南航双语矩阵论 matrix theory第三章部分题解
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南航矩阵论课后习题答案南航矩阵论课后习题答案矩阵论是数学中的一个重要分支,广泛应用于各个领域,包括物理学、工程学、计算机科学等等。
南航的矩阵论课程是培养学生数学思维和解决实际问题的重要环节。
在课后习题中,学生需要运用所学的矩阵理论知识,解答各种问题。
下面是南航矩阵论课后习题的一些答案和解析。
1. 已知矩阵A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9],求A的逆矩阵。
解析:要求一个矩阵的逆矩阵,需要先判断该矩阵是否可逆。
一个矩阵可逆的充要条件是其行列式不为零。
计算矩阵A的行列式,得到det(A) = -3。
因此,矩阵A可逆。
接下来,我们可以使用伴随矩阵法求解逆矩阵。
首先,计算矩阵A的伴随矩阵Adj(A),然后将其除以行列式的值,即可得到逆矩阵。
计算得到A的伴随矩阵为Adj(A) = [-3 6 -3; 6 -12 6; -3 6 -3]。
最后,将伴随矩阵除以行列式的值,即可得到矩阵A的逆矩阵A^-1 = [-1 2 -1; 2 -4 2; -1 2 -1]。
2. 已知矩阵A = [2 1; 3 4],求A的特征值和特征向量。
解析:要求一个矩阵的特征值和特征向量,需要先求解其特征方程。
特征方程的形式为|A - λI| = 0,其中A为给定矩阵,λ为特征值,I为单位矩阵。
计算得到特征方程为|(2-λ) 1; 3 (4-λ)| = (2-λ)(4-λ) - 3 = λ^2 - 6λ + 5 = 0。
解这个二次方程,得到特征值λ1 = 1,λ2 = 5。
接下来,我们可以求解对应于每个特征值的特征向量。
将特征值代入(A - λI)x = 0,即可求解出特征向量。
对于特征值λ1 = 1,解得特征向量x1 = [1; -1];对于特征值λ2 = 5,解得特征向量x2 = [1; 3]。
3. 已知矩阵A = [1 2; 3 4],求A的奇异值分解。
解析:奇异值分解是将一个矩阵分解为三个矩阵的乘积:A = UΣV^T,其中U和V是正交矩阵,Σ是对角矩阵。
《矩阵论》复习提纲与习题选讲Chapter1 线性空间和内积空间内容总结:z 线性空间的定义、基和维数;z 一个向量在一组基下的坐标;z 线性子空间的定义与判断;z 子空间的交z 内积的定义;z 内积空间的定义;z 向量的长度、距离和正交的概念;z Gram-Schmidt 标准正交化过程;z 标准正交基。
习题选讲:1、设表示实数域3]x [R R 上次数小于3的多项式再添上零多项式构成 的线性空间(按通常多项式的加法和数与多项式的乘法)。
(1) 求的维数;并写出的一组基;求在所取基下的坐标;3]x [R 3]x [R 221x x ++ (2) 在中定义3]x [R , ∫−=11)()(),(dx x g x f g f n x R x g x f ][)(),(∈ 证明:上述代数运算是内积;求出的一组标准正交基;3][x R (3)求与之间的距离;221x x ++2x 2x 1+−(4)证明:是的子空间;2][x R 3]x [R (5)写出2[][]3R x R x ∩的维数和一组基;二、 设22R ×是实数域R 上全体22×实矩阵构成的线性空间(按通常矩阵的加 法和数与矩阵的乘法)。
(1) 求22R ×的维数,并写出其一组基;(2) 在(1)所取基下的坐标; ⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡−−3111(3) 设W 是实数域R 上全体22×实对称矩阵构成的线性空间(按通常矩阵的加法和数与矩阵的乘法)。
证明:W 是22R ×的子空间;并写出W 的维数和一组基;(4) 在W 中定义内积, )A B (tr )B ,A (T =W B ,A ∈求出W 的一组标准正交基;(5)求与之间的距离; ⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡0331⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡−1221 (6)设V 是实数域R 上全体22×实上三角矩阵构成的线性空间(按通常矩阵的加法和数与矩阵的乘法)。
证明:V 也是22R ×的子空间;并写出V 的维数和一组基;(7)写出子空间的一组基和维数。
可编辑修改精选全文完整版Solution Key to Some Exercises in Chapter 3 #5. Determine the kernel and range of each of the following linear transformations on 2P(a) (())'()p x xp x σ=(b) (())()'()p x p x p x σ=- (c) (())(0)(1)p x p x p σ=+Solution (a) Let ()p x ax b =+. (())p x ax σ=.(())0p x σ= if and only if 0ax = if and only if 0a =. Thus, ker(){|}b b R σ=∈The range of σis 2()P σ={|}ax a R ∈ (b) Let ()p x ax b =+. (())p x ax b a σ=+-.(())0p x σ= if and only if 0ax b a +-= if and only if 0a =and 0b =. Thus, ker(){0}σ=The range of σis 2()P σ=2{|,}P ax b a a b R +-∈=(c) Let ()p x ax b =+. (())p x bx a b σ=++.(())0p x σ= if and only if 0bx a b ++= if and only if 0a =and 0b =. Thus, ker(){0}σ=The range of σis 2()P σ=2{|,}P bx a b a b R ++∈= 备注: 映射的核以及映射的像都是集合,应该以集合的记号来表达或者用文字来叙述. #7. Let be the linear mapping that maps 2P into 2R defined by10()(())(0)p x dx p x p σ⎛⎫⎪= ⎪⎝⎭⎰ Find a matrix A such that()x A ασαββ⎛⎫+= ⎪⎝⎭.Solution1(1)1σ⎛⎫= ⎪⎝⎭ 1/2()0x σ⎛⎫= ⎪⎝⎭11/211/2()1010x ασαβαββ⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫+=+= ⎪ ⎪⎪⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭Hence, 11/210A ⎛⎫= ⎪⎝⎭#10. Let σ be the transformation on 3P defined by(())'()"()p x xp x p x σ=+a) Find the matrix A representing σ with respect to 2[1,,]x x b) Find the matrix B representing σ with respect to 2[1,,1]x x + c) Find the matrix S such that 1B S AS -=d) If 2012()(1)p x a a x a x =+++, calculate (())n p x σ.Solution (a) (1)0σ= ()x x σ=22()22x x σ=+002010002A ⎛⎫⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭(b) (1)0σ=()x x σ=22(1)2(1)x x σ+=+000010002B ⎛⎫⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭(c)2[1,,1]x x +2[1,,]x x =101010001⎛⎫⎪⎪ ⎪⎝⎭The transition matrix from 2[1,,]x x to 2[1,,1]x x + is101010001S ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭, 1B S AS -=(d) 2201212((1))2(1)n n a a x a x a x a x σ+++=++#11. Let A and B be n n ⨯ matrices. Show that if A is similar to B then there exist n n ⨯ matrices S and T , with S nonsingular, such thatA ST =andB TS =.Proof There exists a nonsingular matrix P such that 1A P BP -=. Let 1S P -=, T BP =. Then A ST =and B TS =.#12. Let σ be a linear transformation on the vector space V of dimension n . If there exist a vector v such that 1()v 0n σ-≠ and ()v 0n σ=, show that(a) 1,(),,()v v v n σσ- are linearly independent.(b) there exists a basis E for V such that the matrix representing σ with respect to the basis E is000010000010⎛⎫⎪⎪⎪⎪⎝⎭Proof(a) Suppose that1011()()v v v 0n n k k k σσ--+++= Then 11011(()())v v v 0n n n k k k σσσ---+++=That is, 12210110()()())()v v v v 0n n n n n k k k k σσσσ----+++==Thus, 0k must be zero since 1()v 0n σ-≠. 211111(()())()v v v 0n n n n k k k σσσσ----++==This will imply that 1k must be zero since 1()v 0n σ-≠.By repeating the process above, we obtain that 011,,,n k k k - must be all zero. Thisproves that1,(),,()v v v n σσ- are linearly independent.(b) Since 1,(),,()v v v n σσ- are n linearly independent, they form a basis for V .Denote 112,(),,()εv εv εv n n σσ-=== 12()εεσ= 23()εεσ= …….1()εεn n σ-= ()ε0n σ=12[(),(),,()]εεεn σσσ121[,,,,]εεεεn n -=000010000010⎛⎫⎪⎪⎪⎪⎝⎭#13. If A is a nonzero square matrix and k A O =for some positive integer k , show that A can not be similar to a diagonal matrix.Proof Suppose that A is similar to a diagonal matrix 12diag(,,,)n λλλ. Then for each i , there exists a nonzero vector x i such that x x i i i A λ= x x x 0k k i i i i i A λλ=== since k A O =.This will imply that 0i λ= for 1,2,,i n =. Thus, matrix A is similar to the zero matrix. Therefore, A O =since a matrix that is similar to the zero matrix must be the zero matrix, whichcontradicts the assumption.This contradiction shows that A can not be similar to a diagonal matrix. OrIf 112diag(,,,)n A P P λλλ-= then 112diag(,,,)k k k k n A P P λλλ-=. k A O = implies that 0i λ= for 1,2,,i n =. Hence, B O =. This will imply that A O =.Contradiction!。
Solution Key to Some Exercises in Chapter 3 #5. Determine the kernel and range of each of the following linear transformations on 2P
(a) (())'()p x xp x σ=
(b) (())()'()p x p x p x σ=- (c) (())(0)(1)p x p x p σ=+
Solution (a) Let ()p x ax b =+. (())p x ax σ=.
(())0p x σ= if and only if 0ax = if and only if 0a =. Thus,
ker(){|}b b R σ=∈
The range of σis 2()P σ={|}ax a R ∈ (b) Let ()p x ax b =+. (())p x ax b a σ=+-.
(())0p x σ= if and only if 0ax b a +-= if and only if 0a =and 0b =. Thus, ker(){0}σ=
The range of σis 2()P σ=2{|,}P ax b a a b R +-∈=
(c) Let ()p x ax b =+. (())p x bx a b σ=++.
(())0p x σ= if and only if 0bx a b ++= if and only if 0a =and 0b =. Thus, ker(){0}σ=
The range of σis 2()P σ=2{|,}P bx a b a b R ++∈= 备注: 映射的核以及映射的像都是集合,应该以集合的记号来表达或者用文字来叙述. #7. Let be the linear mapping that maps 2P into 2R defined by
10
()(())(0)p x dx p x p σ⎛⎫
⎪= ⎪⎝⎭
⎰ Find a matrix A such that
()x A ασαββ⎛⎫
+= ⎪⎝⎭
.
Solution
1(1)1σ⎛⎫
= ⎪⎝⎭ 1/2()0x σ⎛⎫
= ⎪⎝⎭
11/211/2()1010x ασαβαββ⎛⎫⎛⎫
⎛⎫⎛⎫
+=+= ⎪ ⎪
⎪⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭
Hence, 11/210A ⎛⎫
=
⎪⎝⎭
#10. Let σ be the transformation on 3P defined by
(())'()"()p x xp x p x σ=+
a) Find the matrix A representing σ with respect to 2[1,,]x x b) Find the matrix B representing σ with respect to 2[1,,1]x x + c) Find the matrix S such that 1B S AS -=
d) If 2012()(1)p x a a x a x =+++, calculate (())n p x σ. Solution (a) (1)0σ=
()x x σ=
22()22x x σ=+
002010002A ⎛⎫
⎪
= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭
(b) (1)0σ=
()x x σ=
22(1)2(1)x x σ+=+
000010002B ⎛⎫
⎪
= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭
(c)
2[1,,1]x x +2[1,,]x x =101010001⎛⎫
⎪
⎪ ⎪⎝⎭
The transition matrix from 2[1,,]x x to 2[1,,1]x x + is
101010001S ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭
, 1
B S AS -=
(d) 2201212((1))2(1)n n a a x a x a x a x σ+++=++
#11. Let A and B be n n ⨯ matrices. Show that if A is similar to B then there exist
n n ⨯ matrices S and T , with S nonsingular, such that A ST =and B TS =. Proof There exists a nonsingular matrix P such that 1A P BP -=. Let 1S P -=, T BP =. Then
A ST =and
B TS =.
#12. Let σ be a linear transformation on the vector space V of dimension n . If there exist a vector v such that 1()v 0n σ-≠ and ()v 0n σ=, show that
(a) 1,(),,()v v v n σσ-L are linearly independent.
(b) there exists a basis E for V such that the matrix representing σ with respect to the basis E is
00001
0000
010⎛⎫
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪⎝⎭
L L M M M M L
Proof
(a) Suppose that
1011()()v v v 0n n k k k σσ--+++=L
Then 11011(()())v v v 0n n n k k k σσσ---+++=L
That is, 12210110()()())()v v v v 0n n n n n k k k k σσσσ----+++==L Thus, 0k must be zero since 1()v 0n σ-≠. 211111(()())()v v v 0n n n n k k k σσσσ----++==L
This will imply that 1k must be zero since 1()v 0n σ-≠.
By repeating the process above, we obtain that 011,,,n k k k -L must be all zero.
This proves that
1,(),,()v v v n σσ-L are linearly independent.
(b) Since 1,(),,()v v v n σσ-L are n linearly independent, they form a basis for V .
Denote 112,(),,()εv εv εv n n σσ-===L 12()εεσ= 23()εεσ= …….
1()εεn n σ-= ()ε0n σ=
12[(),(),,()]εεεn σσσL 121[,,,,]εεεεn n -=L 00001
0000
010⎛⎫
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪⎝⎭
L L M M M M L
#13. If A is a nonzero square matrix and k A O =for some positive integer k , show that A can not be similar to a diagonal matrix.
Proof Suppose that A is similar to a diagonal matrix 12diag(,,,)n λλλL . Then for each i , there exists a nonzero vector x i such that x x i i i A λ= x x x 0k k i i i i i A λλ=== since k A O =.
This will imply that 0i λ= for 1,2,,i n =L . Thus, matrix A is similar to the zero matrix. Therefore, A O =since a matrix that is similar to the zero matrix must be
the zero matrix, which contradicts the assumption.
This contradiction shows that A can not be similar to a diagonal matrix. Or
If 112diag(,,,)n A P P λλλ-=L then 112diag(,,,)k k k k n A P P λλλ-=L .
k A O = implies that 0i λ= for 1,2,,i n =L . Hence, B O =. This will imply that
A O =. Contradiction!。