全中医英语课后答案课李照国

《黄帝内经》四个英译本的对比研究摘要目的：通过对广西中医药大学短期留学生《黄帝内经》阅读理解情况的调查问卷，为判定最受留学生满意的莫译本提供客观依据。

方法：通过自行设计的调查问卷，对2011年4月至2012年3月来广西中医药大学学习中医的短期留学生进行随机调查。

结果：综合整理10个例句30份问卷的1200个答案，统计得出外国读者最为满意Maoshing Ni版的英译本。

结论：以翻译目的论为导向，针对目标语文化和目标读者。

采取适当的翻译方法和策略，能够达到很好的对外交流目的。

关键词《黄帝内经》；英译本；调查问卷；目的论中医有着3000多年的历史，《黄帝内经》是中医学的奠基之作，也是中国古代最重要的典籍，被誉为中医之“圣经”。

这部典籍具有极高的学术研究价值及临床治疗的指导意义，也是海内外中医药学者学习中国医学史的重要著作。

随着中医学习在海外的人数的增多，包括《黄帝内经》在内的许多中医典籍也受到了国内外许多专家学者的重视。

书籍是文化的载体，《黄帝内经》是中医药理论和文化的载体，它的英译本在传播医学和文化的同时，也在让世界更好的了解中国。

本文借助调查问卷，对四个《黄帝内经》英译本的满意度进行量化分析和译例分析，探讨四个译本的不同翻译风格，为中医典籍英译提供一定的借鉴作用。

一、《黄帝内经》及英译现状《黄帝内经》包括《素问》和《灵枢》两部分，各9卷81篇，共由162篇文章组成。

它并非出自一人一时之手，书名冠以黄帝，以显崇古，以增权威。

据考证，《黄帝内经》的成书年代大致在春秋（公元前770年-公元前476年）和战国（公元前475年-公元前221年）之间，也就是公元前531年后的200～300年间，其中某些篇章有可能上溯到商代（公元前1600年-公元前1046年）。

它与《难经》《伤寒论》和《神农本草经》并称为中医四大经典，以丰富的理论知识和实践经验对现代中医起着巨大的指导作用，具有很高的研究价值。

《黄帝内经》早在汉代（前202年-公元220年）就已传入日本、越南等邻国，为其医药与科技的发展提供了基础。

中医英语课后答案3-4课李照国一.术语翻译1. philosophical concept2. mutual transformation3. balance of yin and yang4. transformation between yin and yang5. extreme cold turning into heat6. pathological changes7. absolute predominance8. general rule of pathogenesis9. supplementing what it lacks of10. eliminating wind and dispersing cold 11. mutually inhibiting and promoting 12. mutually inhibiting and restraining 13. interdependence14. excess of yin leading to decline of yang 15. contrary and supplementary to each other 16. organic whole17. impairment of yang involving yin 18. deficiency of both yin and yang 19. deficiency cold syndrome20. suppressing yang and eliminating wind一.句子翻译1. Yin and yang are two concepts in classical Chinese philosophy.2. Yin and yang are the summarization of the attributes of two opposite aspects of interrelated things or phenomena in nature.3. The formation, development and changes of all things in the universe are the result of the movement of yin and yang that oppose to each other and unite with each other.4. The celestial qi pertains to yang because it is light and lucid, while the terrestrial qi pertains to yin because it is heavy and turbid.5. The course of mutual restraint and inhibition between yin and yang signifies their progress in mutual reduction and promotion.6. Yin cannot exist alone without yang and vice versa.7. Separation of yin and yang results in exhaustion of essence.8. Only through constant reduction, growth and balance can the normal development of things be maintained.9. Under given conditions, either yin or yang may transform into its counterpart.10. Sprout of things signifies transformation while extreme development of things indicates change.11. Yin and yang are indispensable the human body.12. Functions pertain to yang while substances to yin.13. If yin and yang fail to promote each other and are thus separated from each other, it will lead to the end of life.14. No matter how complicated pathological changes of a disease are, they are nothing more than relative predominance of yin or yang.15. The so-called healthy qi refers to the structure and functions of the body, including body resistance against diseases.16. If any part of the body, either yin or yang, becomes deficient to a certain extent, it will inevitably lead to insufficiency of the other part.17. Imbalance between yin and yang is the intrinsic factor responsible for the occurrence and progress of a disease.18. The manifestations of complexion can tell whether a disease pertains to yin or yang in nature.19. The basic therapeutic principle is to supplement insufficiency and reduce excess.20. Only when appropriate herbs are chosen can excellent therapeutic effects be ensured.第四课一.术语翻译1. the doctrine of five elements; the theory of five phases2. free development3. to be generated and to generate4. restraint in generation5. Wood is characterized by growing freely and peripherally.6. Earth is characterized by cultivation and reaping.7. Water is characterized by moistening and downward flowing. 8. over restriction and counter-restriction9. Wood over restricts earth because it is deficient. 10. promotion, restriction, inhibition and transformation 11. disorder ofa mother-organ involving its child-organ12. insufficiency of essence and blood in the liver and kidney13. blood deficiency in the heart and liver 14. exuberant fire in the heart 15. insufficiency of liver yin 16. declination of kidney yang17. weakness of the spleen and stomach18. soothing the liver and harmonizing the stomach 19. insufficiency of kidney yin 20. balance between water and fire二.句子翻译1. Wood, fire, earth, metal and water are the five most essential materials indispensable to human existence.2. The formation of the theoretical system of TCM was deeply influenced by the doctrine of five elements.3. Water is characterized by moistening and downward flow.4. The liver pertains to wood because it controls elevation.5. The spleen pertains to earth because it controls transportation and transformation.6. The kidney pertains to water because it controls water metabolism.7. Restriction implies that one thing brings under control or restraint of the other.8. Since wood generates fire, wood is the generator of fire; since fire generates earth, fire is the generator of earth.9. Subjugation or over restriction means to launch a violent attack when a counterpart is weak. 10. When wood is too strong, it will over restrict the spleen and counter-restrict metal. 11. Since the heart can warm the body, it pertains to fire. 12. The liver stores blood to complement the liver.13. The kidney stores essence to nourish blood in the liver.14. The idea that the disorder of a child-organ attacks the mother-organs means that the disease is transmitted from a child-organ to its mother-organ.15. The human body is an organic whole. So disorders of the internal organs can be manifested over the surface of the body.16. Restriction includes over restriction and counter-restriction, both of which are abnormal restriction among the five elements.17. The basic relationships among the five elements are generation, restriction, over restrictio and counter-restriction.18. The one that generates is the mother-element while the one that is being generated is the child-element.19. Clinically the doctrine of five elements is used to decide therapeutic principles and methods. 20. The doctrine of five elements obviously has certain limitations and is still in need of further improvement.。

KevinLee.第一课一．术语翻译1.traditional Chinese medicine; TCM2.basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine3.clinical experience4.treatment based on syndrome differentiation5.miscellaneous diseases6.Chinese pharmacy7.four properties and five tastes8.acupuncture and moxibustion; acumox9.classical Chinese philosophy10.sweating therapy; diaphoresis11.purgation12.vomiting therapy; emetic therapy13.the School of Reinforcing the Earth14.etiology15.prescription; formula16.medical practice17.therapeutic principles18.herbs cold and cool in nature19.nourishing yin and reducing fire20.diseases caused by blood stagnation二．句子翻译1.TCM has a history of thousands of years and is a summary of the Chinese people’s experience in their struggle against diseases.2.TCM has a unique and integrated theoretical system.3.TCM is a science that studies the rules of life as well as the occurrence, progress, prevention and treatment of diseases.4.Yellow Emperor’s Canon of Medicine has laid a solid foundation for the formation of theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine.5.Classic of Difficulties has supplemented what was unaddressed in the Yellow Emperor’s Canon of Medicine in many respects, especially in pulse lore.6.Discussion on the Causes and Symptoms of Various Diseases is the earliest extant monograph on the causes and symptoms of diseases in China.7.Yang is usually excessive while yin is frequently deficient.8.Internal impairment of the spleen and stomach causes various diseases.pendium of Materia Medica is recognized as a monumental work in the history of Chinese materia medica and a great contribution to the development of pharmacology in the world.10.Traditional Chinese materia medica includes not only medicinal herbs, but also minerals and animal parts.11.In the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, there appeared the so-called four great medical schools.12.Zhang Congzheng believed that all diseases were caused by exogenous pathogenic factors and advocated that pathogenic factors should be driven out by means of diaphoresis, emesis and purgation.13.Liu Wansu believed that “fire-heat” was the main cause of a variety of diseases and that these diseases should should be treated with drugs cold and cool in nature.14.Li Gao held that “internal impairment of the spleen and stomach would bring about diseases” and emphasized that the most important thing inclinical treatment was to warm and invigorate the spleen and stomach.15.Zhu Danxi believed that “yang is usually excessive while yin is frequently deficient” and advocated the remedies of nourishing yin and reducing fire in treatment of diseases.16.Study on Warm Disease is a clinical specialty focusing on the occurrence, progress, diagnosis and treatment of warm diseases.17.The School of Warm Disease has developed the rules of treatment of warm disease based on syndrome differentiation in light of defensive phase, qi phase, nutritive phase, blood phase and triple energizer.18.Wang Qingren in the late Qing Dynasty corrected mistakes about anatomy made in ancient medical books and advocated the theory that diseases were caused by blood stagnation.19.Integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine has paved a new way for the development and modernization of traditional Chinese medicine.20.Great progress has been made in systematic andexperimental study of the basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine.第二课一．术语翻译1.five zang-organs; five zang-viscera2.six fu-organs3.system of meridians and collaterals4.holismanic wholenss6.social attribute7.(of the five zang-organs) open into8.sprout, grow, transform, ripen and store9.diagnostics10.relationship between pathogenic factors and healthy qi11.therapeuticsmon cold due to wind and cold13.different therapeutic methods used to treat the same disease14.the same therapeutic method used to treat different diseases15.balance of water metabolism16.clearing away heart fire17.nature of disease18.treating the left side for curing diseases located on the right side19.drawing yang from yin20.treating the lower part for curing diseases located on the upper part二．句子翻译1.The theoretical system of TCM is mainly characterized by holism and treatment based on syndrome differentiation.2.TCM believes that the human body is an organic whole.3.The constituent parts of the human body are interdependent in physiology and mutually influential in pathology.4.The holism permeates through the physiology, pathology, diagnosis, syndrome differentiation and treatment of diseases.5.Changes in the natural world directly or indirectlyinfluence the human body.6.Qi and blood in the human body tend to flow to the exterior in spring and summer and to the interior in autumn and winter.7.The heart opens into the tongue and is internally and externally related to the small intestine.8.TCM has noticed that the fact that social activity psychologically influences human beings.9.According to TCM, the body and spirit coexist, interacting with each other and influencing each other.10.Yang qi in the human body tends to flow to the exterior in the daytime and to the interior at night.11.Regional differences, to some extent, influences the physiological activities of the human body.12.Syndrome is a generalization of pathological changes at a certain stage during the course of a disease.13.Treatment based on syndrome differentiation, one of the characteristics of TCM, is the basic principle in TCM for understanding and treating diseases.14.Syndrome includes the location, cause and nature of a disease as well as the state of pathogenic factors and healthy qi.15.Differentiation of syndrome and treatment of disease are two inseparable aspects in diagnosing and treating diseases.16.Clinically doctors pay great attention to the differentiation of diseases. But therapeutically they care more about the differentiation of syndromes because diseases can be cured by treating syndromes.17.Syndrome can comprehensively and accurately reveal the nature of a disease.18.Different diseases may demonstrate the same syndrome because of the similarity in pathogenesis.19.If the syndrome of middle qi sinking appears in two different diseases, they all can be treated by the therapeutic method for elevating middle qi.20.The treatment of diseases in TCM does not only simply concentrate on the difference or similarity of diseases, but on the difference or similarity of pathogenesis.第三课一．术语翻译1.philosophical concept2.mutual transformation3.balance of yin and yang4.transformation between yin and yang5.extreme cold turning into heat6.pathological changes7.absolute predominance8.general rule of pathogenesis9.supplementing what it lacks of10.eliminating wind and dispersing cold11.mutually inhibiting and promoting12.mutually inhibiting and restraining13.interdependence14.excess of yin leading to decline of yang15.contrary and supplementary to each otheranic whole17.impairment of yang involving yin18.deficiency of both yin and yang19.deficiency cold syndrome20.suppressing yang and eliminating wind三．句子翻译1.Yin and yang are two concepts in classical Chinese philosophy.2.Yin and yang are the summarization of the attributes of two opposite aspects of interrelated things or phenomena in nature.3.The formation, development and changes of all things in the universe are the result of the movement of yin and yang that oppose to each other and unite with each other.4.The celestial qi pertains to yang because it is light and lucid, while the terrestrial qi pertains to yin because it is heavy and turbid.5.The course of mutual restraint and inhibition between yin and yang signifies their progress in mutual reduction and promotion.6.Yin cannot exist alone without yang and vice versa.7.Separation of yin and yang results in exhaustion of essence.8.Only through constant reduction, growth and balance can the normal development of things bemaintained.9.Under given conditions, either yin or yang may transform into its counterpart.10.Sprout of things signifies transformation while extreme development of things indicates change.11.Yin and yang are indispensable the human body.12.Functions pertain to yang while substances to yin.13.If yin and yang fail to promote each other and are thus separated from each other, it will lead to the end of life.14.No matter how complicated pathological changes of a disease are, they are nothing more than relative predominance of yin or yang.15.The so-called healthy qi refers to the structure and functions of the body, including body resistance against diseases.16.If any part of the body, either yin or yang, becomes deficient to a certain extent, it will inevitably lead to insufficiency of the other part. 17.Imbalance between yin and yang is the intrinsic factor responsible for the occurrence and progressof a disease.18.The manifestations of complexion can tell whether a disease pertains to yin or yang in nature.19.The basic therapeutic principle is to supplement insufficiency and reduce excess.20.Only when appropriate herbs are chosen can excellent therapeutic effects be ensured.第四课一．术语翻译1.the doctrine of five elements; the theory of five phases2.free development3.to be generated and to generate4.restraint in generation5.Wood is characterized by growing freely and peripherally.6.Earth is characterized by cultivation and reaping.7.Water is characterized by moistening and downward flowing.8.over restriction and counter-restriction9.Wood over restricts earth because it is deficient.10.promotion, restriction, inhibition and transformation11.disorder of a mother-organ involving its child-organ12.insufficiency of essence and blood in the liver and kidney13.blood deficiency in the heart and liver14.exuberant fire in the heart15.insufficiency of liver yin16.declination of kidney yang17.weakness of the spleen and stomach18.soothing the liver and harmonizing the stomach19.insufficiency of kidney yin20.balance between water and fire二．句子翻译1.Wood, fire, earth, metal and water are the five most essential materials indispensable to human existence.2.The formation of the theoretical system of TCM was deeply influenced by the doctrine of five elements.3.Water is characterized by moistening and downward flow.4.The liver pertains to wood because it controls elevation.5.The spleen pertains to earth because it controls transportation and transformation.6.The kidney pertains to water because it controls water metabolism.7.Restriction implies that one thing brings under control or restraint of the other.8.Since wood generates fire, wood is the generator of fire; since fire generates earth, fire is the generator of earth.9.Subjugation or over restriction means to launch a violent attack when a counterpart is weak.10.When wood is too strong, it will over restrict the spleen and counter-restrict metal.11.Since the heart can warm the body, it pertains to fire.12.The liver stores blood to complement the liver.13.The kidney stores essence to nourish blood in the liver.14.The idea that the disorder of a child-organ attacks the mother-organs means that the disease is transmitted from a child-organ to its mother-organ.15.The human body is an organic whole. So disorders of the internal organs can be manifested over the surface of the body.16.Restriction includes over restriction and counter-restriction, both of which are abnormal restriction among the five elements.17.The basic relationships among the five elements are generation, restriction, over restriction and counter-restriction.18.The one that generates is the mother-element while the one that is being generated is the child-element.19.Clinically the doctrine of five elements is used to decide therapeutic principles and methods.20.The doctrine of five elements obviously has certain limitations and is still in need of further improvement.第五课一．术语翻译1.藏象学说doctrine of visceral manifestations2.五脏六腑five zang-organs and six fu-organs3.奇恒之腑extraordinary fu-organs4.水谷精微nutrients of water and food5.传化水谷transmitting and transforming water and food6.贮藏精气storing essence7.表里关系internal and external relationship8.治疗效应therapeutic effects9.临床实践clinical practice10.藏而不泻storage without discharge11.泻而不藏discharge without storage12.形体诸窍physical build and various orifices13.开窍(of five zang-organs) open into14.精神情志spirit and emotions15.心藏神the heart storing spirit16.肺藏魄the lung storing corporeal soul17.肝藏魂the liver storing ethereal soul18.脾藏意the spleen storing consciousness19.肾藏志the kidney storing will20.其华在面the luster manifesting upon the face二．句子翻译1.藏象学说是研究人体各个脏腑的生理功能、病理变化及相互关系的学说。

260第15卷 第7期 2013 年 7 月辽宁中医药大学学报JOURNAL OF LIAONING UNIVERSITY OF TCMVol. 15 No. 7 Jul .，2013《黄帝内经》作为中医文化典籍的开源之作，在中医文化典籍中，享有独一无二的地位；作为中医四大经典之一、中医理论体系中的“圣经”，它在中医文化的传承及发展方面起着举足轻重的作用。

随着中医对外交流的不断加强，《黄帝内经》的英译也受到了国内外学者的重视，出现了较多的文献和英译本，也涌现出颇具代表性的国内外研究者，然而，在研究中，因为不可避免的存在着自身的局限性，因此，作者提出自己的建议，希望有助于日后的研究。

1 文献的研究现状经中国知网查询，从2000—2012年“《黄帝内经》英译”的论文，筛选共有26篇期刊论文，12篇硕士学位论文，且以近两年来发表的论文数量尤多，占总数的45%。

刘伟[1]在最早的《黄帝内经》书名的英译中认为应译为“Huang Di's Canon of Internal Medicine”比较合适，他认为若将“黄帝”译为“Emperor”或“The Yellow Emperor”，会让人误解为古代帝王的内科学书，或是某位“黄皮肤和黄种人”的黄帝。

兰凤利[2]建议书名译为“Huang Di's Inner Classic”，他认为“内经”不是“内科学”，译为“Internal Medicine”不妥。

经过对众多文献中译名的整理研究，张庆荣教授对《黄帝内经》书名的英译“Huangdi Nei Jing （Huangdi's Inner Classic of Medicine）”为目前比较合适的译名，能够突出体现中国文化特色以及准确传达医学科学价值[3]。

随着研究的不断深入，研究重点从题名、篇名、名词术语的译法发展到修辞格以及语篇连贯性等。

经简要统计，《黄帝内经》所借助的理论包括了规定性研究、描述性研究、多元系统理论、译者主体论、读者接受理论、翻译适应选择论、三元关系理论、语用学理论、语篇互文性理论、模因论、阐释学理论以及语篇分析理论等[4]。

中医英语参考答案中医英语参考答案中医是中国传统医学的重要组成部分，拥有悠久的历史和深厚的理论基础。

随着全球化的进程，中医在国际间的交流与合作越来越频繁。

因此，学习中医英语成为了中医学生和从业者的必备技能之一。

下面将为大家提供一些中医英语的参考答案，帮助大家更好地掌握和运用中医英语。

一、中医基础知识1. What is Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)?Traditional Chinese Medicine, also known as TCM, is a holistic medical system that originated in ancient China. It encompasses various therapies, including acupuncture, herbal medicine, massage, and dietary therapy, to restore balance and promote health.2. What are the key principles of TCM?TCM is based on the principles of Yin and Yang, Qi (vital energy), and the Five Elements (Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, and Water). It emphasizes the balance between these elements and the free flow of Qi in the body for optimal health.3. What is acupuncture?Acupuncture is a technique in which thin needles are inserted into specific points on the body to stimulate and regulate the flow of Qi. It is used to treat various conditions, including pain, digestive disorders, and stress-related issues.4. What are the common herbal medicines used in TCM?TCM utilizes a wide range of herbal medicines, such as ginseng, astragalus, andlicorice root. These herbs are often combined into formulas tailored to individual patients' needs.二、中医疾病诊断与治疗1. How does TCM diagnose diseases?TCM diagnosis involves observing the patient's appearance, listening to their voice and smelling their odor, asking about their medical history and symptoms, and feeling their pulse and examining their tongue. These methods help identify patterns of disharmony and guide treatment.2. What are the treatment methods in TCM?TCM treatment methods include acupuncture, herbal medicine, cupping, moxibustion (the burning of dried herbs on or near the skin), and Tui Na (Chinese therapeutic massage). These therapies aim to restore balance and promote the body's self-healing abilities.3. Can TCM be used alongside Western medicine?Yes, TCM can be used alongside Western medicine. In fact, an integrated approach that combines the strengths of both systems is often recommended for optimal patient care. It is important for healthcare professionals to communicate and collaborate to ensure the best outcomes for patients.三、中医养生与预防1. What are some common TCM practices for health maintenance?TCM emphasizes the importance of a balanced lifestyle, including a healthy diet, regular exercise, stress management, and proper rest. Practices such as Qigongand Tai Chi are also popular for promoting overall well-being.2. How can TCM help prevent diseases?TCM believes in the concept of "prevention is better than cure." By maintaining a balanced state of Yin and Yang and ensuring the smooth flow of Qi, TCM aims to prevent the onset of diseases. This can be achieved through lifestyle adjustments, herbal remedies, and regular TCM consultations.四、中医文化与国际交流1. How is TCM being promoted internationally?TCM has gained recognition and popularity worldwide. China has been actively promoting TCM through international conferences, cultural exchanges, and collaborations with foreign institutions. TCM clinics and schools have also been established in many countries to provide access to TCM services and education.2. What are the challenges faced by TCM in international settings?One of the challenges faced by TCM in international settings is the need for standardization and regulation. As TCM becomes more widely practiced, there is a growing demand for quality control and evidence-based research to ensure safety and efficacy.总结：中医英语作为一门专业术语丰富且独特的语言，对于学习和实践中医的人来说至关重要。

中医英语课后答案5-6课李照国第五课一.术语翻译1. 藏象学说doctrine of visceral manifestations2. 五脏六腑five zang-organs and six fu-organs3. 奇恒之腑extraordinary fu-organs水谷精微nutrients of water and food传化水谷transmitting and transforming water and food 贮藏精气storing essence表里关系internal and external relationship治疗效应therapeutic effects临床实践clinical practice藏而不泻storage without discharge泻而不藏discharge without storage形体诸窍physical build and various orifices开窍(of five zang-organs) open into精神情志spirit and emotions心藏神the heart storing spirit肺藏魄the lung storing corporeal soul肝藏魂the liver storing ethereal soul脾藏意the spleen storing consciousness肾藏志the kidney storing will其华在面the luster manifesting upon the face二.句子翻译1. 藏象学说是研究人体各个脏腑的生理功能、病理变化及相互关系的学说。

The theory of visceral manifestation studies the physiological functions and pathological changes of viscera and their relations.2. 藏象学说在中医学理论体系中占有极其重要的地位。

外国语言学及应用语言学专业（050211）培养方案（学术型硕士研究生）Foreign Linguistics and Applied Linguistics一、培养目标和要求1. 培养热爱祖国、遵纪守法、拥护中国共产党的领导、掌握马克思主义、毛泽东思想和邓小平理论，具有较强的事业心和献身精神，积极为社会主义现代化建设服务的高级专门人才。

2. 坚持德、智、体全面发展，专业基础扎实、能力强、素质高，具有良好的道德品质、科研作风、合作精神和创新精神。

3. 掌握坚实的外国语言学及应用语言学的基础理论和系统的专业知识，了解本学科的前沿状况和发展趋势；能够运用相应的技能、方法和工具从事专业领域研究。

具有严谨、求实的学风和独立从事科学研究工作的能力。

掌握除专业外语以外的一门外语，胜任各级专业英语教学及相关领域内的实际工作。

4．专业学习的主要内容是:语言学：语音学、句法学、语义学和语用学等分支学科的基础理论和研究。

英美文学：美国文学史、英国文学史、文学批评和比较文学等分支学科的基础理论和研究。

第二语言习得及翻译基础理论与研究。

二、培养方式与学习年限1. 培养方式采用课堂教授、讨论、专题发言与课后自学、写读书笔记；社会调研与教学实习；参与科研与学术活动相结合的培养模式。

在学习年限内，学习者必须保证规定的在校学习时间。

2. 学习年限学制3年，培养年限总长不超过5年。

在完成培养要求的前提下，对少数学业优秀的研究生，可申请提前毕业。

三、研究方向与导师（一）研究方向1. 语言学：语言学基础理论及其研究方法，包括语音学、语法学、语汇学、语义学、语用学、话语分析等。

卜友红教授。

2.第二语言习得：其中包括认知语言学、心理语言学、第二语习得、语言测试、课程与教材设计等。

武成副教授。

3. 翻译基础理论及其研究方法：包括翻译理论与实践、国学典籍英译研究、文学翻译等。

李照国教授。

（二）导师简介卜友红，《英语语音学》、《应用语言学》任课教师。

第十课一．术语翻译1.theory of meridians and collaterals2.system of meridians and collaterals3.transporting qi and blood to the whole body4.being connected with the viscera and limbs5.running routes6.twelve regular meridians7.the regions through or along which the meridiansrun and the order by which the meridians are connected with each other8.(of a collateral) pertaining to a certain meridian9.eight extraordinary vessels (meridians)10.branches of the twelve regular meridians 11.divergent collaterals12.skin divisions of the twelve regular meridians13.tendons of the twelve regular meridians14.qi of meridians15.syndrome differentiation of meridians andcollaterals16.meridian conduction17.meridian manifestations18.blockage of meridians19.soothing meridians and activating collaterals20.collateral pricking and cupping therapy二．句子翻译1.Meridians are the pathways for qi to circulate in the whole body.2.The meridians, which are the major trunks in the system of meridians and collaterals, mainly run in the deepregions of the body. The collaterals, which are the branches of the meridians, run in the shallow regions of the body or just beneath the skin.3.The twelve regular meridians start from and end at certain points, run through or along certain regions, followcertain orders to connect with each other, distribute in the limbs with rules and are directly associated with the internal organs.4.The eight extraordinary vessels include the governor vessel, conception vessel, thoroughfare vessel, beltvessel, yin heel vessel, yang heel vessel, yin link vessel and yang link vessel.5.The twelve branches of meridians, which stem from the twelve regular meridians, start from the four limbs,run deep in the viscera and emerge from the shallow region of the neck.6.The branches of the yang meridians stem from the meridians proper, run inside the body and finally mergeinto the meridians proper. The branches of the yin meridians stem from the meridians proper, run inside the body and merge into the yang meridians that are internally and externally related to the yin meridians.7.Collaterals can be divided into three categories, i.e. divergent collaterals, superficial collaterals and minutecollaterals.8.The minute collaterals are the smallest collaterals. That is why they are literally called grandson-collaterals.9.According to the theory of meridians, tendons of meridians where qi of the meridians stays, accumulates,dissipates and associates with other parts of the body in the musculature and joints.10.Similarly pathological changes of the viscera can manifest over the surface of the body through meridians.11.The Plain Conversation says, “Liver disease is characterized by hypochondriac pain involving the lowerabdomen…and lung disease is characterized by panting, cough, adverse flow of qi and pain in the shoulders and back.”12.Generally speaking, cough due to disorder of the lung meridian is accompanied by lung distension, chestoppression and pain in the superclavicular fossa; cough due to disorder of the kidney meridian is often accompanied by throbbing sensation in the heart like being hungry and frequent fear.13.The theory of meridians studies the physiological functions and pathological changes of meridians and theirrelationships with the viscera.14.The main physiological function of the twelve meridians is to strengthen relationship between the twomeridians that are internally and externally related to each other.15.The skin of the whole body is the region over which the functional activities of the twelve meridians aremanifested.16.Since the three yang meridians of hand and the three yang meridians of foot are connected with each otherover the head, the head is the place where all kinds of yang meets.17.Therapeutically, the acupoints located in the meridians that are internally and externally related to each othercan be used alternately.18.Qi and blood in the meridians circulate in cycles.19.Under pathological condition, meridians become the pathways that transmit pathogenic factors and manifestpathological changes.20.Clinically the places where symptoms manifest and the regions through or along which the meridians run andassociate with the viscera are taken as the evidences for diagnosing diseases.Lesson 11ⅰ.1.six exogenous pathogenic factors2.improper diet and overstrainmon cold due to wind-cold4.diarrhea due to damp-heat/damp-heat diarrhea5.five endogenous pathogenic factors6.pathogenic wind attacking the exterior7.migratory arthralgia/joint pain8.wind being the leading pathogenic factor9.attacked/invaded by pathogenic cold10.decline of yang qi11.cold tending to stagnate by nature 12.stagnation of interstitial space13.spasm and contraction of muscles and tendons14.pathogenic dampness obstructing the spleen15.inactivation of spleen-yang16.production of endogenous heat due to yindeficiency17.extreme heat producing wind18.internal impairment due to yin deficiency19.improper diet20.engorgementⅱ.1. Etiology refers to the cause of diseases resulting from imbalance (between yin and yang) within the body.2. The six pathogenic factors are a collective term for exogenous pathogenic wind, cold, summer-heat, dampness, dryness, and fire.3. Exogenous pathogenic wind invades the body through the skin, hair and muscles, producing syndrome of exogenous wind.4. The exogenous diseases caused by pathogenic wind are characterized by sudden onset and rapid transmission.5. Pathogenic cold attacks the skin and muscles and leads to the stagnation of defensive-yang, which is called “cold damage”.6. Endogenous cold is a pathological manifestation of insufficient yang qi failing to warm the body.7. The attack of pathogenic summer-heat on the body usually leads to a series of yang symptoms, such as high fever, dysphoria, flushed cheeks and full pulse.8. Pathogenic summer-heat usually accompanies pathogenic dampness to invade the body.9. Exogenous dampness is primarily caused by such external pathogenic factors as humid climate, moist location and drenching or wading.10. Endogenous dampness is a morbid state due to dysfunction of the spleen and retention of water and fluid.11. Attack of exogenous dryness on the body tends to consume body fluid and leads to deficiency of yin-fluid.12. Pathogenic dryness tends to attack the body through the mouth and nose, so it is liable to damage lung fluid.13. Pathogenic fire-heat tends to consume the body fluid and leads to deficiency of it.14. Pestilence is a kind of highly contagious pathogenic factors, characterized by sudden onset, severe conditions, fulminating infection and widespread transmission.15. The seven abnormal emotions often directly impair their related internal organs, leading to disorder of visceral qi, disharmony between qi and blood, and consequently bringing on diseases.16. Improper diet mainly impairs the spleen and stomach, leading to dysfunction of them.17. Overstrain will impair qi, and eventually lead to deficiency of qi, fatigue and weak constitution.18. Phlegm and fluid are both pathological substances caused by retention of water and fluid.19. The diseases caused by blood stasis vary according to the location and cause of the stasis.20. Pain caused by blood stasis is usually marked by stabbing, fixed and unpalpable pain that worsens in the night. Lesson 12ⅰ.1.occurrence, development, and changes ofdisease2.(body )constitutional state3.dysfunction of qi and blood4.various pathological changes5.exuberance or decline of pathogenic factorsand healthy qi/ strength contrast between pathogenic factors and healthy qi6.deficiency or excess changes of disease/transformation between deficiency andexcess during a disease7.the human body’ resistance against diseases8.feverish sensation over the five centers(palms, soles, and chest)9.deficiency complicated with excess 10.turnover of disease/prognosis of disease11.relative predominance of yin or yang12.extreme changes of five emotions13.depletion of essence causing deficiency14.mutual consumption of yin and yang15.true heat and false cold; false cold and trueheat16.stagnation of qi activity17.disorder of fluid metabolism18.endogenous cold/ cold originating from theinterior19.fluid consumption producing dryness20.stirring of endogenous wind/disturbance ofendogenous windⅱ.1.The course of many diseases is a process of combat between pathogenic factors and healthy qi as well asthe ebb and flow of their strengths.2.Predominance of pathogenic factors leads to excess while depletion of essence results in deficiency.3.Healthy qi triumphs over pathogenic factors, leading to improvement of or recovery from an illness.4.Yang deficiency refers to the morbid state of insufficient or hypofunctional yang qi failing to warm thebody.5.Yin deficiency refers to the morbid state of depleted essence, blood and fluid leading to relativehyperactivity of yang.6.Loss of yin or yang refers to the critical state of sudden, profuse loss of yin-fluid or yang-qi.7.The disorders of qi include insufficient production of qi, excessive depletion of qi, hypofunction of qiand abnormal movements of qi.8.The topical stagnation of qi may lead to such symptoms as distension, pain, or even blood stasis andretention of water, fluid, or phlegm9.Qi adverseness refers to the morbid state of abnormal ascending and descending of qi and adverse,upward flow of visceral qi.10.Blood deficiency refers to the morbid state of insufficient blood failing to nourish the body.11.Blood stasis refers to the morbid state of slow and unsmooth flow of blood.12.Blood heat refers to the morbid state of heat in the blood hastening the blood flow.13.Blood stasis due to qi stagnation means that the unsmooth flow of qi leads to disturbance of bloodcirculation.14.Impairment of thin-fluid often develops to depletion of thick-fluid, and depletion of thick-fluid is a resultof insufficient thin-fluid.15.Qi stagnation due to fluid retention refers to the morbid state of disturbance of fluid metabolism andretention of water, dampness, phlegm and fluid lead to stagnation of qi.16.Stirring of endogenous wind refers to a morbid state due to hyperactivity of yang qi within the body.17.Endogenous dampness is mostly caused by deficiency of the spleen, so it is also called “dampness due tospleen deficienc y”.18.Endogenous dryness can be manifested in any organs or tissues, especially the lung, stomach and largeintestine.19.The prolonged deficiency of yin-fluid of the lung often involves the kidney and results in simultaneousdeficiency of the lung-yin and kidney-yin.20.The obstruction of the urinary bladder is called “uroschesis”and the incontinence of urine is called“enuresis”.Lesson 13ⅰ.1.spirit, complexion, and physical conditions2.mental activities3.sufficient essence and abundant qi4.apathetic facial expressions5.normal complexion and varied normalcomplexion6.convulsion of the limbs7.stirring of wind due to damp-heat8.interior sinking of pathogenic toxin9.scaly skin/ squamous and dry skin10.hunger without appetite bined use of the four diagnostic methods12.facial expressions13.favorable prognosis14.dispiritedness15.five colors indicating diseases / diagnosticsignificance of five colors16.facial distortion17.flaming of deficient fire18.retention of heat in the large intestine19.uncoated tongue/ mirror-like tongue20.pulse manifestationsⅱ.1.Inspection is a diagnostic method of observing general or local changes of spirit, complexion and physicalconditions.2.The listening-smelling method refers to an approach to diagnosis by listening to the voices of the patients andsmelling the odors emitted from the patients.3.Inquiry is a diagnostic method used to understand the occurrence, development, present subjective symptomsand other things concerning the diseases by asking the patients or their companions.4.Pulse-taking and palpitation refer to the diagnostic method of feeling the pulse and palpating the stomach andabdomen, foot and hand as well as other regions of the patients.5.Local pathological changes may involve the whole body and the viscera, which can be manifested in variousaspects.6.The four diagnostic methods were developed gradually in the long-term medical practice.7.“With spirit” is a manifestation of sufficient essence, abundant qi, and full vitality.8.“Without spirit” is a manifestation of impaired essence, deficient qi, and dispiritedness.9.“False spirit” is a false manifestation of temporary vitality during the critical stage of a disease.10.Normal complexion refers to the facial colors under physiological conditions.11.Bluish color indicates cold syndrome, pain syndrome, blood stasis and infantile convulsion.12.Inspection of physical conditions can provide information about the state of visceral qi and blood, strengthcontrast between yin and yang or pathogenic factors and healthy qi, as well as prognosis and location of the diseases.13.V omiting is caused by adverse rising of stomach qi.14.Bulgy tongue is usually caused by retention of water, dampness, phlegm and fluid.15.Mirror-like tongue is primarily caused by depletion of stomach yin and impairment of stomach qi.16.Yellow tongue coating is caused by fumigation of pathogenic heat and usually indicates interior syndrome andheat syndrome.17.Greasy tongue coating, usually caused by interior accumulation of damp-turbidity and stagnation of yang qi,mainly indicates retention of phlegm-fluid, damp-turbidity, food, damp-heat and obstinate phlegm, etc.18.Pressing diagnosis includes pulse-taking and palpation.19.The variation of pulse that reflects the state of a disease is known as morbid pulse.20.Clinically, only combined use of the four diagnostic methods can enable one to perform the correct diagnosis.Lesson 15ⅰ.1.辨证论治treatment with syndromedifferentiation/ treatment according to syndrome differentiation2.表里同病disease involving both exterior andinterior/ simultaneous disorder of exterior and interior3.寒热错杂simultaneous occurrence of cold andheat/ mixture of cold and heat4.里邪出表regression of interior pathogenicfactors to the exterior5.真寒假热true cold and false heat6.恶寒与恶热aversion to cold and aversion to heat7.口淡不渴tasteless sensation in the mouthwithout thirst8.寒邪郁而化热transformation of stagnatedpathogenic cold into heat9.外感表虚exterior-deficiency syndrome due toexogenous pathogens10.五心烦热feverish sensation over five centers11.病位与病性location and nature of disease12.虚实夹杂mixture of deficiency andexcess/co-existence of deficiency and excess 13.外邪入里invasion of exterior pathogenic factorsinto the interior14.寒证化热cold syndrome transforming into heatsyndrome15.真假寒热true heat and false cold16.热证转寒heat syndrome transforming into coldsyndrome17.舌淡苔白而润滑pale tongue with white, moistand slippery fur18.脉数无力rapid and weak pulse19.潮热盗汗tidal fever and night sweating20.神昏谵语coma with deliriumⅱ.1.疾病的表现尽管极其复杂，但基本上都可以用八纲加以归纳。

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