采矿工程专业英语(部分重要文章翻译)知识讲解

采矿英语专业词汇Aabandoned workings 废巷道abandonment 废弃abelite 阿贝立特炸药abichite 砷铜矿ability 能力ability to flow 怜性ablation 水蚀ablution 洗净abnormality 反常abrasion 磨损abrasion resistance 抗磨蚀能力abrasive 磨料abruption 断层abscissa 横座标absite 钍钛铀矿absolute error 绝对误差absolute humidity 绝对温度absorbability 吸收性absorbent 吸收剂absorber 吸收器吸收剂；减震器absorbing ability 吸收性absorption 吸收absorption factor 吸收系数absorption meter 液体溶气计absorptivity 吸收性absortion constant 吸收常数abstraction of pillars 回采煤柱abundance 丰富abundant 富有的abutment 拱座abutment area 支承压力带abutment pressure 支承压力accelerated motion 加速运动accelerating agent 速凝剂acceptance test 验收试验acceptor charge 被动装药accessory equipment 补助设备accessory minerals 副矿物accidental explosion 意外爆炸acclivity 上倾accompanying bed 伴生层accoustic signal 音响信号accretion 表土accumulation 蓄积accumulator 蓄电池accumulator capacity 蓄电池容量accumulator lamp 蓄电池灯accumulator locomotive 蓄电池机车accuracy 精度accuracy degree 精确度acetate 醋酸盐acetic acid 醋酸aceton 丙酮acetonitrile 乙腈acetyl 乙酰acetylene 乙炔acetylene lamp 电石灯achromatic 消色差的aciculite 针状矿石acid 酸acid mine water 酸性矿水acid number 酸值acid proof 酎酸的acid resistance 耐酸性acid resistant 耐酸的acid resistant steel 耐酸钢acid resisting steel 耐酸钢acid rock 酸性岩acid treatment of a bore hole 钻孔酸处理acid value 酸值acidite 酸性岩acidity 酸度acidness 酸度acidproof 耐酸的actinium 锕actinolite 阳起石action radius 酌半径activate 活化activated carbon 活性煤activated charcoal 活性煤activating agent 活化剂activation 活性化activation energy 活化能activator 活化剂active 活化的active dust 活性尘末active working face 生产工祖activity 活度actual mining 回采工作actuate 驱动actuating roll 导辊actuator 执行机构acuity 敏锐度acute 尖的acute angle 锐角adamantine 冷铸钢粒adamantine boring 冷铸钢粒钻进adamantine drill 金刚石钻adamellite 石英二长石adamic earth 红粘土adaptability 适合性adaptation 适应adapter 插座adaptibility 适合性addition 加法；加添additional tension 附加应力additive 添加剂adelpholite 铌铁锰矿adhere 粘着adherence 粘着adhesion force 粘附力adhesive 胶粘剂adhesive power 粘附力adhesiveness 胶粘性adhesivity 胶粘性adiabatic 绝热的adiabatic compression 绝热压缩adit 平硐adit collar 平硐口adit cut mining 平硐开采adit entrance 平硐口adit mine 平硐开采矿山adit mouth 平硐口adjoining rock 围岩adjust 蝶adjustable prop 伸缩式支柱adjuster 装配工adjusting device 蝶装置adjusting screw 蝶螺丝adjustment 蝶adjutage 喷射管admissible 容许的admission 进入；容许admitting pipe 进入管admixture 掺和物adobe 风干砖adobe blasting 裸露装药爆破adobe shot 裸露装药爆破adsorb 吸附adsorbate 吸附物adsorbent 吸附剂adsorption 吸附adsorption film 吸附膜adsorption isotherm 等温吸附式adular 冰长石adularia 冰长石adulterant 掺杂物adustion 可燃性advance 工祖进尺advance bore 超前钻孔advance borehole 超前钻孔advance cut 超前掏槽advance grouting 超前灌浆advance heading 超前平巷advance mining 前进式开采advance of the face 工祖推进advance rate 掘进速度advance workings 超前工祖advanced face 超前工祖advanced gallery 超前平巷advancement 掘进advancing 掘进advancing along the strike 沿走向掘进advancing long wall 前进式长壁开采advancing longwall 前进式长壁开采advancing mining 前进式开采advancing system 前进式开采法advancing to the dip 俯斜掘进advancing to the rise 仰斜掘进advantage 长处adventure 矿山企业adversary grade 逆坡adverse grade 逆坡aegerite 纯钠辉石aegirine 霓石aegirite 霓石aeolation 风蚀aerated concrete 气孔混凝土aerating chamber 空气混合室aeration 通风aerator 充气器aeremia 沉箱病aerial cableway 架空死aerial conveyer 架空运输机aerial dust 浮尘aerial ropeway 架空死aerial tramway 架空死aerocrete 气孔混凝土aeroembolism 沉箱病aerofloat 黑药aerogel 气凝胶aerolite 陨石aerolith 陨石aerometer 气体表aerophore 氧气呼吸器aerosite 深红银矿aerosol 气溶胶aerotriangulation 航空三角测量aeroview 空中俯瞰图aerugo 铜绿aeschynite 易解石afflux 岭after damp 炮烟after gases 炮烟aftercare 土地复田护理aftercooler 后冷却器二次冷却器afterdamp 爆后气体aftereffect 后效afterexpansion 残余膨胀aftergases 爆后气体aftertreatment 后处理agalite 纤滑石agalmatolite 寿山石agate 玛瑙age 期age of mine 矿山寿命ageing 老化agent 剂agglomerant 粘结剂agglomerate 烧结矿agglomeration 聚集agglutinant 烧结剂agglutination 凝集aggregate thickness 总厚度aggregation 聚集aging 老化agitation 搅拌agitator 搅拌器agnotozoic era 元古代agricolite 硅铋石aikinite 针硫铋铅矿air adit 通风平硐air blast 空气冲击air blast goaf stowing machine 风力充填机air blaster 艾欠道克斯压气爆破筒air blowpipe 炮眼吹洗管air bottle 压气瓶air box 木制风管air brake 空气制动器air brattice 风帘air brick 空心砖air bubble 气泡air bump 空气突出air chamber 空气室air change 换气air channel 空气通路air classifier 空气分级机air cleaner 空气滤净器air cleaning 风力选矿air compartment 通风隔间air composition 空气成分air compressor 空气压缩机air conditioning 空气第air connection 通风联络巷air consumption 空气消耗量air contamination 空气污染air cooler 空气冷却器air cooling 空气冷却air crossing 风桥air current 风流air curtain 风帘air cylinder 空气缸air distribution 风量分配air door 风门air door tender 风门工air drift 通风石巷air drill 风钻air drilling 风动钻眼air driven mine car loader 风动矿车装载机air driven pump 风动泵air driven rockerloader 压气式铲斗后卸装载机air drying 风干air duct 空气通路air ejector 喷气器air escape 空气漏出air feed 气力推进air filter 空气过滤器air float table 气浮式风力摇床air flotation 充气浮选air flow 风流air flow resistance 气凌力air gap 风口air gate 风巷air hammer 气锤air heading 通风平巷air heater 空气加热器air hose 压气软管air humidity 空气湿度air inlet 进气口air intake 进气口air jig 风力跳汰机air leg 风动钻架air level 气泡水准仪air lift 空气提液器air line 空气管air lock 气闸air locomotive 压气机车air measurement 通风测量air moisture 空气湿度air motor 风动发动机air movement 空气怜air network 通风网air opening 风巷air operated machine 风动机air partition 风墙air permeability 透气性air pick 风镐air pipe 风管air pocket 气袋air pollution 空气污染air powered locomotive 压气机车air preheater 空气顸热器air pressure 空气压力air proof 不透气的air pulsated jig 气动跳汰机air pump 抽气泵air receiver 蓄气器air resistance 空气阻力air screw fan 轴两扇风机air separation 风选air separator 风力分离器风力分选机air shaft 风井air splitting 风林支air stopping 风墙air strainer 空气滤清器air supply 空气供应air table 风力淘汰盘air tank 空气箱air trammer 风动机车air trunk 通风隔间air tube 风井air valve 气阀air velocity 风临度air vessel 蓄气器airbridge 风桥aircurrent 风流airdox 艾欠道克斯压气爆破筒airdox blaster 艾欠道克斯压气爆破筒airdox cylinder 压气爆破筒airflow measurement 通风测量airing 通气airleg 气腿airlock 风闸airman 风门工airway 风巷airwinch 风动绞车akerite 光辉正长岩；英辉正长岩akins classifier 螺旋分级机alabandine 硫锰矿alabandite 硫锰矿alabaster 雪花石膏alabastrite 雪花石膏alamosite 铅辉石alarm 警报alarm device 警报装置alarm signal 警报信号alaskaite 白岗岩alaskite 白岗岩alaunstein 茂石albertite 沥清煤albite 钠长石albitite 钠长岩albitophyre 钠长斑岩albronze 铝青铜alcali 碱alcohol 醇alertor 警报信号alidade 指方规aliphatic acid 脂族酸alkali 碱alkalimeter 碱量计alkalimetry 碱量滴定法alkaline 碱的alkaline accumulator 碱性蓄电池alkaline earth metal 碱土金属alkalinity 碱度alkyl 烷基all over work 长壁开采all ups 原煤allactite 砷水锰矿allanite 褐帘石allemontite 砷锑矿alligator 自翻式吊桶allomerism 异质同晶allomorphism 同质异晶allophane 水铝英石allophanite 水铝英石allotrope 同素异形体allotropy 同素异形allowable concentration 许容浓度allowable error 容许误差allowable load 容许负载allowable stress 容许应力allowance 公差alloy 合金alloy bit 合金钻头alloyed steel 合金钢alluvial 冲积的alluvial deposit 冲积矿床alluvial gold 砂金alluvial mining 砂矿开采alluvial soil 冲积土alluvial tin 砂锡矿alluviation 冲积alluvion 冲积层alluvium 冲积层almandine 铁铝榴石almandite 铁铝榴石alnico 铝镍钴合金alnoite 黄长煌斑岩aloxite 铝砂alstonite 碳酸钙钡矿altait 碲铅矿alteration 变蚀酌alternate load 交变负载alternate motion 往复运动alternate stress 交变应力alternating 交替的alternating current 交流alternating current generator 交立电机alternating current motor 交羚动机alternating motion 往复运动alternation 交替altimeter 测高计altimetry 高度测量术altitude 高度alum 茂alum earth 矾土alumel 铝镍合金alumina 矾土alumina cement 高铝水泥aluminate 铝酸盐aluminium 铝aluminium bronze 铝青铜aluminum detonator 铝壳雷管alundum 氧化铝alunite 茂石amalgam 汞齐amalgamating barrel 提金桶amalgamation 汞齐化酌amalgamator 提金器汞齐化器amatol 阿马托炸药amazonite 天河石amazonstone 天河石amber 琥珀ambient 周围的ambient temperature 周围温度ambligonite 磷铝石amblygonite 磷铝石ambulance 急救车americium 镅amethyst 紫晶amide 酰安amine 胺amino acid 氨基酸ammon dynamite 硝安炸药ammon explosive 硝铵炸药ammonal 阿梅那尔ammonia 氨ammonia gelatine dynamite 铵胶炸药ammonite 阿芒炸药ammonium 铵ammonium nitrate 硝安ammonium nitrate dynamite 硝安炸药ammonium nitrate explosives 硝安炸药ammonium nitrate prill 颗粒状硝铵amorphous 无定形的amorphous state 无定形状恙amortization 折旧ampelite 黄铁碳质页岩amphibole 角闪石amphibolite 闪岩amphibolization 闪石化酌amplification 放大amplifier 放大器amplify 放大amplitude 振幅ampole 安瓿amygdaloid 杏仁岩amygdaloidal texture 杏仁状结构analcime 方沸石analcite 方沸石analog digital conversion 模拟数字转换analogy 类似analyser 分析器analysis 分析analyst 化验员analytic 分析的analytical 分析的analytical chemistry 分析化学analyze 分析analyzer 分析器anatase 锐钛矿anbauhobel 快速刨煤机anchor 锚anchor bolt 锚杆ancillary work 辅助工作ancylite 碳酸锶铈矿andalusite 红柱石anderseam 下部煤层andesine 中长石andesite 安山岩andradite 钙铁榴石anemobarometer 风速风压计anemograph 自记风速计anemometer 风速表anemometry 风速测定aneroid barometer 无液气压计anfo explosives 铵油炸药anfo loader 铵油炸药装填器angle 角angle bar 角钢angle face 倾斜工祖angle gauge 角规angle of bedding 层理面倾斜角angle of break 崩落角angle of contact 接触角angle of deflection 偏角angle of dip 倾角angle of draw 落角angle of elevation 仰角angle of emergence 出射角angle of friction 摩擦角angle of incidence 入射角angle of inclination 倾角angle of internal friction 内摩擦角angle of pitch 螺距角angle of repose 休止角angle of rest 休止角angle of rolling friction 滚动摩擦角angle of strike 走向角度angle of subsidence 边界角angle shot mortar test 开槽臼炮试验anglesite 硫酸铅矿angular 角的angular acceleration 角加速度angular hole 斜炮眼angular motion 角动angular velocity 角速度anhydride 酐anhydrite 硬石膏anion 阴离子anisotropy 蛤异性ankerite 铁白云石annabergite 镍华annealing 退火annual advance 年掘进annual output 年产量anode 阳极anomaly 异常anorthite 钙长石anorthoclase 歪长石anorthosite 斜长石antarctic pole 南极antecedent magnetic concentration 储备处理磁选anthracene 葸anthracite 无烟煤anthracite culm 无烟煤粉anthracite mine 无烟煤矿anthracography 煤相学anthracology 煤炭学anthracometer 二氧化碳计anthracosis 煤肺病anthrafine 无烟煤细末anthrakometry 二氧化碳测定法anti acid 耐酸的anticlinal 背斜anticline 背斜anticlinorium 复背斜anticlockwise rotation 反时针旋转antidote 解毒药antifoamer 消泡剂antifoaming agent 消泡剂antifreeze 防冻剂antifreezing agent 防冻剂antimonite 辉锑矿antimony 锑antimony glance 辉锑矿antioxidant 抗氧剂antioxidizer 抗氧剂antiseptic 防腐剂apatite 磷灰石aplite 细晶岩apophyllite 鱼眼石apophyse 岩枝apophysis 岩枝apparatus 频apparent resistance 表观阻力apparent specific gravity 表观此重apparent viscosity 视粘度apple coal 软煤applicable 可以应用的application 应用appreciation 评价approach 接近approved cable 防爆电缆approved lamp 安全灯approved shot firing apparatus 安全放炮器耐爆放炮器approximate 近似的approximate value 近似值approximation 近似法apron conveyor 平板运输机apron coveyor 板式输送机apron feeder 板式给矿机apyrous 耐火的aqua regia 王水aquation 水合酌aqueduct 输水桥aqueous 水的aqueous solution 水溶液aquifer 蓄水层aquiferous 含水的aragonite 霰石arc 弧arch 拱arch lining 拱形支架arch pressure 支承压力arch setting 安设拱形支架arch span 拱跨arch theory 成拱论arch timbering 拱形木支架arch truss 拱式桁架arched support 拱形支架architecture 建筑学archy lining 拱形支架arcose sandstone 长石砂岩arcwall face 弧形工祖area 矿区area blasting 多排列爆破area of explosion 爆炸区arenaceous 砂质的arenarious 砂质的arenology 砂岩学arenous 砂质的areometer 比重计arfvedsonite 钠钙闪石argentite 辉银矿argentum 银argillaceous rock 泥质岩argillaceous sandstone 泥质砂岩argillaceous slate 泥板岩argillite 泥质板岩argon 氩argyrodite 硫银锗矿arkose 长石砂岩arm 杠杆;柄arm mixer 叶片式搅拌机armature 加强armature core 电枢铁心armature winding 电枢绕组armored cable 铠装电缆armored concrete 钢筋混凝土armoure 加强armoured concrete 钢筋混凝土armoured conveyerpanzer conveyer 镫装运输机arrangement 布置arrangements 准备arrester 制动器制止器arrester catch 止动器挡车器arrestor 避雷器arsenic 砷arsenite 砷华arsenolite 砷华arsenopyrite 砷黄铁矿arsensilver blende 淡红银矿articulated roof beam 铰接顶梁articulated yielding arch 铰接可缩性拱形支架articulation 铰链接合artificial caving 人工崩落artificial draught 人工通风artificial petroleum 人造石油artificial respiration 人工呼吸artificial vetilation 人工通风asbestos 石棉asbestos wool 石棉绒asbolane 钴土矿asbolite 钴土矿asbstos cement 石棉水泥ascending working 漏口ascension 上升ascensional ventilation 上向通风ash 灰ash coal 高灰煤ash composition 灰分组成ash content 灰分askew 斜的asparagus stone 黄绿磷灰石asphalt 地沥青asphalt base crude oil 沥青基原油asphalt concrete 地沥青混凝土asphaltite 沥青岩asphyxia 窒息asphyxy 窒息aspirail 通风孔aspirating tube 吸气管aspiration 吸气aspirator 抽风机assay 试金assemblage 装配assemble 装配assimilation 同化酌association 缔合assort 分类assortment 分类assurance factor 安全系数astillen 脉壁;隔墙astriction 收缩astringency 收敛性asymmetric 不对称的asymmetrical 不对称的asymmetry 不对称asymptotic 渐近的asynchronous generator 异步发电机asynchronous motor 异步电动机atacamite 氯铜矿atmoizer 喷雾器atmosphere 大气atmospheric 大气的atmospheric conditions 通风条件；大气条件atmospheric corrosion 大气腐蚀atmospheric moisture 空气湿度atmospheric pressure 大气压力atom 原子atomic 原子的atomic number 原子序atomic ore 放射性矿石atomic volume 原子体积atomization 喷雾atomizer 喷雾器attack 循环；开始attal 充填物料attenuation 衰减atteration 冲积土attle 充填料attraction 引力attractive force 引力attrition 磨耗attrition mill 盘磨机attrition test 磨损试验auger drill 螺旋钻augering 螺旋钻法auget 雷管augite 辉石aureole 接触带auric 金的auriferous 含金的aurum 金austenite 奥氏体austenitic steel 奥氏体钢autmatic measuring device 自动计量器auto alarm 自动报警auto ignition 自燃autocollimation 自动视准autoconverter 自动变流autocrane 汽车起重机autodumper 自卸汽车autofeed 自动给料autofeeder 自动给矿机autogenous cutting 气割autogenous welding 气焊autoloader 汽车式装载机automated mine 自动化煤矿automated mining 自动化采掘automatic block 自动闭塞automatic brake 自动制动器automatic checking 自动检验automatic circuit breaker 自动断路器automatic control 自动控制automatic controller 自动第器自动蝶器automatic coupler 自动车钩automatic door 自动风门automatic dumper 自动翻车机automatic equipment 自动设备automatic feed 自动给料automatic feeder 自动给矿机automatic installation 自动设备automatic loading device 自动装载设备automatic lubrication 自动润滑automatic lubricator 自动润滑器automatic oiling 自动润滑automatic pressure controller 自动倒器自动压力控制器automatic regulator 自动第器自动蝶器automatic release 自动释放automatic resetting 自动复位automatic sampler 自动取样器automatic sorting 自动选分automatic warning device 自动告警装置automatic weighing device 自动秤automation 自动化automatization 自动化automobile 汽车autotransformer 单卷变压器autotruck 载重汽车auxiliary 辅助的auxiliary adit 辅助平峒auxiliary equipment 辅助设备auxiliary fan 辅助扇风机auxiliary level 辅助平巷auxiliary shaft 辅助竖井auxiliary support 辅助支架auxiliary tools 辅助仪表auxiliary ventilation 局部通气auxilliary winch 辅助绞车aventurine 砂金石average 平均average error 平均误差average life 平均寿命average pressure 平均压力average sample 平均试样average trend 平均走向average value 平均值axe 斧axial 轴性的axial blower 轴寥风机axial compression 轴向压缩axial direction 轴向axial fan 轴两扇凤机axial flow compressor 轴两压缩机axial flow fan 轴寥风机axial piston motor 轴向柱塞马达axial piston pump 轴向活塞泵axial pump 轴两泵axle 车轴axle base 轴距axle bearing 轴承axle box 轴颈箱axle box bearing 轴箱轴承axle journal 轴颈azimuth 方位azimuth angle 方位角azimuth compass 方位测量罗盘azote 氮azurite 蓝铜矿Bbabbit 巴氏合金back bolting 顶板锚杆支护back bone 分水岭back brace 背板back break 超欠挖back brushing 挑顶back coming 后退回采back filler 回填机back filling 充填back filling method 充填法back filling shrinkage 充填物收缩back filling system 分段上向充填开采法back lath 顶板背板back leg bracing 柱腿支撑back lye 井下错车道back pulling 回采煤柱back stope 上向梯段回采工祖back stoping 上向梯段回采back stroke 回程back water 回水back weight 平衡锤backacter 反铲backbye deputy 井下维修工backdigger 反铲backdraught 逆通风backfill 充填backfill material 充填料backfill operations 充填工作backhoe 反铲backlash 轮齿隙backman 辅助工backpressure 顶板压力backstoping 上向梯段回采backwall injection 井壁背后灌浆backweight 平衡锤backwork 辅助工作bacteria leaching 细菌沥滤bactericide 杀菌剂bad top 不稳固顶板baddeleyite 斜锆矿baffle plate 反射板bag filter 袋滤器bag powder 装袋炸药bag type accumulator 皮囊式蓄能器bagger 多斗控掘机bagging 装袋baghouse 囊式集尘窒baikalite 贝钙铁辉石bail 吊桶bailer 铲bailing ring 集水圈bailing tank 戽水斗baking coal 粘结煤bal 矿山balance 平衡balance bob 平衡锤balance bunker 平衡仓balance level 水准仪balance pit 平衡重井筒balance plane 自重滑行坡balance rope 平衡钢丝绳balance rope pulley 平衡绳滑轮balance tail rope 平衡尾绳balance valve 平衡阀balance weight 平衡锤balanced hoist 两容漆升机balanced hoisting 平衡提升balanced load 平衡负载balanced winding 平衡提升balancing 平衡balas 浅红晶石balk 煤层薄ball 球ball and socket joint 球节ball bearing 滚珠轴承ball bushing 球轴套ball cage 球护圈ball charge 磨球装量ball crusher 球磨机ball inclinometer 球式测斜仪ball indentation test 布氏硬度试验ball joint roof bar 球铰顶梁ball mill 球磨机ball retainer 球护圈ball up 钻孔堵塞ball valve 球阀ballas 浅红晶石ballast concrete 石碴混凝土ballast pit 采石场ballast rod 冲唤钻杆balling drum 球磨机滚筒ballistic mortar test 弹道臼炮试验ballistic pendulum test 弹道摆试验ballistite 巴里斯泰特炸药ballstone 球石balsam 香液bamboo tamping rod 竹炮棍band 带band brake 带式制动器带闸band conveyor 带式运输机band iron 带铁band ore 带状矿石banging piece 防险器断绳保险器banging pieces 断绳保险器防坠器banjo 钻车bank 阶段bank coal 原煤bank excavation 阶段采掘bank height 台阶高度bank method of attack 阶段开采法bank shaft mouth 坚井口bank work 阶梯开采bankcoal 原煤banker 掘土工banket 含金砾岩层bankhead 斜井井口出车平台banking 堆积bannock 耐火粘土bar 杆bar cutter 杆式截煤机bar grizzly 棒条筛bar mat reinforcement 网状钢筋bar reinforcement 钢筋bar rigged drifter 架式凿岩机bar screen 棒条筛bare 裸露的bare cable 裸电缆bare log 钻孔柱状图bargh 矿山企业baring 复盖岩层;剥离barings 截煤粉barite 重晶石barium 钡barkevikite 棕闪石barney 单钩提升上山用的平衡重车barney car 单钩提升上山用的平衡重车barometer 气压表barometric 气压的barometric height 气压高度barrage 堰barrel 桶barren 不含矿物的barren layer 废石层barren rock 废石barricade 隔墙barrier 岩粉棚barrier method 柱式开采法barrier pillar 安全煤柱barrier system 柱式开采法barrierless accumulator 非隔离式蓄能器barring 顶板支护barrow 手推车barrow pit 手车运输的露天矿baryte 重晶石baryum 钡basal cleavage 贮理basal level 基淮面basalt 玄武岩base 基础；碱基base charge 基本装药量；炮眼底部装约base line 基线base plate 底板base road 诛base rock 基岩base unit 基本单位bashing 用废矸石充填采空区basic 基性的basic line 基线basic rock 碱性岩basin 煤田；盆地;贮水池basis 基础bass 炭质页岩basset 露头bast 炭质页岩bastard 夹石bastite 绢石bastnaesite 氟碳铈矿bat 泥质页岩batardeau 隔墙bathoclase 水平节理batholite 基岩batholith 基岩bathometer 深海测深仪bathymeter 深海测深仪bating 井筒延伸;卧底batt 泥质页岩batter 坡度batter level 倾斜仪batter pile 斜桩batter post 斜柱battered prop 斜柱battery 电池组；木隔壁;工专battery capacity 蓄电池容量battery charger 充电机battery lamp 蓄电池灯battery locomotive 蓄电池机车battery powered haulage 蓄电池机车运输battery shuttle car 蓄电池梭车baulk 煤层薄baum jig 空气跳汰机baum jig washer 空气跳汰机baum wash box 空气跳汰机bauxite 铝土矿bawke 吊桶beach combing 海滨开采砂矿beach placer 海滨漂砂矿床beam 梁bearer 矿柱bearing 煤层走向；轴承bearing alloy 轴承合金bearing block 矿枉煤柱bearing bush 轴承瓦bearing bushing 轴承瓦bearing cap 轴承盖bearing capacity 承重能力bearing housing 轴承壳bearing indicator 方位指示器bearing load 轴承负载bearing metal 轴承合金bearing pointer 方位指示器bearing position 支点bearing power 承重能力bearing pressure 承压力bearing ring 之框bearing set 之框bearing test 承载力试验bearing up pulley 紧绳轮beat 打击beater 木捣锤beater pulverizer 锤碎机beckelite 方钙饰镧矿bed 地层bed plane 层理面bed series 层系bed succession 层序bed thinning 煤层变薄bed top 矿层顶板bedded iron ore 层状铁矿bedded rock 层状岩bedded vein 层状矿脉bedding 层理bedding rock 基岩bedding surface 层理面bedrock 基岩beetle 大锤;捣固机belemnite 箭石bell man 信号工bell pit 小探井bell rope 信号铃拉绳belly 煤层变厚belonite 针雏晶belowground 地下的belt 胶带belt bucket elevator 带头式提升机belt cleaner 净带器belt conveyor 带式运输机belt discharging plant 胶带输送机卸料装置belt elevator 带式提升机belt extension 胶带接长belt fastener 带扣belt feeder 带式给矿机belt heading 皮带输送机平巷belt hoister 斜井用胶带输送机belt idler pulley 皮带拉紧滚筒belt incline 胶带输送机斜井belt joint 带接belt lacer 带扣belt lacing 胶带接合belt lacing machine 缝带机belt loader 胶带动载机belt pulley 带式运输机滚筒belt punch 皮带穿孔器belt roller 皮带轮belt screen 带筛belt separator 带式分选机belt slip protection 胶带打滑保护belt stower 抛掷式胶带充填机belt stretcher 紧带器belt tension 皮带张力belt tightener 紧带器belt tightening pulley 皮带拉滚筒belt training idler 胶带导辊belt transport 皮带输送belt type dehydrator 带式干燥机belt type magnetic separator 带式磁选机belting 输送机胶带装置bench 阶段bench cut blasting 阶段爆破bench drilling 阶段钻眼bench face 台阶工祖bench floor 台阶底bench height 台阶高度bench hole 梯段的下向垂直炮眼bench mining 阶梯式开采bench preparation 阶段准备bench stoping 阶梯式开采benched quarry 阶段采石场benching 阶梯式开采benching bank 阶段bend 弯管bender 弯机bending force 弯力bending machine 弯机bending moment 弯曲矩bending resistance 抗弯强度bending rolls 辊子卷板机bending strength 抗弯强度bending stress 弯曲应力bending test 弯曲试验benefication 选矿beneficiating method 选矿法beneficiation 选矿benitoite 蓝锥矿bent 弯曲bent entry 弯曲平巷bent face 弯工祖bent pipe 弯管bentonite 皂土benzene 苯benzine 汽油benzol 苯beresite 黄铁长英岩berm 段台berme 段台berthierite 辉铁锑矿bertrandite 硅铍石beryl 绿柱石beryllium 铍beryllonite 磷钠铍石beton 混凝土bevel 斜面bevel gear 伞齿轮bevel gear drive 伞齿轮传动bevel gearing 伞齿轮咬合;锥齿轮传动装置bevel wheel 伞齿轮bevelling 锨bicable tramway 双线死bickford fuse 比克福特导爆线bicone type rolling cutter bit 双圆锥齿轮钻头big hole 大径钻孔billot 杆bimetal 双金属bimetal thermometer 双金属温度计bimetallic strip relay 双金属片继电器bin 矿仓bin gate 贮仓闸门binder 粘结剂binding agent 粘结剂binding coal 粘结煤binding energy 结合能binding force 结合力bing 堆bing hole 放矿溜口binning 装仓biogeochemistry 生物地球化学biotite 黑云母biquartz 双石英bismuth 铋bismuth glance 辉铋矿bismuthinite 辉铋矿bismuthite 泡铋矿bisulfate 硫酸氢盐bisulfite 亚硫酸氢盐bisulphate 硫酸氢盐bisulphite 亚硫酸氢盐bit 钎头bit dresser 钻头修整机bit dressing 钻头修整bit edge 钻刃bit face 钻头刃面bit grinder 钻头磨锐机bit head 钻头bit life 钎头使用期间bit shank 钎尾bitter earth 氧化镁bitum 沥青bituminous coal 沥青煤bituminous rock 沥青岩bituminous shale 沥青页岩black band 菱铁矿black blasting powder 黑色火药black bog 泥炭沼泽black diamond 黑金刚石black earth 黑土black iron ore 磁铁矿black lead 石黑black lead ore 黑铅矿black manganese 黑锰矿black powder 黑火药black powder train 黑药导火线blackdamp 室息性空气blacksmith 锻工blade 刀片blade grader 推土机blader 推土机blaize 硬砂岩blanch 铅矿石blanket 表层blanket table 平面洗矿台blast 爆炸blast blower 鼓风机blast firing 放炮blast hole 炮眼blast hole drill 凿岩机blast layout 装药布置blast stower 风力充填机blastability 爆炸性blaster 放炮工blaster cap 雷管blasters’ permit 爆破技术员blasthole 炮眼blasthole bit 炮眼钻头blasthole collar 炮眼口blasthole method 深孔爆破开采法blasting 爆破blasting accessories 爆破用七blasting agent 炸药blasting cable 放炮电缆blasting cartridge 药包blasting charge 装炸药blasting compound 炸药blasting cone 爆破漏斗blasting device 爆破用具blasting drift 爆破平巷blasting dust 爆破尘末blasting equipment 爆破用具blasting explosive 炸药blasting fume 炮烟blasting fuse 导火线blasting galvanometer 放炮电路试验器blasting gelatine 煤炸药blasting lead 爆破导线blasting machine 电气发爆器blasting material 爆炸物blasting oil 硝化甘油blasting operation 爆破blasting ratio 爆破比blasting supplies 起爆颇blasting switch 爆破开关blasting technician 放炮工blasting tools 爆破工具bleed of gas 瓦斯喷出bleeder entry 通风平巷bleeder hole 放泄孔bleeder off hole 排放钻孔bleeder pipe 排出管blende 闪锌矿blender 掺合器混合器blending 掺合blending bunker 配合仓blending conveyor 掺合输送机blind 暗的blind coal 无焰炭blind drift 独头巷道blind galley 独头巷道blind lead 无露头矿脉blind outcrop 盲露头blind pit 暗井blind shaft 暗井blister 气泡block 采区；块;滑车组block brake 闸块式制动器block caving method 分段崩落采矿法block line 钻井钢丝绳block mining 分块开采blockage 闭塞blockhole 炮眼blockhole blasting 爆破地面大块岩石blockholing 爆破地面大块岩石blocking 闭塞blondin 采掘场架空死blow 放炮blow of gas 瓦斯喷出blow up 爆炸blowcharging 风力装药blowed fill 风力充填blower 吹风机blower fan 吹风机blowing out 吹洗炮眼blowing over 工祖通风blowing ventilation 吹入通风blowlamp 焊灯blowout 突出blowout preventer 防喷器blowpipe 喷焊器喷割器blowtorch 焊灯blue cap 蓝色焰晕blue printing machine 蓝图机blue spar 天蓝石blue vitriol 胆矾blueprint 蓝图blueprint paper 蓝图纸bluestone 胆矾blunt 钝的blunt drill 钝钻board 板board and pillar 房柱式开法board and pillar method 房柱式开采法board and pillar work 房柱式开法board and wall method 房柱式开采法boarding 安装木板boart 工业用圆粒金刚石bob 铅锥bobbin 绕线管bog land 沼地bogie 小车;转向架boiled oil 熟炼油boiler 锅炉boiling 沸腾boiling process 沸腾法boke 小细脉bolt 螺栓bolt connection 螺栓连接bolt joint 螺栓接合bolting 锚杆支护bolting cost 锚杆支架费bonanza 富矿脉bond 结合bond energy 结合能bonding agent 结合剂bonding energy 结合能bonding strength 结合强度bone 可燃性页岩bone char 骨煤bone coal 骨煤bone picker 拣矸工bonnet 盖bonny 矿襄bonstay 暗井bont 提升装置bonze 末精选的铅矿石boom 悬臂boom crane 伸臂起重机boom hoist 悬臂绞车boom ripper 悬臂挑预机boose 矿石内的脉石booster 传爆药booster fan 辅助扇风机booster primer 传爆药booster pump 增压泵boosting 局部通风bootleg 拒爆炮眼booze 铅矿bop 防喷器boracite 方硼石borax 硼砂bord 巷道bord and pillar method 房柱式开采法bord and pillar work 房柱式开法bord and wall method 房柱式开采法border 边缘border pile 边桩bordering 炮泥borderline 界线bore 孔bore bit 钻头bore borings 钻粉bore hole 炮眼bore meal 钻粉bore mining 溶液采矿bore mud 钻泥bore plug 钻孔岩样borehole 钻孔borehole charge 钻孔装药borehole clinometer 钻孔测斜仪borehole diameter 钻孔直径borehole profile 钻孔断面图borehole pump 深井泵borehole seal 镗孔密封垫borehole shooting 钻井爆破borehole survey 钻孔测量borer 钻工boride 硼化物boring 钻进boring bar 钻杆boring bit 钎头boring for oil 石油钻深boring frame 钻塔boring head 钻头boring machine 钻机boring mud 钻泥boring pump 钻眼用泵boring rig 钻塔boring rod 钻杆boring rope 钻机用的钢丝绳boring tool 钻具boring tower 钻塔boring tube 钻管bornite 斑铜矿boron 硼bort bit 金刚石钻头bortz 工业用圆粒金刚石bortz powder 金刚石粉borway bit 齿状钻头boss hammer 大锤bossing 厚层切底bottle coal 瓦斯煤bottom 底板bottom banksman 井底把钩工bottom belt 底部皮带bottom canch 卧底bottom captain 井下组长bottom cutting 底部截槽bottom discharge bucket 底卸式铲斗bottom discharge skip 底卸式箕斗bottom dump bucket 底卸式铲斗bottom dump skip 底卸式箕斗bottom dumping car 底卸式车bottom gangway 底导坑bottom gate 底导坑bottom heading 底导坑bottom hole 底部炮眼bottom installation 井底车场设备bottom kerf 底槽bottom layer 底层bottom layout 井底车场布置bottom level 井底车场标高bottom loading belt 底带装载式胶带输送机bottom man 井底把钓工bottom plate 底板bottom pressure 底部压力bottom priming 底部点火bottom sediment 罐底杂质bottom slice 底分层bottom stope 下向梯段工祖bottom stoping 下向梯段回采bottom taking 卧底bottom wall 下盘bottomer 井底把钓工bottoming bit 可卸式钻头boulangerite 硫锑铅矿boulder 圆石boulder blaster 大块爆破工boulder blasting 二次爆破boulder crusher 粗碎机boundary 边界boundary breakthrough 边界联络横巷boundary condition 边界条件boundary layer 边界层boundary of property 建矿边界boundary of section 采区边界boundary surface 界面boundary surface active agent 界面活性剂boundary value 监界品位boundary ventilation 对边通风bounge 煤的挤出bournonite 车轮矿bouse 矿石内的脉石boutgate 通地面的人行道bow 弧；拱梁。

煤矿科技英语——1. INTRODUCTION Coal, a combustible organic rock [1] composed primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen [2]. Coal is burned to produce energy and is used to manufacture steel. It is also an important source of chemicals used to make medicine, fertilizers, pesticides [3], and other products. Coal comes from ancient plants buried over millions of years in Earth’s crust [4], its outermost layer [5]. Coal, petroleum, natural gas, and oil shale [6] are all known as fossil fuels [7] because they come from the remains of ancient life buried deep in the crust.Coal is rich in hydrocarbons [8](compounds made up of the elements hydrogen and carbon). All life forms contain hydrocarbons, and in general, material that contains hydrocarbons is called organic material. Coal originally formed from ancient plants that died, decomposed, and were buried under layers of sediment [9] during the Carboniferous Period [10], about 360 million to 290 million years ago. As more and more layers of sediment formed over this decomposed plant material, the overburden [11] exerted increasing heat and weight on the organic matter. Over millions of years, these physical conditions caused coal to form from the carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and inorganic mineral [12] compounds in the plant matter. The coal formed in layers known as seams.Plant matter changes into coal in stages. In each successive stage, higher pressure and heat from the accumulating overburden increase the carbon content of the plant matter and drive out more of its moisture content [13]. Scientists classify coal according to its fixed carbon content [14], or the amount of carbon the coal produceswhen heated under controlled conditions. Higher grades of coal have a higher fixed carbon content.NOTES TO THE TEXT[1] organic rock：有机岩[2] carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen：碳，氢和氧[3] pesticides：农药[4] Earth’s crust：地壳[5] outermost layer：最外层地层[6] oil shale：油页岩[7] fossil fuels：化石燃料[8] hydrocarbons：碳氢化合物[9] layers of sediment ：沉积层[10] Carboniferous Period：石炭纪[11] overburden：覆盖岩层[12] inorganic mineral：无机材料[13] moisture content：含水量[14] fixed carbon content：固定碳含量煤矿科技英语——2. MODERN USES OF COAL Eighty-six percent of the coal used in the United States is burned by electric power plants [1] to produce electricity. When burned, coal generates energy in theform of heat. In a power plant that uses coal as fuel, this heat converts water into steam, which is pressurized to spin the shaft of a turbine. This spinning shaft [2] drives a generator that converts the mechanical energy of the rotation into electric power.Coal is also used in the steel industry. The steel industry uses coal by first heating it and converting it into coke [3], a hard substance consisting of nearly pure carbon. The coke is combined with iron ore [4] and limestone [5]. Then the mixture is heated to produce iron. Other industries use different coal gases given off during thecoke-forming process [6] to make fertilizers, solvents [7], medicine, pesticides, and other products.Fuel companies convert coal into easily transportable gas [8] or liquid fuels [9]. Coal-based vapor fuels [10] are produced through the process of gasification [11]. Gasification may be accomplished either at the site of the coalmine [12] or in processing plants [13]. In processing plants, the coal is heated in the presence of steam and oxygen to produce synthesis gas [14], a mixture of carbon monoxide [15], hydrogen, and methane [16] used directly as fuel or refined into cleaner-burning gas [17].On-site gasification [18] is accomplished by controlled, incomplete burning of an underground coal bed while adding air and steam. To do this, workers ignite the coal bed, pump air and steam underground into the burning coal, and then pump the resulting gases from the ground. Once the gases are withdrawn, they may be burned to produce heat or generate electricity. Or they may be used in synthetic gases to produce chemicals or to help create liquid fuels .Liquefaction [19] processes convert coal into a liquid fuel that has a composition similar to that of crude petroleum [20] Liquefaction. Coal can be liquefied either by direct or indirect processes. However, because coal is a hydrogen-deficient hydrocarbon [21], any process used to convert coal to liquid or other alternative fuels[22] must add hydrogen. Four general methods are used for liquefaction: (1) pyrolysis[23] and hydrocarbonization [24], in which coal is heated in the absence of air or in a stream of hydrogen; (2) solvent extraction [25], in which coal hydrocarbons are selectively dissolved and hydrogen is added to produce the desired liquids; (3) catalytic liquefaction [26], in which hydrogenation [27] takes place in the presence of a catalyst; and (4) indirect liquefaction, in which carbon monoxide and hydrogen are combined in the presence of a catalyst.NOTES TO THE TEXT[1] electric power plants：发电厂[2] spinning shaft：旋转轴[3] coke：焦炭[4] iron ore：铁矿石[5] limestone：石灰岩[6] coke-forming process：焦炭形成过程[7] solvents：溶剂[8] easily transportable gas：易输送的气体l[9] liquid fuels：液体燃料[10] coal-based vapor fuels：以媒为基础的气态燃料[11] gasification：气化[12] coalmine：煤矿[13] processing plants：加工厂[14] synthesis gas：合成煤气[15] carbon monoxide：一氧化碳[16] methane：沼气，甲烷[17] cleaner-burning gas：洁净煤气[18] on-site gasification：地下气化[19] liquefaction：液化[20] crude petroleum：原油[21] hydrogen-deficient hydrocarbon：缺氢碳氢化合物[22] alternative fuels：替代燃料[23] pyrolysis：高温分解[24] hydrocarbonization：碳氢化作用[25] solvent extraction：溶剂提取[26] catalytic liquefaction：催化液化作用[27] hydrogenation：氢化作用煤矿科技英语——3. FORMATION AND COMPONENTS OF COAL2006年8月1日12:40:0Coal is a sedimentary rock [1] formed from plants that flourished millions of years ago when tropical swamps [2] covered large areas of the world. Lush vegetation [3], such as early club mosses [4], horsetails [5], and enormous ferns, thrived in these swamps. Generations of this vegetation died and settled to the swamp bottom, and over time the organic material lost oxygen and hydrogen, leaving the material with a high percentage of carbon. Layers of mud and sand [6] accumulated over the decomposed plant matter, compressing and hardening the organic material as the sediments deepened. Over millions of years, deepening sediment layers, known as overburden, exerted tremendous heat and pressure on the underlying plant matter, which eventually became coal.Before decayed plant material [7] forms coal, the plant material forms a dark brown, compact organic material known as peat [8]. Although peat will burn when dried, it has a low carbon and high moisture content relative to coal. Most of coal’s heating value comes from carbon, whereas inorganic materials, such as moisture and minerals [9], detract from its heating value. For this reason, peat is a less efficient fuel source than coal. Over time, as layers of sediment accumulate over the peat, this organic material forms lignite [10], the lowest grade of coal. As the thickening geologic overburden gradually drives moisture from the coal and increases its fixed carbon content, coal evolves from lignite into successively higher-graded coals: subbituminous coal [11], bituminous coal [12], and anthracite [13]. Anthracite, the highest rank of coal, has nearly twice the heating value of lignite.Coal formation began during the Carboniferous Period (known as the first coalage), which spanned 360 million to 290 million years ago. Coal formation continued throughout the Permian [14], Triassic [15], Jurassic [16], Cretaceous [17], and Tertiary [18] Periods, which spanned 290 million to 1.6 million years ago. Coals formed during the first coal age are older, so they are generally located deeper in Earth’s crust. The greater heat and pressures at these depths produce higher-grade coals such as anthracite and bituminous coals. Conversely, coals formed during the second coal age under less intense heat and pressure are generally located at shallower depths. Consequently, these coals tend to be lower-grade subbituminous and lignite coals.Coal contains organic (carbon-containing) compounds transformed from ancient plant material. The original plant material was composed of cellulose [19], the reinforcing material [20] in plant cell walls [21]; lignin [22], the substance that cements plant cells together; tannins [23], a class of compounds in leaves and stems; and other organic compounds, such as fats and waxes. In addition to carbon, these organic compounds contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. After a plant dies and begins to decay on a swamp bottom, hydrogen and oxygen (and smaller amounts of other elements) gradually dissociate from the plant matter, increasing its relative carbon content.Coal also contains inorganic components, known as ash. Ash includes minerals such as pyrite [24] and marcasite [25] formed from metals that accumulated in the living tissues of the ancient plants. Quartz [26], clay, and other minerals are also added to coal deposits by wind and groundwater [27]. Ash [28] lowers the fixed carbon content of coal, decreasing its heating value.NOTES TO THE TEXT[1] sedimentary rock：沉积岩[2] tropical swamps：热带沼泽[3] Lush vegetation：茂盛的植物[4] club mosses：石松[5] horsetails：马尾（木贼属的一种植物）[6] layers of mud and sand：泥砂层[7] decayed plant material：腐烂的植物材料[8] peat：泥炭[9] minerals：矿物[10] lignite：褐煤[11] subbituminous coal：次烟煤[12] bituminous coal：烟煤[13] anthracite：无烟煤[14] Permian：二叠纪[15] Triassic：三叠纪[16] Jurassic：侏罗纪[17] Cretaceous：白垩纪[18] Tertiary：第三纪[19] cellulose：纤维素[20] reinforcing material：加固的材料[21] cell walls：细胞壁[22] lignin：木质[23] tannins：丹宁，鞣酸[24] pyrite：黄铁矿[25] marcasite ：白铁矿[26] quartz：石英[27] groundwater：地下水[28] ash：灰分煤矿科技英语——4. COAL DEPOSITS ANDRESERVESAlthough coal deposits exist in nearly every region of the world, commercially significant coal resources occur only in Europe, Asia, Australia, and North America. Commercially significant coal deposits occur in sedimentary rock basins [3], typicallysandwiched as layers called beds or seams [4] between layers of sandstone [5] and shale [6]. When experts develop estimates of the world’s coal supply, they distinguish between coal reserves and resources. Reserves are coal deposits that can be mined profitably with existing technology—that is, with current equipment and methods. Resources are an estimate of the worl d’s total coal deposits, regardless of whether the deposits are commercially accessible. Exploration [7] geologists [8] have found and mapped the world’s most extensive coal beds. At the beginning of 2001, global coal reserves were estimated at 984.2 billion metric tons, in which 1 metric ton [9] equals 1,016 kg (2,240 lb). These reserves occurred in the following regions by order of importance: the Asia Pacific, including Australia, 29.7 percent; North America, 26.1 percent; Russia and the countries of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), 23.4 percent; Europe, excluding the former USSR, 12.4 percent; Africa and the Middle East, 6.2 percent; and South and Central America, 2.2 percent.Coal deposits in the United Kingdom, which led the world in coal production until the 20th century, extend throughout parts of England, Wales, and southern Scotland. Coalfields in western Europe underlie the Saar and Ruhr valleys in Germany, the Alsace region of France, and areas of Belgium. Coalfields [10] in central Europe extend throughout parts of Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary. The most extensive and valuable coalfield in eastern Europe is the Donets Basin, between the Dnieper and Donrivers (in parts of Russia and Ukraine). Large coal deposits in Russia are being mined in the Kuznetsk Basin in southern Siberia. Coalfields underlying northwestern China are among the largest in the world. Mining of these fields began inthe 20th century.United States coal reserves are located in six major regions, three of which produce the majority of domestically [11] mined coal. The most productive region [12] in the United States is the Appalachian Basin, covering parts of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, and Alabama. Large quantities of coal have also been produced by both the Illinois Basin—extending through Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky—and the Western Interior Region—extending through Missouri, Kansas, and Oklahoma. Other commercially important U.S. coal regions include the Powder River Basin, underlying parts of Montana and Wyoming; the Green River Basin in Wyoming; the Uinta Basin, covering areas of Utah and Colorado; and the San Juan Basin, underlying parts of Utah, New Mexico and Colorado.In 2001 estimates of total U.S. coal reserves were approximately 246 billion metric tons. At the beginning of the 21st century production amounted to about 980 million metric tons each year.NOTES TO THE TEXT[1] coal deposit：煤矿床[2] reserves：储量[3] sedimentary rock basins：沉积岩盆地[4] seams：媒层[5] sandstone：砂岩[6] shale：页岩[7] exploration：勘探[8] geologist：地质学家[9] metric ton：公吨[10] coalfields：媒田[11] domestically：国内（产）地，民用地，家用地[12] productive region：生产区煤矿科技英语——5. BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO COALMININGCoal mining [1] is the removal of coal from the ground. The mining method employed to extract the coal depends on the following criteria: a. seam thickness [2], b. the overburden thickness, c. the ease of removal of the overburden, d. the ease withwhich a shaft [3] can be sunk to reach the coal seam, e. the amount of coal extracted relative to the amount that cannot be removed, and f. the market demand for the coal.The two types of mining methods are surface mining [4] and underground mining [5]. In surface mining, the layers of rock or soil overlying a coal seam are first removed after which the coal is extracted from the exposed seam. In underground mining, a shaft is dug to reach the coal seam. Currently, underground mining accounts for approximately 60 percent of the world recovery of coal.5-1 Surface MiningSurface mining is used to reach coal reserves that are too shallow to be reached by other mining methods. Types of surface mining include open-pit mining [6], drift mining [7], slope mining [8], contour mining [9], and auger mining [10].A. Open-pit MiningIn open-pit mining, or strip mining, earth-moving equipment is used to remove the rocky overburden and then huge mechanical shovels [11] scoop [12] coal up from the underlying deposit. The modern coal industry has developed some of the largest industrial equipment ever made, including shovels capable of holding 290 metric tons of coal.To reach the coal, bulldozers [13] clear the vegetation and soil. Depending on the hardness and depth of the exposed sedimentary rocks, these rocky layers may be shattered with explosives. To do this, workers drill blast holes [14] into the overlying sedimentary rock, fill these holes with explosives [15], and then blast the overburden to fracture the rock. Once the broken rock is removed, coal is shoveled from theunderlying deposit into giant earth-moving trucks [16] for transport [17].B. Drift MiningDrift mining is used when a horizontal seam [18] of coal emerges at the surface on the side of a hill or mountain, and the opening [19] into the mine can be made directly into the coal seam. This type of mining is generally the easiest and most economical type because excavation through rock is not necessary. If coal is available in this manner, it is likely to be mined.C. Slope MiningSlope mining occurs when an inclined opening is used to tap the coal seam (or seams). A slope mine may follow the coal seam if the seam is inclined and exposed to the surface, or the slope may be driven through rock strata overlying the coal to reach a seam. Coal transportation from a slope mine can be accomplished by conveyor [20] or by track haulage [21] (using a trolley locomotive [22] if the grade is not severe) or by pulling mine cars [23] up the slope using an electric hoist [24] and steel rope [25] if the grade is steep. The most common practice is to use a belt conveyor.D. Contour MiningContour mining occurs on hilly or mountainous terrain, where workers use excavation equipment to cut into the hillside along its contour to remove the overlying rock and then mine the coal. The depth to which workers must cut into the hillside depends on factors such as hill slope and coal bed thickness.E. Auger MiningAuger mining is frequently employed in open-pit mines where the thickness ofthe overburden is too great for open-pit mining to be cost-effective [26]. Open-pit mining would require the lengthy and costly removal of the overburden, whereas auger mining is more efficient because it cuts through the overburden and removes the coal as it drills. In this technique, the miners drill a series of horizontal holes into the coal bed with a large auger (drill) powered by a diesel or gasoline engine [27]. These augers are typically about 60 m (200 ft) long and 0.6 to 2.1 m (2 to 7 ft) in diameter. As these enormous drills bore into the coal seam, they discharge coal like a wood drill producing wood shavings. Additional auger lengths are added as the cutting head of the auger penetrates farther into the coal. Penetration continues until the cutting head drifts into the top or bottom of the coal seam, into a previous hole, or until the maximum torque [28] (energy required to twist an object) of the auger is reached.F. Satellite Aids [29] to Surface MiningIn the late 1990s some coal mining enterprises used technologies such as the global positioning system (GPS) [30] to help guide the positioning of mining equipment. Satellites operated by the United States Air Force Space Command and leased to companies for commercial use track the position of mining equipment against a map of a mine’s topography [31]. This map uses colors to distinguish soil that should be excavated, soil that should remain in place, and areas that should be filled in. The equipment driver observes this visual information [32] on a monitor [33] while operating the equipment. Some coal mining enterprises have used GPS to increase mining efficiency up to 30 percent.5－2 Underground MiningUnderground, or deep, mining occurs when coal is extracted from a seam without removal of the overlying strata. Miners build a shaft mine that enters the earth through a vertical opening and descends from the surface to the coal seam. In the mine, the coal is extracted from the seam by various methods, including conventional mining[34], continuous mining [35], longwall mining [36], and room-and-pillar mining [37].A. Conventional MiningConventional mining, also called cyclic mining, involves a sequence of operations that proceed in the following order: a. supporting the roof [38], b. ventilation [39], c. cutting [40], d. drilling [41], e. blasting [42], f. coal removal [43], and g. loading [44]. First, miners make the roof above the seam safe and stable by timbering [45] or by roof bolting [46], processes intended to prevent the roof from collapsing [47]. At the same time, they create ventilation openings so that dangerous gases [48] can escape and fresh air can reach the miners. Then one or more slots [49]—a few centimeters wide and extending for several meters into the coal—are cut along the face of the coal seam, also known as the wall face, by a large, mobile cutting machine [50]. The cut, or slot, provides easy access to the face and facilitates the breaking up of the coal, which is usually blasted from the seam by explosives known as permissible explosives. This type of explosive produces an almost flame-free explosion [51] and markedly reduces the amount of noxious fumes [52] in comparison with conventional explosives. The coal may then be transported by rubber-tired electric vehicles (shuttle cars) [53] or by chain (or belt) conveyor systems [54].B. Continuous MiningContinuous mining involves the use of a single machine known as a continuous miner that breaks the coal mechanically and loads it for transport. This mobile machine [55] has a series of metal-studded rotating drums [56] that gouge coal from the face of the coal seam. One continuous miner can mechanically break apart about 1.8 metric tons of coal per hour. Roof support is then installed, ventilation is advanced, and the coalface [57] is ready for the next cycle. The method used to transport the coal requires the installation of mobile belt conveyors.C. Longwall MiningThe longwall mining system uses a remote-controlled [58] self-advancing support [59] in which large blocks of coal are completely extracted in a continuous operation. Hydraulic or self-advancing jacks [60], known as chocks [61], support the roof at the immediate face as the coal is removed. As the face advances [62], the roof is allowed to collapse behind the remote-controlled, roof-building machinery [63]. Miners then remove the fallen coal. Coal recovery [64] is comparable to that attainable with the conventional or continuous mining systems.D. Room-and-Pillar MiningRoom-and-pillar mining is a means of developing a coalface and, at the same time, retaining supports for the roof. With this technique, rooms are developed from large, parallel tunnels driven into the solid coal [65], and the intervening pillars [66] of coal are used to support the roof. The percentage of coal recovered from a seam depends on the number and size of protective pillars of coal thought necessary to support the roof safely. Workers may remove some coal pillars just before closing themine.NOTES TO THE TEXT[1] coal mining：采煤[2] seam thickness：煤层厚度[3] shaft：立井[4] surface mining：地面开采[5] underground mining：地下开采[6] open-pit mining：露天矿开采[7] drift mining：平峒开采[8] slope mining：斜井开采[9] contour mining：台阶开采[10] auger mining：螺旋钻开采[11] mechanical shovels：机械铲[12] scoop：铲斗[13] bulldozer：推土机[14] blast holes：炮眼[15] explosives：炸药[16] earth-moving trucks：地面移动卡车[17] transport：运输，输送[18] horizontal seam：水平煤层[19] opening：坑道[20] conveyor：输送机[21] track haulage：轨道运输[22] trolley locomotive：架线式电机车[23] mine cars：矿车[24] electric hoist：电动提升机[25] steel rope：钢丝绳[26] cost-effective：成本效果[27] gasoline engine：汽油发动机[28] maximum torque：最大扭矩[29] satellite aids：卫星辅助[30] global positioning system (GPS)：地球定位系统[31] topography：地形[32] visual information：可视信息[33] monitor：监控器，监视器[34] conventional mining：传统式开采法[35] continuous mining：连续（采煤机）式开采法[36] longwall mining：长壁式开采法[37] room-and-pillar mining：房柱式开采法[38] supporting the roof：支护顶板[39] ventilation：通风[40] cutting：截割，掏槽[41] drilling：钻眼[42] blasting：爆破，放炮[43] coal removal：出媒[44] loading：装载[45] timbering：木支架[46] roof bolting：顶板锚杆支护[47] collapsing：垮落，崩落[48] dangerous gases：危险气体[49] slot：槽，沟[50] mobile cutting machine：移动式截媒机[51] flame-free explosion：无焰爆破[52] noxious fumes：有毒烟雾[53] rubber-tired electric vehicles (shuttle cars)：电动胶轮车（梭车）[54] chain (or belt) conveyor system：刮板（胶带）输送机系统[55] mobile machine：移动式机器[56] metal-studded rotating drums：金属双头螺栓式旋转滚筒[57] coalface：采煤工作面[58] remote-controlled：遥控的[59] self-advancing support：自移式支架[60] hydraulic or self-advancing jacks：液压或自移式千斤顶[61] chocks：垛式（液压）支架[62] face advances：工作面推进[63] roof-building machinery：筑顶机械[64] coal recovery：媒炭回收率[65] solid coal：实体煤[66] intervening pillars：煤房间的煤柱煤矿科技英语——6. LONGWALL MINING SYSTEMS Longwall mining has a long history of successful applications, even in thin and inclined coal seams [2]. This type of mining is more mechanized than any other method, and necessitates careful attention to the selection of the expensive equipment required. Longwall mining is a unique method with one principal variation. According to the direction of coal extraction, there are longwall advance mining [3] and longwall retreat mining [4].6-1 Longwall Advance MiningLongwall advance mining has been primarily used in the deeper underground mines where strata pressures [5] do not permit maintaining roadway [6] for long period of time.The majority of coalfields in Europe use longwall advance system of mining. The coal seam is divided into panels [7], generally 100 to 230m wide by up to 1800m long. Production may commence following a minimal capital outlay [8] for pre-production development. Yet the geological conditions [9] ahead of the advancing coalface may be uncertain, thus introducing an element of risk. Any sudden worsening of geological conditions may cause the production face to halt and an equipment capital outlay can be temporarily at a stand still. Shallow mining depths are not favored longwall advance mining; however, weak strata may require its use even though it may not suit NorthAmerican requirements for high productivity.A. Advance system with single entry [10]: The single entry is driven only a short distance ahead of the advancing face to avoid excessive frontal abutment pressures [11], The advance of roadways has been greatly improved through the use of longwall shearer [12] for roadway excavation.The main problem of the longwall advance system with single entry is maintaining the roadway behind face in the gob [13] for the life of the panel. Roadway support is provided by arches set [14]. The packs [15] are built along the gob edge for maintaining the roadway. The application of the Pump Pack [16] for pack building has reduced the difficulties relating to roadway maintenance [17].B. Advance system with double entries [18]: These have rib pillars [19] with a least width equal to or greater than one tenth of the panel depth separating panels. The ribs provide roadway protection against strata pressure deformation [20] effect. The driving of double entries in advance is integrated with the transport of coal from the longwall face. The main advantage of this system is that there is no need for roadway maintenance because one collapse is with the gob and the other in the rib is not affected by gob closure [21].The mining system requires more development work, but this is more than offset [22] by the savings in roadway maintenance.6-2. Longwall Retreat MiningLongwall retreat mining is basically the same as longwall advancing extraction, except that the coal seam is block-out [23] and then retreated in panels betweendevelopment roadways. Its advantages over advance mining are low risk and consistently high output. However, there are factors, which limit the application of retreat mining. The most important of which is the development of high stress [24] levels due to the influence of nearby workings, which affect the stability [25] of development roadways in soft strata. The life of the coalface depends upon the life of the roadway gate support. Reinforcement [26] techniques are available to assist in stabilizing the mine roadways.A. A retreat system with a single entry: this system is similar to the advance system with one entry, except that the panel is fully developed before extraction starts. There is a problem of roadway maintenance near the gob.This method has the advantages of economical use roadways and the efficient recovery of coal reserves. The mining direction is either down-dip [27] or along strike [28]. The disadvantages of the system are that the developed roadways in solid coal are liable to interaction from neighboring workings in the same seam: and the panel in extraction must be mined-out before the next one can start to avoid short circuiting ventilation.B. Integrated advance and retreat system [29]: this system is used mostly in deeper and gaseous coalmines. Single entry is used resulting in limited development and easier face-end [30] operations. Alternate faces advance in opposite directions. This method, as in other single entry longwall mining methods, re-uses the roadway of the mined-out panel for extraction of the adjacent panel. In some countries, integrated single entry system has been used to control surface subsidence strains.。

LESSON 1 煤炭开采史人类首次使用煤炭的时期可能追溯到原始社会，确定这种黑色石头能够燃烧肯定是偶然的，这个现象可能是在几千年间世界上（不同地方的人们）独立发现的。

这些独立的发现极可能是这样产生的：原始人碰巧在暴露出黑色石头的矿上营火。

这是他们惊讶的发现那儿生出了火。

基督徒时代，我们在圣经上得知所罗门王（即现在的亚兰人王）时，用煤是相当熟悉的，而在此之前1100 年，中国就有使用煤炭的记录，在wales，有证据显示，在青铜时代的人们把火葬用柴堆，而且众所周知，使用了这种能源。

这儿还有其他的古代参考资料。

所以煤炭能够燃烧（甚至一些相关的应用）的知识，流传了几千年。

然而，实际上人们公认首先利用煤炭的是中世纪的英国。

在美国，有证据表明印第安人最先碰巧使用了煤炭。

然而，美国第一次有记载的利用煤炭的是人是法国探险家，他在1679 年报道了一个在伊利诺斯河边的暴露的露头。

仿效这样，其他的探险家取得了一个又一个发现，但是，第一个有记载的实际使用时在1702 年的维吉尼亚州。

早期有记载的煤炭大规模开采是1750 年。

煤田从詹姆斯河延伸到里士满伊利诺斯附近，现在那儿被遗弃了。

除了当地的消费，煤炭还被运往philadelphia,New York 和Boston. 起始，所有煤炭都是用销和钎从固体矿床上砍下来的，然后它们被工人用铲掘到篮子、箱子和推车上，运到外面或井底车场。

随后，车子有了改进，但仍需工人拽木板。

随着时间推移，铁皮，铁轨被用到矿车上，骡子矮马和普通马被用于拉运。

逐渐地，黑火药被用于爆破煤炭，但底部掏槽，侧面掏槽和钻孔仍需要人工进行，在17 世纪和18 世纪，采矿业取得一系列重大发展，1775 年，第一台蒸汽机在英国被瓦特发明，它被用于抽出开采过程中的地下水，非常重要的，它使矿井有可能开采更深的部分，第一条轨道修成了，第一台用煤的蒸汽机车在1814 年的英国被乔治。

斯蒂芬逊改进了，第一辆电动机车在1883 年的德国用于地下交通。

练习1矿井系统选择的标准图9.2显示了各种采矿方法的生产分布图。

由于现在在短壁工作面工作的少于12个人，所以采用长臂综采法。

很显然连续采煤法越来越受欢迎不是因为每个单元的生产能力增加，而是因为相同吨位的产出需要的人少。

然而，长臂开采的生产率更高是因为每个采矿单元与生俱来的连续开采潜力使其有更大的生产能力。

虽然如此，讨论选择一个系统比另一个系统好要考虑很多因素，这样会让每种形式的细节分析变得明显。

这个表格列出了很多矿井选择特定系统时考虑的各种因素，提供了像自然条件，开采经验，社会关注点，市场条件等重要因素。

一些选择是相当明显的，然而一些是不明显的。

通常，这些选择更能反映出个人偏见。

例如，当缝隙是坚硬的或包含坚硬的杂质，传统的开采方法（爆破）比通过连续开采剥开煤层更容易。

当眼前的隧道顶部很坏时,长臂开采更容易也能够提供更全面的支撑。

常规开采需求的大量设备可能会导致柔软底部的撕裂，所以常规开采比连续开采需要一个坚固的底部。

由于常规开采在房柱式系统已经比在任何老矿区实行时间都长，由于劳动监察部门最熟悉这种方法和设备，在新矿的开采方法选取中这将是一个重要的考虑因素。

然而，如果对于新的从业人员，选择这种传统方法是不太可能的，因为它需要更多的技巧去协调许多设备以及人力。

但是，对于维护人员就不是这样的。

由于传统设备比连续采矿设备更简单，更可靠，更容易保持状态，一个没有经验的维修组更适合使用常规开采的矿区。

市场对于采矿系统的发展有过很大的影响。

而连续开采通常认为已经开始约在1947年，实际上再更早就有了。

在1920年代早期，McKinley Entry Driver，一个出生很早地使用连续开采方法的矿工，加入的很多条目在Illinois.然而煤炭生产靠它，和几乎如今的所有连续开采矿工，这对于全国上下的取暖需求不是很畅销，所以它产生了低回报。

随着实用市场的到来，所有的煤都是粉碎后使用的，连续采煤机已获得广泛的认可。

采矿工程专业英语专业：矿业工程姓名：常晓贇学号：1370845Page1:Evidence of early copper mining exists in many parts of the world . For example , a recent archeometallurgical expedition has uncovered a prehistoric mining complex at PhuLon(“Bald Mountain”)on the Mekong River in Thailand , that ma y be dated as early as 2000BC.Workers at this complex used massive river cobble mauls to break the friable skarn matrix that held squatz veins rich in malachite (Pigott, 1988). The world's oldest known copper smelting furnace,dating to 3500BC, has been found near the modern Timna copper mine in Israel (Raymond , 1986).在世界上许多地方都有早期铜开采存在的证据。

例如，最近一个冶金考古探险队发现了一个史前采矿综合体在在泰国湄公河的PhuLon（“秃山”）上，这可能要追溯到公元前2000年。

工人们用大量鹅卵石撞击易碎的富含孔雀石的矽卡岩脉石（Pigott，1988）。

世界上已知的最古老的铜矿石冶炼炉可以追溯到公元前3500年，它被发现是在以色列的现在亭纳铜矿（Raymond，1986）。

The link between native copper and malachite might well have been suggested to Neolithic man by the common association of these two forms of the metal in outcrops.But the process by which he then learned how to extract copper from the malachite remains an historic mystery . One suggested answer is that both metal smelting and pottery making appeared to have evolved about the same time . The potter , the first technician in the management of heat , had under his control all the materials and conditions necessary for smelting copper(Raymond, 1986).自然铜矿和孔雀石之间的联系更可能被新石器时代的人建议为这两种金属露头形式之间常见的关联。

最全的采矿工程专业英语词汇总结第一篇：最全的采矿工程专业英语词汇总结Chapter 3.1 Mining methodmining method 采矿方法； mining operation 采矿作业；transportation 运输； ventilation 通风；ground control 顶板管理；the cost of per ton of coal 吨煤成本； recovery 回采率；subside v. subsidence n.地表沉陷； subsidence control 地表沉陷控制 cover 覆盖层；overburden 上覆地层； immediate roof 直接顶； floor 底板；dip（Pitch）倾角； hardness 硬度； strength 强度； cleavage 解理；gas，methane 瓦斯daily operation 日常工作 single operation 单一工序unit operation 单元作业 auxiliary operation辅助作业 cutting n.切割，掏槽；blasting n.爆破loading n.装煤haul v.运输，搬运drainage n.排水power n.动力 power Supply 动力供应 communication n.通讯Chapter 3.2 Mine PreplanningHercules【希、罗神】赫尔克里斯, 大力神--> Herculean, adj.力气极大的；需要大力气的。

herculean effort 巨大的努力 inadequacy n.不足，缺乏。

lighting n.照明。

disruption in production 停产； reduction in production 减产；compromise 折衷room and pillar 房柱式 by far 到目前为止in common with … 和…一样underground mining 井工开采outcrop 露头，露出地面的岩层；crosscut 联络巷、石门；drift平硐； entry平巷；development stage 开拓阶段； production stage 生产阶段；face 工作面。

采矿工程专业英语词汇手册.doc采矿工程专业英语词汇手册（Glossary of Special English in Mining Engineering ）——《采矿学》双语教学专用采矿工程专业内部讲义二零零七年九月Content目录I n t r o d u c t i o n (2)绪论 (2)C h a p t e r1B a s i c c o n c e p t s o f C o a l M i n i n g (2)第一章煤矿开采的基本概念 (2)C h a p t e r2C o a l M i n i n g m e t h o d s (3)第二章采煤方法的概念和种类 (3)Section I Mine Field Development and Mining Design第一篇井田开拓及矿井开采设计C h a p t e r3B a s i c C o n c e p t s o f M i n eD e v e l o p m e n t (4)第三章井田开拓的基本概念 (4)C h a p t e r4M i n eD e v e l o p m e n t W a y s (5)第四章井田开拓方式 (4)C h a p t e r5D e v e l o p m e n t R o a d w a y s L a y o u t (6)第五章井田开拓巷道布置 (4)C h a p t e r6L e v e l s t a t i o n (7)第六章井底车场 (4)C h a p t e r7M i n eD e v e l o p m e n t D e e p e n a n d T e c h n i c a l R e f o r m (8)第七章矿井开拓延深和技术改造 (4)Introduction (绪论)mine n. 矿山,矿井。

v. 采矿colliery n. 矿井coal mining 采煤underground mining 地下开采surface mining 露天开采reserve n. 储量coal-bearing adj. 含煤的high production and high efficiency 高产高效development n. 开拓preparation n. 准备mining method 采煤方法subside v. 下沉,沉陷subsidence n. 沉降,沉陷mining subsidence n. 开采沉陷mechanize v. 使…机械化mechanization n. 机械化Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Mine (矿井基本概念) coalfield n. 煤田mining area n. 矿区mine field n. 井田divide v. 划分division n. 划分mine production capacity （MPC）矿井生产能力mine service life 矿井服务年限production scale of mine 井型small mine 小型矿井middle mine 中型矿井large mine 大型矿井huge mine 特大型矿井strike n. 走向dip n. 倾向dip angle 倾角workable adj. 可采的workable reserve n. 可采储量opening n. 通道,开口mine opening n. 矿山井巷passageway n. 通道shaft n. 立井roadway n. 巷道chamber n. 硐室main shaft 主立井auxiliary shaft 副立井air shaft 风井blind shaft 暗立井drawn shaft 溜井chute n. 溜煤眼adit n. 平硐drift n. 平硐crosscut n. 联络巷；石门coal crosscut煤门entry n. 平巷haulage n. 运输main haulage roadway 主要运输平巷main return-air roadway 主要回风平巷head entry 区段运输平巷tail entry 区段回风平巷slope n. 斜井rise n. 上山dip n. 下山rock rise 岩石上山coal rise 煤层上山coal haulage rise 运煤上山material transporting rise 运料上山return-air rise 回风上山men-walking rise 行人上山inclined roadway of a strip 分带斜巷inclined coal haulage roadway of a strip 分带运煤斜巷inclined material haulage roadway of a strip 分带运料斜巷development roadway 开拓巷道preparation roadway 准备巷道gateway 回采巷道pit bottom 井底车场shaft bottom 井底车场station n. 车场,车站mining district station 采区车场horizon n. 阶段level n. 水平haulage level 运输水平return-air level 回风水平mining level 开采水平interval between levels 阶段垂高mining district 采区panel n. 盘区sublevel n. 分段strip district n. 带区inclined length 斜长strike length 走向长度district sublevel区段Open-off cut n. 切眼coalface n. 采煤面working face工作面production n. 生产；产量production system 生产系统coal haulage system 运煤系统ventilation n. 通风ventilation system通风系统fresh air 新鲜风dirty air 乏风,污风refuse n. 矸石material and refuse transportation system 运料排矸系统drain v. 排水drainage system 排水系统power supply system (electric power, compressed air) 动力供应（电、压风）communication and monitoring system 通讯、监测系统drive v. 掘进excavate v. 开挖,开掘hoist v. 提升winch n. 绞车Chapter 2 Coal Mining methods (采煤方法)stope 采场mining works/units 回采工作basic operation 基本工序break v. 破碎load v. 装载haul v. 运输auxiliary operations 辅助工序roof support 顶板支护gob treatment 采空区处理auxiliary transportation 辅助运输ventilation 通风drainage 排水power supply 供电,emulsion supply 供液（乳化液）等。

第一课人类首次使用煤的确切时间是在古代。

某些黑岩烧的，这一发现，无疑是偶然的和可能发生的独立，并多次在几千年的世界，这是很可能这些独立的发现原始人偶然露出一个黑色的壁架的基础上参加营火岩石，然后很惊讶时，起火。

中国记录使用煤1100年，基督教时代之前，我们从“圣经”学习，所罗门王是熟悉煤炭在什么是现在的叙利亚。

在威尔士，有证据，用于葬礼柴堆煤炭青铜器时代的人，这是众所周知，罗马人使用这种燃料。

还有其他一些古老的引用。

因此，知识，煤炭燃烧，甚至一些，知识的使用，回到几千年前。

然而，实际和一贯使用煤，似乎迄今为止，在中世纪的英格兰。

在美洲，有证据显示在这里和那里的印度人偶尔使用。

但是，在什么现在是美国首次记录发现的煤炭，是由法国探险家，报告于1679年在伊利诺伊河露头曝光。

在此之后，其他的发现是由法国和英国的探险家，但第一次记录到的实际使用情况是在弗吉尼亚州于1702年，一个法国定居者被授予许可使用煤炭为他伪造。

最早记载的商业开采于1750年，从弗吉尼亚州里士满附近的詹姆斯河煤田，现在已经废弃的存款。

除了本地消费这一领域，被运到费城，纽约，波士顿。

起初，所有的煤炭hewed从固体床使用手工挑选和酒吧。

当时铲入筐，箱，或手推车和拖，男性或女性，到外面或脚下一轴。

后来，汽车开发，但仍超过人类制定的木板。

随着时间的渐渐地，黑火药爆炸的煤炭，但削弱，sidecutring，并钻探仍然由手工完成。

在18世纪末和19世纪，一些基本的发展极大地辅助了煤炭开采。

泵水煤矿，一个很重要的应用，使得有可能为地雷深入詹姆斯瓦特发明了第一台蒸汽机在英国1775*4*第一的轨道交通，采矿，乔治在英国的斯蒂芬森在1814年开发的第一台蒸汽机车，为煤矿f，井下用的第一个电力机车于1883年在德国。

，铁带子，然后轨，用于汽车，而骡子，小马，或马拉。

渐渐地，黑火药爆炸的煤炭，但掏槽，sidecutting，并钻探仍然由手工完成。

在18世纪末和19世纪，一些基本的发展极大地辅助了煤炭开采。