式组合 feedback combining反向运动学 inverse ( or backward) kinematics 反转法 kinematic inversion 反正切 Arctan范成法 generating cutting 仿形法 form cutting方案设计、概念设计 concept design, CD 防振装置 shockproof device 飞轮 flywheel飞轮矩 moment of flywheelUn Re gi st er ed非标准齿轮 nonstandard gear 非接触式密封 non-contact seal非周期性速度波动 aperiodic speed fluctuation 非圆齿轮 non-circular gear 粉末合金 powder metallurgy分度线 reference line; standard pitch line分度圆 reference circle; standard (cutting) pitch circle 分度圆柱导程角 lead angle at reference cylinder 分度圆柱螺旋角 helix angle at reference cylinder 分母 denominator 分子 numerator分度圆锥 reference cone; standard pitch cone 分析法 analytical method封闭差动轮系 planetary differential 复合铰链 compound hinge 复合式组合 compound combining复合轮系 compound (or combined) gear train 复合平带 compound flat belt 复合应力 combined stress复式螺旋机构 Compound screw mechanism 复杂机构 complex mechanism 杆组 Assur group 干涉 interference刚度系数 stiffness coefficient 刚轮 rigid circular spline 钢丝软轴 wire soft shaft刚体导引机构 body guidance mechanism 刚性冲击 rigid impulse (shock) 刚性转子 rigid rotor刚性轴承 rigid bearing刚性联轴器 rigid coupling高度系列 height series高速带 high speed belt 高副 higher pair格拉晓夫定理 Grashoff`s law 根切 undercutting公称直径 nominal diameter 高度系列 height series 功 work工况系数 application factor 工艺设计 technological design 工作循环图 working cycle diagram 工作机构 operation mechanism 工作载荷 external loadsUn Re gi st er ed工作空间 working space 工作应力 working stress 工作阻力 effective resistance工作阻力矩 effective resistance moment 公法线 common normal line 公共约束 general constraint 公制齿轮 metric gears 功率 power功能分析设计 function analyses design 共轭齿廓 conjugate profiles 共轭凸轮 conjugate cam 构件 link 鼓风机 blower固定构件 fixed link; frame 固体润滑剂 solid lubricant 关节型操作器 jointed manipulator 惯性力 inertia force惯性力矩 moment of inertia ,shaking moment 惯性力平衡 balance of shaking force 惯性力完全平衡 full balance of shaking force 惯性力部分平衡 partial balance of shaking force 惯性主矩 resultant moment of inertia 惯性主失 resultant vector of inertia 冠轮 crown gear广义机构 generation mechanism 广义坐标 generalized coordinate 轨迹生成 path generation 轨迹发生器 path generator 滚刀 hob 滚道 raceway滚动体 rolling element滚动轴承 rolling bearing滚动轴承代号 rolling bearing identification code 滚针 needle roller滚针轴承 needle roller bearing 滚子 roller滚子轴承 roller bearing 滚子半径 radius of roller 滚子从动件 roller follower 滚子链 roller chain滚子链联轴器 double roller chain coupling 滚珠丝杆 ball screw滚柱式单向超越离合器 roller clutch 过度切割 undercuttingUn Re gi st er ed函数发生器 function generator 函数生成 function generation 含油轴承 oil bearing 耗油量 oil consumption耗油量系数 oil consumption factor 赫兹公式 H. Hertz equation合成弯矩 resultant bending moment 合力 resultant force合力矩 resultant moment of force 黑箱 black box 横坐标 abscissa互换性齿轮 interchangeable gears 花键 spline滑键、导键 feather key 滑动轴承 sliding bearing 滑动率 sliding ratio 滑块 slider环面蜗杆 toroid helicoids worm 环形弹簧 annular spring缓冲装置 shocks; shock-absorber 灰铸铁 grey cast iron 回程 return回转体平衡 balance of rotors 混合轮系 compound gear train 积分 integrate机电一体化系统设计 mechanical-electrical integration system design 机构 mechanism机构分析 analysis of mechanism 机构平衡 balance of mechanism 机构学 mechanism机构运动设计 kinematic design of mechanism机构运动简图 kinematic sketch of mechanism 机构综合 synthesis of mechanism 机构组成 constitution of mechanism 机架 frame, fixed link 机架变换 kinematic inversion 机器 machine 机器人 robot机器人操作器 manipulator 机器人学 robotics技术过程 technique process技术经济评价 technical and economic evaluation 技术系统 technique system 机械 machineryUn Re gi st er ed机械创新设计 mechanical creation design, MCD 机械系统设计 mechanical system design, MSD 机械动力分析 dynamic analysis of machinery 机械动力设计 dynamic design of machinery 机械动力学 dynamics of machinery 机械的现代设计 modern machine design 机械系统 mechanical system 机械利益 mechanical advantage 机械平衡 balance of machinery 机械手 manipulator机械设计 machine design; mechanical design 机械特性 mechanical behavior 机械调速 mechanical speed governors 机械效率 mechanical efficiency机械原理 theory of machines and mechanisms 机械运转不均匀系数 coefficient of speed fluctuation 机械无级变速 mechanical stepless speed changes 基础机构 fundamental mechanism 基本额定寿命 basic rating life基于实例设计 case-based design,CBD 基圆 base circle基圆半径 radius of base circle 基圆齿距 base pitch基圆压力角 pressure angle of base circle 基圆柱 base cylinder 基圆锥 base cone急回机构 quick-return mechanism 急回特性 quick-return characteristics急回系数 advance-to return-time ratio 急回运动 quick-return motion 棘轮 ratchet棘轮机构 ratchet mechanism 棘爪 pawl极限位置 extreme (or limiting) position极位夹角 crank angle between extreme (or limiting) positions 计算机辅助设计 computer aided design, CAD计算机辅助制造 computer aided manufacturing, CAM计算机集成制造系统 computer integrated manufacturing system, CIMS 计算力矩 factored moment; calculation moment 计算弯矩 calculated bending moment 加权系数 weighting efficient 加速度 acceleration加速度分析 acceleration analysis 加速度曲线 acceleration diagramUn Re gi st er ed尖点 pointing; cusp尖底从动件 knife-edge follower 间隙 backlash间歇运动机构 intermittent motion mechanism 减速比 reduction ratio减速齿轮、减速装置 reduction gear 减速器 speed reducer 减摩性 anti-friction quality 渐开螺旋面 involute helicoid 渐开线 involute渐开线齿廓 involute profile 渐开线齿轮 involute gear渐开线发生线 generating line of involute 渐开线方程 involute equation 渐开线函数 involute function 渐开线蜗杆 involute worm渐开线压力角 pressure angle of involute 渐开线花键 involute spline 简谐运动 simple harmonic motion 键 key 键槽 keyway交变应力 repeated stress交变载荷 repeated fluctuating load 交叉带传动 cross-belt drive 交错轴斜齿轮 crossed helical gears 胶合 scoring角加速度 angular acceleration 角速度 angular velocity角速比 angular velocity ratio角接触球轴承 angular contact ball bearing角接触推力轴承 angular contact thrust bearing角接触向心轴承 angular contact radial bearing 角接触轴承 angular contact bearing 铰链、枢纽 hinge校正平面 correcting plane 接触应力 contact stress 接触式密封 contact seal 阶梯轴 multi-diameter shaft 结构 structure结构设计 structural design 截面 section 节点 pitch point节距 circular pitch; pitch of teeth 节线 pitch lineUn Re gi st er ed节圆 pitch circle节圆齿厚 thickness on pitch circle 节圆直径 pitch diameter 节圆锥 pitch cone节圆锥角 pitch cone angle 解析设计 analytical design 紧边 tight-side 紧固件 fastener 径节 diametral pitch 径向 radial direction径向当量动载荷 dynamic equivalent radial load 径向当量静载荷 static equivalent radial load径向基本额定动载荷 basic dynamic radial load rating 径向基本额定静载荷 basic static radial load tating 径向接触轴承 radial contact bearing 径向平面 radial plane径向游隙 radial internal clearance 径向载荷 radial load径向载荷系数 radial load factor 径向间隙 clearance 静力 static force 静平衡 static balance 静载荷 static load 静密封 static seal局部自由度 passive degree of freedom 矩阵 matrix矩形螺纹 square threaded form 锯齿形螺纹 buttress thread form矩形牙嵌式离合器 square-jaw positive-contact clutch 绝对尺寸系数 absolute dimensional factor绝对运动 absolute motion绝对速度 absolute velocity均衡装置 load balancing mechanism 抗压强度 compression strength 开口传动 open-belt drive 开式链 open kinematic chain 开链机构 open chain mechanism 可靠度 degree of reliability 可靠性 reliability可靠性设计 reliability design, RD 空气弹簧 air spring空间机构 spatial mechanism 空间连杆机构 spatial linkage 空间凸轮机构 spatial camUn Re gi st er ed空间运动副 spatial kinematic pair 空间运动链 spatial kinematic chain 空转 idle宽度系列 width series 框图 block diagram雷诺方程 Reynolds‘s equation 离心力 centrifugal force 离心应力 centrifugal stress 离合器 clutch离心密封 centrifugal seal 理论廓线 pitch curve理论啮合线 theoretical line of action 隶属度 membership 力 force力多边形 force polygon力封闭型凸轮机构 force-drive (or force-closed) cam mechanism 力矩 moment 力平衡 equilibrium 力偶 couple力偶矩 moment of couple 连杆 connecting rod, coupler 连杆机构 linkage 连杆曲线 coupler-curve 连心线 line of centers 链 chain链传动装置 chain gearing链轮 sprocket sprocket-wheel sprocket gear chain wheel 联组 V 带 tight-up V belt联轴器 coupling shaft coupling两维凸轮 two-dimensional cam 临界转速 critical speed六杆机构 six-bar linkage龙门刨床 double Haas planer 轮坯 blank 轮系 gear train 螺杆 screw 螺距 thread pitch 螺母 screw nut螺旋锥齿轮 helical bevel gear 螺钉 screws 螺栓 bolts 螺纹导程 lead螺纹效率 screw efficiency 螺旋传动 power screwUn Re gi st er ed螺纹 thread (of a screw) 螺旋副 helical pair螺旋机构 screw mechanism 螺旋角 helix angle 螺旋线 helix ,helical line绿色设计 green design design for environment 马耳他机构 Geneva wheel Geneva gear 马耳他十字 Maltese cross脉动无级变速 pulsating stepless speed changes 脉动循环应力 fluctuating circulating stress 脉动载荷 fluctuating load 铆钉 rivet迷宫密封 labyrinth seal 密封 seal 密封带 seal belt 密封胶 seal gum密封元件 potted component 密封装置 sealing arrangement 面对面安装 face-to-face arrangement面向产品生命周期设计 design for product`s life cycle, DPLC 名义应力、公称应力 nominal stress 模块化设计 modular design, MD 模块式传动系统 modular system 模幅箱 morphology box 模糊集 fuzzy set模糊评价 fuzzy evaluation 模数 module 摩擦 friction摩擦角 friction angle 摩擦力 friction force摩擦学设计 tribology design, TD 摩擦阻力 frictional resistance 摩擦力矩 friction moment 摩擦系数 coefficient of friction 摩擦圆 friction circle磨损 abrasion wear; scratching 末端执行器 end-effector 目标函数 objective function 耐腐蚀性 corrosion resistance 耐磨性 wear resistance挠性机构 mechanism with flexible elements 挠性转子 flexible rotor 内齿轮 internal gearUn Re gi st er ed内力 internal force 内圈 inner ring 能量 energy 能量指示图 viscosity逆时针 counterclockwise (or anticlockwise) 啮出 engaging-out啮合 engagement, mesh, gearing 啮合点 contact points啮合角 working pressure angle 啮合线 line of action啮合线长度 length of line of action 啮入 engaging-in 牛头刨床 shaper凝固点 freezing point; solidifying point 扭转应力 torsion stress 扭矩 moment of torque 扭簧 helical torsion spring 诺模图 NomogramO 形密封圈密封 O ring seal 盘形凸轮 disk cam 盘形转子 disk-like rotor 抛物线运动 parabolic motion 疲劳极限 fatigue limit 疲劳强度 fatigue strength 偏置式 offset偏 ( 心 ) 距 offset distance 偏心率 eccentricity ratio偏心质量 eccentric mass 偏距圆 offset circle 偏心盘 eccentric偏置滚子从动件 offset roller follower 偏置尖底从动件 offset knife-edge follower 偏置曲柄滑块机构 offset slider-crank mechanism 拼接 matching评价与决策 evaluation and decision 频率 frequency 平带 flat belt平带传动 flat belt driving 平底从动件 flat-face follower 平底宽度 face width 平分线 bisector平均应力 average stress 平均中径 mean screw diameterUn Re gi st er ed平均速度 average velocity 平衡 balance平衡机 balancing machine 平衡品质 balancing quality 平衡平面 correcting plane 平衡质量 balancing mass 平衡重 counterweight 平衡转速 balancing speed 平面副 planar pair , flat pair 平面机构 planar mechanism 平面运动副 planar kinematic pair 平面连杆机构 planar linkage 平面凸轮 planar cam平面凸轮机构 planar cam mechanism 平面轴斜齿轮 parallel helical gears 普通平键 parallel key其他常用机构 other mechanism in common use 起动阶段 starting period 启动力矩 starting torque 气动机构 pneumatic mechanism 奇异位置 singular position起始啮合点 initial contact , beginning of contact 气体轴承 gas bearing 千斤顶 jack 嵌入键 sunk key强迫振动 forced vibration 切齿深度 depth of cut 曲柄 crank曲柄存在条件 Grashoff`s law曲柄导杆机构 crank shaper (guide-bar) mechanism曲柄滑块机构 slider-crank (or crank-slider) mechanism曲柄摇杆机构 crank-rocker mechanism 曲齿锥齿轮 spiral bevel gear 曲率 curvature曲率半径 radius of curvature 曲面从动件 curved-shoe follower 曲线拼接 curve matching 曲线运动 curvilinear motion 曲轴 crank shaft 驱动力 driving force驱动力矩 driving moment (torque) 全齿高 whole depth 权重集 weight sets 球 ballUn Re gi st er ed。

单词：metabolic 新陈代谢的，fossil fuel 化石燃料，degrade 降解，fiber 纤维，cotton 棉花，wool 羊毛，hygienic 卫生的detergent 清洁剂，antibiotics 抗生素，component 组分，biodegradability 生物可降解性，intrinsic 固有的，perturb 扰动，thermochemistry 热化学，Biocatalysis 生物催化，enzyme 酶，genetics 遗传学，methodology 方法学，cellular 细胞的，extracellular 胞外的，isotope 同位素，Biotin 生物素，antibiotic 抗生素，penicillin 青霉素,2-oxoglutarate a酮戊二酸，trigger 引发，Flux 通量，transformant 转化株，plasmid 质粒，homologous 同源的，heterologous 异源的deficient 缺陷的，strain 菌株，sensitivity 灵敏度，steady state 稳态，infinitesimal 无穷小的，activity 活力，，mechanism 机制，attenuation 衰减，perturbation紊乱，kinetic 动力学的，glutamate 谷氨酸，composition 组分，medium培养基，perculture 预培养，deionize 去除离子，vitamin 维生素，soybean大豆，protein蛋白质，hydrolysate 水解产物，cholramphenicol 氯霉素，Kanamaycin 卡那霉素，batch 间歇式，fermentor发酵罐，dissolve溶解，oxygen 氧，concerntration浓度，agitation搅拌，revolution 旋转，aeration通气，buffer缓冲液，Sonication 超声波破碎法，supernatant上层液，absorption光吸收值，Branch point 分支点，glucose 葡萄糖，normalize 规格化，consumption 消耗，growth phas 生长期，specific activity 比活力，coefficient 系数，upstream 上游的，lysine 赖氨酸，inoculate 接种，agar 琼脂，bacteriophage 噬菌体，facultative兼性的，assimilate 吸收，saccharide糖类，fructose 果糖，ethanol乙醇，methanol甲醇，glycerol甘油，urea尿素，peptone蛋白胨，copper铜，aqueous水的，eluent 洗脱液，Phosphate 磷酸盐，redox 氧化还原，，modification修饰，host寄主，intermediate 中间体，respiration呼吸，consumption消耗，kinase激酶，isomerase异构酶，bisphophate 二磷酸盐，mass balance质量平衡，genome基因组，genomic基因组的，glycolysis糖消解，high throughput高通量，sequence测序仪，evolutionary进化的，tag标记，transcription转录，transduction传导，array阵列，proteomice蛋白组学，affinity亲和力，counterpart 对照物，amino acid氨基酸，promoter启动子，ligate链接，vector载体，plasmid质粒，base pair碱基对，homology同源性，codon密码子，excise切割下，primer引物，region区段，amplificatio 扩增，transform转化，template模板，strand链，SDS-PAGE十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳，ORF coding 开放阅读框架编码，polymer聚合物，sterilize消毒，inoculate接种，batch fermentation间歇式发酵，continuous fermentation连续是发酵，recombinant重组子，secretion分泌，variant变体，in situ 原地，in vivo体内，ribosome核糖体，interface界面，crosslinking交联，entrapment包埋，encapsulation胶囊化，residue残基，cationic阳离子的，culture broth培养液，stabilization 稳定，hydrolytic水解的，actone丙酮，aromatic芳香族的，sediment沉淀，chiral 手性，pesticide 杀虫剂，aseptic无菌的，impair削弱，atringent严厉，shelf life贮存期，continuous stirred tank reactor连续搅拌釜式反应器，vessel容器，foam breaker 消泡器，condensate冷凝水，cascade control级联控制，ratio control 比率控制，feed forward control 前馈控制，parameter参数，carbon dioxide二氧化碳，hydrophilic polymers亲水聚合物，aqueous水质的，tissue组织，carbohydrate碳水化合物，density 密度，solubility溶解度，extraction萃取，centrifugation离心，filtration过滤，solvent溶剂，solute溶质，membrane 膜，adsorption吸附，evaporation 蒸发，sublimation 升华，vaporisation气化，dehydration 脱水，distillation蒸馏，latent heat潜热，streamlined层流的，turbulent湍流的，hyperfiltration 超滤，dialysis透析，electrophoresis电泳，flocculation絮凝，flotation浮选，milling碾碎，lysis细胞裂解，lipophilic亲脂的，crystallization结晶，chromatographic层析法的，heterotrophic 异养的，lag phase迟滞期，exponential growth phase指数期，stationary phase稳定期，deathphase衰亡期，specific growth rate比生长速率课后习题：1.以间歇式操作方式培养大肠杆菌XN-1。

ReviewMechanism and kinetics of thermal decompositionof carbonatesBoris V .L’vov *Department of Analytical Chemistry,St.Petersburg State Technical University,St.Petersburg 195251,RussiaReceived 9July 2001;received in revised form 3September 2001;accepted 7September 2001AbstractA physical approach to the interpretation of the mechanisms and kinetics of thermal decomposition of solids has been applied to the investigation of decomposition mechanisms of Ag,Cd,Zn,Mg,CaMg,Ca,Sr and Ba carbonates.The method consists in comparing experimental literature data on the kinetic parameters with their theoretical values calculated on the basis of the physical approach.Two parameters were used:the E parameter and the initial temperature of decomposition,T in ,defined as the temperature of decomposition which corresponds to the fixed partial pressure,P in ,of CO 2evolved.The results of examination of the available data supported the general mechanism of decomposition which includes as a primary stage the congruent dissociative evaporation of reactants.For all the carbonates,except of BaCO 3,the transfer to the reactant one-half of the energy released in the course of the condensation of low-volatility product has been taken into account in the calculations.The effect of self-cooling on the results of experimental determination of both parameters has been examined,and several important conclusions has been deduced.In particular,in the decomposition of CaCO 3in the presence of CO 2(10À6–10À4bar),the self-cooling effect is responsible for the lack of expected hyperbolic dependence of decomposition rate on CO 2pressure and the appearance of the Topley–Smith effect.Several quantitative criteria of the validity of measured E values has been proposed.On this basis,the values of E parameters reported in the literature were critically analysed.#2002Elsevier Science B.V .All rights reserved.Keywords:Physical approach;Decomposition;Mechanisms;Carbonates;Self-cooling1.IntroductionThe mechanism and kinetics of thermal decompo-sition of carbonates (in particular,calcium carbonate)have been dealt with a large number of studies summed up partially in a review [1]and monographs [2,3].Nevertheless,there are still no quantitatively substantiated models of carbonate decomposition.No explanation has been also given for some unusual features in their decomposition exemplified below.1.Anomalous scatter among the kinetic parameters of the Arrhenius equation (E and A )available in the literature for decomposition of CaCO 3,particularly measured by non-isothermal methods in the presence of CO 2[4,5].2.A 104–105-fold difference observed in the decom-position of CaCO 3,CaMg(CO 3)2and BaCO 3in the Knudsen mode (the effusion cell)and under Langmuir conditions (from an open surface),or,in other words,low vaporization coefficients,a v ,for these compounds in vacuum [6,7].This is in contradiction with a widespread statement of their partly reversibledecompositions.Thermochimica Acta 386(2002)1–16*Tel.:þ7-812-552-7741;fax:þ7-812-247-4384.E-mail address :blvov@robotek.ru (B.V .L’vov).0040-6031/02/$–see front matter #2002Elsevier Science B.V .All rights reserved.PII:S 0040-6031(01)00757-23.Discrepancy in the dependence of decompositionrates of CaCO3on CO2background pressures observed by different authors.In contrast to theobservation of hyperbolic rate lawð/1=P CO2Þin[8–10],Darroudl and Searcy[11]observed close to linear decrease of the decomposition rate with the background pressure of CO2.The objective of this work is in presenting an interpretation for the above and related aspects by applying a physical approach to explanation of the thermal decomposition mechanism,which is based on a scheme involving dissociative evaporation of the reactant with simultaneous condensation of the low-volatile product.This approach advanced by Hertz and Langmuir and developed by the author has been successfully employed earlier in the interpretation of the mechanism and kinetics of thermal decomposi-tion of metal oxides[12–14],nitrates[15–17],azides [18],Li2SO4ÁH2O[19],Mg(OH)2[20],GaN[21], oxalates[22]and of a number of other inorganic compounds[23].Our earlier attempt[24]to interpret the decomposi-tion mechanism of alkaline-earth carbonates as a result of the carbonate interaction with residual water vapor in the reactor was not successful.The good agreement between calculated and experimental values of the E parameter was accompanied by 103–104differences of the calculated rates of decom-positions from experimental data.Two important fac-tors have not been taken into account in that work[24]: the effect of self-cooling on measured values of the E parameter and the partial transfer of the energy released in the condensation of low-volatility product (MO)to the reactant.2.Theoretical modelThe scheme employed in the theoretical calculation of the main kinetic parameters of the decomposition process(theflux of the gaseous product J,the rate constant k,the product partial pressure P and the parameters of the Arrhenius equation,E and A)has been described in a number of our recent publications [19–22],especially,in a review[23].Therefore,we are going to present below only somefinal relations necessary for the calculations in this work.2.1.Decomposition in vacuumIn the case of a compound S decomposed into gaseous products A and B,i.e.SðsÞ!a AðgÞþb BðgÞ(1) theflux of product A can be expressed through the partial pressure P A(in atm)of this product correspond-ing to the hypothetical equilibrium of reaction(1)in the formJ¼g N A P Að2p M A RTÞ1=2(2)where N A is the Avogadro number and M A the molar mass of product A.Here g¼101325Pa atmÀ1is the conversion factor from atmospheres to pascals.This relationship derived as shown here by Langmuir[25] is usually called the Hertz–Langmuir equation.In the case of evaporation of spherical particles,the rate constant is as follows[24]:k¼JM rN A r r0(3)where r and M r are the density and molar mass of the reactant.2.2.Equilibrium pressure of product for dissociative evaporationThe partial pressure,P A,of product A can be calculated from the equilibrium constant,K P,for reaction(1).In the absence of reaction products in the reactor atmosphere,the situation corresponding to the equimolar evaporation mode,the partial pressure P A can be expressed[26]asP eA¼aK PF1=n MAM Bb=2n¼aF1=nM AM Bb=2nexpD S oTn RexpÀD r H oTn RT(4)whereF a aÂb b(5) n¼aþb(6) andK P¼P a AÂP b B(7)2 B.V.L’vov/Thermochimica Acta386(2002)1–16Here D r H o T and D S o T are,respectively,the changes of the enthalpy and entropy in reaction(1).If the partial pressure P0B of one of the gaseous components(B)greatly exceeds the equivalent pres-sure P B of the same component released in the decom-position and if,in addition to that,the magnitude of P0B remains constant in the process of decomposition,we call such an evaporation mode isobaric.In this caseP i A ¼K1=aPðP0BÞb=a¼1ðP0BÞb=aexpD S oTaRexpÀD r H oTaRT(8)In order to take into account the partial transfer of the energy released in the condensation of low-volatility product A to the reactant,we introduce into the calculations of the enthalpy of decomposition reac-tion(1)an additional term,t a D c H o T(A),where the coefficient t corresponds to the fraction of the con-densation energy transferred to the reactant.Thus,we can writeD r H oT¼a D f H o TðAÞþb D f H o TðBÞÀD f H o TðSÞþt a D c H o TðAÞ(9) The most plausible of all conceivable mechanisms for the energy transfer appears to be thermal accom-modation[27]or,in other words,direct transfer of the energy at the reaction interface by collisions of the low-volatility molecules with the reactant and the product surface.For equal temperatures of the solid phases,one may expect equipartition of energy between the two phases,i.e.,t¼0:5.For the majority of substances investigated up to now,the condition t¼0:5is found to be valid.2.3.Theoretical calculation of Arrhenius parametersEqs.(2)–(9)can be used for the calculation of the main parameters determining the kinetics of sublima-tion/decomposition processes:the evaporation rate J, the initial temperature T in,and two traditional Arrhenius parameters,entering the Arrhenius equation:k¼A expÀE RT(10)As can be seen from Eqs.(4)and(8),the E para-meter for reaction(1)should be different for the equimolar and isobaric modes of decomposition,i.e., E e¼D r H oTn¼D r H oTaþb(11) for the equimolar mode andE i¼D r H oTnÀb¼D r H oTa(12) for the isobaric mode.In both cases,the E parameter corresponds to the specific enthalpy,i.e.,the enthalpy of the decomposition reaction reduced to1mol of primary products without including components of that present in excess.By combining Eqs.(4),(8)and(10)with Eqs.(2) and(3),it is easy to obtain the relationships for the calculation of the A parameter.For example,in the case of decomposition of spherical particles in vacuum(the equimolar mode)in accordance with process(1),by combination of Eqs.(2)–(4)and(10), we obtainA e¼g M rr r0ð2p M A RTÞaFM ABb=2nexpD S oT ¼g M rr r0ð2p MRTÞ1=2aF1=nexpD S oTn R(13)where M is the geometrical mean between M A and M B, i.e.,M¼ðM AÂM BÞ1=2.In the case of decomposition of spherical particles in the presence of excess of the gaseous component B(the isobaric mode),by combi-nation of Eqs.(2),(3),(8)and(10),we obtainA i¼g M rr r0ð2p M A RTÞ1=21ðP0BÞb=aexp D S o TaR(14)As can be seen from theoretical modelling of the evaporation processes above,by combination of the different equations it is possible to obtain thefinal formulae for the calculation of the A parameter under different experimental conditions.These equations take into account many parameters describing the properties of solid reactant and primary products (thermodynamic functions,molar mass,density), the sample distribution(a monolayer or spherical particles of known radius),experimental conditions (temperature),and the evaporation modes(equimolar or isobaric)including,in the last case,the value of the excess pressure of the gaseous product.As a result,the A values may vary within very wide limits.For exam-ple,for a simple reaction of the type SðsÞ!AðgÞB.V.L’vov/Thermochimica Acta386(2002)1–163þb BðgÞ,the ratio of the A parameters for the isobaric and equimolar modes of evaporation equalsA i A ffi1ðP0BÞexpb D S oTðbþ1ÞR(15)Substituting into Eq.(15)rather typical values for these parameters:D S o T=ðbþ1Þ¼150J molÀ1KÀ1 (see below)and P0B¼10À5bar,we obtain A i=A effi3Â106for b¼0:5;A i=A effi7Â1012for b¼1and A i=A effi2Â1019for b¼1:5.Therefore,the isobaric mode of decomposition,compared to the equimolar mode,results in much higher values of the A parameter. As shown above,this approach allows calculation of both parameters of the Arrhenius equation(E and A).This means that the absolute rates of the disso-ciative evaporation can be theoretically calculated. Attempts to solve this problem in the framework of the traditional(chemical)approach using for this purpose the ideas of transition-state theory(with another name‘theory of absolute reaction rates’)were unsuccessful.These attempts(e.g.[28])have not progressed beyond very approximate estimations of the pre-exponential or frequency factor(in the range 1014–1016sÀ1)though,actually,the A values are far beyond these limits and in many cases becomes larger than1020sÀ1or lower than1010sÀ1[29].The value of the activation energy in these calculations was usually kept in the shadows.2.4.Theoretical calculation of initial temperature of decomposition in vacuumTaking logarithms and solving Eq.(4)for the temperature contained in the enthalpy factor,we obtain the following relationship for the calculation of the initial temperature of decomposition:T in¼D r H oTD S o Tþn R½ln qÀln F=nþðb=2nÞlnðM A=M BÞÀln P in(16)where P in is the partial pressure of product A corre-sponding to the initial temperature.Neglecting thefirst three insignificant items in the square brackets of Eq.(16)and taking into account Eq.(11),we come to the important relationshipT in E ffi1D S o T=nÀR ln P in(17)Taking into account that for sublimation or dissocia-tive evaporation of one mole of solid(metal or com-pound)at the temperature of the initial decomposition,the average value of D S o T=n¼150Æ30J molÀ1KÀ1[12–16,18–22,26]and that the initial temperaturecorresponds approximately to P in¼10À7bar[14],we obtain T in=Effi3:5Æ0:4K mol kJÀ1.The propor-tional dependence of the initial/appearance tempera-ture on the E parameter was pointed out on purelyempirical grounds in electrothermal atomic absorptionspectrometry in the1970s[30–32].However,only inthe framework of the physical approach has it receiveda rigorous theoretical explanation.The relationship(17)can be considered as a gen-eralization of the well-known Trouton’s rule relatingthe boiling temperature(T b)and the molar enthalpyof vaporizationðD H o TÞof liquids(see,e.g.[33]).Atthe boiling point when P¼1bar,the average valueof D S o T=n(for a majority of liquids)is about86Æ20J molÀ1KÀ1[33]and,as a result,T b=D H o T rangesfrom9.4to15.2K mol kJÀ1.3.Results and discussion3.1.Preliminary commentsThe method to be employed below consists incomparing experimental data on the kinetic para-meters with their theoretical values calculated onthe basis of the physical approach outlined above.Two parameters will be used:the E parameter and theinitial temperature of decomposition,T in,defined asthe temperature of decomposition which correspondsto thefixed partial pressure,P in,of CO2evolved.These parameters completely describe the kineticsof steady-state decomposition(in equimolar mode)at any temperature.The choice of metal carbonates foranalysis in this study was defined by the availabilityin the literature of proper experimental data on thedecomposition kinetics and reliable thermodynamicfunctions for reactants and products for the corre-sponding theoretical calculations.On this basis,car-bonates of Ag,Cd,Zn,Mg,CaMg,Ca,Sr and Ba havebeen chosen.Table1presents the results of a correla-tion between experimental[6,7,11,34–48]and theo-retical data.We will give below some comments on theorigin of these data.4 B.V.L’vov/Thermochimica Acta386(2002)1–163.2.Experimental kinetic dataDespite a wealth of publications in thisfield,the possibilities of choosing reliable experimental data which would characterize the decomposition kinetics of carbonates are fairly limited.Preference was given to a series of studies under isothermal conditions performed in the mid-1970s by Searcy and colleagues, devoted to the decomposition of CaCO3[6,11], CaMg(CO3)2[6]and BaCO3[7],as well as to the publications of Pavlyuchenko[37],who studied decomposition of CdCO3[35],ZnCO3,MgCO3[40] and SrCO3[46].In case of Ag2CO3,we used the only available data from a publication by Spencer and Topley in1929[34].Some data were taken from the works by Hu¨ttig et al.[38](ZnCO3),Britton et al.(MgCO3[41]and CaMg(CO3)2[43]),Judd and Pope[47](SrCO3and BaCO3)and from a recent publication by Maciejewski[45](CaCO3).In all these works(except[45]),measurements were carried out under continuous pumping of the furnace to10À7–10À8bar(the equimolar mode).For CdCO3, ZnCO3,MgCO3and BaCO3,the experimental values of E parameter in the presence of CO2(the isobaric mode)were also included.Samples of natural crystals of known size were used in the experiments of Searcy and his colleagues and powders,in the experiments of all other workers.The mass change were measured continuously with a quartz microbalance[34–48]or by the torsion–Langmuir technique[6,7].The mano-metric technique with an ion-gauge was used only in [11].When runs to be made in CO2,the diffusion pump was turned off and CO2was held at a steady-state level by adjusting a leak value.3.3.Theoretical kinetic dataTheoretical values of E and T in parameters in Table1 were calculated with the use of thermodynamic func-tions tabulated in[49,50].Table2presents the values of enthalpy and entropy changes for the deduced decomposition reactions.Eqs.(11)and(12)were used for the calculation of E e and E i parameters and Eq.(17) was used for the calculation of T in parameter.In the calculations of the enthalpy of decomposition reac-tions for all the carbonates except of BaCO3,we took into account the transfer of one-half of the condensa-tion energy to the reactantðt¼0:5Þ.For BaCO3,the best correlation between experiment and theory cor-responds to the condition t¼0.This means that,for reasons unknown to us,any energy transfer to the reactant in the process of condensation of low-vola-tility molecules of BaO is absent.The values of D S o T=n (see the last column in Table2)are in agreement with the regularity D S o T=n¼150Æ30J molÀ1KÀ1 (Section2.4)valid for different classes of solids.In the calculations of the initial temperatures of decomposition,we assumed that this temperatureTable1Kinetic parameters for thermal decomposition of carbonatesCarbonate T in(K)a v E e(kJ molÀ1)E i(kJ molÀ1)P0CO2ðTorrÞa Theory b Experiment Corrected Theory Experiment Theory Experiment Theory ExperimentAg2CO3371420[34]3874Â10À510296[34]143CdCO3442513[35]4692Â10À3135151[35]270272[35] 1.5268[36]50–200 ZnCO3497523[37]5084Â10À8151159[37],161[38]302251[39]10280[39]100 MgCO3689714[40]7058Â10À9204192[40],150[41]408450[42]760CaMg(CO3)2809824[6]8205Â10À61Â10À4[6]234195[6],221[43]468CaCO3895934[11]9285Â10À52Â10À5253220[11],209[11]506[11,44]205[44],222[45]SrCO3908888[46]8875Â10À3261290[46],222[47]522BaCO31205c1215[47]12142Â10À42Â10À4[7]319c283[47],264[48]639c643[48] 3.5226[7]a1Torr¼133:322Pa.b At PCO2¼3Â10À7bar.c At t¼0.B.V.L’vov/Thermochimica Acta386(2002)1–165corresponds to the initial pressure of evolved CO2, P in¼3Â10À7bar.In our estimates,this magnitude is close within a factor of3to the true values of P in in different works.Because of different techniques, instrumentation and experimental conditions used in different studies,this parameter is subject to variation in the range from10À7to10À6bar.3.4.Correlation between experimental and theoretical values of T inMost studies of the decompositions of powders and single crystals in thermal analysis tacitly assume that the temperature of the sample is equal to that of the furnace,and that the self-cooling due to some heat being expended in the endothermic decomposition can be neglected.However,as early as1931,Smith and Topley[51]showed that the temperature of a single crystal in vacuum was lower than that in the furnace by 4–8K.It is rather obvious that,for powders,the self-cooling effect should be much greater.L’vov et al.[20,52]proposed a fairly simple theo-retical model and developed a program to compute the temperature of individual crystals and the layer-by-layer temperature distribution in powder samples dur-ing the course of their decomposition in vacuum and in the presence of foreign gases.Simulation of the temperature distribution,inside a powder sample, can be reduced to modelling the vertical distribution between horizontal layers of this material of thickness equal to the powder grain diameter.If the furnace temperature is the same on top and at the bottom of the sample,the analysis can be limited to considering only one-half of such multilayered sample,from the cen-tral,0th or1st layer,to the n th outermost layer.All the calculations were performed with the laboratory-developed computer program described in[52].As an illustration of the value of self-cooling effect for the decomposition of single crystals of carbonates in vacuum(10À7bar),Fig.1presents the results of calculations of the temperature of the sample(reac-tant),T s,related to the temperature of the furnace,T f.It can be seen that the T s/T f ratio depends not only on the absolute rate of decomposition(or the partial pressure of evolved CO2).The effect is increased with reducing of the decomposition temperature.For example,the P CO2values,corresponding to T s=T f¼0:95,equal to about3Â10À4bar for BaCO3,5Â10À5bar for CaCO3and5Â10À6bar for CdCO3.It is easy to understand.Heating of the sample via the radiation from the furnace(in accord with the Stefan–Boltzman Law),is dramatically reduced with a temperature decrease.The corrected T in values given in Table1were calculated in the same manner.They correspond to the true temperatures of single crystals of carbonate in the process of their decomposition in furnaces at the initial temperatures of experiments.It should be men-tioned that the emittance parameter e in the calculations was assumed to be equal to its maximum valueðe¼1Þand therefore the corrected values of temperature cor-respond to their maximum allowable values.As can be expected,the effect of self-cooling is more pronounced at low temperatures.The T s/T f ratio is about0.92for Ag and Cd carbonates,0.95for ZnCO3and higher than 0.994for CaMg,Ca,Sr and Ba carbonates.The correlation between theoretical and experimen-tal(corrected)values of the initial decompositionTable2Enthalpy and entropy changes for the deduced decomposition reactions of carbonates[49,50]Reaction a n t D H o TðkJ molÀ1ÞD S oTðJ molÀ1KÀ1ÞD S oT=nðJ molÀ1KÀ1ÞAg2CO3!2AgðgÞ#þ0:5O2þCO2 3.50.5358.0298494.6298141.3 CdCO3!CdOðgÞ#þCO220.5270.1298356.2298178.1 ZnCO3!ZnOðgÞ#þCO220.5302.1298355.9298178.0 MgCO3!MgOðgÞ#þCO220.5408.5900343.1900171.6 0:5CaMgðCO3Þ2!0:5CaOðgÞ#þ0:5MgOðgÞ#þCO220.5468.2900328.9900164.5 CaCO3!CaOðgÞ#þCO220.5505.9900314.6900157.3 SrCO3!SrOðgÞ#þCO220.5522.2900322.1900161.1 BaCO3!BaOðgÞþCO220638.71200275.21200137.6a An arrow(#)implies taking into account the condensation energy transfer to the reactant.6 B.V.L’vov/Thermochimica Acta386(2002)1–16temperatures is presented in Fig.2.The agreement is excellent though,we should admit,is rather acciden-tal,if we take into account the discrepancies between initial temperatures listed for the same carbonate (e.g.CaCO 3)by different authors.As can be seen from the correlation equation (see Fig.2),a mean systematic overestimation of experimental (corrected)values over theoretical values is about 25K.Fig.1.The self-cooling effect for the decomposition of CdCO 3,CaCO 3and BaCO 3invacuum.Fig.2.Correlation of theoretical and experimental (corrected)values of the initial temperatures of decompositions presented in Table 1.B.V .L ’vov /Thermochimica Acta 386(2002)1–167For CaMg(CO3)2,CaCO3and BaCO3,the values of a v were included in Table1.They correspond to the ratio of decomposition rates(or,what is the same,to the ratio of equivalent pressures of CO2)for the equilibrium and deduced schemes of decompositions. Experimental values of a v were measured by the torsion–effusion and torsion–Langmuir methods. The agreement for CaCO3and BaCO3is excellent. Twenty times difference between theory and experi-ment in a v for CaMg(CO3)2may be attributed to the underestimation of the decomposition rate in case of effusion experiments[6].3.5.The self-cooling effect and measurementsof E parametersEffect of self-cooling on measured values of the E parameter is much more pronounced than that on the T in parameter.This results from higher mean tempera-ture used for the determination of E parameter.(The initial temperature usually corresponds to the lowest value of the temperature interval).The method of corrections of kinetic parameters and particularly of the E parameter for the self-cooling effect was described earlier[20].To remind,it consists in the following.The deviation of the measured E parameter from the true value,which corresponds to the assumed spatially uniform sample heating up to the furnace temperature,is determined,first,by the difference between the temperatures of the furnace,T f,and of the sample surface,T s,and second,by the effective number of powdered layers n e involved in decomposi-tion.The last factor corresponds to the effective number of powdered sample layers whose decompo-sition occurs at the same rate as that of the surface layer.Taking into account these two factors,the corrected value of the E parameter can be calculated using the relationship[20]E cor¼ð1=T0fÀ1=T00fÞE expþR lnðn0e=n00eÞ1=T0sÀ1=T00s(18) Here one and two primes refer,respectively,to the lower and higher temperatures used to determine E and the corresponding parameters n e,and the subscript ‘exp’,to the experimental value of the E parameter. Eq.(18)can be applied not only to powders but also to single crystals.In this case,n e¼1,and the calcula-tion of corrections takes into account only the tem-peratures of the furnace and of the sample.In case of powders,for the calculation of n e factors it is neces-sary to know the actual number of layers n in the sample.For spherical particles,this can be calculated using the relationship[20]n¼12pmr r0d(19) Here m,r,r0and d are,respectively,the mass and density of the reactant,the grain radius and the diameter of the balance pan on which the sample is placed.The described method was used in this study for the evaluation of the self-cooling effect on the E para-meters in the experiments of Searcy et al.with CaCO3 [44],CaMg(CO3)2[6]and BaCO3[7]and in the experiments with CaCO3(in vacuum and nitrogen) described recently by Maciejewski[45].Table3pre-sents the results of this evaluation.Single crystals were used in the experiments of Searcy et al.[6,7,44]and powders in[45].For the calculation of total number of layers,n,in powdered samples of CaCO3,we used the following magnitudes of parameters[53]:m¼20 mg¼2Â10À5kg;r¼2710kg mÀ3;r0¼7:5m m¼Table3Correction of measured values of E parameters for the self-cooling effectCarbonate T min(K)T max(K)P air(bar)n n e E(kJ molÀ1)Reference Measured Corrected Measured Corrected T min T max Measured CorrectedCaCO3934928.381013984.431Â10À7111205278.8[44] CaCO3788787.68823821.825Â10À41513.129.72222274.5[45] CaCO3973972.0310461040.8711511.52 5.64180277.2[45] CaMg(CO3)2824819.94900873.931Â10À7111191.6a260.6[6] BaCO311601159.8312101209.441Â10À7111225.9227.5[7]a Recalculated on the basis of tabulated data reported in[6].8 B.V.L’vov/Thermochimica Acta386(2002)1–16。

Environmental and Experimental Botany 82 (2012) 66–73Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirectEnvironmental and ExperimentalBotanyj o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /e n v e x p b otEstimation of photosynthesis parameters for a modified Farquhar–vonCaemmerer–Berry model using simultaneous estimation method and nonlinear mixed effects modelT.Qian a ,b ,A.Elings a ,∗,J.A.Dieleman a ,G.Gort c ,L.F.M.Marcelis a ,baWageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture,P.O.Box 644,6700AP Wageningen,The Netherlands bHorticultural Supply Chains,Wageningen University,6700AP Wageningen,The Netherlands cBiometris,Wageningen University,6700AC Wageningen,The Netherlandsa r t i c l ei n f oArticle history:Received 28November 2011Received in revised form 8March 2012Accepted 21March 2012Keywords:Tomato Light CO 2TemperatureRepeated measurements Rubisco activationa b s t r a c tThe aims of this paper was to modify the photosynthesis model of Farquhar,von Caemmerer and Berry (FvCB)to be able to predict light dependency of the carboxylation capacity (V c )and to improve the prediction of temperature dependency of the maximum carboxylation capacity (V cmax )and the maximum electron transport rate (J max ).The FvCB model was modified by adding a sub-model for Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco)activation and validating the parameters for tempera-ture dependency of V cmax and J max .Values of parameters for temperature dependency of V cmax and J max were validated and adjusted based on data of the photosynthesis response to temperature.Parameter estimation was based on measurements under a wide range of environmental conditions,providing parameters with broad validity.The simultaneous estimation method and the nonlinear mixed effects model were applied to ensure the accuracy of the parameter estimation.The FvCB parameters,V cmax ,J max ,˛(the efficiency of light energy conversion),Â(the curvature of light response of electron trans-port),and R d (the non-photorespiratory CO 2release)were estimated and validated on a dataset from two other years.Observations and predictions matched well (R 2=0.94).We conclude that incorporating a sub-model of Rubisco activation improved the FvCB model through predicting light dependency of carboxylation rate;and that estimating V cmax ,J max ,˛,Â,and R d requires data sets of both CO 2and light response curves.© 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.1.IntroductionMany studies have established the relations between photosyn-thesis and light intensity (Ogren and Evans,1993;Heschel et al.,2004),CO 2concentration (Cannell and Thornley,1998),and tem-perature (Cannell and Thornley,1998;Yamori et al.,2010).Most studies deal with photosynthesis response to only a few envi-ronmental factors.Integrated studies,where effects of all these environmental factors and their interactions are quantified in a wide range,are scarce.The model of Farquhar et al.(1980)(‘the FvCB model’here-after)is the most commonly used over the past three decades to study the response of C 3photosynthesis to environment.The model predicts net photosynthesis rate (A )at any given envi-ronmental condition.The CO 2dependency of photosynthesis rate is determined as the minimum value of three distinct states,limited by Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco)for∗Corresponding author.Tel.:+31317483250;fax:+31317418094.E-mail address:anne.elings@wur.nl (A.Elings).carboxylation,ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP)regeneration,or triose phosphate utilization (TPU).The light dependency of pho-tosynthesis rate is determined by the light response of electron transport rate (J ).The relation between J and light intensity was first described as a rectangular hyperbola function (Farquhar and von Caemmerer,1982)and later modified to a non-rectangular hyperbola function (Farquhar and Wong,1984;Von Caemmerer,2000).The temperature dependency of the FvCB parameters related to kinetic properties of Rubisco is described based on the Arrhenius function (Farquhar et al.,1980;Bernacchi et al.,2001;Medlyn et al.,2002a ).The original functions to describe the temperature dependency of V cmax and J max ,were modified in many studies (Dreyer et al.,2001;Leuning,2002;Medlyn et al.,2002b;Warren and Dreyer,2006).The peaked function was considered the best,since it predicts the V cmax and J max at the super-optimal temperature with the parameter deactiva-tion energy (H d )(Medlyn et al.,2002b ).Parameter values for the activation energy (H a ),deactivation energy (H d ),and the entropy factor (S )were estimated for different species (Harley et al.,1992b;Bunce,2000;Bernacchi et al.,2001;Dreyer et al.,2001).0098-8472/$–see front matter © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved./10.1016/j.envexpbot.2012.03.014T.Qian et al./Environmental and Experimental Botany82 (2012) 66–7367The FvCB model assumes that Rubisco is always fully activated (Farquhar et al.,1980;Von Caemmerer,2000).The consequence of this assumption is that the carboxylation rate of Rubisco(V c)is independent of light intensity.In other words,V c is assumed to be equal to V cmax.However,several studies(Taylor and Terry,1984; Salvucci et al.,1986;Von Caemmerer and Edmondson,1986;Brooks et al.,1988;)have shown that the fraction of Rubisco activation increases with light ing V c as V cmax derived under low light condition to determine photosynthesis rate under high light condition might cause under-estimation of photosynthesis rate.It is therefore necessary to extend the FvCB model with a sub-model of light dependency of V c,relating V c to Rubisco activation.The FvCB model is often simplified to two limitations,since the TPU limitation occurs only occasionally in case of saturated photosynthesis rate or even decreased photosynthesis rate with increased CO2concentration(Long and Bernacchi,2003;Sharkey et al.,2007).The CO2response curves are thenfitted with two nonlinear functions either limited by Rubisco or RuBP regenera-tion,taking the minimum value of the two.The methods used to fit the curves to the data and estimate the parameters are not yet consistent in literature.One method is the disjunct segments esti-mation method,separatelyfitting the functions of Rubisco-limited photosynthesis and of RuBP-regeneration-limited photosynthesis (Manter and Kerrigan,2004;Onoda et al.,2005;Sharkey et al., 2007).In this method,gas exchange data are divided into two subsets.Sub-setting is usually subjective,as it is not possible to unambiguously allocate data points to both processes.Arbitrary division of the two subsets has a significant effect on the estima-tion of the parameters(Miao et al.,2009).The second method is the simultaneous estimation method(Dubois et al.,2007),which simultaneously estimates the parameters for both functions using the entire gas exchange data set.This method avoids the need for preliminary division of the gas exchange data before analysis.How-ever,the simultaneous estimation method is not commonly applied to gas exchange data for the study of effects of environmental fac-tors on photosynthesis.Typically,data sets of light and CO2responses curves possess two characteristics.Thefirst characteristic is that the data set usually involves repeated measurements.Gas exchange measure-ments are obtained on one leaf over a series of light intensities or CO2concentrations.Proper data analysis should take into account that observations obtained from the same experimental unit(one leaf)are correlated,as otherwise the estimated error variance and standard errors of parameter estimates may be wrong(Potvin et al., 1990;Peek et al.,2002).The second characteristic is the increase in variation of the photosynthesis rate with increasing light inten-sity or CO2concentration(Peek et al.,2002;Lin et al.,2008).If the non-constant variance is ignored,the standard deviation will be overestimated at low light intensity or CO2concentration,and underestimated at high light intensity or CO2concentration.To accommodate for these two characteristics,Peek et al.(2002)pro-posed the use of nonlinear mixed effects models in photosynthesis response curves.However,only a few studies applied the nonlinear mixed-effects model to their data analysis to investigate treatment differences(Peek et al.,2002;Heschel et al.,2004;McElrone and Forseth,2004;Ozturk et al.,2011).The aims of this paper were to modify the FvCB model to be able to predict light dependency of V c and to improve the pre-diction of temperature dependency of V cmax and J max.Parameter estimation was based on measurements under a wide range of envi-ronmental conditions,providing parameters with broad validity. CO2response curves were analysed by the simultaneous estimation method rather than the traditional disjunctive segments estima-tion method.A nonlinear mixed effects model was used to account for the fact that photosynthesis response measurements involved repeated measurements on the same leaf.The simultaneous estimation method and the nonlinear mixed effects model ensured the accuracy of the parameter estimation.2.Materials and methods2.1.Plant cultivationTomato(Solanum lycopersicum,cultivar‘Cappricia’)plants, grafted on the rootstock Emperador,were planted on Rockwool®on23December2008in an air conditioned greenhouse.The green-house had a size of144m2with a gutter height of5.5m,and was located at Bleiswijk,the Netherlands.Initial stem density was2.5stems m−2.Stem density was increased to3.3stems m−2 eight weeks after planting.A standard horticultural computer (Hoogendoorn-Economic)controlled the environment inside the greenhouse.Photosynthesis measurements were conducted dur-ing July and August2009.Daily average outside radiation in July and August2009was18.17MJ m−2d−1.Realized day/night temperatures,CO2concentration and relative humidity averaged over July and August2009in the greenhouse were22.3/17.6◦C, 759/486␮mol mol−1,and80/86%,respectively.Water and nutri-ents were adequately supplied.2.2.Photosynthesis measurementsLeaf photosynthesis rate was measured with a portable pho-tosynthesis device(LCpro+,ADC,UK)at two leaf positions in the canopy,namely the uppermost fully unfolded leaf(top leaf)and the leaf near the middle of the canopy(middle leaf).Light intensity, CO2concentration,temperature,and humidity were controlled in the leaf chamber of the device.Measurements were carried out between9:00and15:00to avoid photosynthesis afternoon depres-sion.CO2response of photosynthesis was measured at CO2concen-tration levels between50and1600␮mol mol−1.The starting CO2 concentration was600␮mol mol−1,followed by400,200,50,600, 800,1200,1600␮mol mol−1.CO2concentration of the air in the leaf chamber(C a)was measured,and intercellular CO2concentra-tion(C i)was the output from the device calculated based on the function described by Von Caemmerer and Farquhar(1981).Air temperature and vapour pressure deficit(VPD)in the leaf chamber were maintained at27◦C and values below1kPa,respectively.CO2 response curves were determined at1395and465␮mol m−2s−1 incident photosynthetic active radiation(PAR).1395␮mol m−2s−1 PAR was considered as high light intensity at which Rubisco was fully activated,and465␮mol m−2s−1PAR was considered as low light intensity at which Rubisco was not fully activated.For each light intensity and canopy depth,six leaves were randomly selected from the greenhouse for six CO2response curves.The order of light intensity and canopy depth observations was randomized.Light response of photosynthesis was measured at PAR lev-els between0and1860␮mol m−2s−1.The starting level of PAR was465␮mol m−2s−1,followed by233,93,0,465,930,1395, 1860␮mol m−2s−1PAR.Light response measurement did not start at the highest light intensity to avoid photo-inhibition(Leverenz et al.,1990).Air temperature and VPD in the leaf chamber were maintained at27◦C and below1kPa,respectively.Light response curves were measured at four CO2concentrations,which were set to400,800,1200and1600␮mol mol−1in the leaf chamber.For each CO2concentration and each canopy depth,six leaves were ran-domly selected from the greenhouse for six light response curves. The order of CO2concentration and canopy depth observations was randomized.Temperature response of photosynthesis was measured at air temperatures of24,26,28,30,32,34,36,and38◦C.68T.Qian et al./Environmental and Experimental Botany 82 (2012) 66–73Temperature response curves were measured at two CO 2concen-trations (1200and 400␮mol mol −1)and two light intensities (1395and 465␮mol m −2s −1PAR).For each temperature,light intensity,CO 2concentration,and canopy depth,six leaves were randomly selected from the greenhouse.The order of temperature,light intensity,CO 2concentration and canopy depth observations was randomized.VPD in the leaf chamber was maintained below 1kPa.However,when air temperature in the chamber was increased above 30◦C,VPD could not be maintained below 1kPa.Measure-ments on the VPD response of photosynthesis showed that the photosynthesis rate was not affected by VPD between 1and 3kPa (data not shown).2.3.The modified FvCB modelIn our CO 2response measurements,we did not detect saturated or decreased photosynthesis rate with increased CO 2concentra-tion.The model,therefore,was simplified to two limitations.A =min {A c ,A j }(1)where A (␮mol m −2s −1)is net photosynthesis rate,A c (␮mol m −2s −1)is Rubisco carboxylation limited photosyn-thesis rate,and A j (␮mol m −2s −1)RuBP regeneration limited photosynthesis rate.A c =V c (C i − ∗)C i +K c (1+O/K o )−R d(2)where V c (␮mol m −2s −1)is the carboxylation capacity at certainlight intensity, *(␮mol mol −1)is the CO 2compensation point,K c (␮mol mol −1)is the Michaelis–Menten constant of Rubisco for CO 2,K o (mmol mol −1)is the Michaelis–Menten constant of Rubisco for O 2,O (210mmol mol −1)is the oxygen concentration,R d (␮mol m −2s −1)is non-photorespiratory CO 2release,which com-prised mitochondrial respiration.A j =J (C i − ∗)4C i +8 ∗−R d(3)where J (␮mol m −2s −1)is the electron transport rate at certain light intensity.The light dependency of J is determined by a non-rectangular hyperbola (Farquhar and Wong,1984).J =˛PAR +J max −(˛PAR +J max )2−4ÂJ max ˛PAR2Â(4)where J max (␮mol m −2s −1)is the maximum electron transport rate,˛(mol e −mol −1photon)is the efficiency of light energy con-version on an incident light basis,Â(dimensionless)is the curvature of the light response of J .V c is equal to V cmax (␮mol m −2s −1),the maximum carboxylation capacity,if Rubisco is fully activated.Literature data in combina-tion with our own data (see Section 2.4)showed Rubisco activation increased with light intensity.This relationship was well described by an empirical logistic function (Fig.1).Assuming V c to be propor-tional to Rubisco activation,V c was described byV c =V cmax31+(69/1+exp(−0.009(PAR −500))100(5)R d ,K c ,K o and *(Parameter Tleaf )at leaf temperature T leaf (◦C)were determined by an Arrhenius function.Parameter Tleaf =expc −H aR/(T leaf +273.15)(6)where c (dimensionless)is a scaling constant,H a (J mol −1)istheactivation energy,and R (8.314J K −1mol −1)is the molar gas con-stant.The values of c and H a for calculating R d ,K c ,K o and *at T leafwere from Bernacchi et al.(2001),and listed in Table 1.Fig.1.Dependency of Rubisco activation on light intensity.A logistic function,Rubisco activation =31+69/(1+exp(−0.009(PAR −500)))(R 2=0.96),was fitted to literature and own data (the two data points were estimated from our own CO 2response curves at two light intensities,assuming Rubisco activation was propo-tional to V c ).V cmax and J max (Parameter Tleaf )at T leaf were determined by a peaked function,which is a modified Arrhenius function (Medlyn et al.,2002a ).Parameter Tleaf =Parameter 28expH a (T leaf −28)(28+237.15)RT leaf×1+exp(S −H d /(28+273.15))/R 1+exp(S −H d /(T leaf +237.15))/R(7)where Parameter 28(␮mol m −2s −1)is the value of the parameter V cmax or J max at leaf temperature of 28◦C.H d (J mol −1)is the deac-tivation energy.S (J K −1mol −1)is the entropy factor.The values of H a ,H d ,and S for calculating V cmax and J max at given temperatures were from Harley et al.(1992b),and listed in Table 1.Eqs.(1)–(4)are the basic equations of the FvCB model,predicting photosynthesis response to CO 2and light.Adding our empirical Eq.(5),the model is able to predict the light dependency of V c .Coupled with Eqs.(6)and (7),the model can also predict photosynthesis response to temperature.2.4.Parameter estimation and validationThe nonlinear mixed effects model was in the formy ij =f (x ij ,ˇ,u i )+e ij(8)where function f is the nonlinear function (Eqs.(2)–(4))describ-ing the CO 2or light dependency of leaf photosynthesis,x ij is the covariate vector for the j th observation on the i th experimental unit,consisting of CO 2concentration,light intensity,and canopy depth;ˇis the vector of unknown fixed effect parameters,containing V cmax ,R d ,˛,and Â,with possibly different values for the two canopy depths;u i is the vector of random effect terms for i th experimental unit,consisting of random deviations v i and w i of the population parameter values V cmax and J max .e ij is a vector of unknown random errors.The random deviations v i and w i were allowed to be cor-related,with possibly different variance-covariance matrices for the two canopy depths.The resulting model is an example of a nonlinear random coefficients model.CO 2response data were used to estimate the V c at two light intensities by using Eqs.(1)–(3)and (6)in the nlme (nonlinear mixed effects model)package of the R-software (version 2.9.2).The simultaneous estimation method described by Dubois et al.(2007)was applied.The estimated value of V c at 465␮mol m −2s −1PAR was 61%of the value at 1395␮mol m −2s −1PAR.In this way,the two data points representing our own data in Fig.1were derived,assuming Rubisco was fully activated at 1395␮mol m −2s −1PAR.T.Qian et al./Environmental and Experimental Botany82 (2012) 66–7369 Table1Parameter values and literature sources used for calculating K c,K o, *,R d,of Eq.(6),and V cmax,and J max of Eq.(7)at given temperatures.Parameter H a H d S c ReferenceK c79,43038.05Bernacchi et al.(2001) K o36,38020.30Bernacchi et al.(2001) *37,83019.02Bernacchi et al.(2001) R d46,39018.72Bernacchi et al.(2001) V cmax91,185a202,900650Harley et al.(1992b)J max79,500201,000650Harley et al.(1992b)a The value of H a for V cmax was estimated based on temperature response curves of our own data.The other light dependent activation data of Rubisco in Fig.1were obtained from literature.The relation between V c and Rubisco acti-vation was assumed to be proportional.A logistic function was chosen to describe the light dependency of Rubisco activation.The parameters of the logistic function were estimated based on the data points in Fig.1,resulting in the empirical prediction function Eq.(5).Light and CO2response data were used together to estimate the FvCB parameters V cmax,J max,˛,Â,and R d at leaf temperature of28◦C by using Eqs.(1)–(6)in the nlme package of the R-software.The simultaneous estimation method described by Dubois et al.(2007) was applied.For validation,the derived parameters by using the nonlinear mixed effect model were tested against measurements of photo-synthesis rate at28◦C of tomato(Solanum lycopersicum‘Cappricia’) in two other years(2008and2010).The photosynthesis rates of these two years were measured in a greenhouse at varying light intensities(0–1395␮mol m−2s−1PAR)and CO2concentra-tions(50–1600␮mol mol−1air CO2concentration).Eqs.(1)–(6) were used to calculate A from the derived parameters,V cmax,J max,˛,Â,and R d,based on the C i,PAR and T leaf measured with each data point.To compare the FvCB models that included and excluded the sub-model of Rubisco activation,parameter estimation was carried out by using Eqs.(1)–(4)and(6)(excluding Eq.(5),the sub-model of Rubisco activation).The derived parameters V cmax,J max,˛,Â,and R d,were used to calculate the A for light response curves at four air CO2concentrations(400,800,1200,and1600␮mol mol−1)and 28◦C leaf temperature;for CO2response curves at two light intensi-ties(1395and465␮mol m−2s−1PAR)and28◦C leaf temperature; and for temperature response curves at two CO2concentrations (1200and400␮mol mol−1)and two light intensities(1395and 465␮mol m−2s−1PAR),using Eqs.(1)–(4)and(6),based on theC i,PAR and T leaf measured with each data point.2.5.Incorporation of temperature dependency of V cmax and J maxin the FvCB modelEstimation of three parameters,H a,H d,and S,resulted in an over-parameterization problem,as often has occurred in other studies(Harley et al.,1992a;Medlyn et al.,2002b).Estimation of only H a for V cmax on the basis of temperature response data was possible,by using Eqs.(1)–(7).H d and S for V cmax werefixed as constant,using the value from Harley et al.(1992a,b)(Table1.). Calculated temperature response curves were compared with mea-sured temperature response curves.3.ResultsAs CO2concentration increased,the effect of light inten-sity on photosynthesis rate increased(Fig.2),indicating a shift of photosynthesis from the Rubisco-limited process to the RuBP regeneration limited process.Light intensity had a signif-icant effect on V c(P-value<0.001).V c was122␮mol m−2s−1at 1395␮mol m−2s−1PAR and71␮mol m−2s−1at465␮mol m−2s−1PAR for the top leaf;and102␮mol m−2s−1at1395␮mol m−2s−1 PAR and65␮mol m−2s−1at465␮mol m−2s−1PAR for the middle leaf.On average,the value of V c at465␮mol m−2s−1PAR was about 61%of the value of V c at1395␮mol m−2s−1PAR.CO2concentration affected the light response of photosyn-thesis of both top leaf and middle leaf(Fig.3A and B).For the top leaf,increasing the CO2concentration from400to800,and from800to1200␮mol mol−1,increased the maximum photo-synthesis rate by87%and33%,respectively(Fig.3A).For the middle leaf,increasing the CO2concentration from400to800, and from800to1200␮mol mol−1,increased the maximum pho-tosynthesis rate by65%and35%,respectively(Fig.3B).Further increase of CO2concentration from1200to1600␮mol mol−1only increased the maximum photosynthesis rate by6%for the top leaf (Fig.3A)and4%for the middle leaf(Fig.3B).In addition,the light response curves showed no saturation at the highest light intensity 1860␮mol m−2s−1when CO2concentration was equal to or higher than800␮mol mol−1.The temperature response of leaf photosynthesis showed an optimum at about32-36◦C at1395␮mol m−2s−1PARandFig.2.CO2response of photosynthesis of the top leaf(A)and middle leaf(B)at 1395and465␮mol m−2s−1PAR.Vertical bars indicate standard error of mean (n=6).Symbols represent measured data.Lines indicated thefitted curves of Rubisco limited photosynthesis(solid line)and RuBP regeneration limited photosynthesis (dashed line).70T.Qian et al./Environmental and Experimental Botany 82 (2012) 66–73Fig.3.Observed (symbols)and predicted (lines)light response of photosynthe-sis of the top leaf (A)and middle leaf (B)at 1600␮mol mol −1,1200␮mol mol −1,800␮mol mol −1,and 400␮mol mol −1CO 2concentrations.Vertical bars indicate standard error of mean (n =6).1200␮mol mol −1CO 2(Fig.4A and B).However,at low light or lowCO 2concentration,the peak is less evident.The FvCB parameters were estimated by using a nonlinear mixed effect model (Table 2).In the analysis,parameters V cmax ,J max ,˛,Â,and R d were allowed to be different between leaf positions.Leaf position had a significant effect on V cmax (P -value <0.001)and J max (P -value <0.001),but not on ˛(P -value =0.41),Â(P -value =0.91),and R d (P -value =0.17).Therefore,the effects of leaf position on ˛,Â,and R d were removed from the model.The final model included separate values of parameters V cmax and J max for top and middle leaf,and random deviations of V cmax and J max per leaf from the population values.The FvCB parameters were also estimated by using the ordinary nonlinear model (Table 2).The analysis using an ordinary nonlinear model also showed that leaf position had a sig-nificant effect on V cmax (P -value <0.001)and J max (P -value <0.001),while no effect on ˛(P -value =0.61),Â(P -value =0.30),and R d (P -value =0.92)was found.Temperature response of photosynthesis was estimated with the FvCB parameter values obtained.The predicted and observed values were satisfactorily close at high CO 2levels.A mismatch was detected at low CO 2levels (data not shown)when we applied the value of H a ,116300J mol −1,for V cmax from Harley’s work (Harley et al.,1992b ).This mismatch was caused by an inaccurate tempera-ture dependency of V cmax in the model.Therefore,we estimated the H a ,91185J mol −1,for V cmax from our own temperature response data (Table 1),resulting in improved prediction (Fig.4).The validation of the model on data from two other years (Fig.5.)showed that the predictions using the values derived by nonlinear mixed effect model were very close to the observed val-ues (R 2=0.94,estimated relationship y =1.06x ).The importance of the Rubisco activation sub-model was tested by comparing the predicted light response curves,CO 2response curves and temperature response curves,using the parameters derivedfromFig.4.Observed (symbols)and predicted (lines)temperature response of pho-tosynthesis of the top leaf (A)and middle leaf (B)at four combinations of light intensity and CO 2concentration:1395␮mol m −2s −1PAR and 1200␮mol mol −1CO 2,1395␮mol m −2s −1PAR and 400␮mol mol −1CO 2,465␮mol m −2s −1PAR and 1200␮mol mol −1CO 2,465␮mol m −2s −1PAR and 400␮mol mol −1CO 2.Vertical bars indicate standard error of mean (n =6).the FvCB model including and excluding the sub-model of light dependency of V c .When this sub-model was excluded,A was over-estimated near the transition point (intersection of A c and A j ).Consequently,the light response curves at air CO 2concentration of 400␮mol mol −1showed over-estimation of A at PAR levels of about 200–500␮mol m −2s −1(Fig.6A).The CO 2response curve at 465␮mol m −2s −1PAR showed over-estimation of A at C i concen-trations of about 300-500␮mol mol −1(Fig.6B).As a result,the temperature response of A was over-estimated at 400␮mol mol −1air CO 2concentration and 465␮mol m −2s −1PAR (Fig.6C).ApartFig. 5.Observed and predicted photosynthesis rate using the estimated FvCB parameters (Table 2).Horizontal bars indicate standard error of mean (n =6).T.Qian et al./Environmental and Experimental Botany 82 (2012) 66–7371Table 2Parameter values (standard error in parenthesis)of the FvCB photosynthesis model for two leaf positions in the canopy estimated on the basis of light and CO 2response curves,using nonlinear mixed effect model and ordinary nonlinear model.Parameter Leaf positionValue estimated by nonlinear mixed effect modelValue estimated by ordinary modelV cmax Top 117(3.0)115(2.0)Middle 97(3.0)92(1.9)J max Top 309(13)349(13)Middle232(10)248(18)˛Top and middle 0.42(0.019)0.42(0.037)ÂTop and middle 0.25(0.122)−0.05(0.336)R dTop and middle0.67(0.191)0.41(0.319)from these data points close to the transition point,the predictions by both models including and excluding the Rubisco activation sub-model were similar and matched the observed values well for the rest of the response curves (data not shown).Similar results were observed for top and middle leaves (data not shown).4.Discussion4.1.Validity domainIn this study,the FvCB parameters,V cmax ,J max ,˛,Â,and R d ,were estimated based on photosynthesis data measured at a wide range of light intensities and CO 2concentrations.It broadened the valid-ity domain of the estimated parameters for light response ranging from 0to almost 2000␮mol m −2s −1and for CO 2response rang-ing from 50to 1600␮mol mol −1.With regards to the temperature response of photosynthesis,joint estimation of H a ,H d ,and S suf-fered from over-parameterization in many studies (Harley et al.,1992a;Medlyn et al.,2002b ).We used Harley’s (1992b)values of H a ,H d ,and S to determine the temperature response of V cmax and J max .Harley’s (1992b)values were validated against our tempera-ture response curves measured at temperature ranging from 24to 38◦C under two light intensities and two CO 2concentrations).The mismatch between some measured data points and the estimation might due to the fact that Harley’s parameter values were derived based on measurements on cotton,and our data were measured on tomato.Parameter values of H a ,H d ,and S for V cmax for tomato are available in literature (Bunce,2000),but not for J max .We there-fore decided to use the values of H a ,H d ,and S for both V cmax and J max from Harley’s (1992b)work,which are the most used values in other studies.There is increasing evidence that mesophyll conductance (g m )might be limiting CO 2diffusion from the intercellular airspace to the site of carboxylation in the chloroplast,resulting in significant lower CO 2concentration at the site of carboxylation (C c )com-pared to C i (Flexas et al.,2008).The three most commonly used approaches to estimate g m are based on gas exchange data only (Sharkey et al.,2007),combination of gas exchange data with fluo-rescence data (Yin and Struik,2009),or with data on photosynthesis response to O 2(Bunce,2009).However,estimating g m from our gas exchange data only was risky (Pons et al.,2009),therefore we used C i in our study as most studies do.Assuming infinite g m in our analysis meant that an appropriate consideration was needed in choosing values of Rubisco kinetic constants (K c ,K o , *)(Bernacchi et al.,2002).We choose the parameter values for temperature dependency of K c ,K o , *,from Bernacchi et al.(2001)and for V cmax from Harley et al.(1992a,b)as they also assumed a C i -based FvCB model.4.2.Rubisco activationIn the original FvCB model,V cmax was used instead of V c in Eq.(2),assuming that Rubisco is always fully activated.Taylor and Terry (1984)found that the percentage of activated Rubisco increased from 25%to 90%,with increasing light inten-sity from 100␮mol m −2s −1to 1500␮mol m −2s −1.Von Caemmerer &Edmondson (1986)also found that the activated Rubisco increased with increasing light intensity,and that only 50%Rubisco was activated at a light intensity of 400␮mol m −2s −1.Ogren and Evans (1993)indicated that full activation often required 1000␮mol m −2s −1.However,reported light intensities used in CO 2response measurements varied from 400␮mol m −2s −1to over 2000␮mol m −2s −1,without testing whether these lightintensitiesFig.6.Observed (symbols)and predicted (lines)light response curves at 400␮mol mol −1air CO 2concentration and 28◦C leaf temperature (A);CO 2response curves at 465␮mol m −2s −1PAR and 28◦C leaf temperature (B);and temperature response curves at 400␮mol mol −1air CO 2concentration and 465␮mol m −2s −1PAR (C)of the top leaf.The predictions used the estimated parameters of the FvCB models including (solid lines)and excluding (dash lines)the sub-model of Rubisco activation.Vertical bars indicate standard error of mean (n =6).。

JMEPEG (2001)10:567–575᭧ASM InternationalKinetics of Strain Aging in Bake Hardening Ultra Low Carbon Steel—a Comparison with Low Carbon SteelA.K.De,S.Vandeputte,andB.C.De Cooman(Submitted 22February 2000)The kinetics of the static strain aging process have been analyzed in a vacuum-degassed ultra low carbon bake hardenable (ULC BH)steel with a total carbon content of 20wt.ppm through measurement of the strength properties.The influence of prestrain and free interstitial carbon content has been studied.The kinetic results were compared with those of a BH low carbon (LC)steel.In the derivation of the time exponent and the activation energy,only the first stage of aging was considered.It was observed that,at all prestrain levels and matrix solute carbon contents,the initial aging process in the ULC steel obeyed the t 2/3kinetic law and the kinetics were not influenced by the changes in dislocation structure due to prestrain and the dissolved carbon content.In comparison,the aging process and the kinetics in the LC steel were found to be significantly influenced by the amount of prestrain.The presence of carbide particles in LC steels can modify the aging kinetics.atoms n t segregating to per unit length of dislocation in time t Keywords internal friction,kinetics,LC BH steel,prestrain,is given bystrain aging,ULC BH steel1.Introductionn t ϭn 03΂␲2΃13΂ADt k T΃23(Eq 1)Bake hardenable (BH)vacuum-degassed ultra low carbon where n 0is the number of solute atoms per unit volume,A is (ULC)steels (C Ͻ50wt.ppm)have recently received increased the interaction energy between a dislocation and solute atom,attention for autobody applications in the automotive industry.and D is the diffusion coefficient of the segregating solute at Compared to low carbon (LC)BH steels (C Ͼ100wt.ppm),the absolute temperature T .With the advance of the aging ULC BH steels have excellent forming properties and an process,Eq 1fails,however,to describe the kinetics,as it does increased strength that is achieved due to the aging during the not consider the solute depletion surrounding the dislocations,paint baking of the final product.These steels can be processed a fact which was also recognized by Cottrell.on hot dip galvanizing/galvannealing lines without an overaging In order to extend the applicability of the model to systems section,which is necessary for LC steels to allow cementite of supersaturated Fe-C solid solutions,Harper modified the precipitation.Bake hardening is essentially a strain aging proc-above equation to allow for the lowering of solute concentration ess resulting from the interaction between interstitial carbon in the matrix surrounding the dislocations as the aging pro-atoms dissolved in the matrix and the dislocations generated ceeds.[6]He assumed that the rate of segregation at any time during forming operation.The kinetics of the process is con-would be proportional to the solute concentration remaining in trolled by the long-range diffusion of interstitial atoms to the solution and obtainedstrain fields of dislocations.Atmospheres of interstitial atoms are formed in the vicinity of the dislocation cores.Further segregation of interstitials to the dislocations results in carbide W ϭn t n 0ϭ1Ϫexp ͫϪ3L ΂␲2΃13΂ADt k T΃23ͬ(Eq 2)precipitation.The most obvious manifestation of the strain aging process is the increase in the yield stress of the material at all solute levels and aging times.[1]Earlier investigations of the where W is the fraction of solute atoms already segregated in strain aging process in Fe-C alloys have established distinctly time t and L is the total length of dislocations per unit volume.the mechanisms and stages of the process.[2–4]With regard to Harper found a good agreement with his experiments for frac-the kinetics of the aging process,it is likely that the entire tions of solute depletion up to 0.90.The limitations to the aging process cannot be described by a single model.The initial Harper model have been reviewed by Baird.[7]As the Harper stage of the aging process was originally described by Cottrell model does not allow for the back diffusion from the core of and Bilby’s kinetic model.[5]According to Cottrell and Bilby,dislocations,it can only be valid for steels with low atmosphere during the atmosphere formation,the total number of solutedensities.In many strain aging studies in the Fe-C system,a generalized form of Harper’s equation has been used to derive the kinetics of the aging process.Equation 2can be rewritten asA.K.De andB.C.De Cooman,Laboratory for Iron and Steelmaking,Ghent University,9052Ghent,Belgium;and S.Vandeputte,OCAS N.V .,Research Centre of the SIDMAR Group,9060Zelzate,Belgium.ln (1ϪW )ϭϪ΂t␶΃nϭϪ(k t )n(Eq 3)Contact e-mail:bruno.decooman@rug.ac.be.where ␶is a temperature-dependent relaxation constant obeying an Arrhenius-type relation from which the activation enthalpy of the aging process can be derived.The kinetic parameters n and ⌬H derived from fitting experimental data to Eq 3have often been used to interpret precipitation mechanisms or to take into account dislocation inhomogeneities.Any deviation in the value of n from 2/3is generally regarded as being associated with a change in the precipitation mechanism of carbon on dislocations or in the matrix.[8–12]In BH ULC steel,a very low amount of carbon is retained in solid solution at the end of processing and the precipitation of iron carbides is unlikely to take place in this type of steel.[13]Moreover,because of the ultra low level of solute content,the C backdiffusion is expected to be insignificant.Therefore,the application of the Harper derivation should give an accurate description of the aging kinetics until the completion of the Fig.1Measurement of increase in yield stress ⌬␴due to strain agingatmosphere formation in ULC steels.Strain aging in ULC BH steel is technologically very important.Presently,attempts are being made to increase the bake hardenability of these steels through retention of more The parameter W has often been equated to the fractional solute carbon in the matrix by increasing the cooling rates after increase in yield stress,⌬␴/⌬␴max ,during the aging process,soaking in a continuous annealing cycle.In this work,the strain where ⌬␴is the increase in yield stress after aging for time t aging results of a BH ULC steel have been examined with and ⌬␴max is the maximum stress increment due to prolonged respect to changes in prestrain and solute carbon content aging.[1]The proportionality between W and ⌬␴/⌬␴max may be resulting from the application of different cooling rates after questioned when the aging process occurs in supersaturated annealing.The kinetic parameters n and ⌬H of the aging process solid solutions,where the strengthening may result from differ-were determined with the analytical models describing atmos-ent concurrent mechanisms,but it probably is a fair approxima-phere formation.The influence of the prestrain and the solute tion in the case of the ULC steels.carbon content on the time exponent n was evaluated.In the derivation of the kinetics,the increase in upper yield strength 2.2Hartley Modeldue to the aging process was taken into account rather than the solute segregation,as the former is the most consistent This is the only model available so far that allows the kinetics manifestation of the atmosphere formation process.This consid-of strain aging to be derived by measuring the changes in yield eration also stems from the fact that a very small amount of stress.Hartley described the increase in yield stress during carbon is required for atmosphere formation even for a highly aging as due only to the reduction of mobile dislocation length,deformed material.Considering the occupancy of one carbon which is proportional to the linear concentration of carbon on atom per atomic plane threaded by the dislocation at atmosphere the dislocations.Hartley proposed the following aging saturation,the amount of carbon required to saturate a disloca-kinetic equation:[14]tion density of ␳(m Ϫ2)in bcc ferrite can be calculated as(␴y Ϫ␴f )1/2(␴y ϩ␴f )ϭ⌬␴␴ϭK 1ϩK 2΂DtT΃2/3(Eq 5)[C]ppm ϭ8.9и10Ϫ15и␳(Eq 4)So,even for a large dislocation density of 1014/m 2,onlywhere ␴y is the upper yield stress after prestraining and aging,about 1ppm carbon is needed to saturate all the dislocations.␴f is the flow stress at the end of prestraining (Fig.1),t is Whereas in the past the C aging has been successfully analyzed the aging time,T is the aging temperature,D is the diffusion by means of internal friction (IF)or resistivity measurements,coefficient,[14]and K 1and K 2are constants for constant test no diagnostic tool is presently available to monitor accurately conditions,The slope S of the ⌬␴/␴versus t 2/3plot is given such extremely low levels of carbon segregation during atmos-by S ϭK 2(D /T )2/3.With D ϭD 0exp [Ϫ(⌬H /R T )],the activa-phere formation.tion energy ⌬H for carbon diffusion therefore can be easily obtained from the plot of ln (ST 2/3)versus 1/T .However,apart from dimensionality consideration,the phys-2.Application of Kinetic Modelsical interpretation of the use of the term 1/2(␴y ϩ␴f )is not clear in Hartley’s derivation.[14]Since in the derivation of Eq 2.1Harper Model5the degree of atmosphere saturation has been taken into account instead of the total fraction of solute segregating to From Eq 3,a plot of ln [Ϫln (1ϪW )]against ln t will result in a straight line with a slope n and a y intersect proportional to the dislocations,it was considered more appropriate to use the term ⌬␴/⌬␴atm for the degree of saturation in the present work,the diffusivity of the interstitial solute.Since k is expressed as k ϭk 0exp [Ϫ(⌬H /R T )],a plot of ln k versus 1/T will give where ⌬␴atm is the maximum increase in yield stress at atmos-phere saturation.It has been observed that the maximumthe activation energy of the aging process.Table1Chemical composition of the steels(in wt.%)during the fast heating(100ЊC/min)of the specimen in aninfrared radiator furnace over a temperature range of20to300 Steel C Mn P S Al Ti NЊC.[16]At40kHz,the Snoek peak occurs at around192ЊC.The inherent advantage associated with this technique is that ULC0.00200.090.0450.00300.04900.00700.0016it has a very high signal-to-noise ratio compared to the conven-LC0.0390.180.0350.00700.0540…0.0044tional torsion pendulum instrument.Hence,a very low amountof interstitials can be traced accurately with this instrument.Anadditional advantage of this technique is that,as the interstitial increase in yield stress⌬␴atm at atmosphere saturation is con-carbon segregates to the dislocations during heating to the peak stant for a prestrain level up to10%and aging temperatures temperature,one measures the actual interstitial C content in up to170ЊC for the ULC steel investigated.[13]the matrix at the paint baking temperature.Therefore,from Eq5,if the time exponent is set as n,thenthe slope of the ln⌬␴/⌬␴atm versus ln t plot will give the valueof n. 4.Results and Discussion4.1Aging Behavior—ULC and LC Steel and Effect of3.Experimental Procedure and MaterialPrestrain3.1Material and Processing Figures2(a)and(c)describe the aging behavior in theprestrained ULC steel with respect to time and temperature.It The material used for the present study was a vacuum-is observed that,at all prestrain levels,the increase in strength degassed ULC BH steel with the composition as given in Tablereaches a distinct saturation plateau after a time characteristic 1.The aging results for a LC BH steel with the compositionof the aging temperature.The strength then remains almost given in Table1were used to compare the kinetics of aging.[15]constant during further aging.Except for a marginal increase The hot-rolled sheets of both the ULC and LC steel werein strength in specimens prestrained2%at higher aging temper-given75%cold reduction in a laboratory cold rolling mill.atures,no second stage of hardening,i.e.,carbide precipitation, After cold rolling,the sheets were annealed in a(Carl-Wezel,can be seen.This suggests that the solute carbon available in Germany)continuous annealing simulator at850ЊC for60sthe matrix of the ULC steel(SC sheets)is sufficient only to with an overaging cycle of180s at400ЊC.The cooling ratecomplete atmosphere formation.The attainment of the satura-from the annealing temperature was10ЊC/s.The annealedtion plateau marks the end of Cottrell atmosphere formation,as sheets were further given a temper rolling reduction of1.3%.studied previously through the changes in yield point elongation Tensile specimens of80mm gage length were prepared(YPE)behavior.[13]Second,at all prestrain levels and tempera-from these sheets and were prestrained2,5,and10%at a straintures of aging,the maximum strength increase at the end of rate of4ϫ10Ϫ4sϪ1and then aged at temperatures betweenthe atmosphere formation,⌬␴atm,was found to beϷ30MPa. 50and170ЊC for different times in a silicone oil bath with aIn comparison,the aging in the LC steel has two distinct temperature control ofϮ1.5ЊC.stages(Fig.2d and e).A significant strength increase is observed For varying the amount of solute carbon content in the matrixin the second stage or the precipitation stage in the LC steel. of the ULC steel,the cold-rolled sheets were cooled from theThe maximum increase in strength decreases with the increase annealing temperature of850ЊC at three different cooling rates:in prestrain.(1)sheets cooled at the rate of10ЊCиsϪ1,(2)sheets cooled atthe rate of50ЊCиsϪ1to room temperature,and(3)sheets waterquenched from the annealing temperature at the rate of 4.2Effect of Cooling Rate550ЊCиsϪ1to room temperature.In the review of the agingFigure3shows the IF spectra observed for the SC,MC, results,these samples are designated as(a)SC(slow cooling,and FC specimens due to different rates of cooling.The carbon 10ЊCиsϪ1),(b)MC(medium cooling,50ЊCиsϪ1),and(c)FCcontent in the matrix increases with the increase in cooling (fast cooling,550ЊCиsϪ1).Tensile specimens prepared fromrate,as reflected in the IF spectra.The solute carbon content these sheets were prestrained5%and then aged at50ЊC forin the rapidly cooled specimens will be slightly higher than different times.what is measured considering the2min heating time neededto reach the peak temperature of measurement.Rapid cooling 3.2Mechanical Testing introduces some dislocations or vacancies in the material,and,hence,there is a possibility of losing some interstitial carbon The increase in yield stress⌬␴was determined as the differ-to the dislocations during the measurement.This effect is ence between the upper yield stress,␴y,after aging for time texpected to be very limited in slowly cooled specimens(Eq4). and the flow stress,␴f,at the end of prestraining based on theThe strain aging results of these specimens for an aging original specimen dimensions(Fig.1).temperature of50ЊC are shown in Fig.4(a)and(b)with The solute carbon content in the SC,MC,and FC specimensrespect to changes in yield stress and YPE.The distinct features was determined by IF measurements using a high frequencyrevealed in the aging results are as follows.piezoelectric ultrasonic composite oscillator.In this technique,the specimen is set to vibrate longitudinally over a piezoelectricoscillator at40kHz at a vibration strain amplitude of10Ϫ7.•With increasing interstitial carbon content,the aging stage The IF due to stress-induced ordering of interstitials is recordednow gradually advances to the second stage of aging andFig.2Increase in the yield stress with time for different aging temperatures for prestrained(a)to(c)ULC and(d)and(e)LC steelsa significant second stage hardening is observed in the FC saturation(as indicated by the maximum in the YPE values)is again30MPa in all the SC,MC,and FC specimens.and MC specimens.•The completion of the first stage of aging or the atmosphere4.3Kinetics of Agingsaturation occurs faster with the increase in carbon content,as revealed in the YPE results(Fig.4b).The aging results of Fig.2(a)to(c)were replotted in termsof Eq3and5and are shown in Fig.5(a)and(b),respectively.•The maximum increase in yield stress⌬␴atm at atmospherein Table2.It is clear from the figures that within the prestrainand temperature range studied,no change in the slopes isobserved.The values of n found through Harrier’s analysisfall within0.65to0.80,which are quite close to that derivedby Cottrell and Bilby for the interaction of the dislocationand the interstitial carbon for which nХ0.66.Values of nfound through Hartley analysis are also close to the valueof0.66.However,relatively higher values obtained throughHarper’s model were due to the neglect of saturation effectsin this model.The analysis of the kinetics through these models suggestsa normal strain aging kinetics(t2/3law),i.e.,carbon segrega-tion to dislocations alone,and that the kinetics is not alteredby the changes in the dislocation density in the ULC steelswithin the range studied.This is important since amplitude-Fig.3IF spectra in annealed ULC specimens cooled at different ratesdependent IF measurements on prestrained specimens demon-strated that prestraining the ULC steel in excess of7.5%results in dislocation structure changes.[17]The TEM observa-presence of cellular dislocation network formation.While thekinetics changes due to such dislocation structure changeshave not been reported so far,but based on Bullough andNewman’s analysis,a time exponent value of0.77had beenreported earlier[18]considering inhomogeneities in dislocationdistribution(in the region of clusters,cell walls,and carbides).The aging results of the LC steel were also analyzedthrough the Harper and Hartley models for comparison ofaging kinetics with those of ULC steel,and the results areshown in Fig.6(a)and(b),respectively.The n values calcu-lated from the data are given in Table2.It is clear that inthis case the amount of prestrain influences the values of nwithin the temperature range examined.The values of n forspecimens prestrained2%derived through the Harper(0.54to0.55)and Hartley(0.46to0.48)models are both lower (a)than those observed for the ULC specimens.The results pointmore toward a t1/2kinetic law.In specimens prestrained5%,words,at higher prestrain,the Cottrell atmosphere formationprocess dominates,whereas at lower prestrain,the n valuesare suggestive of a mechanism of carbon diffusion toward agrowing cementite particle.In a recent work by Kozeschnikand Buchmayr,[19]it was shown that within a prestrain rangeof0to5%there is a change in the precipitation mechanism.They indicated that,at low dislocation density,the precipita-tion of carbide is favored and,at about5%prestrain andmore,the ferrite matrix is depleted by Cottrell atmosphereformation and no carbide particles can form until at least themajority of carbon atoms have diffused to the dislocations.In earlier works,[11]a t1/2kinetic law had been found to beassociated with dislocation locking by carbon atoms at ferrite-cementite interfaces.The LC steel contains many cementite (b)particles[15]and also a higher amount of manganese than the Fig.4Aging behavior in ULC specimens with different cooling rates ULC steel.Therefore,it is likely that the carbide particles with respect to(a)increase in yield stress and(b)YPE can grow during aging and lead to an additional increase inyield stress.[8,20]Leslie[8]demonstrated that,during aging ofan Fe-Mn-C alloy at temperatures between60and100ЊC,precipitation of carbides both in the matrix and the disloca-Both the equations describe the data quite well up to thecompletion of atmosphere saturation at all the prestrain and tions could be observed as Mn shortens the incubation timeFig.5Kinetic analysis of the aging data of prestrained ULC specimens using (a )Harper and (b )Hartley modelsfor the formation of critical nuclei and affects the activity the solute carbon content (within 20wt.ppm),the aging mech-anism does not change.Earlier aging results with higher initial of carbon.The analysis of the aging data for specimens with different carbon content reported abrupt changes in aging kinetics in quenched-in iron alloys which were ascribed to the changes solute carbon contents (Fig.4)is given in Fig.7(a)and (b).The values of n measured from the slopes of these plots are in aging mechanism from nucleation on dislocation only to the nucleation within the matrix and dislocations.[8,9]The given in Table 3.It is interesting to note that the slopes are almost constant for all the specimen groups and are very close nucleation within the matrix is said to be facilitated by the presence of vacancy rings generated due to quenching.[8]Thisto the value of 0.66.This suggests that,even with changingaging process in the ULC and LC steels as a functionof prestrain and temperaturePrestrain,Aging temperature,⌬H,Steel Model%؇C n kcal/molULC Harper21400.6919.61000.70750.76500.7551400.6520.01000.65750.80500.72101400.7320.31000.74750.78500.73Hartley21400.5919.01000.76750.61500.6351400.6519.01000.79750.68500.61101400.8019.71000.71750.64500.66(a)LC Harper2500.5515.75500.6719.21000.80Hartley2500.4616.81000.485500.6421.81000.58was expected in the present case for FC specimens,but thepresent results suggest that,even if such a mechanism ispresent,it does not influence the aging process strongly.Thisis probably due to the fact that even the highest solute carbonin the FC specimen is too low to cause any matrix nucleation.The activation energy for the atmosphere formation processin ULC steel was calculated from Fig.5(a)and(b)using bothHarper and Hartley derivations,and the results are shown inFig.8(a)and(b),respectively,for the two models.The valuesare given in Table2and are in excellent agreement with theactivation energies of18to20.1kcal/mol for diffusion of carbonin bcc iron during strain aging,as published earlier.[6,21]Theactivation energies derived for the LC steel specimens appar-ently show a strong prestrain dependence.At higher prestrain,the activation energy derived(Table2)is close to that fordiffusion of carbon atoms to the dislocations,whereas at lowerprestrain,a much lower activation energy is found.This impliesthat the underlying aging mechanism in the LC steel is not thesame at all prestrains,a fact that was also revealed in the n(b)values(Table2).Fig.6Kinetic analysis of the aging data for prestrained LC specimensusing(a)Harper and(b)Hartley models5.ConclusionsIn the present work,an attempt was made to apply the to the aging results of an ULC and a LC steel,in order tocompare the aging kinetics for these steels and to obtain theavailable analytical models describing kinetics of strain aging(a)(a)(b)Fig.7Kinetic analysis of the aging data of SC,MC,and FC speci-mens using (a )Harper and (b )Hartley modelsTable 3Kinetic parameter n for the strain aging process in the ULC steel as a function of cooling rate(b)Model Prestrain,%Aging temperature,؇C Cooling raten Fig.8Determination of the activation energy of carbon diffusion during strain aging in prestrained ULC specimens using (a )Harper Hartley 55010ЊC иs Ϫ10.63and (b )Hartley model50ЊC иs Ϫ10.60550ЊC иs Ϫ10.63Harper55010ЊC иs Ϫ10.7150ЊC иs Ϫ10.76550ЊC иs Ϫ10.76•The maximum increase in yield stress at atmosphere satura-tion is 30MPa in the ULC steel,and this does not depend on the amount of prestrain or solute content within the range studied.kinetic parameters n and ⌬H .The kinetics were derived through measurement of the increase in yield stress due to aging.The •The activation energy for the atmosphere formation stage following conclusions can be drawn.in the ULC steel has been found to be 19to 20.3kcal/mol,which is in excellent agreement to the activation energy of •The time exponent n evaluated through different kinetic 18to 20.1kcal/mol for diffusion of carbon in bcc iron models suggested that the dislocation pinning by the carbon during strain aging reported previously in the literature.atoms is the dominant mechanism during the strain aging in the ULC BH steel at all prestrain levels and is not affected In the case of the LC BH steel,the dislocation density has by the changes in dislocation structure due to straining.a significant role in determining both the strengthening level after the second stage of aging and the kinetics of the initial •The amount of prestrain up to 10%or the changes in solute carbon content (up to 20wt.ppm)does not influence the aging process.At lower prestrain,the kinetics follows a t 1/2law,and at higher prestrain,the kinetics is governed mainly byaging kinetics in the ULC steel.11.V.T.L.Buono,M.S.Andrade,and B.M.Gonzalez:Metall.Trans.A, the dislocation and carbon atom interaction,which follows a1998,vol.29A,pp.1415-23.t2/3time dependence.12.R.Bullough and R.C.Newman:Proc.R.Soc.,1959,vol.A249,pp.427-40.13.A.K.De,S Vandeputte,and B.C.De Cooman:Scripta Mater.,1999,vol.41,pp.831-37.References14.S.Hartley:Acta Metall.,1966,vol.14,pp.1237-46.15.A.V.Snick,K.Lips,S.Vandeputte,BC De Cooman,and J.Dilewijns: 1.W.C.Leslie:The Physical Metallurgy of Steels,McGraw-Hill,New in Proc.on Processing and Properties,W.Bleck,ed.,Aachen,Ger-York,NY,1982,p.88.many,1998,Modern LC and ULC Sheet Metals for Cold Forming,2.W.Pitsch and K.Lu¨cke:Arch.Eisenhu¨ttenwes.,1956,vol.1,p.45.vol.2,pp.413-24.3.D.V.Wilson and B.Russell:Acta Metall.,1960,vol.8,pp.36-45.16.I.G.Ritchie and Z.Pan:33rd MWSP Conf.Proc.,ISS,Warrendale,4.P.Elsen and H.P.Hougardy:Steel Res.,1993,vol.64,pp.431-36.PA,1992,vol.29,pp.15-25.5.A.H.Cottrell and B.A.Bilby:Proc.Phys.Soc.,1949,vol.A62,pp.17.A.K.De,K.De Blauwe,S.Vandeputte,and B.C.De Cooman:J.49-62.Alloys Compounds,2000,vol.310(1–2),pp.405-10.6.S.Harper:Phys.Rev.,1951,vol.83,pp.709-12.18.J.D.Baird:Iron and Steel,1963,vol.8,pp.400-05.7.J.D.Baird:Iron and Steel,1963,vol.7,pp.368-74.19.E.Kozeschnik and B.Buchmayr:Steel Res.,1997,vol.68(5),pp.8.W.C.Leslie:Acta Metall.,1961,vol.9,pp.1004-22.224-30.9.R.H.Doremus:Trans.AIME,1960,vol.218,pp.596-605.20.T.Obara,K.Sakata,M.Nishida,and T.Irie:Kawasaki Steel TechnicalReport,1985,vol.12,p.25.10.S.I.Neife,E.Pink,and H.P.Stu¨we:Scripta Metall.Mater.,1994,vol.30,pp.361-66.21.C.Wert:Phys.Rev.,1950,vol.79,pp.601-05.。

选择题：1.If the system does not exchange energy with surroundings, it is an _________A open systemB closed systemC isolated systemD ontrol volume2. If the temperature of the liguid is lower than the saturation emperature for the existingpressure,it is called a_________liquid.A superheatedB subcooledC saturationD dry saturated3. If the efficiency of a real engine is significantly_______ the efficiency of a Carnotengine between the same limits, thenadditional improvements may be possible.A lower thanB more thanC equal toD greater than4. The velocity bector of a flow is expressed as V =ax2i+byztj, such a flow is a ____dimensional flow.A oneB twoC threeD four5. the critical Reynolds number of a rough-walled pipe is about_______.A 3x106B 3x105C 2000D 15006. If _______，the density variations influence the flow and compressibility effects shuldbe accounted for;such flows are compressinle flows.A M>0.3B M<0.3C M>0.2D M>0.17. Any _______effects that may exist are confined to a thin layer,called a boundarylayer,that is attached to the boundary ,the velocity in a boundary laryer is alwayszero at a fixed wall.A shearB gravitationalC inertialD viscous8. The ratio of the heat transfer surface area of a heat exchanger to its volume is calledthe area densityβ.A heat exchanger with_______is classifiedas being compact.A β<700m2/m3Bβ>700m2/m3Cβ>500m2/m3Dβ>1000m2/m39. The type of heat exchanger that involves the alternate passage of the hot and clodfluid streams through the same flow area is the _______heat exchanger.A regenerativeB compact Cplate and frame Dshell-and -tube10. Not all the radiation leaving one surface will reach the other surface sinceelectromagnetic radiation travels in straight lines and some will be lost to thesurroundings,we introduce _______in net radiant exchange.A reflectivityB emissivityC view factorD transmissivity11. _______use heat to conver water into steam for a variety of applications.A TurbinesB BoilersC GeneratorsD Condensers12. The modern 660MW coal-fired boilers has some _______tons of pressure parts.A 600B 2000C 6000D 2000013. ______is burned in coal boilers to ignite the coal burners,to warm up the boiler andraise pressure before coal is adimitted.A CoalB GasC WaterD Oil14. The radiant superheater outlet temperature ______with an increasing boiler out-put.A declinesB increasesC remains unchangedD decreases.15. The economizer is a ______heat exchanger for recovering enery from the fluegas.A parallelflowB upstreamC downstreamD counterflow.16. The ______utilises the heat in the boiler flue gases to heat the combustion air andprovide hot air for drying coal.A economizerB air heaterC reheaterD air preheater.17. There are no boiler tubes in the ______furnace of CFB because the rapidly movingsolids cause excessive erosion.A toppingB lowerC upperD middle18. The job of the pulverizers is to ______the feed coal down to a suitable size.A grindB heatC crushD warm19. The ball-and tube mill is a ______cylinder,partly filled with small diameter balls .A decliningB verticalC screwyD horizontal20. The Universal Pressure boiler is designed to maintain a ______flow inside thefurance circuits to prevent furace tube overheating during all operating conditionsA maximalB minimumC middleyD generic21. The steam after expending through the ______condenses in the condenser at a lowpress.A turbineB heaterC boilerD HP cylinder22. Machines in which there is no change of static or pressure head of the fluid in therotor are known as ______machine.A reactionB impulseC combined impulse and reactionD multi-stage23. The ______of a turbo-machine stage is defined as the ratio of the static orpressure head change occurring in the rotor to the total change across the stage.A degree of reactionB pressureC efficiencyD enthalpy24. For a turbine cylinder, substantial flanges and _____are required to withstand thepressure forces at the horizontal joints.A couplingB pipeC boltingD flange warming syetem25. With _____governing, the inlet belt is divided into sections each controlled by a sper–ate valve opening in sequence,resulting in a more complicated casting.A throttleB nozzleC slide pressureD constant pressure26. _____rotors required very careful attention to shrink fit and location geometries toavoid problems in running and with fatigue cracking.A integralB MonoblocC built-upD drum27. _____construction has the advantage of smaller forging components at the expenseof high integrity welding.A integralB shrink-on discC sub-criticalD Welded28. _____means that the weight is evenly disposed around the axis of theshaft. .A Static balanceB Dynamic balanceC balanceD Unbalance29. If critical speed is below running speed,the shaft is regarded as _____A rigidB flexibleC semi-flexibleD super-critical30 As a_____stage uses approximately the same heat drop as four impulse stage, it is usedto provide a shorter and cheaper turbine ,although with some sacrifice in efficiency.A impulseB reaction Cvelocity-compounded D single单词及词组aiabaticbafflebladeboilerboundary layerCarnot cyclecompositioncompressibilitycondensationconductionconvenctiondiffusiondry saturated vaporemissivityequilibriumfriction lossinternal combustion engineisentropicisobaricisolated systemisometricisothermallaminarmanuscriptmoisturemoleculepathlinepumpqualityradiationRankine cycleReversibleSaturationsteadystreamlinesubcooled liquidsuperheated vaporsurroundingturbulentultrasonicvacuumviscousAnchor 支座，固定Atomized 雾化Blast 鼓风Blowdown 排污Axis 轴Circulating fluidized bed CFB循环流化床锅炉Compressor 压缩机、压气机Coordinated 坐标，定位Counterflow 逆流（换热器）Creep strength 蠕变强度Critical pressure 临界压力Deterioration 恶化Distortion 变形Distillate 馏出物Drainage 疏水Drum 汽包Economizer 省煤器Erosive 侵蚀的，腐蚀的Embrittlement 脆性，脆化Evaluate 评估，评价Ferrite 铁素体Furnace 炉膛Generator 发电机Govern 控制、调节Hydraulic 水力的，液压的Ignite 点火Inert 惰性Ingredients 成分Inorganic 无机的Limestone 石灰石Margin 裕量，安全系数Mill 磨煤机Organisms 有机体Heterogeneous 不均匀的Hydraulic 水力的，液压的Ignite 点火Plasma spray coating 等离子喷涂Impurity 杂质Prefabricated 预制的Inert 惰性Inferior 低级的，劣质的Ingredients 成分Premium fuel 优质燃料Oxidation 氧化Polymer 聚合物Porosity多空的Radius 半径，范围Retract缩回Resonant 共振Reynolds number 雷诺数Rare earth element 稀土元素Regulate 控制，调节Rigid 刚性的，紧密地Rollers 辊子Regenerator 回热器，蓄热器Sootblower 吹灰器Saturated 饱和的Stress corrosion 应力腐蚀Superheater 过热器Temperature-entropy 温熵图Tenacious 黏的Thermodynamics 热力学Turbine 汽轮机Viscosity 黏度Velocity 速度Wear磨损Welded 焊接AccessAssemblyBack pressBalance pistonBearing boxBlowerBoundary layerBrittle fractureCarrier ringCasingCastChordConvergent-divergent type nozzle CouplingCoverbandCraneDouble-shell casingDuctilityDynamic balanceFabricationFatigue crackingFixed bladeFlexible rotorForgingFractureFull admissionHeadImpulseImpulse turbineInner casingKeyLacing wireMach numberMakeupMonobloc rotorMoving bladeNozzle boxNozzle governingOffsetPenetrationsPenultimate stageReaction machineResonanceRigid rotorRivetRobustRuptureStatic balanceThrottle governingToughnessWakeWheelTwisted三.翻译Thermodynamics is a science in which the storage,transfer of energy are studied.Energy is stored as internal energy,kinetic energy,potential energy and chemical energy; it is transformed from one of these forms to another;and it is transferred across a boundary as either heat or work.If a substance exists as vapor at the temperature,it is called saturated vapor.when the vapor is at a temperature greater than the saturation temperature,it is said to exist as superheated vapor.The pressure and temperature of superheated vapor are independent properties,since the temperature may increase while the pressure remainea constant.The first law of thermodynamics is commonly called the law of conservation of energy.In elementary physics course ,the study of conservation of energy emphasizes changes in kinetic and potentical energy and their relationship to work.A more general form of conservation of energy includes the effects of heat transfer and internal energy changes.Other forms of energy could alsobe included,such as electrostatic, magnetic,strain,and surface energy.Steam discharged from the turbine is directed into a condenser for two reasons.The condenser is operated at a high vacuum in order to create a low turbine exhaust pressure,rangingdown to 12mercury,abs.Turbines are ordinarily equipped with surface condensers that are indirector nonmixing –type heat exchangers.In the abence of mixing,the second function of the condenser can be realized,that is ,the reture of the condenate to the boiler.beacause of the high steam flow,the condensate must be conserved,otherwise the operation of a large power boiler would be impracticable.A fluid flow may be broadly classified as either a viscous flow or an inviscid flow.An inviscid flow is one in which viscous effects of viscosity are important and cannot be ignored.To model an inviscid flow analytically,we can simply let the viscosity be zero;this will obviously make all viscous effects zero. It is more difficult to create an inviscid floe experimentally ,because all fluids of interest have viscosity.The questionthen becomes:Are there flows of interest in which the viscous effects are negligibly small? The answer is “Yes,if the shear stresses in the flow are small and act over such small areas that they do not significantly affect the flow field.”This statement is very general,of course, and it will take considerable analysis to justify the inviscid flow assumption.A viscous flow can be classified as either a laminar flow or a turbulent flow .In a laminar floethe fluid flows with no significant mixing of neighboring fluid particles. If dye were injected intothe flow,it would not mix with the neighboring fluid exept by molecular activity; it would retainits identity for a relatively long period of time .Viscous shear stresses always influence alaminarflow . The floe may be highly time dependent or be steady.Incompressible gas flows include atmospheri flows, the aerodynamis of landing and takeoffof ommercial aircraft,heating and air-conditioning airflows, flow around automobiles and through radiators, and the flow of air around building, to name a few compressible flows include the aerodynamics of high-speed aircraft, airflow through jet engines, steam flow through the turbinein apower plant,airflow in a compressor, and the flow of the airgas mixture in an internal combustion engine.When a temperature gradient in a body,experience has shown that there is an energy transfer from the high-temperature region to the low –temperature region.We say that the energy is transferred by conduction and that the heat-transfer rate per unit area is proportional to the normal temperature gradient.。

金属切削‎m etal‎cutt‎i ng‎机床‎mach‎i ne t‎o ol‎金属‎工艺学 t‎e chno‎l ogy ‎o f me‎t als ‎‎刀具 cu‎t ter‎摩‎擦 fri‎c tion‎‎联结 li‎n k‎传动‎d rive‎/tran‎s miss‎i on‎轴‎s haft‎‎弹性 el‎a stic‎i ty‎频率‎特性 fr‎e quen‎c y ch‎a ract‎e rist‎i c ‎误差‎e rror‎‎响应 re‎s pons‎e‎定位 a‎l loca‎t ion‎机‎床夹具 j‎i g‎动力学‎dyna‎m ic‎运动‎学 kin‎e mati‎c‎静力学‎s tati‎c‎分析力学‎anal‎y se m‎e chan‎i cs‎拉伸‎pull‎i ng‎压缩‎hitt‎i ng‎剪切‎shea‎r‎扭转 t‎w ist‎弯‎曲应力 b‎e ndin‎g str‎e ss‎强度‎inte‎n sity‎‎三相交流电‎thre‎e-pha‎s e AC‎‎磁路 ma‎g neti‎c cir‎c les‎变‎压器 tr‎a nsfo‎r mer‎异‎步电动机‎a sync‎h rono‎u s mo‎t or ‎几何‎形状 ge‎o metr‎i cal‎精‎度 pre‎c isio‎n‎正弦形的‎sinu‎s oid ‎‎交流电路‎A C ci‎r cuit‎‎机械加工余‎量 mac‎h inin‎g all‎o wanc‎e ‎变形力‎d efor‎m ing ‎f orce‎‎变形 de‎f orma‎t ion‎应‎力 str‎e ss‎硬度‎rigi‎d ity‎热‎处理 he‎a t tr‎e atme‎n t‎退火‎a nnea‎l‎正火 n‎o rmal‎i zing‎‎脱碳 de‎c arbu‎r izat‎i on‎渗碳‎carb‎u riza‎t ion‎电‎路 cir‎c uit‎半‎导体元件‎s emic‎o nduc‎t or e‎l emen‎t‎反馈 f‎e edba‎c k‎发生器‎gene‎r ator‎‎直流电源‎DC e‎l ectr‎i cal ‎s ourc‎e‎门电路‎g ate ‎c ircu‎i t‎逻辑代‎数 log‎i c al‎g 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m‎a chin‎e s‎外圆磨床‎G rind‎i ng m‎a chin‎e s,cy‎l indr‎i cal ‎搪磨机‎Honi‎n g ma‎c hine‎s搪‎孔头 Bo‎r ing ‎h eads‎卧式‎铣床 Mi‎l ling‎mach‎i nes,‎h oriz‎o ntal‎卧式‎带锯 Sa‎w s,ho‎r izon‎t al b‎a nd‎卧式加工‎中心 Ma‎c hini‎n g ce‎n ters‎,hori‎z onta‎l卧‎式及立式加‎工中心 M‎a chin‎i ng c‎e nter‎s,hor‎i zont‎a l & ‎v erti‎c al ‎万能铣床‎Mill‎i ng m‎a chin‎e s,un‎i vers‎a l‎万能磨床‎G rind‎i ng m‎a chin‎e s,un‎i vers‎a l‎镗床 Bo‎r ing ‎m achi‎n es‎弯曲机‎B endi‎n g ma‎c hine‎s弯‎管机 Tu‎b e be‎n ding‎mach‎i nes ‎通用加‎工中心 M‎a chin‎i ng c‎e nter‎s,gen‎e ral ‎铜锻‎F orgi‎n g,co‎p per ‎铣‎头 Mil‎l ing ‎h eads‎铣床‎Mill‎i ng m‎a chin‎e s‎无心磨床‎G rind‎i ng m‎a chin‎e s,ce‎n terl‎e ss‎无心精研‎机 Lap‎p ing ‎m achi‎n es,c‎e nter‎l ess ‎压模‎P ress‎i ng d‎i es‎压铸冲模‎Die ‎c asti‎n g di‎e s‎压铸机 D‎i e ca‎s ting‎mach‎i nes ‎油冷却‎器 Oil‎cool‎e rs‎造链机‎C hain‎maki‎n g to‎o ls‎造线机‎C able‎maki‎n g to‎o ls‎造钉机‎N ail ‎m akin‎g mac‎h ines‎印刷‎电器板油压‎冲孔脱料系‎统 PCB‎fine‎piec‎i ng s‎y stem‎s摇‎臂钻床 D‎r illi‎n g ma‎c hine‎s, ra‎d ial ‎硬(软‎)板(片)‎材及自由发‎泡板机组‎H ard/‎s oft ‎a nd f‎r ee e‎x pans‎i on s‎h eet ‎m akin‎g pla‎n t ‎辗压机 R‎o llin‎g mac‎h ines‎液压‎元件 Hy‎d raul‎i c co‎m pone‎n ts‎液压冲床‎Pres‎s es,h‎y drau‎l ic‎液压动力‎元件 Hy‎d raul‎i c po‎w er u‎n its ‎液压工‎具 Hyd‎r auli‎c pow‎e r to‎o ls‎液压回转‎缸 Hyd‎r auli‎c rot‎a ry c‎y lind‎e rs‎P型PV‎C高分子防‎水 P t‎y pe P‎V C wa‎t erpr‎o of r‎o lled‎shee‎t mak‎i ng p‎l ant ‎刨床‎P lani‎n g ma‎c hine‎s牛‎头刨床 S‎h aper‎s其‎他铸造 C‎a stin‎g, ot‎h er‎其他锻造‎Forg‎i ng, ‎o ther‎‎a ir p‎e rmea‎b ilit‎y tes‎t透气性‎试验a‎u sten‎i tic ‎s teel‎沃斯田铁‎钢br‎i nell‎hard‎n ess ‎布耐内尔硬‎度br‎i nell‎hard‎n ess ‎t est ‎布氏硬度试‎验ch‎a rpy ‎i mpac‎t tes‎t夏比冲‎击试验‎c onic‎a l cu‎p tes‎t圆锥杯‎突试验‎c up f‎l ow t‎e st 杯‎模式流动度‎试验d‎a rt d‎r op i‎m pact‎test‎落锤冲击‎试验E‎l mend‎o rf t‎e st 埃‎罗门多撕裂‎强度试验‎envi‎r onme‎n tal ‎s tres‎s cra‎c king‎test‎环境应力‎龟裂试验‎eric‎e ssen‎test‎埃留伸薄‎板拉伸试验‎fal‎l ing ‎b all ‎i mpac‎t tes‎t落球冲‎击试验‎f atig‎u e te‎s t 疲劳‎试验f‎e rrit‎e纯铁体‎gan‎t t ch‎a rt 甘‎特图h‎e at c‎y cle ‎t est ‎热循环试验‎his‎t ogra‎m柱状图‎hot‎bend‎test‎热弯试验‎izo‎d imp‎a ct t‎e st 埃‎左德冲击试‎验lo‎o p te‎n acit‎y环结强‎度ma‎r tens‎heat‎dist‎o rtio‎n tem‎p erat‎u re t‎e st 马‎顿斯耐热试‎验ma‎r tens‎i te 马‎氏体m‎u llen‎burs‎t ing ‎s tren‎g th t‎e ster‎密廉式破‎裂强度试验‎机no‎l rin‎g tes‎t诺尔环‎试验n‎o rmal‎dist‎r ibut‎i on 常‎态分配‎o zone‎resi‎s tanc‎e tes‎t抗臭氧‎试验p‎a reto‎diag‎r am 柏‎拉图p‎e elin‎g tes‎t剥离试‎验pi‎n hole‎test‎针孔试验‎机ra‎t tler‎test‎磨耗试验‎roc‎k weel‎hard‎n ess ‎t est ‎洛氏硬度试‎验ro‎c kwee‎l har‎d ness‎洛氏威尔‎硬度r‎o linx‎proc‎e ss 罗‎林克斯射出‎压缩成形法‎ros‎s i-pe‎a kes ‎f low ‎t est ‎罗西皮克斯‎流动试验‎samp‎l ing ‎i nspe‎c tion‎抽样检查‎scr‎a tch ‎h ardn‎e ss 抗‎刮硬度‎s hore‎hard‎n ess ‎萧氏硬度‎spir‎a l fl‎o w te‎s t 螺旋‎流动试验‎surf‎a ce a‎b rasi‎o n te‎s t 表面‎磨耗试验‎tabe‎r abr‎a ser ‎泰伯磨耗试‎验机t‎e nsil‎e imp‎a ct t‎e st 拉‎伸冲击试验‎ten‎s ile ‎s tren‎g th 抗‎拉强度‎t ensi‎o n te‎s t 张力‎试验t‎h erma‎l sho‎c k te‎s t 冷热‎剧变试验‎tors‎i on t‎e st 扭‎曲试验‎u bbel‎o hde ‎v isco‎m eter‎乌别洛德‎黏度计‎v icat‎inde‎n tati‎o n te‎s t 维卡‎针压陷试验‎Vic‎k ers ‎h ardn‎e ss t‎e st 维‎氏硬度试验‎war‎p age ‎t est ‎翘曲试验‎weat‎h erom‎e ter ‎人工老化试‎验机w‎e isse‎n berg‎effe‎c t 威森‎伯格回转效‎应au‎t ocol‎l imat‎o r 自动‎准直机‎b ench‎comp‎a rato‎r比长仪‎blo‎c k ga‎u ge 块‎规bo‎r e ch‎e ck 精‎密小测定器‎cal‎i brat‎i on 校‎准ca‎l iper‎gaug‎e卡规‎chec‎k gau‎g e 校对‎规cl‎e aran‎c e ga‎u ge 间‎隙规c‎l inor‎e tee ‎测斜仪‎c ompa‎r ator‎比测仪‎cyli‎n der ‎s quar‎e圆筒直‎尺de‎p th g‎a uge ‎测深规‎d ial ‎i ndic‎a tor ‎针盘指示表‎dia‎l sna‎p gau‎g e 卡规‎dig‎i tal ‎m icro‎m eter‎数位式测‎微计f‎e eler‎gaug‎e测隙规‎gau‎g e pl‎a te 量‎规定位板‎heig‎h t ga‎u ge 测‎高规i‎n side‎cali‎p ers ‎内卡钳‎i nsid‎e mic‎r omet‎e r 内分‎??卡‎i nter‎f erom‎e ter ‎干涉仪‎l evel‎i ng b‎l ock ‎平台l‎i mit ‎g auge‎限规‎m icro‎m eter‎测微计‎mil ‎千分之一寸‎mon‎o mete‎r压力计‎mor‎s e ta‎p er g‎a uge ‎莫氏锥度量‎规no‎n ius ‎游标卡尺‎opti‎c al f‎l at 光‎学平晶‎o ptic‎a l pa‎r alle‎l光学平‎行pa‎s sime‎t er 内‎径仪p‎o siti‎o n sc‎a le 位‎置刻度‎p rofi‎l e pr‎o ject‎o r 轮廓‎光学投影仪‎pro‎t ract‎o r 分角‎器ra‎d ius ‎半径r‎i ng g‎a uge ‎环规s‎i ne b‎a r 正弦‎量规s‎n ap g‎a uge ‎卡模s‎q uare‎mast‎e r 直角‎尺st‎y lus ‎触针t‎e lesc‎o pic ‎g auge‎伸缩性量‎规wo‎r king‎gaug‎e工作量‎规Ri‎s ers‎R iser‎s are‎desi‎g ned ‎a nd p‎l aced‎so a‎s to ‎e nsur‎e fil‎l ing ‎t he c‎a vity‎duri‎n g so‎l idif‎i cati‎o n.T‎h ey a‎l so a‎c t to‎reli‎e ve g‎a s pr‎e ssur‎e in ‎t he m‎o ld a‎n d to‎redu‎c e pr‎e ssur‎e on ‎t he l‎i ftin‎gsur‎f aces‎of t‎h e mo‎l d.T‎h e vo‎l ume ‎o f me‎t al i‎n the‎rise‎r sho‎u ld b‎e suf‎f icie‎n t to‎reta‎i n he‎a t lo‎n g en‎o ugh ‎t o fe‎e dth‎e shr‎i nkag‎e cav‎i ty a‎n d to‎equa‎l ize ‎t he t‎e mper‎a ture‎in t‎h e mo‎l d, a‎v oidi‎n g ca‎s ting‎stra‎i ns.‎The ‎r iser‎requ‎i reme‎n ts v‎a ry w‎i th t‎h e ty‎p e of‎meta‎l bei‎n g po‎u red.‎Gray‎cast‎iron‎, for‎exam‎p le, ‎n eeds‎less‎feed‎i ng t‎h an s‎o me a‎l loys‎beca‎u se a‎peri‎o d of‎grap‎h itiz‎a tion‎occu‎r s du‎r ing ‎t he f‎i nal ‎s tage‎s of ‎s olid‎i fica‎t ion,‎whic‎h cau‎s es a‎n exp‎a nsio‎n tha‎t ten‎d s to‎coun‎t erac‎t the‎meta‎l shr‎i nkag‎e.Ma‎n y no‎n ferr‎o us m‎e tals‎requ‎i re e‎l abor‎a te f‎e edin‎g tha‎t ten‎d s to‎coun‎t erac‎t the‎cast‎i ng.‎T wo r‎i ser ‎d esig‎n s fo‎r the‎same‎cast‎i ng a‎r e sh‎o wn i‎n Fig‎.7-4.‎Ris‎e rs a‎r e pl‎a ced ‎n ear ‎t he h‎e avy ‎s ecti‎o ns o‎f the‎cast‎i ng. ‎The ‎f eed ‎m etal‎must‎be l‎o cate‎d abo‎v e th‎e hig‎h est ‎p oint‎of t‎h e po‎i nt o‎f the‎cast‎i ng.‎Chil‎l Blo‎c ksC‎h ill ‎b lock‎s are‎meta‎l blo‎c ks p‎l aced‎in t‎h e mo‎l d fo‎r loc‎a lize‎d hea‎t dis‎s ipat‎i on.‎T hey ‎m ay b‎e pla‎c ed a‎t an ‎i nter‎s ecti‎o n or‎join‎t whe‎r e th‎e re i‎s a c‎o mpar‎a tive‎l y la‎r gev‎o lume‎of m‎e tal ‎t o co‎o l, t‎h us r‎e liev‎i ng a‎hot ‎s pot ‎o r ma‎i ntai‎n ing ‎a mor‎e uni‎f orm ‎c ooli‎n g ra‎t e an‎d bet‎t er m‎i cros‎t ruct‎u re.‎T hey ‎m ay a‎l so b‎e pla‎c ed a‎t far‎surf‎a ce o‎f a m‎o ld, ‎a way ‎f rom ‎a ris‎e r or‎spru‎e.Th‎i s wi‎l l he‎l p th‎e far‎end ‎o f th‎e mol‎d to ‎f reez‎e rap‎i dly,‎prom‎o ting‎dire‎c tion‎a lso‎l idif‎i cati‎o n.C‎h ill ‎b lock‎s are‎also‎used‎at p‎o ints‎wher‎e it ‎i s de‎s igna‎b le t‎o hav‎e loc‎a lize‎d har‎d enin‎g, as‎in t‎h e ca‎s e of‎bear‎i ngs ‎o r we‎a r su‎r face‎s.P‎a ddin‎gPad‎d ing ‎c onsi‎s ts o‎f add‎i ng t‎o or ‎b uild‎i ng u‎p a s‎e ctio‎n to ‎o btai‎n ade‎q uate‎feed‎i ng o‎fiso‎l ated‎sect‎i ons.‎Fig.‎7-4sh‎o wed ‎t wo m‎e thod‎s of ‎f eedi‎n g th‎e cen‎t ral ‎a nd o‎u tsid‎e bos‎s .Sh‎o wn a‎t (b)‎is t‎h e pl‎a n of‎usin‎g two‎rise‎r s an‎d at ‎(c) o‎n e ri‎s er w‎i th a‎pad.‎The ‎s econ‎d pla‎n pro‎v ides‎a yi‎e ld o‎f 45%‎of t‎h e me‎t al p‎o ured‎, com‎p ared‎to 3‎0% wh‎e n tw‎o ris‎e rs a‎r e us‎e d. T‎h e fe‎e ding‎dist‎a nce ‎t o th‎e cen‎t ral ‎h ub i‎s 4.5‎t, wh‎e re t‎= the‎thic‎k ness‎of t‎h e fe‎e d pa‎t h. B‎y rul‎eof ‎t humb‎, the‎tota‎l thi‎c knes‎s of ‎p ad a‎n d ca‎s ting‎(at ‎t he p‎a d lo‎c atio‎n) sh‎o uld ‎n ot b‎e les‎s tha‎n one‎-fift‎h of ‎t he m‎e tal-‎f eedi‎n g di‎s tanc‎e. Th‎i s ru‎l e is‎not ‎a bsol‎u te b‎u ta ‎g ood ‎g ener‎a liza‎t ion.‎冒口‎冒口的设计‎及放置等，‎以确保加油‎站腔凝固过‎程。

焊接方面的1. 保护气体shielding gas2. 变形deformation3. 波浪变形buckling distortion4. 补焊repair welding5. 残余应力residual-stress6. 层状撕裂Lamellar Tear7. 插销试验Implant Test8. 常规力学性能convention mechanics performance9. 超声波探伤ultrasonic inspection10. 衬垫焊welding with backing11. 船形焊fillet welding in the flat position12. 磁粉探伤magnetic particle inspection13. 粗滴过渡globular transfer14. 脆性断裂brittlement fracture15. 淬火vt. quench n. ~ing16. 错边变形dislocating distortion17. 搭接lap welding18. 打底焊backing welding19. 单道焊single-pass welding20. 单面焊welding by one side21. 导电嘴wire guide ;contact tube22. 等离子弧焊plasma welding23. 低合金钢low alloy steel24. 点焊spot welding25. 电弧动特性dynamic characteristic26. 电弧焊electric arc welding27. 电弧静特性static characteristic28. 电极electrode29. 电流current30. 电压voltage31. 电源power supply;power source32. 电阻焊resistance welding33. 调修correct34. 定位焊tack welding35. 短路过渡short circuiting transfer36. 段焊tack37. 断续焊intermittent welding38. 堆焊surfacing;build up welding39. 对接butt welding40. 钝边root face41. 多层焊multi-layer welding42. 多道焊multi-pass welding43. 二氧化碳气体保护焊carbon-dioxide arc welding44. 反接reversed polarity;positive electrode45. 返修焊rewelding46. 飞溅splash47. 飞溅spatter48. 分段多层焊block sequence welding49. 分段退焊backstep sequence50. 封底焊back welding;sealing welding51. 缝焊seam welding52. 根部间隙root gap;root opening53. 固体夹杂solid inclusions54. 过热区overheated zone55. 焊道bead56. 焊缝seam welding57. 焊缝凹度concavity58. 焊缝成形系数form factor(of the weld )59. 焊缝代号welding symbols60. 焊缝厚度weld throat thickness61. 焊缝金属weld metal62. 焊缝宽度weld width63. 焊缝凸度convexity64. 焊根root of weld65. 焊后热处理postweld heat treatment66. 焊机welding machine67. 焊剂fluxes68. 焊脚尺寸fillet weld size；size of a fillet weld69. 焊接变位机welding positioner70. 焊接变位机positioner71. 焊接材料welding material72. 焊接残余变形welding residual deformation73. 焊接翻转机welding tilter74. 焊接工艺welding technology75. 焊接工艺参数welding condition(welding parameter)76. 焊接工艺评定evaluation about technology of welding77. 焊接工作台welding bench78. 焊接规范welding norm ;welding specifation79. 焊接机器人welding robot80. 焊接技术welding technique81. 焊接夹具fixture82. 焊接缺陷crack imcomplete penatration83. 焊接热循环weld thermal cycle84. 焊接熔池welding pool85. 焊接顺序welding sequence86. 焊接速度welding speed87. 焊接位置position of welding88. 焊接温度场welding temperature field89. 焊接性weldability90. 焊接性weldability91. 焊接应力welding stress92. 焊瘤overlap93. 焊枪welding gun94. 焊丝welding wire95. 焊条welding rod;electrode96. 焊趾toe of weld97. 横焊horizontal position welding98. 横向收缩变形transverse shringkage distortion99. 后热postheat100.弧长length of arc101.弧坑裂纹crater crack102. 划线criibing103.混合比mixing ratio104.基本尺寸basic dimensions105.激光焊laser beam welding106.夹紧力clamping force107.间隙gap108.减压器pressure regulator109.交流alternating current110.角变形angular distortion111.角接fillet welding112.接头joint113.近缝区Near Weld Zone114. 开焊接坡口bevelling115.快速割嘴nozzle for high-flame cutting 116.扩散焊diffusion welding117.冷裂纹Cold Cracking118.立焊vertical position welding 119.连续焊continuous welding120.流量the rate of flow121.流量计flowmetre122.螺旋变形twisting distortion 123.埋弧焊submerged arc welding 124.脉冲氩弧焊plused argon arc welding 125.密封性检验leak test126.摩擦焊friction welding127.母材basic material128.内应力internal stress129.耐压检验pressure test130.挠曲变形bending distortion 131.扭曲变形distormation132.喷射过渡spray transfer133.喷嘴nozzle134.疲劳性能fatigue property135.平焊flat position welding 136.坡口groove137.坡口角度groove angle138.气孔gas cavity139.气密性检验air tight test140.气体保护电弧焊gas shielding arc welding141.钎焊brazing;soldering142.切割cut143.氢致裂纹Hgdrogen induced Crack 144.清根back chipping145.缺陷imperfection146.缺陷分级classification for imperfection 147.热烈纹heat crack148.热烈纹Hot Cracking149.热应力thermal stress150.热影响区Heat Affected Zone金属切削metal cutting机床machine tool金属工艺学technology of metals刀具cutter摩擦friction联结link传动drive/transmission轴shaft弹性elasticity频率特性frequency characteristic误差error响应response定位allocation机床夹具jig动力学dynamic运动学kinematic静力学static分析力学analyse mechanics拉伸pulling压缩hitting剪切shear扭转twist弯曲应力bending stress强度intensity三相交流电three-phase AC磁路magnetic circles变压器transformer异步电动机asynchronous motor几何形状geometrical精度precision正弦形的sinusoid交流电路AC circuit机械加工余量machining allowance 变形力deforming force变形deformation应力stress硬度rigidity热处理heat treatment退火anneal正火normalizing脱碳decarburization渗碳carburization电路circuit半导体元件semiconductor element 反馈feedback发生器generator直流电源DC electrical source门电路gate circuit逻辑代数logic algebra外圆磨削external grinding内圆磨削internal grinding平面磨削plane grinding变速箱gearbox离合器clutch绞孔fraising绞刀reamer螺纹加工thread processing螺钉screw铣削mill铣刀milling cutter功率power工件workpiece齿轮加工gear mechining齿轮gear主运动main movement主运动方向direction of main movement进给方向direction of feed进给运动feed movement合成进给运动resultant movement of feed合成切削运动resultant movement of cutting合成切削运动方向direction of resultant movement of cutting 切削深度cutting depth前刀面rake face刀尖nose of tool前角rake angle后角clearance angle龙门刨削planing主轴spindle主轴箱headstock卡盘chuck (来源：英语麦当劳－英语杂志)加工中心machining center车刀lathe tool车床lathe钻削镗削bore车削turning磨床grinder基准benchmark钳工locksmith锻forge压模stamping焊weld拉床broaching machine拉孔broaching装配assembling铸造found流体动力学fluid dynamics流体力学fluid mechanics加工machining液压hydraulic pressure切线tangent机电一体化mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration 气压air pressure pneumatic pressure稳定性stability介质medium液压驱动泵fluid clutch液压泵hydraulic pump阀门valve失效invalidation强度intensity载荷load应力stress安全系数safty factor可靠性reliability螺纹thread螺旋helix键spline销pin滚动轴承rolling bearing滑动轴承sliding bearing弹簧spring制动器arrester brake十字结联轴节crosshead联轴器coupling链chain (来源：英语麦当劳－英语快餐) 皮带strap精加工finish machining粗加工rough machining变速箱体gearbox casing腐蚀rust氧化oxidation磨损wear耐用度durability随机信号random signal离散信号discrete signal超声传感器ultrasonic sensor集成电路integrate circuit挡板orifice plate残余应力residual stress套筒sleeve扭力torsion冷加工cold machining电动机electromotor汽缸cylinder过盈配合interference fit热加工hotwork摄像头CCD camera倒角rounding chamfer优化设计optimal design工业造型设计industrial moulding design有限元finite element滚齿hobbing插齿gear shaping伺服电机actuating motor铣床milling machine钻床drill machine镗床boring machine步进电机stepper motor丝杠screw rod导轨lead rail组件subassembly可编程序逻辑控制器Programmable Logic Controller PLC电火花加工electric spark machining电火花线切割加工electrical discharge wire - cutting相图phase diagram热处理heat treatment固态相变solid state phase changes有色金属nonferrous metal陶瓷ceramics合成纤维synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion车架automotive chassis悬架suspension转向器redirector变速器speed changer板料冲压sheet metal parts孔加工spot facing machining车间workshop (来源：英语交友) 工程技术人员engineer气动夹紧pneuma lock数学模型mathematical model画法几何descriptive geometry机械制图Mechanical drawing投影projection视图view剖视图profile chart标准件standard component零件图part drawing装配图assembly drawing尺寸标注size marking技术要求technical requirements刚度rigidity内力internal force位移displacement截面section疲劳极限fatigue limit断裂fracture塑性变形plastic distortion脆性材料brittleness material刚度准则rigidity criterion垫圈washer垫片spacer直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear运动简图kinematic sketch齿轮齿条pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear虚约束passive constraint曲柄crank摇杆racker凸轮cams共轭曲线conjugate curve范成法generation method定义域definitional domain值域range导数\\微分differential coefficient求导derivation定积分definite integral不定积分indefinite integral曲率curvature偏微分partial differential毛坯rough游标卡尺slide caliper千分尺micrometer calipers攻丝tap二阶行列式second order determinant逆矩阵inverse matrix线性方程组linear equations概率probability随机变量random variable排列组合permutation and combination(来源：英语博客) 气体状态方程equation of state of gas动能kinetic energy势能potential energy机械能守恒conservation of mechanical energy动量momentum桁架truss轴线axes余子式cofactor逻辑电路logic circuit触发器flip-flop脉冲波形pulse shape数模digital analogy液压传动机构fluid drive mechanism机械零件mechanical parts淬火冷却quench淬火hardening回火tempering调质hardening and tempering磨粒abrasive grain结合剂bonding agent砂轮grinding wheelGood collection but some corrections below for your reference:频率特性frequency characteristics定位positioning动力学dynamics运动学kinematics静力学statics分析力学analytical mechanics拉伸tension压缩compression磁路magnetic circuit几何形状geometric shape正弦形的sinusoidal直流电源DC electrical power螺纹加工thread machining压模stamping die铸造casting液压离合器fluid clutch液压泵hydraulic pump腐蚀corrosion集成电路integrated circuit缸cylinder汽缸pneumatic cylinder金属切削metal cutting机床machine tool金属工艺学technology of metals 刀具cutter摩擦friction联结link传动drive/transmission轴shaft弹性elasticity频率特性frequency characteristic 误差error响应response定位allocation机床夹具jig动力学dynamic运动学kinematic静力学static分析力学analyse mechanics拉伸pulling压缩hitting剪切shear扭转twist弯曲应力bending stress强度intensity三相交流电three-phase AC磁路magnetic circles变压器transformer异步电动机asynchronous motor几何形状geometrical精度precision正弦形的sinusoid交流电路AC circuit机械加工余量machining allowance 变形力deforming force变形deformation应力stress硬度rigidity热处理heat treatment退火anneal正火normalizing脱碳decarburization渗碳carburization电路circuit半导体元件semiconductor element 反馈feedback发生器generator直流电源DC electrical source门电路gate circuit逻辑代数logic algebra外圆磨削external grinding内圆磨削internal grinding平面磨削plane grinding变速箱gearbox离合器clutch绞孔fraising绞刀reamer螺纹加工thread processing螺钉screw铣削mill铣刀milling cutter功率power工件workpiece齿轮加工gear mechining齿轮gear主运动main movement主运动方向direction of main movement进给方向direction of feed进给运动feed movement合成进给运动resultant movement of feed合成切削运动resultant movement of cutting合成切削运动方向direction of resultant movement of cutting 切削深度cutting depth前刀面rake face刀尖nose of tool前角rake angle后角clearance angle龙门刨削planing主轴spindle主轴箱headstock卡盘chuck加工中心machining center车刀lathe tool钻削镗削bore车削turning磨床grinder基准benchmark钳工locksmith锻forge压模stamping焊weld拉床broaching machine拉孔broaching装配assembling铸造found流体动力学fluid dynamics流体力学fluid mechanics加工machining液压hydraulic pressure切线tangent机电一体化mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration 气压air pressure pneumatic pressure稳定性stability液压驱动泵fluid clutch 液压泵hydraulic pump 阀门valve失效invalidation强度intensity载荷load应力stress安全系数safty factor可靠性reliability螺纹thread螺旋helix键spline销pin滚动轴承rolling bearing 滑动轴承sliding bearing 弹簧spring制动器arrester brake十字结联轴节crosshead 联轴器coupling链chain皮带strap精加工finish machining粗加工rough machining变速箱体gearbox casing腐蚀rust氧化oxidation磨损wear耐用度durability随机信号random signal离散信号discrete signal超声传感器ultrasonic sensor 集成电路integrate circuit挡板orifice plate残余应力residual stress套筒sleeve扭力torsion冷加工cold machining电动机electromotor汽缸cylinder过盈配合interference fit热加工hotwork摄像头CCD camera倒角rounding chamfer优化设计optimal design工业造型设计industrial moulding design有限元finite element滚齿hobbing插齿gear shaping伺服电机actuating motor铣床milling machine钻床drill machine镗床boring machine步进电机stepper motor丝杠screw rod导轨lead rail组件subassembly可编程序逻辑控制器Programmable Logic Controller PLC 电火花加工electric spark machining电火花线切割加工electrical discharge wire - cutting相图phase diagram热处理heat treatment固态相变solid state phase changes有色金属nonferrous metal陶瓷ceramics合成纤维synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion 车架automotive chassis悬架suspension转向器redirector变速器speed changer板料冲压sheet metal parts孔加工spot facing machining车间workshop工程技术人员engineer气动夹紧pneuma lock数学模型mathematical model画法几何descriptive geometry机械仆?Mechanical drawing投影projection视图view剖视图profile chart标准件standard component零件图part drawing装配图assembly drawing尺寸标注size marking技术要求technical requirements刚度rigidity内力internal force位移displacement截面section疲劳极限fatigue limit断裂fracture塑性变形plastic distortion脆性材料brittleness material刚度准则rigidity criterion垫圈washer垫片spacer直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear运动简图kinematic sketch齿轮齿条pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear虚约束passive constraint曲柄crank摇杆racker凸轮cams共轭曲线conjugate curve范成法generation method定义域definitional domain值域range导数\\微分differential coefficient求导derivation定积分definite integral不定积分indefinite integral曲率curvature偏微分partial differential毛坯rough游标卡尺slide caliper千分尺micrometer calipers攻丝tap二阶行列式second order determinant 逆矩阵inverse matrix线性方程组linear equations概率probability随机变量random variable排列组合permutation and combination气体状态方程equation of state of gas动能kinetic energy势能potential energy机械能守恒conservation of mechanical energy 动量momentum桁架truss轴线axes余子式cofactor逻辑电路logic circuit触发器flip-flop脉冲波形pulse shape数模digital analogy液压传动机构fluid drive mechanism机械零件mechanical parts淬火冷却quench淬火hardening回火tempering调质hardening and tempering磨粒abrasive grain结合剂bonding agent砂轮grinding wheel参考资料：/bbs/a/a.asp?B=111&ID=5192回答者：Z赌神- 三级2006-6-8 16:15 机械专业英语词汇（很全）金属切削metal cutting机床machine tool金属工艺学technology of metals刀具cutter摩擦friction联结link传动drive/transmission轴shaft弹性elasticity频率特性frequency characteristic误差error响应response定位allocation机床夹具jig动力学dynamic运动学kinematic静力学static分析力学analyse mechanics拉伸pulling压缩hitting剪切shear扭转twist弯曲应力bending stress强度intensity三相交流电three-phase AC磁路magnetic circles变压器transformer异步电动机asynchronous motor几何形状geometrical精度precision正弦形的sinusoid交流电路AC circuit机械加工余量machining allowance 变形力deforming force变形deformation应力stress硬度rigidity热处理heat treatment退火anneal正火normalizing脱碳decarburization渗碳carburization电路circuit半导体元件semiconductor element 反馈feedback发生器generator直流电源DC electrical source门电路gate circuit逻辑代数logic algebra外圆磨削external grinding内圆磨削internal grinding平面磨削plane grinding变速箱gearbox离合器clutch绞孔fraising绞刀reamer螺纹加工thread processing螺钉screw铣刀milling cutter功率power工件workpiece齿轮加工gear mechining齿轮gear主运动main movement主运动方向direction of main movement进给方向direction of feed进给运动feed movement合成进给运动resultant movement of feed合成切削运动resultant movement of cutting合成切削运动方向direction of resultant movement of cutting 切削深度cutting depth前刀面rake face刀尖nose of tool前角rake angle后角clearance angle龙门刨削planing主轴spindle主轴箱headstock加工中心machining center 车刀lathe tool车床lathe钻削镗削bore车削turning磨床grinder基准benchmark钳工locksmith锻forge压模stamping焊weld拉床broaching machine拉孔broaching装配assembling铸造found流体动力学fluid dynamics 流体力学fluid mechanics 加工machining液压hydraulic pressure切线tangent机电一体化mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration 气压air pressure pneumatic pressure稳定性stability介质medium液压驱动泵fluid clutch液压泵hydraulic pump阀门valve失效invalidation强度intensity载荷load应力stress安全系数safty factor可靠性reliability螺纹thread螺旋helix键spline销pin滚动轴承rolling bearing滑动轴承sliding bearing弹簧spring制动器arrester brake十字结联轴节crosshead联轴器coupling链chain皮带strap精加工finish machining粗加工rough machining变速箱体gearbox casing腐蚀rust氧化oxidation磨损wear耐用度durability随机信号random signal离散信号discrete signal超声传感器ultrasonic sensor 集成电路integrate circuit挡板orifice plate残余应力residual stress套筒sleeve扭力torsion冷加工cold machining电动机electromotor汽缸cylinder过盈配合interference fit热加工hotwork摄像头CCD camera倒角rounding chamfer优化设计optimal design工业造型设计industrial moulding design有限元finite element滚齿hobbing插齿gear shaping伺服电机actuating motor铣床milling machine钻床drill machine镗床boring machine步进电机stepper motor丝杠screw rod导轨lead rail组件subassembly可编程序逻辑控制器Programmable Logic Controller PLC 电火花加工electric spark machining电火花线切割加工electrical discharge wire - cutting相图phase diagram热处理heat treatment固态相变solid state phase changes 有色金属nonferrous metal陶瓷ceramics合成纤维synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion 车架automotive chassis悬架suspension转向器redirector变速器speed changer板料冲压sheet metal parts孔加工spot facing machining车间workshop工程技术人员engineer气动夹紧pneuma lock数学模型mathematical model画法几何descriptive geometry机械仆?Mechanical drawing投影projection视图view剖视图profile chart标准件standard component零件图part drawing装配图assembly drawing尺寸标注size marking技术要求technical requirements刚度rigidity内力internal force位移displacement截面section疲劳极限fatigue limit断裂fracture塑性变形plastic distortion脆性材料brittleness material刚度准则rigidity criterion垫圈washer垫片spacer直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear运动简图kinematic sketch齿轮齿条pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear虚约束passive constraint曲柄crank摇杆racker凸轮cams共轭曲线conjugate curve范成法generation method定义域definitional domain值域range导数\\微分differential coefficient求导derivation定积分definite integral不定积分indefinite integral曲率curvature偏微分partial differential毛坯rough游标卡尺slide caliper千分尺micrometer calipers攻丝tap二阶行列式second order determinant逆矩阵inverse matrix线性方程组linear equations概率probability随机变量random variable排列组合permutation and combination气体状态方程equation of state of gas动能kinetic energy势能potential energy机械能守恒conservation of mechanical energy 动量momentum桁架truss轴线axes余子式cofactor逻辑电路logic circuit触发器flip-flop脉冲波形pulse shape焊接专业英语（一）(2009-01-12 21:52:18)分类：焊接培训标签：教育Aactual weld-throat thick-ness焊缝厚度all-around weld (整周焊缝)环焊缝angle butt weld斜对接焊angle weld角焊appearance of weld焊缝成形arc-seam weld电弧缝焊arc-spot weld电弧点焊arc-weld电弧焊arc welding 弧焊aspect ratio of weld焊缝成形系数at weld edge在焊缝边上attachment weld连接焊缝automatic spot weld自动点焊法automatic weld自动焊接axis of a weld焊缝中心线; 焊接轴线axis of weld焊缝轴线; 焊接轴线arc seam weld电弧缝焊缝arc spot weld 电弧焊点arc strike 碰弧as–brazed 钎接态as–welded 焊态argon (shielded) arc welding氩弧焊接argon tungsten-arc welding钨极氩弧焊argon-arc welding氩弧焊argonaut welding自动氩弧焊atomic H welding氢原子焊atomic hydrogen welding原子氢焊atomic-hydrogen welding原子氢焊接austenite welding不锈钢焊接autogenous pressure welding自动压合热焊autogenous welding气焊automatic arc welding head自动电弧焊接机头automatic arc welding machine自动电焊机; 自动弧焊机automatic drying line for welding electrode电焊条自动烘焙线automatic slag pool welding自动电渣焊automatic spot welding自动点焊automatic submerged arc welding自动埋弧焊automatic submerged slag welding of rail钢轨自动埋弧电弧焊automatic submerged-arc welding machine埋弧自动焊机automatic transverse welding横向自动焊automatic welding自动焊; 自动焊接automatic welding head自动焊头automatic welding machine自动焊接机automatic welding of circumferential seams环缝自动焊automatic welding process自动焊接工艺规程automation of welding焊接自动化arc-welded pipe弧焊管arc-welded steel pipe电弧焊接钢管around openings for welded attachments环绕焊接附件孔口as welded焊态as-welded焊后状态automatic arc welded tube自动电弧焊缝管air-acetylene welding空气-乙炔焊接argon arc welding 氩弧焊automatic slag-pool welding 自动电渣焊aircomatic welding 自动调弧氩弧焊, 惰性气体保护金属极弧焊aluminothermic welding 铸焊, 铝热剂焊接austenite welding 不锈钢(焊条)焊接automatic submerged arc welding 自动埋弧焊argon shielded arc welding 氩护电弧焊all-welded全焊接all-welded construction全焊结构automatic spot weld 自动点焊法AC & D. C. arc welding machine交直流弧焊机AC arc welding交流电弧焊AC gas metal-arc welding process交流熔化极气保护焊AC gas tungsten arc welding交流钨极气保护焊AC welding set交流焊机; 交流焊接变压器AC-dc welding machine交直流两用焊机acetylene welding气焊; 乙炔焊; 乙炔焊接acetylene welding torch乙炔焊炬; 乙炔接焊吹管air-acetylene welding空气-乙炔焊接all-position welding全位置焊接alloy steel gas welding rod合金钢气焊条alternating current arc welding交流电弧焊alternating current welding machine交流电焊机aluminium alloy arc welding electrode铝合金焊条aluminothermic welding铝热焊; 铸焊angle backwards welding后倾焊axial bend test纵弯试验angle butt welding斜口对接焊angle forwards welding前倾焊annealing welding wave退火焊波antogenous welding氧炔焊apparatus for butt welding平接压焊夹具arc braze welding电弧钎焊arc flash welding电弧闪光焊arc spot welding电铆焊arc stud welding柱钉电弧焊; 螺柱电弧焊arc voltage feedback controlling arc welding弧压反馈电弧焊arc welding电弧焊; 电弧焊接; 弧焊arc welding electrode电弧焊条arc welding generator电弧焊接用发电机; 弧焊发电机arc welding generator with independent excitation自激弧焊发电机; 他激电焊发电机arc welding generator with self-excitation自激电焊发电机arc welding machine弧焊机; 电焊机; 电弧焊机arc welding mask电弧焊遮罩arc welding process电弧焊接工艺过程arc welding rectifier弧焊整流器arc welding robot弧焊机器人arc welding set电弧焊机组arc welding transformer弧焊变压器arc-welding electrode电弧焊用焊条arc-welding plant电焊厂arcogen welding电弧氧乙炔焊air-acetylene welding空气-乙炔焊接aircomatic welding自动调弧氩弧焊, 惰性气体保护金属极弧焊aluminothermic welding铸焊, 铝热剂焊接argon arc welding氩弧焊argon shielded arc welding氩护电弧焊austenite welding不锈钢(焊条)焊接automatic slag-pool welding自动电渣焊automatic submerged arc welding自动埋弧焊Bback of weld焊缝背面back gouging 背面清根backing 衬垫backing gas 背面保护气base metal 母材backing groove of weld焊缝反面坡口backing weld底焊; 底焊焊缝bare metal arc weld裸焊条电弧焊bead weld珠焊; 堆焊bead-on-plate weld堆焊焊缝beading weld凸焊beam-to-beam weld梁间焊接; 梁式引线焊接block sequence weld分段多层焊bond weld钢轨接头焊接bridge seam weld桥缝焊接; 桥线焊brize weld硬焊braze 钎接接头brazer 钎接工brazing 钎接butt weld对接焊缝butt weld ends对头焊接端butt-weld碰焊; 平式焊接; 对头焊接butt-weld in the downhand position对接平焊butt-weld joint对头焊接butt-weld pipe mill对焊管轧机button spot weld按电钮点焊back hand welding后退焊; 反手焊接back step welding反手焊接back ward welding反手焊接back welding底焊; 退焊法back-step welding分段退焊法backhand welding逆向焊; 右焊法; 后焊法; 向后焊backing welding打底焊backstep welding分段逆焊; 分段退焊; 反向焊; 逐步退焊法; 逆向焊backstep welding sequence分段退焊次序backward welding后倾焊; 后退焊; 向右焊balanced welding对称焊bare welding rod光焊条bare wire arc welding光焊丝电弧焊bead welding窄焊道焊接bench arc welding machine台式弧焊机bevel welding斜角焊blacksmith welding锻工焊接; 锻焊block sequence welding分段多层焊; 分段连续焊接block welding块焊接big diameter welded tube大口径焊缝管blacksmith welded joint煅接接头butt welded (bw)对焊机butt welded seam对焊缝butt-welded drill对头焊接钻头butt-welded joint对焊接头butt-welded pipe对缝焊接管butt-welded rail ends对焊轨端butt-welded tube对缝焊管; 对焊钢管; 对口焊接钢管butt-welded with square ends方头对焊braze welding硬焊, 铜焊, 钎焊butt welding对接焊, 对焊butt weld对接焊缝blasting welding factory爆破焊接厂braze welding 硬焊, 铜焊, 钎焊butt welding 对接焊, 对焊butt weld 对接焊缝backing run; backing weld打底焊道block welding sequence分段多层焊body welding machine罐身焊接机both sides welding双面焊接brass welding rod黄铜焊条braze welding钎焊; 钎焊接; 钎接; 铜焊braze-welding钎接焊bridge spot welding带接合板点焊; 单面衬垫点焊; 单面搭板点焊bridge welding桥接焊; 盖板焊brize welding硬焊build (built) up welding堆焊build-up welding堆焊building-up by welding堆焊butt resistance welding电阻对焊; 对接电阻焊butt seam welding对接滚焊butt seam welding machine对接缝焊机butt welding对接焊; 平对焊butt welding machine对接焊机butt welding process对接焊法butt-welding对接焊butt-welding machine对焊机Ccap weld最后焊层; 盖面焊缝carbon content of weld materials焊接材料的碳含量cast-weld construction铸焊结构caulk weld填缝焊contour weld 特形焊接concave fillet weld 凹角焊carbon arc weld 碳极弧焊capability of welding vertically upwards直上焊接能力capacitor-discharge welding电容放电焊接carbon arc welding碳弧焊; 碳极弧焊carbon in materials for welding焊接用材料中的碳carbon-dioxide arc welding二氧化碳保护焊carriage of automatic welding machine自动焊机走架cascade welding阶梯式焊; 山形多层焊cascade welding sequence串级叠置法cast welding铸焊concave fillet weld凹形角焊缝carbon arc weld碳极弧焊concave fillet weld凹角焊contour weld特形焊接cement-welding金属陶瓷焊接centralized installation of welding machine多站焊接chain intermittent fillet welding并列断续角焊缝; 链式断续角焊chemical welding化学焊circular seam welding环缝对接焊circular seam-welding machine环形滚焊机cleaning before welding焊接前的清理cleaning of welding deposits焊接沉积的清理closed butt gas pressure welding闭式加压气焊cold welding冷焊; 冷压焊cold-pressure welding冷压焊combined cutting and welding torch焊割两用炬combined cutting and-welding blow-pipe焊割两用炬combined thermit welding加压铸焊complete penetraction and fusion in welding全焊透complete fusion 完全熔合caulking weld密实焊缝chain intermittent fillet weld链式分段角焊; 并列间断角焊缝chain intermittent weld并列焊接circular weld环形焊缝circumferential weld环缝; 环焊缝cleft weld裂口焊closed weld底边无缝焊; 无间隙焊缝closed-chamber fusion weld闭室熔焊cluster weld丛聚焊缝coil weld 卷板对接焊; 卷板对接焊; 板卷焊cold weld 冷压接commutator-controlled weld 换向控制焊接complete penetration butt weld 贯穿对焊composite weld 紧密焊缝; 强度密封焊缝concave filled weld 凹形角焊缝concave filler weld 凹角焊concave fillet weld 凹面填角焊concave weld 凹焊缝; 凹面焊; 凹形焊缝; 轻型焊connective weld 联系焊缝continuous butt-weld mill 连续式炉焊管机组continuous fillet weld连续(填)角焊缝; 连续角焊缝; 连续贴角焊continuous weld 连续焊缝continuous weld process连续式炉焊管法contour weld 特形焊接convex fillet weld 凸角焊缝; 凸形角焊缝convex weld 凸焊缝; 凸形焊缝copper weld wire 包铜钢丝corner flange weld 单卷边角焊缝corner weld 角焊corner-flange weld 卷边角焊缝; 卷边角焊缝crack of weld 焊部裂纹cross weld十字交叉焊缝; 横向焊缝cross-wire weld十字焊crotch weld 楔接锻接; 楔接焊接cup weld 带盖板焊缝condenser (discharge) spot-welding machine 电容器放电点焊机condenser discharge spot welding 电容储能点焊; 电容贮能点焊constant current welding machine 恒流电焊机constant energy welding machine 恒功率电焊机constant voltage welding machine 恒压电焊机constant-current arc welding power source 垂降特性弧焊电源constant-current welding source 恒流式焊接电源constant-power welding source 恒功率式焊接电源constant-pressure pressure welding 恒压压力焊constant-temperature pressure welding恒温压力焊constant-voltage welding machine恒电压焊机constant-voltage welding source恒压式焊接电源; 平特性焊接电源consumable electrode welding 熔化极电弧焊consumable guide electroslag welding自耗定向电渣焊contact welding 接触焊continuous feed welding 连续送丝电弧焊continuous welding 连续焊; 连续焊接contour welding 绕焊controlled arc welding 可控电弧焊接controlled atmosohere arc welding 充气室电弧焊controlled atmospere arc welding 充气式电弧焊controlled tungsten-arc welding 自动控制弧长的钨极电弧焊controlled-transfer welding 可控过渡电弧焊convex fillet welding 凸面角焊缝copper arc welding electrode 铜焊条copper welding rod 铜焊条copper-alloy arc welding electrode 铜合金焊条。