Condition Based Maintenance on Rail Vehicles – Possibilities for a more effective maintena

铁路机车常用英文词汇机车种类types of locomotive蒸汽机车steam locomotive内燃机车；曾用名"柴油机车" diesel locomotive电力机车electric locomotive燃气轮机车gasturbine locomotive动车组motor train unit；motor train set动车motot car拖车trailer铁路干线机车railway trunk line locomotive工矿机车industrial and mining locomotive客运机车passenger locomotive货运机车freight locomotive；goods locomotive调车机车shunting locomotive；switcher小运转机车locomotive for district transfer；transfer locomotive train路用机车locomotive of service train；service locomotives配属机车allocated locomotive非配属机车un-allocated locomotive支配机车disposal locomotive非支配机车un-disposal locomotive运用机车locomotive in operation检修机车locomotive under repairing备用机车locomotive in reserve封存机车locomotive stored up待修机车locomotive waiting for repair机车出租leased locomotive机车报废locomotive retirement机车储备locomotive reservation；locomotive storage机车整备locomotive servicing；locomotive running preparation机车整备能力locomotive service capacity机车技术规范locomotive technical specification转向架中心bogie pivot center转向架中心距离distance between bogie pivot centers；bogie pivot pitc h机车全轴距locomotive total wheel base机车转向架轴距locomotive wheel base of bogie机车固定轴距locomotive rigid wheel base机车长度locomotive overall length机车宽度locomotive width机车高度locomotive height机车计算重量calcuated weight of locomotive机车整备重量locomotive service weight机车重量locomotive weight机车粘着重量locomotive adhesive weight轴重转移；轴荷载转移axle load transfer粘着重量利用系数adhesive weight utility factor机车重量分配weight distribution of locomotive轮对横动量lateral play of wheel set机车噪声locomotive noise热值；发热量heat value机车万吨公里能耗energy consumption per 10；000 t-km of locomotive机车用煤coal for locomotive机车用柴油diesel oil for locomotive机车用电electricity for locomotive机车用换算煤converted coal for locomotive标准煤standard coal机车用润滑剂lubricant for locomotive给水water supply水鹤water crane给水处理water [supply] treatment炉内软水water softened in boiler炉外软水water softened out of boiler软水water softened净水water purified机务段locomotive depot机车运用段locomotive running depot机车检修段locomotive repair depot机车折返段locomotive turnaround depot列车无线电调度系统train radio dispatching system机车监控记录装置locomotive supervise and record apparatus机车故障locomotive failure机车牵引特性locomotive tractive characteristic机车效率total locomotive efficiency机车轮周效率efficiency of locomotive at wheel rim机车传动功率transmission efficiency of locomotive机车牵引特性曲线locomotive tractive characteristic curve机车轮周功率曲线locomotive power curve at wheel rim机车牵引力曲线locomotive tractive effort curve机车预期牵引特性曲线predetermined tractive characteristic curve of locomotive机车功率locomotive power轮周功率output power at wheel rim比功率power/weight ratio比重量weight/power ratio单位体积功率specific volume power机车牵引力locomotive teractive effort轮周牵引力tractive effort at wheel rim车钩牵引力tractive effort at coupler；drawbar pull起动牵引力stsrting tractive effort粘着牵引力adhesive tractive effort持续牵引力continuous tractive effort基本阻力basic resistance运行阻力running resistance惰行阻力idle runing resistance；coasting resistance起动阻力starting resistance附加阻力additional resistance坡道阻力gradient resistance曲线阻力curve resistance空气阻力air resistance单位阻力unit resistance；specific resistance换算阻力；加算阻力converted resistance速度控制系统speed control system加速acceleration减速deceleration恒速constant speed加速力acceleration force减速力deceleration force列车制动train braking制动方式brake mode空气制动air brake真空制动vacuum brake动力制动dynamic brake液力制动hydraulic brake电阻制动rheostatic brake再生制动regenerative brake电空制动electropneumatic brake蓄能制动energy-storing brake涡流制动eddy current brake磁轨制动electromagnetic rail brake踏面制动tread brake盘型制动disc brake机车制动周期locomotive braking period机车制动距离locomotive braking distance机车每轴闸瓦作用力brake shoe force per axle of locomotive制动braking常用制动service braking；service application最大常用制动；常用全制动full servive braking；full service appli cati on阶段制动graduated application自然制动unintended braking；undesired braking紧急制动emergency braking；emergency application意外紧急制动undesirable emergency braking；UDE缓解release直接缓解；一次缓解direct release阶段缓解graduated release自然缓解unintended release；undesired release漏泄leakage充风；充气charging阶段提升graduated increasing保持位suppression；maintaining position；holding position 制动管减压量brake pipe pressure reduction过量减压over reduction局部减压local reduction分段减压split reduction最大常用减压full servive reduction常用局减quick service紧急局减quick action前后风压差false gradient列车管压差train pipe pressure gradient保压停车stopping at maintaining position缓解停车stopping at release缓解波速release propagation rate制动波速braking propagation rate机车制动机locomotive brake gear空气压缩机air compressor调压器pressure regulator给风阀feed valve减压阀reducing valve机车分配阀locomotive distributing valve切换阀transfer valve自动制动阀automatic brake valve单独制动阀independent brake valve滤尘止回阀strainer check valve机车紧急放风阀locomotive emergency vent valve高压保安阀high pressure safety valve低压保安阀low pressure safety valve无载起动电空阀no-load starting electropneumatic valve油水分离器oil-water separator总风缸main air reservoir空气干燥器air dryer撒砂装置sanding device砂箱sand box撒砂阀sanding valve撒砂器sandingsprayer紧急撒砂emergency sanding自动撒砂automatic sanding间隙效应slack actionL/V比值L/V ratio弓网关系pantograph-contact line relation机车牵引区段locomotive tractive district机车交路locomotive routing单肩回交路single-arm routing双肩回交路double-arm routing半循环交路semi-loop routing循环交路loop routing环形交路circular routing短交路short routing长交路long routing直通交路through routing机车乘务制度locomotive crew working system机车包乘制system of assigning crew to designated locomotive机车轮乘制locomotive crew pooling system机车随乘制locomotive caboose crew system机车乘务组locomotive crew司机driver副司机assisant driver指导司机driver instructor司炉fireman机车运用指标index of locomotive operation机车出入段作业preparation of locomotive for leaving and arri vi ng at depot机车全周转complete turnround of locomotive机车在段停留时间detention time of locomotive at depot机车全周转距离diatance of one complete turnround of locomotive机车全周转时间period of one complete turnround of locomotive机车走行公里locomotive running kilometers换算走行公里converted running kilometers沿线走行公里running kilometers on the road辅助走行公里auxiliary running kilometers本务走行公里leading locomotive running kilometers单机走行公里light locomotive running kilometers重联机车走行公里multi-locomotive running kilometers机车日车公里average daily locomotive running kilometers机车平均牵引总重average gross weight hauled by locomotive机车日产量average daily output of locomotive运用机车台数number of locomotive in service机车需要系数coefficient of locomotives requirment单机运行light locomotive running双机牵引；双机重联牵引double locomotive traction多机牵引multi-locomotive traction主机；本务机车leading locomotive机车超重牵引traction for train exceed mass norm机车调度命令locomotive diapatching order机务段运行揭示running service-bulletin of depot司机运转保单driver’s service-report；driver’s log司机室driver’s cab司机操纵台driver’s desk司机模拟操纵装置simulator for driver train-handling优化操纵optimum handling；optimum optimum operation机车自动操纵automatic locomotive operation机车保养locomotive maintenance机车检修locomotive inspection and repair机车检修修程classification of locomotive repair机车大修locomotive overhaul [repair]；locomotive general overhaul架修intermediate repair定修periodical repair；light repair蒸汽机车洗修steam locomotive boiler washout repair机车厂修locomotive repair in works机车段修locomotive repair in depot日常检查routine inspection机车临修locomotive temporary repair定期检修repair based on time or running kilometers状态检修repair based on condition of component换件大修component exchange repair配件互换修repair with interchangeable component预防维修制preventive maintenance system检修周期period of inspection and repair月检monthly inspection定检公里running kilometers between predetermined repairs定检时间time between predetermined repairs检修范围scope of repairing course；scope of repair超范围修理repair beyond the scope of repairing course检修停时standing time under repair集中化修理；集中修centralization of repair检修基本技术条件fundamental technical requirements for repair and inspection检修工艺规程technological regulations for repair and inspection检修作业程序repair procedure；shop program磨耗限度limit of wear检修限度locomotive repair limit第一限度1st limit第二限度2nd limit使用限度operation limit中间工艺检验intermediate inspection at the technological process转向设备turning facilities转盘turntable机务设备通过能力carrying capacity of locomotive facilities机车专用设备special equipment for locomotive operation机车验收acceptance of locomotive机车试运转locomotive trial run形式试验type test性能试验performance test鉴定试验homologation test出厂试验predelivery test制动试验brake test牵引试验traction test负载试验loaded test；load test牵引热工试验traction and thermodynamique de traction定置试验stationary test；test at standstill动力学试验dynamics test强度试验strength test运用试验service test；operation test耐久性试验durability test可靠性试验reliability test例行试验routine test特殊试验special test研究性试验investigation test抽样试验sampling test模拟试验analogue test机车履历簿locomotive logbook直流电力机车DC electric locomotive单向交流电力机车single-phase AC electric locomotive单相工频交流电力机车single-phase industrial frequency AC electric l ocomoti ve双电压制电力机车dual voltage electric locomotive双频率制电力机车dual frequency electric locomotive多电流制电力机车multiple system electric locomotive硅整流器电力机车silicon rectifier electric locomotive晶闸管整流器电力机车thyristor rectifier electric locomotive经闸管变流器电力机车thyristor converter electric locomotive电动车组electric multiple unit；motor coach set；electric motor train unit单相交流电动车组single-phase industrial frequency AC motor train unit地下铁道电动车组subway motor train unit电流制current system直流制DC system单相工频交流制single-phase industrial frequency AC system单相低频交流制single-phase low frequency AC system受电弓标称电压nominal voltage at pantograph调压方式voltage regulation mode高压侧调压high voltage regulation低压侧调压low voltage regulation分级调压stepped voltage regulation无级调压stepless voltage regulation相控调压phase control斩波调压chopper control变阻调压rheostatric control整流方式mode of rectification牵引变流器traction convertor牵引逆变器traction invertor牵引变频器traction frequency convertor可调牵引变频器variable frequency convertor直流斩波器DC chopper单相桥式整流器single-phase bridge rectifier三相桥式整流器three-phase bridge rectifier可控桥式整流器controlled bridge rectifier对称半控桥式整流器symmetric half-controlled bridge rectifier非对称半控桥式整流器asymmetric half-controlled bridge rectifier 多段桥[联结] bridges in cascade；multi rectifier bridge硅整流装置silicon rectifier device晶闸管整流装置thyristor rectifier device励磁整流装置excitation rectifier device电力传动方式mode of electric drive直流传动DC drive交-直流传动AC-DC drive交-直-交流传动AC-DC-AC drive调速方式mode of speed control变压调速variable voltage speed control变频调速variable frequency speed control变极调速pole changing speed control车轴驱动方式mode of axle drive弹性齿轮驱动resilient gear drive刚性齿轮驱动solid gear drive单侧减速齿轮驱动single reduction gear drive双侧减速齿轮驱动double reduction gear drive单电动机驱动monomotor drive车轴空心轴驱动quill drive；hollow axle drive电机空心轴驱动hollow shaft motor drive万向轴驱动cardan shaft drive直接驱动gearless drive；direct drive独立驱动individual drive组合驱动coupled axle drive连杆驱动rod drive组合传动机车coupled axle drive locomotive独立传动机车individual drive locomotive齿轨[传动]机车；齿条传动机车rack locomotive牵引电动机供电制式traction motor power supply system机车集中供电locomotive centralized power supply转向架独立供电bogie individual power supply电动机独立供电motor individual power supply主电路power circuit；main circuit高压电路high voltage circuit；high tension circuit低压电路low voltage circuit；low tension circuit网侧电路circuit on side of overhead contact line牵引电路traction circuit制动电路braking circuit滤波电路filter circuit辅助电路auxiliary circuit列车供电电路power supply circuit for train控制电路control circuit控制电源control source蓄电池电路battery circuit指令电路command circuit照明电路lighting circuit仪表电路instrument circuit联锁电路interlocking circuit信号电路signal circuit起动电路starting circuit保护电路protective circuit电子控制电路electronic control circuit电空制动电路electropneumatic brake ciucuit；E-P brake circuit防空转防滑行保护电路anti-slip/slide protection circuit音频通讯电路audio communication circuit电连接器electric coupler自动电连接器electric automatic coupler机车重联电连接器multi-locomotive electrc coupler牵引电动机traction motor直流牵引电动机DC traction motor脉流牵引电动机pulsating current traction motor交流牵引电动机AC traction motor单向交流牵引电动机single-phase AC traction motor三相交流牵引电动机three phase AC traction motor抱轴式牵引电动机axle hung traction motor；nose suspension tracti on motor架承式牵引电动机frame mounted traction motor转向架架承式牵引电动机bogie mounted traction motor底架架承式牵引电动机underframe mounted traction motor串励电动机series excited motor并励电动机shunt excited motor复励电动机compound excied motor他励电动机separately excited motor同步电动机synchronous motor异步电动机asynchronous motor交流换向器电动机alternating current commutator motor全封闭式电动机totally-enclosed motor通风式电动机ventilated motor自通风式电动机self-ventilated motor强迫通风式电动机force ventilated motor直线电动机；线性电动机linear motor直线同步电动机linear synchronous motor直线异步电动机；直线感应电动机linear asynchronous motor；linear induction motor电动机转速motor speed电动机超速runaway speed电动机特性motor characteristic电动机转矩；电动机扭矩motor torque启动转矩starting torque峰值转矩peak torque制动转矩braking torque最大输出功率maximum output启动电流starting current峰值电流peak current标称电压nominal voltage变压器电势transformer EMF片间平均电压mean voltage between segments片间最高电压maximum voltage between segments消弱磁场weakened field最大磁场maximum field最小磁场minimum field磁场消弱率field weakening磁场消弱系数coefficient of field weakening恒功调速比speed ratio on constant power转向器commutator换向片commutator segment电枢线圈armature coil均压线equalizer；cable bond转轴shaft定子stator转子rotor主极铁心mainpole core主极线圈mainpole coil换向极铁心interpole core换相极线圈interpole coil补偿线圈compensating coil机座frame铸造机座cast frame焊接机座welding frame半叠片机座semi-laminated frame全叠片机座full-laminated frame电刷装置brush gear刷握brush-holder刷盒brush box电刷brush端盖end shield抱轴悬挂装置suspension bearing主发电机main generator直流主发电机DC main generator交流主发电机main alternator辅助发电机auxiliary generator直流辅助发电机DC auxiliary generator直流启动发电机DC starting generator；dynastarter直流控制发电机DC control generator直流励磁机DC exciter劈相机Arno converter；phase splitter辅助电动机auxiliary motor直流辅助电动机DC quxiliary motor异步辅助电动机asynchronous auxiliary motor空压机电动机air compressor motor通风机电动机blower motor泵电动机pump motor控制电机control electric machine自整角机synchro测速发电机tachogenerator机车牵引变压器traction transformer of locomotive心式牵引变压器core-type traction transformer壳式牵引变压器shell-type traction transformer自藕牵引变压器traction autotransformer调压牵引变压器regulating traction transformer分接牵引变压器tapped traction transformer油浸式牵引变压器oil-immersed type traction transformer 整流变压器rectifier transformer电源变压器supply transformer隔离变压器；绝缘变压器isolating transformer同步变压器synchronous transformer脉冲变压器pulse transformer控制变压器control transformer信号变压器signal transformer励磁变压器excitation transformer高压绕组high voltage winding；high tension winding 低压绕组low voltage winding；low tension winding 调压绕组regulating winding励磁绕组excitation winding辅助绕组auxiliary winding列车供电绕组train coach supply winding自然循环natural circulation强迫循环forced circulation强迫导向循环forced guided circulation牵引电抗器traction tractor平波电抗器smoothing reactor过渡电抗器transition reactor接地电抗器earthing reactor；grounding reactor制动电抗器braking reactor分流电抗器divert shunt reactor；inductive shunt滤波电抗器filter reactor均流电抗器sharing reactor限流电抗器inductive reactor；current limiting reactor 换相电抗器commutation reactor起动电阻器staring resistor制动电阻器braking resistor过渡电阻器transistion resistor分流电阻器divert shunt resistor；shunting resistor稳定电阻器stabilizing resistor调节电阻器regulating resistor制动电阻柜braking resistor cubicle制动电阻元件braking resistor grid非线性电阻器non-linear resistor滤波电容器filter capacitor换相电容器commutating capacitor保护电容器protective capacitor起动电容器starting capacitor补偿电容器compensation capacitor主断路器line circuit-breaker真空主断路器line vacuum circuit-breaker空气主断路器line air-blast circuit-breaker直流高速断路器DC high speed circuit-breaker受电器current collector受电弓pantograph单臂受电弓single arm pantograph双臂受电弓double arm pantograph弓头pantograph bow受电弓滑板pantograph pan弓角pantograph horn受电弓气缸pantograph cylinder支持绝缘子supporting insulator第三轨受电器conductor rail collector受电靴装置shoegear集电靴collector shoe电磁接触器electromagnetic contactor直流接触器DC contactor交流接触器AC contactor电空接触器electropneumatic contactor组合接触器grouping contactor线路接触器line contactor磁场削弱接触器field weakening contactor制动接触器braking contactor励磁接触器excitation contactor辅助接触器auxiliary contactor调压开关tap changer低压调压开关low voltage tap changer；low tension tap changer高压调压开关high voltage tap changer；high tension tap changer位置转换开关position changeover switch鼓形位置转换开关drum position changeover switch凸轮位置转换开关cam position changeover switch牵引-制动位转换开关power/brake changeover switch反向器reverser电流制转换开关current system changeover switch主电路库用转换开关main circuit transfer switch for shed supply辅助电路库用转换开关auxiliary circuit transfer switch for shed supply 短路器short-circuiting device接地开关earthing switch牵引电动机隔离开关traction motor isolating switch受电弓隔离开关pantograph isolating switch主整流柜隔离开关isolating switch for main silicon rectifier cubicle劈相机故障隔离开关fault isolating switch for phase splitter控制电源隔离开关isolating switch for control supply司机控制器driver controller调车控制器shunting controller电空制动控制器E-P brake controller按键开关button switch；key switch自复式按键开关self-reset push-key switch非自复式按键开关non-self-reset push-key switch主按键开关组main button switch group；main key switch set副按键开关组secondary push-key switch group；secondary key swi tch set电磁阀electromagnetic valve电空阀clectropneumatic valve电液阀electro-hydraulic valve保护阀protective valve受电弓电空阀pantograph valve防空转撒沙电空阀anti-slip sanding valve防空转防滑行保护装置anti-slip/slide protection device轴重转移补偿装置axle load transfer compensation device功率因数补偿装置power factor compensation device电压继电器voltage relay电流继电器current relay时间继电器time relay中间继电器intermediate relay速度继电器speed relay温度继电器temperature relay压力继电器pressure relay欠电压继电器under-voltage relay过电流继电器over-current relay转速继电器tachometric relay流速继电器flow relay接地继电器earth fault relay风压继电器air pressure relay油压继电器oil-pressure relay起动继电器starting relay主电路库用插座main circuit socket for shed supply辅助电路库用插座auxiliary circuit socket for shed supply控制电路库用插座control circuit socket for shed supply重联插座multiple unit socket印制电路板插座printed circuit board socket电压调整器voltage regulator温度调整器temperature regulator位置指示器notch indicator数字显示器digital display司机室取暖电炉driver’s cab electric heater司机室热风装置driver’s cab air heater司机室空调装置driver’s cab air conditioner电热玻璃electric heating glass电测仪表electrical measuring instrument牵引电机电压表traction motor voltmeter牵引电机电流表traction motor ammeter励磁电流表excitation ammeter网侧电压表voltmeter on side of overhead contact line；overhead side voltmeter辅助电路电压表auxiliary circuit voltmeter控制电源电压表control supply voltmeter控制电源电流表control supply ammeter机车速度表locomotive speedometer单相电度表single-phase wat-hour meter速度记录仪tachograph传感器sensor；transducer电压传感器voltage sensor电流传感器current sensor压力传感器pressure sensor速度传感器speed sensor温度传感器temperature sensor直流电流互感器DC current transformer阀形避雷器valve type arrester放电器discharger轮缘喷油器flange lubricator接地安全棒earthing pole接地回流电刷earth return brush前照灯head lamp；head light副前照灯subhead lamp；dim head light标志灯marker lamp走行部灯bogie lamp车号灯side number plate lamp路签灯train staff lamp记事灯writing lamp照明灯illuminating lamp指示灯indicator lamp风喇叭air horn高音风喇叭high tone air horn低音风喇叭low tone air horn警笛siren警惕装置vigilance device机车组装后的检查与试验inspection and test of locomotive after completion of construction一般性检查general inspection称重试验weighing test压缩空气设备全面的气密性试验test for over-all air-tightness of compressed air equipments 车体及外部装备密封试验test for sealing of body and external equipment受电弓试验pantograph test介电强度试验dielectric test事故预防措施的检查checks for prevention of accidents安全设备试验test on safety equipments蓄电池充电系统试验checks of battery charging-arrangement通风冷却试验test on ventilation and cooling空气制动试验test on air brake曲线通过实验curve negotiation test机车振动参数测试measurements of vibration parameters辅助机组试验test on auxiliary machines机车调速试验test on speed regulation主电路短路保护系统试验test on short-circuit protection system of main circuit 主电路过载保护系统试验test on overload protection system of main circuit内部过电压试验test on internal overvoltage外部过电试验test on external overvoltage机车功率试验locomotive [traction] power test机车功率因数测定measurment of power factor机车效率测定measurement of efficiency of locomotive谐波电流百分比测定measurement of percentage of harmonic current起动加速试验starting and acceleration test运行阻力试验test for running resistance电气制动试验electric braking test滤尘效果试验test on filter efficiency撒沙装置试验test on sanding gear重联运行试验test on coupled operation；test on multi unit operation司机室工作条件检查check on working conditions in the driver’s cab4。

维护WCM (World Class Manufacture)/TPM(Total Productive Maintenance) PM strategy 预防性维护Preventive MaintenanceAM 自主管理Autonomous ManagementQM 质量管理Quality ManagementFI 专注改进Focus ImprovementTBM 周期性维护time-based maintenanceCBM 状态维护condition-based maintenanceEEM early equipment maintenance pre-study4M5Y Man Machine Maintenance MethodWhen Why Where Whohigh-end parts 高端零部件售后服务after-servicemachine manual 手册/说明书operation/maintenance manual 操作/维护手册remote service/connection远程协助HMI Human Machine Interface 人机界面PLC 可编程逻辑控制器（Programmable Logic Controller）installation，preventive maintenance, break down service, troubleshooting 检修（发现并修理故障）and trainingmechanical engineers mechatronic机电一体化specialists and aseptic packaging experts制冷refrigeration 模式mode 制热heating cycle冷凝水condensate water 冷凝condensation 蒸馏水distilled water 报警an alarmPull roll 拉辊气息air gap破坏性destructiveness/destructive effect精度高high accuracy 轻/重工业light/heavy industry科研机构scientific research institution 说明书Instruction Book/manual智能化intelligent/intellectualized 多功能的multi-functional optimum speed 最佳速度creasing tools speed 是关键set a limit to rewinder引纸draw paperspare parts room 机修备件间机器磨合running-in/grinding-in 机架base/frame漏点位置leaking position 锥形cone-shape惯性inertia 预装位置pre-stop position 轨道railSOP Standard Operating Procedure 标准作业程式Filter regular replace出去维护maintained outside 寿命lifetimeLocal-made 国产的imported 进口的cutting quality 切的质量同步信号synchronizing signal报警was alarmingCMR after stop, cannot start again工具电钻drill垫片washer设备空调air-conditioner 空压机air compressor压差计gage/indicator to measure air pressure difference/differential pressure压力调节器pressure regulator压力罐pressure tank变电站transformer substation 变压器voltage transformer液压小车hydraulic trolley全自动交流稳压器automatic AC voltage regulator扭矩测试仪torque tester screw/unscrew the cap of the bottle电机motor 驱动drive纠偏支架web guide frame 支架/架子frame气胀轴shaft expander 芯轴core shaft 轴shaft齿轮箱gearbox 轴承bearing控制阀control valve光电感应photoelectric 光电感应器photoelectric sensor/sensing device光电开关photocell 传感器sensor过滤网filter net 过滤棉filter sponge/cotton限位器/制动片/定位停止销stopper 机械限位mechanic stop夹盘chuck 机械夹盘mechanic chuck 气动夹盘pneumatic chuck压痕/打孔刀具creasing/punching tool 五幅的five-web 六幅的six-web 打孔销钉punch pin上/原刀top knife 下/底刀bottom knife浮动辊dance roller 压辊nip roller电缆沟cable trench 电缆槽cable tray 电缆管道cable pipe除尘dust removal 静电除油维护校正rectify/adjust 校准calibration laser calibration 激光校准调整刀具相位adjust creasing tool alignment (左右调整)调刀adjust the tool 现场调试adjustment on site灌装工程师做了一些调整site engineer do some adjustment问题停机stop 故障breakdown 过载overload短路short circuit 跳闸trip 上刀跳动dancing电脑死机computer crashAVT 闪光灯flash lamp problem AVT 故障break down不能照相camera cannot take picture AVT 检测不到纸病cannot catch defects开卷气胀轴漏气Unwinder shaft air leaking造成打孔刀具缠纸cause paper wrapping on punching tool挤5搭桥现象（PE堵住进料口block the feed inlet）on Extruder 5 CMR AVTArgus系统：Jupiter 移动扫描scan 单幅检测single web detectionApollo 整幅检测whole web detection加湿器humidifier 除湿器dehumidifier电机motor 驱动器driver 驱动电流drive current 报警器alarm DS drive side 传动侧OS operation side操作侧。

专业词汇中英对照翻译----铁路工程词汇线路工程线路工程 railway line engineering铁路勘测 ;铁道勘测 railway reconnaissance铁路选线 ;铁道选线 railway route selection;railway location;approximate railway location;location of railway route selection经济勘察 economic investigation地质调查 geological survey;geologic survey方案比较 project comparison铁路勘探 ;铁道勘探 railway exploration铁路测量 ;铁道测量 railway survey线路测量 route survey;profile survey;longitudinal survey曲线测量 curve survey既有线测量 survey of existing line;survey of existing railway铁路线路图 ;铁道线路图 railway map定线 location of line铁路设计 ;铁道设计 railway design线路设计 track design平面设计 plane design纵断面设计 longitudinal section design横断面设计 transverse section design曲线设计 curve design车站设计 station design站场设计 design of stations and yards标准设计 standard design线路等级 line grade铁路限界 ;铁道限界 railway clearance建筑限界 construction clearance设计规范 code of design设计标准 design standard铁路线路 ;铁道线路 railway line铁路曲线 ;铁道曲线 railway curve缓和曲线 transition curve;easement curve;spiral transition curve小半径曲线 small-radius curve曲线半径 curve radius曲线超高 superelevation on curve;cant;elevation of curve欠超高 inadequate superelevation;deficient superelevation未被平衡加速度 unbalanced acceleration竖曲线 vertical curve坡道 gradient坡度 grade;gradient;slope限制坡度 ruling grade;limiting grade坡度折减 grade compensation;compensation of gradient;gradient compensation避难线 refuge siding;catch siding双线插入段 double track interpolation铁路连接线 ;铁道连接线 railway connecting line隧道内线路 line in tunnel桥头引线 bridge approach站线 siding站线长度 length of station line铁路标志 ;铁道标志 railway sign警冲标 fouling point indicator;fouling post线路中心线 track center line;central lines of track线间距离 ;线间距 distance between centres of lines;distance between centers of tracks;midway between tracks线路试验 ;线路实验 track test;road test;running test路基 subgrade铁路路基 ;路基;铁道路基 railway subgrade;subgrade软土路基 soft soil subgrade沙漠路基 desert subgrade冻土路基 permafrost subgrade膨胀土路基 subgrade in swelling soil zone路基基床 subgrade bed路堤 embankment;fill高路堤 high-fill embankment路堑 cut;road cutting深路堑 deep cutting路肩 road shoulder;subgrade shoulder边坡 side slope护坡 revetment;slope protection;pitching路基滑动 subgrade slip滑坡防治 landslide preventive treatment路基排水 subgrade drainage塑料排水板 plastic drainage board路基加固 subgrade strengthening土工织物 geotextile挡土墙 ;挡墙 retaining walls锚定板 anchor plate锚杆 anchor bolt抗滑桩 antiskid pile;anti-slide pile;counter-sliding pile 加筋土 reinforced earth植被 vegetation路基防护 subgrade protection防护工程 protective engineering防护林 protection forest防沙 sand proof固沙 stabilization of sand输导砂 sediment transport路侧建筑物 roadside structure排水沟 weeper drain;weep drain;drainage ditch;drain ditch 挡风墙 wind-shield wall;wind-break wall隔声墙 sound-proof wall防雪栅 snow fence;snow guard轨道理论 track theory轨道设计 track design轨道参数 track parameter轨距 track gauge;rail gage;rail gauge轨距加宽 track gauge widening轨底坡 cant of rail;rail cant轨道力学 track dynamics;track mechanics轨道强度 track strength轨道阻力 track resistance道床阻力 trackbed resistance;ballast resistance扣固力 fastening force钢轨应力 rail stress轨道承载力 track bearing capacity轨道稳定性 track stability;stability of track轨道试验 ;轨道实验 track test轮轨关系 wheel-rail interaction;wheel-rail relation轮轨动力学 wheel-rail dynamics轮轨作用力 wheel-rail force轮轨接触 wheel-rail contact接触应力 contact stress轨道结构 track structure轨道 track铁路轨道 ;轨道;铁道轨道 railway track;track线路上部建筑 ;轨道 track superstructure;track重型轨道 heavy track宽轨枕轨道 broad sleeper track板式轨道 slab track;slab-track整体道床轨道 monolithic roadbed track防振轨道 anti-vibration track高架轨道 elevated track无缝线路 jointless line;continuously welded rail track;jointless track桥上轨道结构 bridge deck track structure隧道内轨道结构 track structure in tunnel钢轨 steel rail重型钢轨 heavy rail长钢轨 long rail焊接长钢轨 long welded rail缩短轨 shortened rail;standard shortened rail;fabricated short rail used on curves;standard curtailed rail热处理钢轨 heat-treated rail合金钢轨 alloy steels rail旧钢轨 used rail钢轨钢 rail steel钢轨螺栓孔 rail bolt hole轨缝 rail gap;joint gap钢轨焊缝 rail welding seam钢轨接头 rail joint异型接头 compromise joint伸缩接头 expansion joint焊接接头 welding joint;welded joint绝缘接头 track section insulator;insulated joint胶接接头 adhesive joint鱼尾板 fish plate鱼尾螺栓 fish bolt扣件 fastening;rail fastening弹性扣件 elastic fastening;elastic rail fastening弹条式扣件 elastic rod type fastening分开式扣件 separated fastening;separated rail fastening;indirect holding fastening扣板式扣件 clip fastening刚性扣件 rigid fastening垫圈 ring道钉 spike;track spike;rail spike;dog spike螺纹道钉 threading spike;screw spike垫板 tie-plate;tie plate橡胶垫板 rubber tie-plate;rubber tie plate防爬器 anticreeper;anti-creeper;rail anchor轨距拉杆 gauge tie rod轨下基础 underrail foundation;sub-rail foundation;sub-rail track bed轨枕 sleeper;tie;cross tie木枕 wooden sleeper;wooden tie混凝土枕 ;砼枕 concrete sleeper;concrete tie轨枕板 ;宽轨枕 sleeper slab;broad sleeper钢枕 steel sleeper;steel tie合成轨枕 composite sleeper纵向轨枕 longitudinal tie岔枕 points sleeper;switch tie;turnout tie桥枕 bridge tie;bridge sleeper轨排 track panel;track skeleton枕下胶垫 rubber pad under sleeper道床 track bed;ballast bed碎石道床 ballast bed整体道床 monolithic track bed;solid bed;integrated ballast bed;monolithic concrete bed 沥青道床 bituminous raodbed;asphalt roadbed;asphalt cemented ballast bed石棉道床 asbestos ballast道碴 ballast道床覆盖 ballast cover轨道附属设备 track auxiliary equipment钢轨涂油器 rail lubricator融雪器 snow melter复轨器 replacer;re-railer;rerailing device脱轨器 derailer车挡 bumper;bumper post道岔 switch;point;turnout;switches and crossings单开道岔 single point;simple turnout;lateral turnout双开道岔 double turnout三开道岔 three-throw turnout;symmetrical three throw turnout;three-way turnout 交分道岔 slip switch高速道岔 high-speed switch切线型道岔 tangent turnout道岔设计 turnout design过岔速度 switch crossing speed辙叉 frog;crossing整铸辙叉 integrated cast frog锰钢辙叉 manganese steel frog crossing焊接辙叉 welding frog crossing组合辙叉 combined frog;assembled frog可动心轨辙叉 movable point frog;movable-point frog可动翼轨辙叉 movable wing rails;movable-wing frog尖轨 switch point;point tongue;switch rail;tongue rail;blade滑床板 slide chair;slide plate;switch plate基本轨 stock rail翼轨 wing rail护轮轨 guard rail导曲线 curve of turnout;lead curve道岔附带曲线 curve following turnout branch line交叉 crossing渡线 track cross-over;crossover通过道岔 passing switch铁路道口 ;铁道道口 railway crossing平交道口 level crossing道口板 crossing slab道口路面 crossing road surface立体交叉 ;立交 grade separation线路施工 track construction石方工程 rock excavation土方工程 earthwork填方 filling挖方 cutting土方调拨 mass dispatching线路施工机械 track construction machinery and equipment 轨道施工 track construction轨道工程 track construction轨道铺设 track laying铺碴 ballasting轨枕铺设 sleeper laying铺轨 rail-laying轨排组装 track panel assembling轨排装运 track panel loading轨排基地 track panel base钢轨焊接 rail welding钢轨热处理 rail heat treatment钢轨铺设 rail laying钢轨锁定 rail locking道岔铺设 switch laying轨道施工机械 track construction machinery铺轨列车 tracklaying train;track laying train铺轨机 rail-laying machine;track laying machine钢轨焊接车 rail welding car焊轨机 steel rails weldeding mill;rail welding machine 轨排组装机 track panel assembling machine轨排运送车 track panel transport car铺枕机 sleeper-laying machine铺碴车 ballasting car铺碴机 ballasting machine铺道岔机 turnout-laying machine焊接长钢轨运送车 welding long rails transport car动力稳定车 dynamic track stabilizer线路状态 track state路基病害 subgrade defect沉降 settlement坍方落石 ;危石 collapse rock翻浆冒泥 frost boiling;mud-pumping路基壅水 subgrade water damming路基渗流 subgrade seepage flow路基冲刷 subgrade erosion振动液化 vibration liquifaction冻融 freezing and thawing冻胀 frost heaving冻害 freezing damage;frost heaving雪害 snow damage;snow blockade;snow drift沙害 sand damage轨道状态 track condition轨道变形 track deformation;track disorder;track distortion 轨道不平顺 track irregularity低接头 depression of joint三角坑 warp;twist钢轨爬行 rail creeping涨轨跑道 ;钢轨鼓曲 buckled track;rail buckle钢轨疲劳 rail fatigue钢轨伤损 rail failure;rail defects and failures钢轨断裂 rail fracture钢轨裂纹 rail crack;rail crackes轨头剥离 rail head shelling;gage line shelly cracks钢轨锈蚀 rail bubble;rail corrosion钢轨磨耗 rail wearing波形磨耗 ;波浪磨耗 undulatory wear螺孔裂纹 bolt hole crack辙叉伤损 ;辙叉损伤 frog failure木枕开裂 wooden sleeper cracking轨枕伤损 ;轨枕伤损 sleeper damage道床脏污 ballast contamination线路养护 track maintenance线路维修 track maintenance;maintenance of track日常维修 routine maintenance;current maintenance状态修 repairing on condition;repair according to condition 巡回检查 inspection tour轨道检测机具 track detection equipment道尺 track gauge轨道检测 track detection灾害检测装置 disaster detector超声波探伤仪 ultrasonic flaw detector钢轨探伤车 rail detecting car;rail flaw detection car轨道检查车 ;轨检车 track inspection car;track recording car 高速轨道检查车 ;高速轨检车 high-speed track inspection car 养路作业 track maintenance operation起道 track lifting;raising of track垫碴起道 ballast filling track lifting改道 track realigning;gage correction;gaging of track拨道 track lining捣固 tamping除草 weeding除草剂 herbicide除雪 snow clearing防冻 anti-freezing融雪 snow melt融雪剂 snow melt agent钢轨加热 rail heating钢轨打磨 rail grinding钢轨矫直 straightening of kinked rail钢轨更换 rail replace钢轨探伤 rail detecting钢轨焊补 rail repairing welding轨缝调整 rail gap adjusting应力放散 stress-relieving钢轨温度 rail temperature钢轨涂油 rail lubrication轨枕更换 sleeper replacement扣件作业 fastening operation轨枕修补 sleeper mending枕木防腐 timber sleeper treating道岔养护 switch maintenance道岔更换 switch replacement辙叉焊补 frog welding and repairing道床作业 ballast operation道碴清筛 ballast screening道碴更换 ballast replacement道床整形 ballast trimming曲线养护 curved track maintenance线路管理系统 track management system养路组织 track maintenance organization养路计划 track maintenance planning维修天窗 maintenance time维修周期 maintenance period养路安全 track maintenance safety列车接近警报器 ;列车接近报警器;列车接近报警装置 train approach warning device 养路质量 track maintenance quality养路机械化 track maintenance machinization线路中修 intermediate repair of track起道修 ;线路中修 track raising repair;track intermediate overhaul线路大修 major repair of track线路更新 ;线路大修 track renewal;track overhauling线路修复 track restoration铁路抢修 ;铁道抢修 railway emergency maintenance养路机械 track maintenance machine起道机 track lifting machine拨道机 track lining machine起拨道机 track lifting and lining machine捣固机 tamping machine捣固车 tamping wagon道床夯拍机 ballast compactor配碴整形机 ballast distributing and trimming machine;ballast distributing and regulating machine道碴清筛机 ballast cleaner扒碴机 crib ballast raker;crib ballast removers道碴更换机 ballast replacement eqnipment道床清扫机 ballast cleaning machine轨枕更换机 sleeper replacement equipment钢轨更换机 rail replacement equipment钢轨打磨机 rail grinding machine钢轨打磨车 rail grinding wagon直轨器 rail straightening tool;rail straightener锯轨机 rail saw;rail cutting machine;rail sawing machine钢轨钻孔机 rail drilling machine钢轨加热器 rail heater轨缝调整器 rail gap adjuster;rail puller道钉机 spike driver除雪机 snowbreaker;snow removing machine;snow remover除雪车 snow-fighting vehicle;snow plow;snow plough除草机 weeder;weed cutting machine;weed cutter清沟机 ditcher碎冰机 ice crusher养路机具 track maintenance implements液压机具 hydraulic tool轨道车 track car上下道装置 up and down track device发电车 mobile power plant car;generator car综合养路机械 comprehensive track maintenance machine机械化养路基地 mechanized maintenance base工务部门 maintenance of way branch大修队 capital repair brigade工务段 engineering district;maintenance of way section;track division;track district;track maintenance division养路员工 track maintenance worker工务修配厂 maintenance of way shop焊轨厂 rail welding plant枕木防腐厂 timber sleeper treating plant采石场 quarry;stonepit铁路专业英语词汇________________________________________elevated railway, overhead railway, aerial railway 高架铁路mine railway 矿区铁路funicular (railway) 缆索铁路，登山铁路light railway line 轻便铁道urban railway 市区铁路railway network 铁路网railway transport 铁路运输trial run 试车open to traffic 通车porter 搬运工人ticket inspector 查票员ticket 车票single ticket, oneway ticket 单程票return ticket, roundtrip ticket 来回票platform ticket 站台票railway station 车站station hall 车站大厅information desk 服务台waiting room 候车室passenger station 客车站time-table 时刻表arrival time-table 到站时刻表departure time-table 发车时刻表ticket-collector, gateman 收票员ticket office, booking office 售票处junction 枢纽站rail and water terminal 水陆联运站platform bridge 天桥luggage barrow 推行李车enquiry office, information desk 问讯处way station 小站label 行李标签luggage office 行李房left-luggage office 行李暂存处platform-ticket 验票口barrier 栅栏门platform 站台(electric) platform truck 站台车platform tunnel 站台地道platform roofing 站台顶棚station-master 站长terminal; terminus 终点站escalator 自动扶梯The train leaves the station at..., The train is due out at... 火车在（某时）离站to have one's ticket punched （给检票员）检票10 minutes behind schedule 晚点十分钟to change trains at... 在（某地）换车The train is due at... 在（某时）到达to break the journey 中途下车dining car, restaurant car, diner 餐车pantry 餐车食品室open wagon, (railway) wagon, (railway) truck 敞车carriage, coach, car 车厢roof 车顶concertina walls （车厢通道两侧的）伸缩篷step; foot board （车厢门口的）踏板gangway （车厢的）通道lidded ashtray 带盖烟灰盒tank wagon 罐车mixed train 混合列车freight train, goods train 货物列车engine, locomotive 机车window seat 靠窗座位coach, passenger train 客车express train, express 快车refrigerator wagon 冷藏车car attendant; train attendant 列车员guard, conductor 列车长slow train, way train 慢车covered wagon van, box car 棚车ordinary train 普通列车sleeping carriage with cushioned berths 软卧客车up train 上行车livestock wagon 牲畜车sleeping car, sleeper 卧车down train 下行车luggage van, baggage car 行李车rack, baggage rack 行李架sleeping carriage with semicushioned berths 硬卧客车ordinary seat 硬席carriage with semicushioned seats 硬座车mail car 邮政车mail and luggage van 邮政行李车through train 直达车special train 专车pointsman, switchman 道岔工人signal for blocking the track, block signal 闭塞信号semaphore signal, home signal 臂板信号warehouse 仓库siding, sidetrack 侧线，旁轨turnout 岔道weighing machine 秤重机derailing （火车）出轨single line (track) rail 单线points, switches 道岔switch lock, point lock 道岔锁wait sign, wait signal 等候标志（信号）marshalling yard, shunting yard 调车场dispatching 调度dispatcher 调度员crossover 渡线，转线轨道rail 钢轨track 轨道sleeper, railroad tie 轨枕rail chair 轨座buffer stop, bumping post 缓冲桩goods shed, freight depot 货棚goods station 货运站，货站container 集装箱locomotive (engine) shed 机车库station warning sign 进站预告标clearance 净空(signal) gantry （铁路上支持信号装置的）跨线桥barrier （道口）拦路木section 路段reduce speed sign(al) 慢行标志（信号）bell and whistle sign, whistle sign 鸣笛预告标platform car, flat car 平车grade crossing, level crossing （道路与铁路的）平面交叉track-laying machine, tracklayer 铺轨机double line (track) rail 双线volume of railway freight 铁路货运量railway connections 铁路交叉点，铁路联络线railway warning sign 铁路警告标志railway clearance 铁路净空railroad bed 铁路路基railway curve 铁路曲线（弯道）railway tunnel 铁路隧道railway line, railroad line 铁路线stop sign(al) 停车标志（信号）danger sign(al) 危险标志（信号）unprotected crossing 无防护设备的道口signal light (lamp) 信号灯signal box, signalman's cabin 信号房 signalman 信号员wing rail (of frog) 翼轨distant signal, disk signal, target 圆盘信号机back-turning section 折返段frog 辙叉，岔心turn-table 车台，旋车盘point (box), switch (box) 转辙器switch signal, point indicator 转辙信号。

Hindawi Publishing CorporationInternational Journal of Rotating MachineryVolume2008,Article ID583982,10pagesdoi:10.1155/2008/583982Review ArticleMachine Fault Signature AnalysisPratesh Jayaswal,1A.K.Wadhwani,2and K.B.Mulchandani31Department of Mechanical Engineering,Madhav Institute of Technology and Science,Gwalior474005,India2Department of Electrical Engineering,Madhav Institute of Technology and Science,Gwalior474005,India3Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering,Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee,Roorkee247667,IndiaCorrespondence should be addressed to Pratesh Jayaswal,pratesh jayaswal@yahoo.co.inReceived29October2007;Accepted21January2008Recommended by Yasutomo KanekoThe objective of this paper is to present recent developments in thefield of machine fault signature analysis with particular regard to vibration analysis.The different types of faults that can be identified from the vibration signature analysis are,for example,gear fault,rolling contact bearing fault,journal bearing fault,flexible coupling faults,and electrical machine fault.It is not the intention of the authors to attempt to provide a detailed coverage of all the faults while detailed consideration is given to the subject of the rolling element bearing fault signature analysis.Copyright©2008Pratesh Jayaswal et al.This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,which permits unrestricted use,distribution,and reproduction in any medium,provided the original work is properly cited.1.INTRODUCTIONMachine fault problems are broad sources of high mainte-nance cost and unwanted downtime across the industries. The prime objective of maintenance department is to keep machinery and plant equipments in good operating condi-tion that prevents failure and production loss.If the depart-ment organizes a predictive maintenance program,this goal as well as cost benefits can be achieved,while accurate in-formation at the right time is a crucial aspect of a mainte-nance regimen[1].The condition-based maintenance strat-egy is being employed for uninterrupted production process in industries.Condition-based maintenance(CBM)consists of continuously evaluating the condition of a monitored ma-chine and thereby successfully identifying faults before catas-trophic breakdown occurs.Numerous condition monitoring (cm)and diagnostics methodologies are utilizing to iden-tify the machine faults to take corrective action.Machine fault identification can be done with different methodologies as vibration signature analysis,lubricant signature analysis, noise signature analysis,and temperature monitoring,with the use of appropriate sensors,different signal conditioning, and analyzing instruments.Vibration signature analysis techniques for machine fault identification are the most popular among other techniques. Vibration monitoring is based on the principle that all the system produces vibration.When a machine is operating properly,the vibration is small and constant,however,when faults develop and some of the dynamic process in the ma-chine changes,there will be changes in vibration spectrum observed.After the review of previous published work,it is concluded that gear fault,bearing fault,and coupling fault are studied for research purpose to fault signature analysis. The majority of industrial machines use ball or rolling ele-ments bearings(REB).The vibration signals obtained from the vicinity of a bearing assembly contain rich information about the bearing condition.Most of the researchers have used vibration signature analysis techniques for rolling ele-ment bearing fault identification in case of single defect on bearing components.Time-domain and frequency-domain vibration analysis techniques were tested but effective iden-tification of bearing condition is,however,not so straight-forward.Several researchers have used artificial intelligence techniques as well as time-frequency domain analysis and de-veloped expert diagnostics system for bearing fault identifi-cation with the use of artificial neural network,fuzzy logic, wavelet transform,and hybrid techniques.In this paper,a review of need and different techniques of machine fault sig-nature analysis are discussed.A special emphasis is given to rolling element bearing vibration signature analysis,while other techniques are also covered.This paper is divided into different sections,each dealing with various aspects of the2International Journal of Rotating Machinerysubject.It begins with a summary of need of machine fault diagnosis followed by a general overview of the numerous means of signature analysis.2.NECESSITY OF MACHINE FAULT IDENTIFICATION Machine fault can be defined as any change in a machin-ery part or component which makes it unable to perform its function satisfactorily or it can be defined as the termination of availability of an item to perform its intended function. The familiar stages before thefinal fault are incipient fault, distress,deterioration,and damage,all of them eventually make the part or component unreliable or unsafe for con-tinued use[2].Classification of failure causes are as follows: (i)inherent weakness in material,design,and manufac-turing;(ii)misuse or applying stress in undesired direction; (iii)gradual deterioration due to wear,tear,stress fatigue, corrosion,and so forth.Antifriction bearings failure is a major factor in failure of rotating machinery.Antifriction bearing defects may be cat-egorized as localized and distributed.The localized defects include cracks,pits,and spalls caused by fatigue on rolling surfaces.The distributed defect includes surface roughness, waviness,misaligned races,and off-size rolling elements. These defects may result from manufacturing and abrasive wear[3].Modern manufacturing plants are highly complex.Fail-ure of process equipments and instrumentation increased the operating costs and resulted in loss of production.Un-detected or uncorrected malfunctions can induce failures in related equipments and,in extreme cases,can lead to catastrophic accidents.Early fault detection in machines can save millions of dollars on emergency maintenance and production-loss cost.Gearbox and bearings are essential parts of many machineries[4].The early detection of the de-fects,therefore,is crucial for the prevention of damage and secondary damage to other parts of a machine or even a total failure of the associated large system can be triggered[5].There are certain objectives of machine fault identifica-tion:(i)prevention of future failure events;(ii)assurance of safety,reliability,and maintainability of machineries.Machineries failures reveal a reaction chain of cause and defect.The end of the chain is usually a performance de-ficiency commonly referred to as the symptom,trouble,or simply the problem.The machine fault signature analysis works backwards to define the elements of the reaction chain and then proceeds to link the most probable failure cause based on failure analysis with a root cause of an existing or potential problem.Accurate and complete knowledge of the causes responsible for the breakdown of a machine is neces-sary to the engineer,similarly,as knowledge of a breakdown in health is to the physician.The physician cannot assure a lasting cure unless he knows what lies at the root of the trou-ble,and the future usefulness of a machine often dependsTable1:Timings of action for maintenance.Timings of action Maintenance Operating to failure Shutdown or breakdown Fixed time based PreventiveCondition based Predictive or diagnostic on correct understanding of the causes of failure.The proper maintenance can be done only after the knowledge of root cause of failure.Edwards et al.[6]present a review on fault diagnosis of rotating machinery to provide a broad review of the state of the art in fault diagnosis techniques.The early fault detection and diagnosis allow preventive maintenance and condition-based maintenance to be arranged for the machine during scheduled period of downtime caused by extensive system failures that improves the overall availability,performance and reduces maintenance cost.For the fault diagnosis prob-lem,it is not only to detect fault in system,but also to isolate the fault andfind out its causes.3.CONDITION-BASED MAINTENANCE Maintenance is a combination of science,art,and philoso-phy.The rationalization of maintenance requires a deep in-sight into what maintenance really is.Efficient maintenance is a matter of having the right resources in the right place at the right time.Maintenance can be defined as the total ac-tivities carried out in order to restore or renew an item to working condition,if fault is there.Maintenance is also de-fined as combination of action carried out to return an item to or restore it to an acceptable condition.The classification of maintenance according to timings of action for mainte-nance is shown in Table1.Every machine component behaves as an individual.Fail-ure can take place earlier or later than recommended in case of preventive maintenance.It can be improved by condition-based maintenance.Dileo et al.[7]present a review on the classical approaches to maintenance and then compare them with condition-based maintenance(CBM).The prevention of potential damage to machinery is nec-essary for safe,reliable operation of process plants.Failure prevention can be achieved by sound specification,selection, review,and design audit routines.When failures do occur, accurate definition of root cause is an absolute prerequisite to the prevention of future failure events[2].Condition-based maintenance is defined as“mainte-nance work initiated as a result of knowledge of the con-dition of an item from routine or continuous checking.”It is carried out in response to a significant deterioration in a unit as indicated by a change in a monitored parameter of the unit condition or performance.Condition reports arise from human observations,checks,and tests,or fromfixed instrumentation or alarm systems grouped under the name condition monitoring.It is here that one can make use of predictive maintenance by using a technique called signa-ture analysis.Signature analysis technique is intended to con-tinually monitor the health of the equipment by recordingPratesh Jayaswal et al.3systematic signals or information derived from the form of mechanical vibrations,noise signals,acoustic and thermal emissions,change in chemical compositions,smell,pressure, relative displacement,and so on[8].Mann et al.[9]present an article explores the benefits of condition-based preventive maintenance compared to the traditional statistical reliability approach.Nandi and Toliyat[10]present a review on condi-tion monitoring and fault diagnosis of electrical machines. Marcus[11]proposed condition-based maintenance to rail vehicle for more effective maintenance.Condition-based maintenance differs from both failure maintenance andfixed-time replacement.It requires mon-itoring of some condition-indicating parameter of the unit being maintained.This contrasts with failure maintenance, which implies that no successful condition monitoring is un-dertaken and withfixed-time replacement which is based on statistical failure data for a type of unit.In general,condition-based maintenance is more efficient and adaptable than ei-ther of the other maintenance actions.On indication of de-terioration,that unit can be scheduled for shutdown at a time chosen in advance of failure,yet,if the production policy dic-tates,the unit can be run to failure.Alternatively,the amount of unnecessary preventive replacement can be reduced,while if the consequences of failure are sufficiently dire,the con-dition monitoring can be employed to indicate possible im-pending failure well before it becomes a significant probabil-ity.The trend monitoring method for one or group of similar machines is possible if sufficient data of monitored parame-ters are available.It relates the condition of machine(s)di-rectly to the monitored parameters.On the other hand,con-dition checking method is employed for a wide range of di-agnostics instruments apart from human senses.Some of the recent developments in the form of CBM are proactive main-tenance,reliability centered maintenance(RCM)and total productive maintenance(TPM).4.MACHINE CONDITION MONITORINGWhen a fault takes places,some of the machine parameters are subjected to change.The change in the machine param-eters depends upon the degree of faults and the interaction with other parameters.In most cases,more than one param-eter are subjected to change under abnormal condition.Con-dition monitoring can be carried out when the equipment is in operation,which known as on-line,or when it is off-line, which means when it is down and not in the operation.While on-line,the critical parameters that are possible to monitor are speed,temperature,vibration,and sound.These may be continuously monitored or may be done periodically.Off-line monitoring is carried out when the machine is down for whatever reason.The monitoring in such would include crack detection,a thoroughly check of alignment,state of balancing,the search for tell-tale sign of corrosion,pitting, and so on.The International Standards Organization’s Tech-nical Committee108(ISO/TC108)produces standards in the area of mechanical vibration,shock,and ma-chine condition monitoring.ISO/TC108’s Subcommittee5 (ISO/TC108/SC5)has focused on standards for the condition monitoring and diagnostic of machines.This subcommittee has published ISO13374-1:2003which establishes general guidelines for software specifications related to data process-ing,communication,and presentation of machine condition monitoring and diagnostic information.This standard defines the data processing and informationflow needed between processing blocks in condition monitoring systems. Machine condition monitoring(MCM)is a vital component of preventive and predictive maintenance programs that seek to reduce cost and avoid unplanned downtime.MCM also contributes to health and safety by recognizing faults which may give rise to pollution or health hazards,and also by indication of incipient faults which could produce danger conditions.MCM setups include measurement hardware and software that acquire and interpret signals generated by the machine being monitored.Condition monitoring is taken to mean the use of advanced technologies in order to determine equipment condition,and to predict potential failure.It includes,but is not limited to,technologies such as visual inspection,vibration measurement and analysis, temperature monitoring,acoustic emission analysis,noise analysis,oil analysis,wear debris analysis,motor current signature analysis,and nondestructive testing.4.1.Visual inspectionvisual monitoring can sometimes provide a direct indication of the machine’s condition without the need for further anal-ysis.The available techniques can range from using a simple magnifying glass or low-power microscope.Other forms of visual monitoring include the use of dye penetrants to pro-vide a clear definition of any cracks occurring on the ma-chine surface,and the use of heat-sensitive or thermographic paints.The condition of many transmission components can readily be checked visually.For example,the wear on the sur-faces of gear teeth gives much information.Problems of over-load,fatigue failure,wear and poor lubrication can be differ-entiated from the appearance of the teeth.4.2.Vibration analysisModern condition monitoring techniques encompass many different themes;one of the most important and informa-tive is the vibration analysis of rotating ing vibration analysis,the state of a machine can be constantly monitored and detailed analysis may be made concerning the health of the machine and any faults which may arise or have already arisen.Machinery distress very often manifests itself in vibration or a change in vibration pattern.Vibration anal-ysis is therefore,a powerful diagnostic and troubleshooting tool of major process machinery.On-load monitoring can be performed mainly in the fol-lowing three ways.(i)Periodicfield measurements with portable instru-ments;this method provides information about long-term changes in the condition of plant.The portableinstruments are employed with a high load factor andcan often be placed in the care of only one e4International Journal of Rotating Machineryof life curves and the LEO approach assist the decisionmaking.(ii)Continuous monitoring with permanently installed instruments;it is employed when machine failures areknown to occur rapidly and when the results of suchfailure are totally unacceptable as in the case of turbinegenerator units.(iii)Signature analysis:scientific collection of information, signals or signatures,diagnosis and detection of thefaults by a thorough analysis of these signatures basedon the knowledge hitherto acquired in thefield,andjudging the severity of faults for decision making,allput together,is called signature analysis.The techniqueinvolves the use of electronic instrumentation espe-cially designed for the purpose of varied capacities,modes of application and design features.Vibration signals are the most versatile parameters in ma-chine condition monitoring techniques.Periodic vibration checks reveal whether troubles are present or impending.Vi-bration signature analysis reveals which part of the machine is defective and why.Although a number of vibration anal-ysis techniques have been developed for this purpose,still a lot of scope is there to reach a stage of expertise.4.3.Temperature monitoringTemperature monitoring consists of measuring of the opera-tional temperature and the temperature of component sur-faces.Monitoring operational temperature can be consid-ered as a subset of the operational variables for performance monitoring.The monitoring of component temperature has been found to relate to wear occurring in machine elements, particularly in journal bearings,where lubrication is either inadequate or absent.The techniques for monitoring tem-perature of machine components can include the use of op-tical pyrometers,thermocouples,thermography,and resis-tance thermometers.4.4.Acoustic emission analysisAcoustic emission refers to the generation of transient waves during the rapid release of energy from localized sources within a material.The source of these emissions is closely as-sociated with the dislocation accompanying plastic deforma-tion and the initiation or extension of fatigue cracks in mate-rial under stress.The other sources of acoustic emission are melting,phase transformations,thermal stress,cool-down cracking,and the failure of bonds andfibers in composite materials.Acoustic emissions are measured by piezoelectric transducers mounted on the surface of the structure under test and loading the structure.Sensors are coupled to the structure by means of afluid couplant or by adhesive bonds. The output of each piezoelectric sensor is amplified through a low-noise preamplifier,filtered to remove any extraneous noise and furthered processed by suitable electronic equip-ment.Traditionally,acoustic emissions as a technique has been restricted to the monitoring of high cost structures due to the expenses of the monitoring equipment.However,as equip-ment costs steadily fall,the range of viable applications ex-pands rapidly.Olsson et al.present a frame work for fault diagnosis of industrial robots using acoustic signals and case-based reasoning[12].This frame work utilizes the case-based reasoning for fault identification based on sound recording in robot fault diagnosis.Wue et al.have developed experi-mental setup for online fault detection and analysis of mod-ern water hydraulic system[13],and suggested that the in-corporation of wavelet transformation into the analysis of acoustic emission opens up the door for future research, which can prove to be very relevant toward condition mon-itoring.Choe et al.[14]worked on neural pattern identifi-cation of railroad wheel-bearing faults from audible acoustic signals by comparison of FFT,continuous wavelets transform (CWT)and discrete wavelets transform(DWT)features. 4.5.Noise analysisNoise signals are utilized for condition monitoring because noise signals measured at regions in proximity to the exter-nal surface of machines can contain vital information about the internal processes,and can provide valuable information about a machine’s running condition.When machines are in a good condition,their noise frequency spectra have charac-teristic shapes.As faults begin to develop,the frequency spec-tra change.Each component in the frequency spectrum can be related to a specific source within the machine.This is the fundamental basis for using noise measurement and analysis in condition monitoring.Sometimes the signal which is to be monitored is submerged within some other signal and it can-not be detected by a straightforward time history or spectral analysis.In this case,specialized signal processing techniques have to be utilized.4.6.Wear debris analysisIt is not possible to examine the working parts of a com-plex machine on load,nor is it convenient to strip down the machine.However,the oil which circulates through the ma-chine carries with it evidence of the condition of parts en-countered.Examination of the oil,any particle it has car-ried with it,allows monitoring of the machine on load or at shutdown.A number of techniques are applied,some very simple,other involving painstaking tests and expen-sive equipments.Presently,available lubricant sampling or monitoring techniques like rotary particles depositor(RPD), spectrophotometer oil analysis programme(SOAP),Ferro-graphic oil analysis and recent software used techniques are available to distinguish between damage debris and normal wear debris.Every machine ever designed undergoes a pro-cess of wear and tear in operation,yet a battery of modern condition monitoring techniques is available to monitor this process and trigger preventive maintenance routines which depend on identifying any problem before it has the chance to develop to the point offinal breakdown.Now recently,en-gineers have been able to extend their knowledge of condi-tions within operating machinery by studying the particles of metallic debris which can be found in lubricating oil fromPratesh Jayaswal et al.5engines,gearboxes,final drive units and transmissions,or in hydraulicfluid,and recording the number,size,and type of these fragments of debris.4.7.Motor current signature analysisMotor current signature analysis(MCSA)is a novel diagnos-tic process for condition monitoring of electric motor-driven mechanical equipment(pumps,motor-operated valves, compressors,and processing machinery).The MCSA pro-cess identifies,characterizes,and trends overtime the instan-taneous load variations of mechanical equipment in order to diagnose changes in the condition of the equipment.It mon-itors the instantaneous variations(noise content)in the elec-tric currentflowing through the power leads to the electric motor that drives the equipment.The motor itself thereby acts as a transducer,sensing large and small,long-term and rapid,mechanical load variations,and converting them to variations in the induced current generated in the motor windings.This motor current noise signature is detected, amplified,and further processed as needed to examine its time-domain and frequency-domain(spectral)characteris-tics.Korde[15]demonstrates that the spectrum analysis of the motors current and voltage signals can hence detect var-ious faults without disturbing its operation using FFT trans-formation.4.8.Nondestructive testingThe principle of nondestructive testing(NDT)is to be able to use the components or structure after examination.The in-spection should not affect the item involved,and must there-fore,be nondestructive.NDT includes many different tech-nologies,each suitable for one or more specific inspection tasks,with many different disciplines overlapping or compli-menting others.Thus the best technique(s),for any one ap-plication,should be decided by an expert eddy current test-ing,electrical resistance testing,flux leakage testing,mag-netic testing,penetrant testing,radiographic testing,reso-nant testing,thermographic testing,ultrasonic testing,and visual testing are some of the different NDT techniques.5.VIBRATION SIGNATURE ANALYSISThe word signature has been coined to designate signal pat-terns which characterize the state or condition of a system from which they are acquired.Signatures are extensively used as a diagnostic tool for mechanical system.In many cases, some kind of signal processing is undertaken on those sig-nals in order to enhance or extract specific features of such vibration signatures.It is very important to consider the type and range of transducers used as pickup for capturing vibra-tion signal.Signature-based diagnostic makes extensive use of signal processing techniques involving one or more meth-ods to deal with the problem of improvement in the signal to noise ratio.Vibration-based monitoring techniques have been widely used for detection and diagnosis of bearing defects for several decades.These methods have traditionally been applied,sep-arately in time and frequency domains.A time-domain anal-ysis focuses principally on statistical characteristics of vibra-tion signal such as peak level,standard deviation,skewness, kurtosis,and crest factor.A frequency domain approach uses Fourier methods to transform the time-domain signal to the frequency domain,where further analysis is carried out,con-ventionally using vibration amplitude and power spectra.It should be noted that use of either domain implicitly excludes the direct use of information present in the other.These tech-niques have been broadly classified in three areas,namely,the following.5.1.Time-domain analysisThe time domain refers to a display or analysis of the vi-bration data as a function of time.The principal advantage of this format is that little or no data are lost prior to in-spection.This allows for a great deal of detailed analysis. However,the disadvantage is that there is often too much data for easy and clear fault diagnosis.Time-domain anal-ysis of vibration signals can be subdivided into the following categories:time-waveform analysis,time-waveform indices, time-synchronous averaging,negative averaging,orbits,and probability density moments.5.2.Frequency domainThe frequency domain refers to a display or analysis of the vibration data as a function of frequency.The time-domain vibration signal is typically processed into the frequency do-main by applying a Fourier transform,usually in the form of a fast Fourier transform(FFT)algorithm.The principal advantage of this format is that the repetitive nature of the vibration signal is clearly displayed as peaks in the frequency spectrum at the frequencies where the repetition takes place. This allows for faults,which usually generate specific charac-teristic frequency responses,to be detected early,diagnosed accurately,and trended overtime as the condition deterio-rates.However,the disadvantage of frequency-domain anal-ysis is that a significant amount of information(transients, nonrepetitive signal components)may be lost during the transformation process.This information is nonretrievable unless a permanent record of the raw vibration signal has been made.The various methods of frequency-domain vi-bration signature analysis are bandpass analysis,shock pulse (spike energy),enveloped spectrum,signature spectrum,and cascades(waterfall plots).5.3.The quefrency domainThe quefrency is the abscissa for the cepstrum which is de-fined as the spectrum of the logarithm of the power spec-trum.It is used to highlight periodicities that occur in the spectrum in the same manner as the spectrum is used to highlight periodic components occurring in the time domain [16].One of the ways the expert system detects bearing tones is by looking at the spectrum of a spectrum.This process is called cepstrum analysis,“cepstrum”being a play on the word“spectrum.”。

收稿日期：2017-03-10作者简介：张永敬，高级工程师；徐 娜，工程师。

文章编号：1005-8451（2017）07-0050-05 综合后勤保障及主要技术综述张永敬1，徐 娜2（1.上海铁路局 上海动车段，上海 201812；2.龙铁纵横（北京）轨道交通科技股份有限公司，北京 100070）摘 要：动车装备科技含量高，保有量大，其后勤保障工作压力较大。

通过介绍持续采办与寿命周期保障、交互式电子技术手册技术、便携式辅助维修设备等相关概念，勾勒出美军综合后勤保障系统的结构，为动车组后勤保障体系设计提供一些参考。

关键词：动车组；综合后勤保障；持续采办与寿命周期保障；交互式电子技术手册；便携式辅助维修设备 中图分类号：U266.2∶TP39 文献标识码：AIntegrated logistic support and its major technologiesZHANG Yongjing 1, XU Na 2( 1.Shanghai EMU Depot, Shanghai Railway Administration, Shanghai 201812, China;2. Loteem (Beijing) Rail Transit Technology Co. Ltd., Beijing 100070, China )Abstract: EMU equipments have high scientific and technological content, large amount of tenure, the logistical support of them is under great pressure. This article introduced some related concepts such as continuous acquisition and life cycle support, the interactive electronic technology manual, portable auxiliary maintenance equipment, outlined the structure of the integrated logistics support system, provided some reference for the design of logistics support system of EMU.Keywords: EMU; integrated logistics support; continuous acquisition and life cycle support (CLAS); interactive electronic technical manual (IETM); portable maintenance aids ( PMA )截止2016年底，全国高速铁路运营里程已超过2.2万km ，动车组保有量超过2 500个标准组。

Journal of Hazardous Materials142(2007)653–661Risk-based maintenance—Techniques and applicationsN.S.Arunraj,J.Maiti∗Department of Industrial Engineering and Management,Indian Institute of Technology,Kharagpur721302,West Bengal,IndiaAvailable online27June2006AbstractPlant and equipment,however well designed,will not remain safe or reliable if it is not maintained.The general objective of the maintenance process is to make use of the knowledge of failures and accidents to achieve the possible safety with the lowest possible cost.The concept of risk-based maintenance was developed to inspect the high-risk components usually with greater frequency and thoroughness and to maintain in a greater manner,to achieve tolerable risk criteria.Risk-based maintenance methodology provides a tool for maintenance planning and decision making to reduce the probability of failure of equipment and the consequences of failure.In this paper,the risk analysis and risk-based maintenance methodologies were identified and classified into suitable classes.The factors affecting the quality of risk analysis were identified and analyzed. The applications,input data and output data were studied to understand their functioning and efficiency.The review showed that there is no unique way to perform risk analysis and risk-based maintenance.The use of suitable techniques and methodologies,careful investigation during the risk analysis phase,and its detailed and structured results are necessary to make proper risk-based maintenance decisions.©2006Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.Keywords:Risk-based maintenance;Risk assessment;Quality of risk analysis;Decision making1.IntroductionDowntime has always affected the productive capability of physical assets by reducing production,increasing operating costs and interfering with customer services.In manufacturing, the effects of downtime are being aggravated by the world wide move towards just-in-time systems,where reduced stocks of work-in-progress mean that quite small breakdowns are now much more capable to stop a whole plant[1].Further,more fail-ures affect our ability to sustain satisfactory quality standards. This applies as much to standards of service as it does to product quality.More and more failures have serious safety or environ-mental consequences,at a time when standards in these areas are rising rapidly.The cost of maintenance itself is still rising, in absolute terms and as a proportion of total expenditure.In some industries,it is now the second highest or even the high-est element of operating costs.As a result,in only30years it has moved from almost nowhere to the top of the league as a cost control priority.Certain critical elements such as product quality,plant safety,and the increase in maintenance department costs can represent from15to70%of total production costs[2].∗Corresponding author.Tel.:+913222283750;fax:+913222282272/255303.E-mail address:jmaiti@iem.iitkgp.ernet.in(J.Maiti).The universal objective of the maintenance process is to make use of the knowledge of failures and accidents to achieve the possible safety with the lowest possible cost.The major challenge of maintenance engineer is to implement a maintenance strategy,which maximizes availability and effi-ciency of the equipment,controls the rate of equipment deterio-ration,ensures the safe and environmentally friendly operation, and minimizes the total cost of the operation[3].The challenge enhances further when the maintenance engineers deal with equipment handling toxic or hazardous materials,either dur-ing production or transportation.For example,chemical process industries often process and transport toxic or hazardous mate-rials.Further,it is common to have industrial complexes where groups of chemical industries are situated in close proximity,so the possibility of chain of accidents or domino effects increases. As the density of the industries as well as the population con-tinues to grow everywhere,the risk posed by probable accidents in chemical industries and transportation of hazardous materials also continues to rise.There is also a close relationship between maintenance and product quality,as product quality depends on equipment condition.So,it is necessary to develop maintenance planning to minimize frequency and consequences of system failure.Such a development would also add a hygienic atmo-sphere to industries as well as surroundings.At the end of the first half of the20th century,data bases on failures of pressure vessels,piping components and systems were being collected0304-3894/$–see front matter©2006Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.06.069654N.S.Arunraj,J.Maiti/Journal of Hazardous Materials142(2007)653–661with the result showing that the American Society of Mechanical Engineers(ASME)code based on performance criteria provided highly reliable systems.However,with low probability data they are not meaningful without considering the consequences or severity of a system failure.Thus,the importance of risk was recognized as an important measure of system safety[4].The risk-based maintenance methodology is designed to study all the failure modes,determining the risk associated with those failure modes,and developing a maintenance strategy that minimizes the occurrence of the high-risk failure modes.In this paper,most of the available recent literature on risk analysis and risk-based maintenance were reviewed in order to identify the proposed techniques and methodologies of risk analysis and risk-based maintenance in diversefields.Further, the identified techniques and methodologies were classified to reveal their characteristics and applications.Finally,the factors affecting the quality of a risk analysis were discussed.2.Development of maintenance philosophiesMaintenance management techniques have been through a major process of metamorphosis over recent years.Today,the maintenance progress has been provoked by the increase in complexity in manufacturing processes and variety of prod-ucts,growing awareness of the impact of maintenance on the environment and safety of personnel,the profitability of the business and quality of products[3].There is a paradigm shift in implementing maintenance strategies like condition-based maintenance(CBM)and reliability-centered maintenance (RCM).Then the risk-based maintenance(RBM)has been emphasized.The development of maintenance philosophies is shown in Fig.1([1,5]revisited).Fig.1reveals that maintenance policies are evolved over time and can be categorized asfirst, second,third and recent generations.2.1.First generationFirst generation typically belongs to the time before the World War II.Industries were not very highly mechanized.Equipment were simple and redesigned which made them reliable and easy to repair.Machines were operated until they broke down and there were no way to predict failures.The typical maintenance practices were(i)basic and routine maintenance,(ii)reactive breakdown service(fix it when it broke)and(iii)corrective maintenance[1,5].2.2.Second generationSecond generation belongs to the time period in between the Second World War and the late1970s.Industries become more complex with great dependency on machines.Maintenance cost became higher than other relative operating cost.The mainte-nance policies adopted were(i)planned preventive maintenance, (ii)time based maintenance and(iii)system for planning and controlling work.However,this generation was criticized for imposing quite often unnecessary treatments,which disrupted normal operations,and also induced malfunctions due to missed operations[12].2.3.Third generationThe maintenance strategies within1980and2000are termed as third generation policies.This generation was typically char-acterized by(i)continued growth in plant complexity,(ii)accel-erating use of automation,(iii)just in time production system, (iv)rising demand for standard of product and service quality and(v)more tight legislation on service quality[5].Condi-tion based maintenance(CBM),reliability centered maintenance (RCM),and computer aided maintenance management were adopted for maintenance during this period(see Fig.1,for more details).2.4.Recent generationIn1990s,risk-based inspection and maintenance methodolo-gies started to emerge and gain popularity beyond2000.This generation is highly characterized by the inception of risk-based inspection and maintenance in addition to RCM and CBM.Up till2000,maintenance and safety were treated as separate and independent activities[6].Several authors suggested that aninte-Fig.1.Development of maintenance philosophies([1,5]revisited).N.S.Arunraj,J.Maiti/Journal of Hazardous Materials142(2007)653–661655grated approach incorporating maintenance and safety is the appropriate mean for optimizing plant capacity,as safety and maintenance are not mutually exclusive functions.The overall objective of the maintenance process is to increase the prof-itability of the operation and optimize the total life cycle cost without compromising safety or environmental issues.Inspec-tion and maintenance planning based on risk analysis minimizes the probability of system failure and its consequences.It helps management in making correct decisions concerning investment in maintenance and relatedfields.3.Risk-based maintenanceRisk-based maintenance framework is comprised of two main phases:1.Risk assessment.2.Maintenance planning based on risk.The main aim of this methodology is to reduce the overall risk that may result as the consequence of unexpected failures of operating facilities[7].The inspection and maintenance activ-ities are prioritized on the basis of quantified risk caused due to failure of the components,so that the total risk can be mini-mized using risk-based maintenance.The high-risk components are inspected and maintained usually with greater frequency and thoroughness and are maintained in a greater manner,to achieve tolerable risk criteria[4].The risk-based maintenance methodology consists of six modules as shown in Fig.2.Hazard analysis.Hazard analysis is done to identify the fail-ure scenario.The failure scenarios are developed based onthe Fig.2.General risk-based maintenance approach[3,7,72].656N.S.Arunraj,J.Maiti/Journal of Hazardous Materials142(2007)653–661operational characteristics of the system,physical conditions under which operations occur,geometry of the system and safety arrangements.Likelihood assessment.The objective here is to calculate occurrence of the undesired event.The frequency of failure or failure probability for defined period of time is calculated in this step.Consequence assessment.The objective here is to quantify the potential consequences of the credible failure scenario.The consequences are production loss,asset loss,environmental loss, and health and safety loss.In some of the literature,the produc-tion loss is specified as performance loss and operational loss[7].Risk estimation.Based on the result of consequence analysis and probabilistic failure analysis,the risk is estimated for each unit.Risk acceptance.The computed risk is compared against the risk acceptance criteria.If any of the unit/component risk exceeds the acceptance criteria,maintenance is required to reduce the risk.Maintenance planning.Maintenance planning is adopted to reduce the risk.3.1.Risk assessmentOut of two main phases of risk-based maintenance,risk assessment is the critical and foremost important phase,as the maintenance decisions are going to be made with the assessed risk as centre.Risk can be defined as“the considered expected loss or dam-age associated with the occurrence of a possible undesired event”[8].Hazard refers the source of loss or damage.Risk is the probability of occurrence of the loss or damage.Sophisticated techniques are being used to identify the high-risk operations and to identify means for reducing the risk of accidents in these operations.As shown in Fig.3,risk assessment involves nothing more than identifying potential threats,estimating their likelihood(number of events/time interval),and estimating the consequences(impact/event)[9].The combination of these esti-mates represents the risk(impacts/time interval)associated with the activity being evaluated.As more and more industries are commissioned and more and more accidents come to light,there is ever increasing importance being attached to risk assessment. Rimington[10]explains that risk assessment is the way of sys-temizing our approach to hazard with a view to determining what is more and what is less risky.It helps to optimize the risk and benefits.Risk assessment approach integrates reliability and conse-quence analysis,and attempts to answer the following questions [9]:•What can go wrong?•How can it go wrong?•How likely is its occurrence?•What would be the consequences?Risk assessment may be quantitative or qualitative.Quantita-tive risk assessment is done by the estimation of frequency and its consequences.Quantified risk assessment is only appropriate where it is both reasonable and practicable,reasonable in that the cost of doing it is not high compared with the value of solv-ing the problem,and practicable in terms of the availability of information and data[11].Qualitative risk assessment is appli-cable when the risks are small and well known,and the site is not located in the vicinity of possible incompatible development.A simple description of the types of major accidents,their conse-quences and their likelihood and a review of compliance with standards are sufficient.The results are represented in the form of risk matrix where probability and consequences represent the axes[3,12].3.1.1.Risk analysis methodologiesTixier et al.[13]listed62risk analysis methodologies from his varied references.Similar to his survey,here the risk analy-sis methodologies and techniques are categorized from diverse references into deterministic,probabilistic,and combination of deterministic and probabilistic approaches.Thedeterministic Fig.3.The process of risk assessment[9].N.S.Arunraj,J.Maiti /Journal of Hazardous Materials 142(2007)653–661657Table 1Classification of risk analysis methodologies ([13]Revisited)Method types DeterministicProbabilisticDeterministic and probabilistic QualitativeAction error analysis [14],checklist [15],concept hazard analysis [15],goal oriented failure analysis [14],hazard and operatibility (HAZOP)[15–22],failure mode effect analysis (FMEA)[15,19],human hazard operability (HumanHAZOP)[23],hazard identification system (HAZID)[24],master logic diagram [25],optimal hazard and operatibility (OptHAZOP)[15,26],plant level safety analysis (PLSA)[27],preliminary risk analysis [14],process hazard analysis (PHA)[28–30],reliability block diagram (RBD)[14],task analysis [14],Whatif?analysis [14,15,18],sneak analysis [31],risk matrix [32–34]Delphi technique [14],expert judgment [35],rapid ranking [36]Maximum credible accident analysis,[15,37–40],safety culture hazard and operability (SCHAZOP)[23],structural reliability analysis (SRA)[14]QuantitativeAccident hazard index [41],chemical runaway reaction hazard index [42],Dow’s chemical exposure index (CEI)[43,15],Dow’s fire and explosion index (FEI)[44,15],fire and explosion damage index (FEDI)[15],hazard identification and ranking (HIRA)[15],instantaneous fractionalannual loss (IFAL)[15],reactivity risk index (RRI)[45],safety weighted hazard index (SWeHI)[46],toxic damage index (TDI)[15]Event tree analysis (ETA)[14,15,47,48],fault tree analysis (FTA)[14,15,48],petri nets [48],probabilistic fault tree (PROFAT)[49],fuzzy fault tree analysis [50,51],risk integral [52]Method organised systematic analysis of risk (MOSAR)[14],quantitative risk analysis (QRA)[9,15,45,53–55],rapid risk analysis [15,56–59],probabilistic risk analysis (PRA)[15,60],international study group on risk analysis (ISGRA)[15],optimal risk assessment (ORA)[15,61],IDEF methodology [62]Semi-quantitativeDomino effect analysis [15,63],layers of protection analysis (LOPA)[64],predictive risk index [65],world health organization (WHO)[15],risk priority number [14]IAEA-TECDOC-727[66,67],maintenance analysis [14],semi-quantitative fault tree analysis [68],short cut risk assessment [14,69]Safety analysis [15],failure mode effect criticality analysis (FMECA)[15],facility risk review (FRR)[19,70]methods take into consideration the product,the equipment,and the quantification of consequences for various targets such as people,environment and equipment.This approach assumes that the occurrence of a hazard and its consequences are known and certain.The probabilistic methods are based on the probability or frequency of hazardous situation apparitions or on the occur-rence of potential accident [13].Again they are cross classified into qualitative,quantitative and semi-quantitative as shown in Table 1.In the above classification,the majority of methods are deter-ministic.For example,Fig.4shows that out of 75research studies,35are deterministic,while 16and 24are probabilistic,and combination of deterministic and probabilistic in nature,respectively.Of the 35deterministic studies,24employedFig.4.Cross classification of risk analysis methodologies.qualitative techniques of evaluation while the quantitative and semi-quantitative techniques were adopted for 8and 3stud-ies,respectively.Out of the 16studies considering probabilistic methods,3used qualitative techniques,whereas 8and 5are quantitative and semi-quantitative in nature.The techniques coming under deterministic and qualitative group are highly used for hazard identification step in risk assessment process.The techniques categorized in deterministic and quantitative group are mainly hazard indices,which are used to assess the risk immediately and easily.The most of the techniques cat-egorized in probabilistic and quantitative group are applied to quantify probability of accident scenarios and top event failure.3.1.2.Factors affecting quality of the risk analysisIn order to make proper maintenance decisions,careful study of the risk analysis approaches and their results is necessary.Trivial risk source,vague risk analysis approach,and ambigu-ous results lead to unacceptable safety levels.To facilitate proper decisions,quality of the risk analysis should be improved.Back-lund and Hannu [71]identified the factors affecting quality of risk analysis and evaluated the risk analysis approaches.He made a comparative study based on three independent risk anal-yses performed on a specific hydropower plant in his study.The comparison and evaluation of the analyses revealed major differences in performance and results,along with various fac-tors that affect the quality of risk analyses.Along with hazard identification,initial consequence analysis,and risk estimation658N.S.Arunraj,J.Maiti /Journal of Hazardous Materials 142(2007)653–661Fig.5.Factors affecting the quality of a risk analysis (modified after Backlund and Hannu [71]).factors suggested by Backlund and Hannu [71],result factors are also very important and should be taken into considera-tion for effective decision making.The cause and effect dia-gram for factors affecting quality of a risk analysis is shown in Fig.5.The factors affecting the quality of a risk analysis are:1.Hazard identification and initial consequence analysis:•preliminary hazard analysis;•data and information;•method.2.Risk estimation:•method;•frequency estimation;•consequence estimation;•function analysis (identifying critical functions of the sys-tem);•uncertainty and sensitivity analysis.3.Results:•qualitative;•quantitative.The specific risk analysis methodology should have fre-quency estimation,consequence estimation,and risk estimation modules.Out of all the reviewed papers,25studies are having these three basic specific risk analysis modules.From these 25studies,the distribution of the factors affecting the quality of a risk analysis are identified and plotted in Fig.6.In majority of the papers,the hazard identification and the preliminary hazard analysis to identify the vulnerable subsys-tems were not reported.This might be due to the fact that either they were not conducted or they were done based on experi-ence of the analyst and his team,which were not documented as pointed out by some of the studies [45,55].However,docu-menting these analyses should be encouraged,as they are very important factors affecting the quality of a risk analysis.The data and information,and frequency estimation parts are avail-able in all the 25papers.The consequence estimation is omittedin some papers.Only two papers did uncertainty and sensitivity analysis.3.2.Maintenance planning based on riskThe maintenance planning should be assigned to lower the risk to meet the acceptable criterion and to reduce the probability of failure [3,7,73].So far the reverse fault tree analysis is used in the calculation of maintenance interval based on risk.It involves top to bottom analysis approach.A reverse fault tree analysis is conducted to calculate the probability of failure of the basic events,by assigning a desired failure probability to the top event (failure scenario of the unit).This assigned value for the failure probability is estimated considering acceptable risk value.The new probabilities of failure of the basic events were used to calculate the corresponding maintenance interval [3,7,73].Fig.6.Distribution of factors for quality of risk analysis in selected journal papers.N.S.Arunraj,J.Maiti/Journal of Hazardous Materials142(2007)653–661659 Table2Classification of risk-based maintenance techniques based on modulesModules Models and techniquesHazard analysis(failure scenario development)Maximum credible accident scenario(MCAS)[3,7,12],event tree development[72] Consequence estimation Source models,impact intensity models,toxic gas models,explosions andfires models[3,12],expertopinion[73,74]Likelihood estimation Fault tree analysis(FTA),probabilistic fault tree analysis(PROFAT)[3,7,12,73],expert opinion[33,74,75]Risk estimation Fuzzy logic[76],risk matrix[4,33,34,74],simple product of probability of failure and damage loss[3,7,12]Risk acceptance Dutch acceptance criteria,ALARP(as low as reasonably possible),USEPA acceptance criteria[3,7,12]Maintenance planning Reverse fault analysis[3,7,12,73],analytical hierarchy process(AHP)[2,33,75]3.2.1.Classification of risk-based maintenance techniquesBased on literature published so for,the framework for risk-based maintenance is identified as qualitative[4,33,34,74,75], quantitative[3,7,12,72,73]and semi-quantitative[76].Follow-ing Tixier et al.[13],the studies were also classified based on the type of applications,input data and output data to get some meaningful insights in the risk-based maintenance scheme.They are described below.3.2.1.1.Classification based on modules.The techniques and models of risk-based maintenance methodologies are sorted out on the basis of the hazard analysis,consequence estimation, likelihood estimation,risk estimation,risk acceptance,mainte-nance planning,which is shown in Table2(see Section3,for more details).3.2.1.2.Type of applications.Mainly two types of applica-tions were highlighted in the studies on risk-based maintenance: (i)industrial applications and(ii)transportation systems.As risk-based maintenance concept is relatively new and applied recently,a few papers were identified in the current literature review.The salient references are listed below:•Industrial applications[3,7,12,34,72,75].•Transportation system[33,75].The industrial applications are mainly quantitative in nature and were developed for static specific applications in chem-ical,mechanical and electricalfields.The methodology for transportation systems seems highly subjective.Dey[75]has admitted that the subjectivity and weightage factors are main limitations of this methodology.The reduction of subjectivity might give reasonable results.3.2.1.3.Types of input data.Based on input data required,the risk-based maintenance studies can be classified into two classes as follows:•Failure probability and databank including historical knowl-edge[3,7,12,72,73].•Expert opinion[33,34,73,75,76].Failure probability and databank including historical knowl-edge are associated with probability and frequency of failure of components.Expert opinion is associated with experience of the experts and the analysts.The availability of reliability data and other related information is very important to do the risk analysis.If reliability data are unavailable then there is a need for expert opinion.In expert opinion,due to limited experience there is a possibility for uncertainty in the results.In that case, uncertainty and sensitivity analysis should be performed.3.2.1.4.Types of output data.The risk-based maintenance papers are classified into two classes based on output data and they are qualitative like recommendations[33,34,72,76]and quantitative like index of risk level[3,7,12,73,72].The output results are qualitative in nature due to unavail-ability of data.As the results are based on expert choices, they are not precise.The quantitative results are highly use-ful for further refining and improving work such as main-tenance optimization.The results are having more accurate information.4.ConclusionsAn effective use of resources can be achieved by using risk-based maintenance decisions to guide where and when to perform maintenance.This paper based on literature review underlines the state-of-art risk-based maintenance techniques and applications to industrial sectors.The risk analysis method-ologies and techniques are categorized into deterministic,prob-abilistic and combination of deterministic and probabilistic. Again the categories are classified into qualitative,quantitative and semi-quantitative.The risk-based maintenance methodolo-gies are identified and grouped based on applications,input data and output data.The review of these identified methodologies shows that there is no unique way to perform risk analysis and risk-based maintenance.The application of these methodologies highly depends on the depth of the analysis,area of application and quality of results.Other than this,the experience of the ana-lysts to use these methodologies is also an important factor to consider.Most of the risk analysis approaches are deficient in uncer-tainty and sensitivity analysis.This has to be rectified to yield proper results.Any decisions based on misleading results may660N.S.Arunraj,J.Maiti/Journal of Hazardous Materials142(2007)653–661generate non-essential maintenance efforts.This misinterpreta-tion will result in the failure to reduce or eliminate significant sources of risk.The risk analysis should be evaluated in well-planned manner to avoid maintenance efforts spent in less impor-tant areas and to put more efforts in highly important areas.For example,the increasing diversity of products and complexity of manufacturing in chemical process industries has made it to handle hazardous substances at elevated temperature and pres-sure.Release of hazardous materials in such conditions could cause serious environmental and other consequences.So,the use of suitable techniques and methodologies,careful investigation during the risk analysis phase,and its detailed and structured results are necessary to make proper risk-based maintenance decisions.AcknowledgementThe authors gratefully acknowledge the reviewers for their valuable suggestions for enriching the quality of the paper. 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铁路专业词汇(中英对照版)机车locomotive机车种类types of locomotive蒸汽机车steam locomotive内燃机车；曾用名"柴油机车" diesel locomotive电力机车electric locomotive燃气轮机车gasturbine locomotive动车组motor train unit；motor train set动车motot car拖车trailer铁路干线机车railway trunk line locomotive工矿机车industrial and mining locomotive客运机车passenger locomotive货运机车freight locomotive; goods locomotive调车机车shunting locomotive；switcher小运转机车locomotive for district transfer; transfer locomotive train路用机车locomotive of service train; service locomotives配属机车allocated locomotive非配属机车un-allocated locomotive支配机车disposal locomotive非支配机车un-disposal locomotive运用机车locomotive in operation检修机车locomotive under repairing备用机车locomotive in reserve封存机车locomotive stored up待修机车locomotive waiting for repair机车出租leased locomotive机车报废locomotive retirement机车储备locomotive reservation；locomotive storage机车整备locomotive servicing；locomotive running preparation机车整备能力locomotive service capacity机车技术规范locomotive technical specification转向架中心bogie pivot center转向架中心距离distance between bogie pivot centers；bogie pivot pitch机车全轴距locomotive total wheel base机车转向架轴距locomotive wheel base of bogie机车固定轴距locomotive rigid wheel base机车长度locomotive overall length机车宽度locomotive width机车高度locomotive height机车计算重量calcuated weight of locomotive机车整备重量locomotive service weight机车重量locomotive weight机车粘着重量locomotive adhesive weight 轴重转移；轴荷载转移axle load transfer粘着重量利用系数adhesive weight utility factor机车重量分配weight distribution of locomotive轮对横动量lateral play of wheel set机车噪声locomotive noise热值；发热量heat value机车万吨公里能耗energy consumption per 10；000 t-km of locomotive机车用煤coal for locomotive机车用柴油diesel oil for locomotive机车用电electricity for locomotive机车用换算煤converted coal for locomotive标准煤standard coal机车用润滑剂lubricant for locomotive给水water supply水鹤water crane给水处理water [supply] treatment炉内软水water softened in boiler炉外软水water softened out of boiler软水water softened净水water purified机务段locomotive depot机车运用段locomotive running depot机车检修段locomotive repair depot机车折返段locomotive turnaround depot列车无线电调度系统train radio dispatching system机车监控记录装置locomotive supervise and record apparatus 机车故障locomotive failure机车牵引特性locomotive tractive characteristic机车效率total locomotive efficiency机车轮周效率efficiency of locomotive at wheel rim机车传动功率transmission efficiency of locomotive机车牵引特性曲线locomotive tractive characteristic curve机车轮周功率曲线locomotive power curve at wheel rim机车牵引力曲线locomotive tractive effort curve机车预期牵引特性曲线predetermined tractive characteristic curve of locomotive机车功率locomotive power轮周功率output power at wheel rim比功率power/weight ratio比重量weight/power ratio单位体积功率specific volume power机车牵引力locomotive teractive effort轮周牵引力tractive effort at wheel rim车钩牵引力tractive effort at coupler；drawbar pull起动牵引力stsrting tractive effort粘着牵引力adhesive tractive effort持续牵引力continuous tractive effort基本阻力basic resistance运行阻力running resistance惰行阻力idle runing resistance; coasting resistance起动阻力starting resistance附加阻力additional resistance坡道阻力gradient resistance曲线阻力curve resistance空气阻力air resistance单位阻力unit resistance; specific resistance换算阻力;加算阻力converted resistance速度控制系统speed control system加速acceleration减速deceleration恒速constant speed加速力acceleration force减速力deceleration force列车制动train braking制动方式brake mode空气制动air brake真空制动vacuum brake动力制动dynamic brake液力制动hydraulic brake电阻制动rheostatic brake再生制动regenerative brake电空制动electropneumatic brake蓄能制动energy—storing brake涡流制动eddy current brake磁轨制动electromagnetic rail brake踏面制动tread brake盘型制动disc brake机车制动周期locomotive braking period机车制动距离locomotive braking distance机车每轴闸瓦作用力brake shoe force per axle of locomotive 制动braking常用制动service braking；service application最大常用制动;常用全制动full servive braking；full service application阶段制动graduated application自然制动unintended braking; undesired braking紧急制动emergency braking；emergency application意外紧急制动undesirable emergency braking；UDE缓解release直接缓解；一次缓解direct release阶段缓解graduated release自然缓解unintended release；undesired release漏泄leakage充风;充气charging阶段提升graduated increasing保持位suppression; maintaining position；holding position 制动管减压量brake pipe pressure reduction 过量减压over reduction局部减压local reduction分段减压split reduction最大常用减压full servive reduction常用局减quick service紧急局减quick action前后风压差false gradient列车管压差train pipe pressure gradient保压停车stopping at maintaining position缓解停车stopping at release缓解波速release propagation rate制动波速braking propagation rate机车制动机locomotive brake gear空气压缩机air compressor调压器pressure regulator给风阀feed valve减压阀reducing valve机车分配阀locomotive distributing valve切换阀transfer valve自动制动阀automatic brake valve单独制动阀independent brake valve滤尘止回阀strainer check valve机车紧急放风阀locomotive emergency vent valve高压保安阀high pressure safety valve低压保安阀low pressure safety valve无载起动电空阀no—load starting electropneumatic valve 油水分离器oil—water separator总风缸main air reservoir空气干燥器air dryer撒砂装置sanding device砂箱sand box撒砂阀sanding valve撒砂器sandingsprayer紧急撒砂emergency sanding自动撒砂automatic sanding间隙效应slack actionL/V比值L/V ratio弓网关系pantograph—contact line relation机车牵引区段locomotive tractive district机车交路locomotive routing单肩回交路single-arm routing双肩回交路double-arm routing半循环交路semi-loop routing循环交路loop routing环形交路circular routing短交路short routing长交路long routing直通交路through routing机车乘务制度locomotive crew working system机车包乘制system of assigning crew to designated locomotive 机车轮乘制locomotive crew pooling system机车随乘制locomotive caboose crew system机车乘务组locomotive crew司机driver副司机assisant driver指导司机driver instructor司炉fireman机车运用指标index of locomotive operation机车出入段作业preparation of locomotive for leaving and arriving at depot机车全周转complete turnround of locomotive机车在段停留时间detention time of locomotive at depot机车全周转距离diatance of one complete turnround of locomotive机车全周转时间period of one complete turnround of locomotive机车走行公里locomotive running kilometers换算走行公里converted running kilometers沿线走行公里running kilometers on the road辅助走行公里auxiliary running kilometers本务走行公里leading locomotive running kilometers单机走行公里light locomotive running kilometers重联机车走行公里multi—locomotive running kilometers机车日车公里average daily locomotive running kilometers机车平均牵引总重average gross weight hauled by locomotive 机车日产量average daily output of locomotive运用机车台数number of locomotive in service机车需要系数coefficient of locomotives requirment单机运行light locomotive running双机牵引;双机重联牵引double locomotive traction多机牵引multi-locomotive traction主机；本务机车leading locomotive机车超重牵引traction for train exceed mass norm机车调度命令locomotive diapatching order机务段运行揭示running service—bulletin of depot司机运转保单driver’s service—report；driver's log司机室driver's cab司机操纵台driver’s desk司机模拟操纵装置simulator for driver train—handling优化操纵optimum handling; optimum optimum operation机车自动操纵automatic locomotive operation机车保养locomotive maintenance机车检修locomotive inspection and repair机车检修修程classification of locomotive repair机车大修locomotive overhaul ［repair］; locomotive general overhaul架修intermediate repair定修periodical repair；light repair 蒸汽机车洗修steam locomotive boiler washout repair机车厂修locomotive repair in works机车段修locomotive repair in depot日常检查routine inspection机车临修locomotive temporary repair定期检修repair based on time or running kilometers状态检修repair based on condition of component换件大修component exchange repair配件互换修repair with interchangeable component预防维修制preventive maintenance system检修周期period of inspection and repair月检monthly inspection定检公里running kilometers between predetermined repairs 定检时间time between predetermined repairs检修范围scope of repairing course; scope of repair超范围修理repair beyond the scope of repairing course检修停时standing time under repair集中化修理；集中修centralization of repair检修基本技术条件fundamental technical requirements for repair and inspection检修工艺规程technological regulations for repair and inspection检修作业程序repair procedure; shop program磨耗限度limit of wear检修限度locomotive repair limit第一限度1st limit第二限度2nd limit使用限度operation limit中间工艺检验intermediate inspection at the technological process转向设备turning facilities转盘turntable机务设备通过能力carrying capacity of locomotive facilities 机车专用设备special equipment for locomotive operation机车验收acceptance of locomotive机车试运转locomotive trial run形式试验type test性能试验performance test鉴定试验homologation test出厂试验predelivery test制动试验brake test牵引试验traction test负载试验loaded test; load test牵引热工试验traction and thermodynamique de traction定置试验stationary test；test at standstill动力学试验dynamics test强度试验strength test运用试验service test；operation test耐久性试验durability test可靠性试验reliability test例行试验routine test特殊试验special test研究性试验investigation test抽样试验sampling test模拟试验analogue test机车履历簿locomotive logbook直流电力机车DC electric locomotive单向交流电力机车single-phase AC electric locomotive单相工频交流电力机车single-phase industrial frequency AC electric locomotive双电压制电力机车dual voltage electric locomotive双频率制电力机车dual frequency electric locomotive多电流制电力机车multiple system electric locomotive硅整流器电力机车silicon rectifier electric locomotive晶闸管整流器电力机车thyristor rectifier electric locomotive经闸管变流器电力机车thyristor converter electric locomotive 电动车组electric multiple unit; motor coach set；electric motor train unit单相交流电动车组single-phase industrial frequency AC motor train unit地下铁道电动车组subway motor train unit电流制current system直流制DC system单相工频交流制single—phase industrial frequency AC system 单相低频交流制single—phase low frequency AC system受电弓标称电压nominal voltage at pantograph调压方式voltage regulation mode高压侧调压high voltage regulation低压侧调压low voltage regulation分级调压stepped voltage regulation无级调压stepless voltage regulation相控调压phase control斩波调压chopper control变阻调压rheostatric control整流方式mode of rectification牵引变流器traction convertor牵引逆变器traction invertor牵引变频器traction frequency convertor可调牵引变频器variable frequency convertor直流斩波器DC chopper单相桥式整流器single—phase bridge rectifier三相桥式整流器three—phase bridge rectifier可控桥式整流器controlled bridge rectifier对称半控桥式整流器symmetric half-controlled bridge rectifier 非对称半控桥式整流器asymmetric half-controlled bridge rectifier多段桥［联结] bridges in cascade；multi rectifier bridge硅整流装置silicon rectifier device 晶闸管整流装置thyristor rectifier device励磁整流装置excitation rectifier device电力传动方式mode of electric drive直流传动DC drive交-直流传动AC-DC drive交-直-交流传动AC—DC—AC drive调速方式mode of speed control变压调速variable voltage speed control变频调速variable frequency speed control变极调速pole changing speed control车轴驱动方式mode of axle drive弹性齿轮驱动resilient gear drive刚性齿轮驱动solid gear drive单侧减速齿轮驱动single reduction gear drive双侧减速齿轮驱动double reduction gear drive单电动机驱动monomotor drive车轴空心轴驱动quill drive; hollow axle drive电机空心轴驱动hollow shaft motor drive万向轴驱动cardan shaft drive直接驱动gearless drive；direct drive独立驱动individual drive组合驱动coupled axle drive连杆驱动rod drive组合传动机车coupled axle drive locomotive独立传动机车individual drive locomotive齿轨[传动]机车;齿条传动机车rack locomotive牵引电动机供电制式traction motor power supply system 机车集中供电locomotive centralized power supply转向架独立供电bogie individual power supply电动机独立供电motor individual power supply主电路power circuit；main circuit高压电路high voltage circuit; high tension circuit低压电路low voltage circuit；low tension circuit网侧电路circuit on side of overhead contact line牵引电路traction circuit制动电路braking circuit滤波电路filter circuit辅助电路auxiliary circuit列车供电电路power supply circuit for train控制电路control circuit控制电源control source蓄电池电路battery circuit指令电路command circuit照明电路lighting circuit仪表电路instrument circuit联锁电路interlocking circuit信号电路signal circuit起动电路starting circuit保护电路protective circuit电子控制电路electronic control circuit电空制动电路electropneumatic brake ciucuit；E—P brake circuit防空转防滑行保护电路anti—slip/slide protection circuit音频通讯电路audio communication circuit电连接器electric coupler自动电连接器electric automatic coupler机车重联电连接器multi—locomotive electrc coupler牵引电动机traction motor直流牵引电动机DC traction motor脉流牵引电动机pulsating current traction motor交流牵引电动机AC traction motor单向交流牵引电动机single-phase AC traction motor三相交流牵引电动机three phase AC traction motor抱轴式牵引电动机axle hung traction motor；nose suspension traction motor架承式牵引电动机frame mounted traction motor转向架架承式牵引电动机bogie mounted traction motor底架架承式牵引电动机underframe mounted traction motor串励电动机series excited motor并励电动机shunt excited motor复励电动机compound excied motor他励电动机separately excited motor同步电动机synchronous motor异步电动机asynchronous motor交流换向器电动机alternating current commutator motor全封闭式电动机totally-enclosed motor通风式电动机ventilated motor自通风式电动机self-ventilated motor强迫通风式电动机force ventilated motor直线电动机；线性电动机linear motor直线同步电动机linear synchronous motor直线异步电动机；直线感应电动机linear asynchronous motor；linear induction motor电动机转速motor speed电动机超速runaway speed电动机特性motor characteristic电动机转矩；电动机扭矩motor torque启动转矩starting torque峰值转矩peak torque制动转矩braking torque最大输出功率maximum output启动电流starting current峰值电流peak current标称电压nominal voltage变压器电势transformer EMF片间平均电压mean voltage between segments片间最高电压maximum voltage between segments消弱磁场weakened field 最大磁场maximum field最小磁场minimum field磁场消弱率field weakening磁场消弱系数coefficient of field weakening恒功调速比speed ratio on constant power转向器commutator换向片commutator segment电枢线圈armature coil均压线equalizer；cable bond转轴shaft定子stator转子rotor主极铁心mainpole core主极线圈mainpole coil换向极铁心interpole core换相极线圈interpole coil补偿线圈compensating coil机座frame铸造机座cast frame焊接机座welding frame半叠片机座semi—laminated frame全叠片机座full-laminated frame电刷装置brush gear刷握brush—holder刷盒brush box电刷brush端盖end shield抱轴悬挂装置suspension bearing主发电机main generator直流主发电机DC main generator交流主发电机main alternator辅助发电机auxiliary generator直流辅助发电机DC auxiliary generator直流启动发电机DC starting generator; dynastarter 直流控制发电机DC control generator直流励磁机DC exciter劈相机Arno converter；phase splitter辅助电动机auxiliary motor直流辅助电动机DC quxiliary motor异步辅助电动机asynchronous auxiliary motor空压机电动机air compressor motor通风机电动机blower motor泵电动机pump motor控制电机control electric machine自整角机synchro测速发电机tachogenerator机车牵引变压器traction transformer of locomotive 心式牵引变压器core-type traction transformer壳式牵引变压器shell-type traction transformer自藕牵引变压器traction autotransformer调压牵引变压器regulating traction transformer分接牵引变压器tapped traction transformer油浸式牵引变压器oil-immersed type traction transformer 整流变压器rectifier transformer电源变压器supply transformer隔离变压器;绝缘变压器isolating transformer同步变压器synchronous transformer脉冲变压器pulse transformer控制变压器control transformer信号变压器signal transformer励磁变压器excitation transformer高压绕组high voltage winding；high tension winding低压绕组low voltage winding; low tension winding调压绕组regulating winding励磁绕组excitation winding辅助绕组auxiliary winding列车供电绕组train coach supply winding自然循环natural circulation强迫循环forced circulation强迫导向循环forced guided circulation牵引电抗器traction tractor平波电抗器smoothing reactor过渡电抗器transition reactor接地电抗器earthing reactor; grounding reactor制动电抗器braking reactor分流电抗器divert shunt reactor；inductive shunt滤波电抗器filter reactor均流电抗器sharing reactor限流电抗器inductive reactor; current limiting reactor换相电抗器commutation reactor起动电阻器staring resistor制动电阻器braking resistor过渡电阻器transistion resistor分流电阻器divert shunt resistor; shunting resistor稳定电阻器stabilizing resistor调节电阻器regulating resistor制动电阻柜braking resistor cubicle制动电阻元件braking resistor grid非线性电阻器non—linear resistor滤波电容器filter capacitor换相电容器commutating capacitor保护电容器protective capacitor起动电容器starting capacitor补偿电容器compensation capacitor主断路器line circuit—breaker真空主断路器line vacuum circuit-breaker空气主断路器line air-blast circuit—breaker直流高速断路器DC high speed circuit-breaker 受电器current collector受电弓pantograph单臂受电弓single arm pantograph双臂受电弓double arm pantograph弓头pantograph bow受电弓滑板pantograph pan弓角pantograph horn受电弓气缸pantograph cylinder支持绝缘子supporting insulator第三轨受电器conductor rail collector受电靴装置shoegear集电靴collector shoe电磁接触器electromagnetic contactor直流接触器DC contactor交流接触器AC contactor电空接触器electropneumatic contactor组合接触器grouping contactor线路接触器line contactor磁场削弱接触器field weakening contactor制动接触器braking contactor励磁接触器excitation contactor辅助接触器auxiliary contactor调压开关tap changer低压调压开关low voltage tap changer; low tension tap changer高压调压开关high voltage tap changer；high tension tap changer位置转换开关position changeover switch鼓形位置转换开关drum position changeover switch凸轮位置转换开关cam position changeover switch牵引-制动位转换开关power/brake changeover switch反向器reverser电流制转换开关current system changeover switch主电路库用转换开关main circuit transfer switch for shed supply辅助电路库用转换开关auxiliary circuit transfer switch for shed supply短路器short-circuiting device接地开关earthing switch牵引电动机隔离开关traction motor isolating switch受电弓隔离开关pantograph isolating switch主整流柜隔离开关isolating switch for main silicon rectifier cubicle劈相机故障隔离开关fault isolating switch for phase splitter控制电源隔离开关isolating switch for control supply司机控制器driver controller调车控制器shunting controller电空制动控制器E—P brake controller按键开关button switch; key switch自复式按键开关self-reset push-key switch非自复式按键开关non-self-reset push-key switch主按键开关组main button switch group；main key switch set 副按键开关组secondary push—key switch group；secondary key switch set电磁阀electromagnetic valve电空阀clectropneumatic valve电液阀electro—hydraulic valve保护阀protective valve受电弓电空阀pantograph valve防空转撒沙电空阀anti—slip sanding valve防空转防滑行保护装置anti—slip/slide protection device轴重转移补偿装置axle load transfer compensation device功率因数补偿装置power factor compensation device电压继电器voltage relay电流继电器current relay时间继电器time relay中间继电器intermediate relay速度继电器speed relay温度继电器temperature relay压力继电器pressure relay欠电压继电器under—voltage relay过电流继电器over—current relay转速继电器tachometric relay流速继电器flow relay接地继电器earth fault relay风压继电器air pressure relay油压继电器oil-pressure relay起动继电器starting relay主电路库用插座main circuit socket for shed supply辅助电路库用插座auxiliary circuit socket for shed supply控制电路库用插座control circuit socket for shed supply重联插座multiple unit socket印制电路板插座printed circuit board socket电压调整器voltage regulator温度调整器temperature regulator位置指示器notch indicator数字显示器digital display司机室取暖电炉driver’s cab electric heater司机室热风装置driver’s cab air heater司机室空调装置driver’s cab air conditioner电热玻璃electric heating glass电测仪表electrical measuring instrument牵引电机电压表traction motor voltmeter牵引电机电流表traction motor ammeter励磁电流表excitation ammeter网侧电压表voltmeter on side of overhead contact line；overhead side voltmeter辅助电路电压表auxiliary circuit voltmeter 控制电源电压表control supply voltmeter控制电源电流表control supply ammeter机车速度表locomotive speedometer单相电度表single-phase wat-hour meter速度记录仪tachograph传感器sensor；transducer电压传感器voltage sensor电流传感器current sensor压力传感器pressure sensor速度传感器speed sensor温度传感器temperature sensor直流电流互感器DC current transformer阀形避雷器valve type arrester放电器discharger轮缘喷油器flange lubricator接地安全棒earthing pole接地回流电刷earth return brush前照灯head lamp; head light副前照灯subhead lamp；dim head light标志灯marker lamp走行部灯bogie lamp车号灯side number plate lamp路签灯train staff lamp记事灯writing lamp照明灯illuminating lamp指示灯indicator lamp风喇叭air horn高音风喇叭high tone air horn低音风喇叭low tone air horn警笛siren警惕装置vigilance device机车组装后的检查与试验inspection and test of locomotive after completion of construction一般性检查general inspection称重试验weighing test压缩空气设备全面的气密性试验test for over-all air-tightness of compressed air equipments车体及外部装备密封试验test for sealing of body and external equipment受电弓试验pantograph test介电强度试验dielectric test事故预防措施的检查checks for prevention of accidents安全设备试验test on safety equipments蓄电池充电系统试验checks of battery charging—arrangement 通风冷却试验test on ventilation and cooling空气制动试验test on air brake曲线通过实验curve negotiation test机车振动参数测试measurements of vibration parameters辅助机组试验test on auxiliary machines机车调速试验test on speed regulation主电路短路保护系统试验test on short-circuit protection system of main circuit主电路过载保护系统试验test on overload protection system of main circuit内部过电压试验test on internal overvoltage外部过电试验test on external overvoltage机车功率试验locomotive [traction] power test机车功率因数测定measurment of power factor机车效率测定measurement of efficiency of locomotive谐波电流百分比测定measurement of percentage of harmonic current起动加速试验starting and acceleration test运行阻力试验test for running resistance电气制动试验electric braking test滤尘效果试验test on filter efficiency撒沙装置试验test on sanding gear重联运行试验test on coupled operation；test on multi unit operation司机室工作条件检查check on working conditions in the driver’s cab4。

U1 How to be happy1、吵闹的邻居的确对我们家庭不和有很大影响。

Noisy neighbors are one of the major causes of domestic upset.2、在职场上，如果一个同事对我们表示威吓的话，会造成难以言表的抑郁情绪。

A colleague at work who bullies or dismisses us creates untold wretchedness.3、我们不可能适应这种敌对关系，这种不良的人际关系会损害身心健康。

We can never fully adapt to hostile relationships, which inevitably damage our wellbeing.4、如果这种坏情绪长时间留在人们的心里，会让人陷入无法解决的恶性心理困境。

If this bad mood stays inside our mind, it will lead us to an unresolved destructive depression.5、我们不应当回避这些问题，而是要正确面对它们。

We should not avoid these problems but face them instead.U21、随着大量市民被迫迁到遥远的效外，汽车的需求量正在飞涨。

The demand for cars is soaring as growing numbers of citizens are pushed into distant suburbs.2、生态城市将把传统设计要素同最先进的绿色技术相结合。

The eco-city will combine elements of traditional design with the latest green technologies.3、预计到2010年将有一千辆燃料电池车投入使用，而到2012年将增至一万辆。

智能智造与信息技地铁站台门设备智能运维系统探索王金峰丁树森刘思缈（青岛地铁集团有限公司运营分公司山东青岛266000）摘　要：本文对城市轨道交通中站台门系统的智能运维系统实现方案、发展方向，以及智能运维架构下站台门可实现的功能开展研究，思考智能运维架构下对设备亚健康状态进行预测、报警，分析由原来的故障维修及计划维修转变为状态维修对设备维护带来的优点及挑战，对降低站台门设备故障率、提高设备运行稳定性、提升城市轨道交通运营效率及智能化建设的推进均具有积极意义。

关键词：智能运维监测系统故障预测安全运营中图分类号：U23文献标识码：A文章编号：1674-098X(2022)08(b)-0085-04 Exploration on Intelligent Operation and Maintenance Systemof Metro Platform Door EquipmentWANG Jinfeng DING Shusen LIU Simiao(Operation Branch of Qingdao Metro Group Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266000 China) Abstract: In this paper, the implementation scheme and development direction of the intelligent operation and maintenance system of the platform door system in urban rail transit are studied, as well as the functions of the platform door under the intelligent operation and maintenance architecture. Considering the prediction and alarm of equipment sub-health status under the intelligent operation and maintenance framework, and analyzing the advantages and challenges of equipment maintenance brought by the transformation from the original fault maintenance and planned maintenance to condition based maintenance, it is of positive significance to reduce the fault rate of platform door equipment, improve the stability of equipment operation, improve the operation efficiency of urban rail transit and promote intelligent construction.Key Words: Intelligence operations; Monitoring system; Failure prediction; Safe operation地铁系统中，站台门设备是一种特殊的机电一体化设备，为达到提升乘客的候车舒适性、降低列车行驶噪声和活塞风对站台候车乘客影响的目的，站台门设备安装在站台边缘，将轨行区与站台候车区进行分隔，确保乘客乘坐安全的同时，也是运营安全的重要保障措施［1］。