老托福阅读真题及答案：PASSAGE 18

托福阅读TPO18(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:IndustrializationintheNetherlandsandS为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读TPO18(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Industrialization in the Netherlands and Scandinavia，希望大家喜欢!托福阅读TPO18原文第1篇While some European countries, such as England and Germany, began to industrialize in the eighteenth century, the Netherlands and the Scandinavian countries of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden developed later. All four of these countries lagged considerably behind in the early nineteenth century. However, they industrialized rapidly in the second half of the century, especially in the last two or three decades. In view of their later start and their lack of coal—undoubtedly the main reason they were not among the early industrializers—it is important to understand the sources of their success.All had small populations. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Denmark and Norway had fewer than 1 million people, while Sweden and the Netherlands had fewer than 2.5 million inhabitants. All exhibited moderate growth rates in the course of the century (Denmark the highest and Sweden the lowest), but all more than doubled in population by 1900. Density varied greatly. The Netherlands had one of the highest population densities in Europe, whereas Norway and Sweden had the lowest Denmark was in between but closer to the Netherlands.Considering human capital as a characteristic of the population, however, all four countries were advantaged by the large percentages of their populations who could read and write. In both 1850 and 1914, the Scandinavian countries had thehighest literacy rates in Europe, or in the world, and the Netherlands was well above the European average. This fact was of enormous value in helping the national economies find their niches in the evolving currents of the international economy.Location was an important factor for all four countries. All had immediate access to the sea, and this had important implications for a significant international resource, fish, as well as for cheap transport, merchant marines, and the shipbuilding industry. Each took advantage of these opportunities in its own way. The people of the Netherlands, with a long tradition of fisheries and mercantile shipping, had difficulty in developing good harbors suitable for steamships: eventually they did so at Rotterdam and Amsterdam, with exceptional results for transit trade with Germany and central Europe and for the processing of overseas foodstuffs and raw materials (sugar, tobacco, chocolate, grain, and eventually oil). Denmark also had an admirable commercial history, particularly with respect to traffic through the Sound (the strait separating Denmark and Sweden). In 1857, in return for a payment of 63 million kronor from other commercial nations, Denmark abolished the Sound toll dues the fees it had collected since 1497 for the use of the Sound. This, along with other policy shifts toward free trade, resulted in a significant increase in traffic through the Sound and in the port of Copenhagen.The political institutions of the four countries posed no significant barriers to industrialization or economic growth. The nineteenth century passed relatively peacefully for these countries, with progressive democratization taking place in all of them. They were reasonably well governed, without notable corruption or grandiose state projects, although in all of themthe government gave some aid to railways, and in Sweden the state built the main lines. As small countries dependent on foreign markets, they followed a liberal trade policy in the main, though a protectionist movement developed in Sweden. In Denmark and Sweden agricultural reforms took place gradually from the late eighteenth century through the first half of the nineteenth, resulting in a new class of peasant landowners with a definite market orientation.The key factor in the success of these countries (along with high literacy, which contributed to it) was their ability to adapt to the international division of labor determined by the early industrializers and to stake out areas of specialization in international markets for which they were especially well suited. This meant a great dependence on international commerce, which had notorious fluctuations; but it also meant high returns to those factors of production that were fortunate enough to be well placed in times of prosperity. In Sweden exports accounted for 18 percent of the national income in 1870, and in 1913, 22 percent of a much larger national income. In the early twentieth century, Denmark exported 63 percent of its agricultural production: butter, pork products, and eggs. It exported 80 percent of its butter, almost all to Great Britain, where it accounted for 40 percent of British butter imports.托福阅读TPO18试题第1篇1.Paragraph 1 supports which of the following ideas about England and Germany?A.They were completely industrialized by the start of the nineteenth century.B.They possessed plentiful supplies of coal.C.They were overtaken economically by the Netherlands andScandinavia during the early nineteenth century.D.They succeeded for the same reasons that the Netherlands and Scandinavia did.2.Paragraph 2 suggests which of the following about the importance of population density in the industrialization of the Netherlands and Scandinavia?A.It was a more important factor than population size.B.It was more influential than the rate of population growth.C.It was more important in the early stages than it was later.D.It was not a significant factor.3.According to paragraphs 2 and 3, which of the following contributed significantly to the successful economic development of the Netherlands and of Scandinavia?A.The relatively small size of their populationsB.The rapid rate at which their populations were growingC.The large amount of capital they had available for investmentD.The high proportion of their citizens who were educated4.According to paragraph 4, because of their location, the Netherlands and the Scandinavian countries had all of the following advantages when they began to industrialize EXCEPTA.low-cost transportation of goodsB.access to fishC.shipbuilding industriesitary control of the sea5.The word “exceptional” in passage 4 is closest in meaning toA.extraordinaryB.surprisingC.immediateD.predictable6.The word “abolished” in passage 4 is closest in meaning toA.endedB.raisedC.returnedD.lowered7.According to paragraph 5, each of the following contributed positively to the industrialization of the Netherlands and Scandinavia EXCEPTA.generally liberal trade policiesB.huge projects undertaken by the stateC.relatively uncorrupt governmentsD.relatively little social or political disruption8.The word “progressive” in passage 5 is closest in meaning toA.rapidB.partialC.increasingD.individual9.The author includes the information that “a protectionist movement developed in Sweden”(in paragraph 5) in order toA.support the claim that the political institutions of the four countries posed no significant barriers to industrialization or economic growthB.identify an exception to the general trend favoring liberal trade policyC.explain why Sweden industrialized less quickly than the other Scandinavian countries and NetherlandsD.provide evidence that agricultural reforms take place morequickly in countries that have a liberal trade policy than in those that do not10.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in passage 6? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.The early industrializes controlled most of the international economy, leaving these countries to stake out new areas of specialization along the margins.B.Aided by their high literacy rates these countries were able to claim key areas of specialization within established international markets.C.High literacy rates enabled these countries to take over international markets and adapt the international division of labor to suit their strengths.D.The international division of labor established by the early industrializers was suited to these countries, a key factor in their success.11.According to paragraph 6, a major problem with depending heavily on international markets was that theycked stabilityB.were not well suited to agricultural productsC.were largely controlled by the early industrializersD.led to slower growth of local industries12.According to paragraph 6, what advantage could a country gain from being heavily involved in international commerce?A.A steadily rising national incomeB.Greater control over market fluctuationsC.High returns when things went wellD.A reduced need for imports13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence be added to passage. Where would the sentence best fit? During this period, Sweden had the highest rate of growth of output per capita of any country in Europe, and Denmark was secondWhile some European countries, such as England and Germany, began to industrialize in the eighteenth century, the Netherlands and the Scandinavian countries of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden developed later. ■【A】 All four of these countries lagged considerably behind in the early nineteenth century. ■【B】However, they industrialized rapidly in the second half of the century, especially in the last two or three decades. ■【C】 In view of their later start and their lack of coal—undoubtedly the main reason they were not among the early industrializers—it is important to understand the sources of their success. ■【D】14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THERR answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Although the Netherlands and Scandinavia began to industrialize relatively late, they did so very successfullyA.Although these countries all started with small, uneducated populations, industrialization led to significant population growth and higher literacy rates.B.Thanks to their ready access to the sea, these countriesenjoyed advantages in mercantile shipping, fishing, and shipbuilding.C.Because they all started with good harbors for steamships, these countries started with an important advantage in the competition for transit trade.D.These countries were helped by the fact that their governments were relatively stable and honest and generally supported liberal trade policies.E.These countries were successful primarily because their high literacy rates helped them fill specialized market niches.F.Because they were never fully dependent on international commerce, these countries were able to survive notorious fluctuations in international markets.托福阅读TPO18答案第1篇1.注意这道题没有明显关键词，England和Germany是不能用的，因为跟主题相关，所以用排除法。

托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO18(试题+答案+译文)第3篇:Lightning托福阅读原文【1】Lightning is a brilliant flash of light produced by an electrical discharge from a storm cloud. The electrical discharge takes place when the attractive tension between a region of negatively charged particles and a region of positively charged particles becomes so great that the charged particles suddenly rush together. The coming together of the oppositely charged particles neutralizes the electrical tension and releases a tremendous amount of energy, which we see as lightning. The separation of positively and negatively charged particles takes place during the development of the storm cloud.【2】The separation of charged particles that forms in a storm cloud has a sandwich-like structure. Concentrations of positively charged particles develop at the top and bottom of the cloud, but the middle region becomes negatively charged. Recent measurements made in the field together with laboratory simulations offer a promising explanation of how this structure of charged particles forms. What happens is that small (millimeter-to centimeter-size) pellets of ice form in the cold upper regions of the cloud. When these ice pellets fall, some of them strike much smaller ice crystals in the center of the cloud. The temperature at the center of the cloud is about -15℃or lower. At such temperatures, thecollision between the ice pellets and the ice crystals causes electrical charges to shift so that the ice pellets acquire a negative charge and the ice crystals become positively charged. Then updraft wind currents carry the light, positively charged ice crystals up to the top of the cloud. The heavier negatively charged ice pellets are left to concentrate in the center. This process explains why the top of the cloud becomes positively charged, while the center becomes negatively charged. The negatively charged region is large: several hundred meters thick and several kilometers in diameter. Below this large, cold, negatively charged region, the cloud is warmer than -15℃, and at these temperatures, collisions between ice crystals and falling ice pellets produce positively charged ice pellets that then populate a small region at the base of the cloud. 【3】Most lightning takes place within a cloud when the charge separation within the cloud collapses. However, as the storm cloud develops, the ground beneath the cloud becomes positively charged and lightning can take place in the form of an electrical discharge between the negative charge of the cloud and the positively charged ground. Lightning that strikes the ground is the most likely to be destructive, so even though it represents only 20 percent of all lightning, it has received a lot of scientific attention.【4】Using high-speed photography, scientists have determined that there are two steps to the occurrence of lightning from a cloud to theground. First, a channel, or path, is formed that connects the cloud and the ground. Then a strong current of electrons follows that path from the cloud to the ground, and it is that current that illuminates the channel as the lightning we see.【5】The formation of the channel is initiated when electrons surge from the cloud base toward the ground. When a stream of these negatively charged electrons comes within 100 meters of the ground it is met by a stream of positively charged particles that comes up from the ground. When the negatively and positively charged streams meet, a complete channel connecting the cloud and the ground is formed. The channel is only a few centimeters in diameter, but that is wide enough for electrons to follow the channel to the ground in the visible form of a flash of lightning. The stream of positive particles that meets the surge of electrons from the cloud often arises from a tall pointed structure such as a metal flagpole or a tower. That is why the subsequent lightning that follows the completed channel often strikes a tall structure.【6】Once a channel has been formed, it is usually used by several lightning discharges, each of them consisting of a stream of electrons from the cloud meeting a stream of positive particles along the established path. Sometimes, however, a stream of electrons following an established channel is met by a positive stream making a new path up from the ground. The result is a forked lightning that strikes the groundin two places.托福阅读试题1.According to paragraph 1, all of the following take place in the development of a flash of lightening EXCEPTA.great tension between two oppositely charged regions.B.an increase in negatively charged particles over positively charged particles.C.oppositely charged particles coming together.D.the release of electrical energy in the form of visible light.2.The word “tremendous” in passage 1 is closest in meaning toA.distinct.B.growing.C.huge.D.immediate.3.According to paragraph 2, what causes ice crystal to become positively charged?A.Collisions with ice pellets.B.Collisions with negatively charged ice crystals at the base of the cloud.C.Becoming concentrated in the central region of the cloud.D.Forming at a temperature greater than -15℃.4.The word “acquire” in passage 2 is closest in meaning toA.reject.B.obtain.C.need.D.produce.5.According to paragraph 2, why are positively charged ice pellets produced in the lower part of the cloud?A.Collisions between ice crystals and ice pellets increase in number in the lower part of the cloud.B.The lower part of the cloud is smaller than the region above it.C.More ice pellets than ice crystals reach the lower part of the cloud.D.Temperature in the lower part of the cloud are warmer than -15℃.6.According to paragraph 2, the middle region of a cloud becomes negatively charged due to all of the following EXCEPTA.a shift of electrical charged between ice pellets and ice crystals.B.negatively charged ice pellets that remain in the middle.C.a temperature of -15℃or less.D.the development of a positive charge at the base of the cloud.7.It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that part of the reason that the top of a storm cloud becomes positively charged is thatA.the top of the cloud is warmer than the middle of the cloud.B.the middle of the cloud is already occupied by positively chargedparticles.C.the negatively charged ice pellets are too heavy to be carried by the updrafts that move ice crystals.D.collisions between ice pellets in the top of the cloud produce mainly positively charged particles.8.The author remar ks that (in paragraph 3)“Lightning that strikes the ground is the most likely to be destructive” in order to explain whyA.this form of lightning has been investigated so much.B.this form of lightning is not as common as lightning within a cloud.C.scientific understanding of this form of lightning is important.D.the buildup of positive charge on the ground beneath a storm cloud can have serious consequences.9.The word “illuminates” in passage 4 is closet in meaning toA.opens.pletes.C.lights.D.electrifies.10.According to paragraph5, which of the following is true of the stream of charged particles from the ground?A.It prevents streams of electrons from the cloud from striking the ground.B.It completes a channel that connects the storm cloud with the ground.C.It produces a stream of electrons from the cloud.D.It widens the path made by the initial stream of electrons from the cloud.11.Which of the following claims about lightning strikes can be inferred from paragraph 5?A.During a lightning strike the diameter of the channel the electrons follow is considerably enlarged beyond a few centimeters.B.A building is unlikely to be hit by lightning unless it is at least 100 meters tall.C.A building is hit by a lightning strike because the building itself has first determined the path the lightening then takes to it.D.The light of a lightning strike first appears at the point where the streams of negative and positive particles meet.12.The word “initiated”in paragraph 5 is closet in meaning toA.started.B.intensified.C.finished.D.expected.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? The descending stream of electrons divides at the point where the new positive-stream channel intersects the established path.The formation of the channel is initiated when electrons surge from the cloud base toward the ground. When a stream of these negatively charged electrons comes within 100 meters of the ground it is met by a stream of positively charged particles that comes up from the ground. When the negatively and positively charged streams meet, a complete channel connecting the cloud and the ground is formed. The channel is only a few centimeters in diameter, but that is wide enough for electrons to follow the channel to the ground in the visible form of a flash of lightning. The stream of positive particles that meets the surge of electrons from the cloud often arises from a tall pointed structure such as a metal flagpole or a tower. That is why the subsequent lightning that follows the completed channel often strikes a tall structure. ■【A】Once a channel has been formed, it is usually used by several lightning discharges, each of them consisting of a stream of electrons from the cloud meeting a stream of positive particles along the established path. ■【B】Sometimes, however, a stream of electrons following an established channel is met by a positive stream making a new path up from the ground. ■【C】The result is a forked lightning that strikes the ground in two places. ■【D】14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THERR answer choices that express the most important ideas in thepassage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Lightning takes place when a separation of a positive and negative electrical particles that develops in a storm could suddenly collapses. A.A storm cloud first develops a positively charged layer at the top, then a negatively charged middle layer, and finally, a positively charged layer at the bottom.B.A separation of oppositely charged particles in clouds develops from collisions of falling ice pellets with ice crystals, from updrafts, and from temperature variations.C.Lightning from cloud to ground follows a channel that forms when a stream of electrons moving down meets a stream of positive particles coming up from the ground.D.Field studies, laboratory simulations, and high-speed photography have all been used to investigate the way charge separations develop in clouds.E.Lightning from a cloud to the ground is more likely to be destructive than is lightning that takes place within a cloud.F.Once a channel has been formed, it is usually used by several successive electrical discharges that illuminate the channel as flashes of lightning.托福阅读答案1.EXCEPT题，排除法，A的tension和做关键词定位至第二句，正确，不选；B的negatively和positively charged particles同样定位至第二句，但原文没有比较，所以B没说，选；C的come together和D的release做关键词定位都至倒数第二句，都正确，都不选。

托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO18(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Industrialization in the Netherlands and Scandinavia托福阅读原文While some European countries, such as England and Germany, began to industrialize in the eighteenth century, the Netherlands and the Scandinavian countries of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden developed later. All four of these countries lagged considerably behind in the early nineteenth century. However, they industrialized rapidly in the second half of the century, especially in the last two or three decades. In view of their later start and their lack of coal—undoubtedly the main reason they were not among the early industrializers—it is important to understand the sources of their success.All had small populations. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Denmark and Norway had fewer than 1 million people, while Sweden and the Netherlands had fewer than 2.5 million inhabitants. All exhibited moderate growth rates in the course of the century (Denmark the highest and Sweden the lowest), but all more than doubled in population by 1900. Density varied greatly. The Netherlands had one of the highest population densities in Europe, whereas Norway and Sweden had the lowest Denmark was in between but closer to the Netherlands.Considering human capital as a characteristic of the population, however, all four countries were advantaged by the large percentages of their populations who could read and write. In both 1850 and 1914, the Scandinavian countries had the highest literacy rates in Europe, or in the world, and the Netherlands was well above the European average. This fact was of enormous value in helping the national economies find their niches in the evolving currents of the international economy.Location was an important factor for all four countries. All had immediate access to the sea, and this had important implications for a significant international resource, fish, as well as for cheap transport, merchant marines, and the shipbuilding industry. Each took advantage of these opportunities in its own way. The people of the Netherlands, with a long tradition of fisheries and mercantile shipping, had difficulty in developing good harbors suitable for steamships: eventually they did so at Rotterdam and Amsterdam, with exceptional results for transit trade with Germany and central Europe and for the processing of overseas foodstuffs and raw materials (sugar, tobacco, chocolate, grain, and eventually oil). Denmark also had an admirable commercial history, particularly with respect to traffic through the Sound (the strait separating Denmark and Sweden). In 1857, in return for a payment of 63 million kronor from other commercial nations, Denmark abolished the Sound toll dues the fees it had collected since 1497 for the use of theSound. This, along with other policy shifts toward free trade, resulted in a significant increase in traffic through the Sound and in the port of Copenhagen.The political institutions of the four countries posed no significant barriers to industrialization or economic growth. The nineteenth century passed relatively peacefully for these countries, with progressive democratization taking place in all of them. They were reasonably well governed, without notable corruption or grandiose state projects, although in all of them the government gave some aid to railways, and in Sweden the state built the main lines. As small countries dependent on foreign markets, they followed a liberal trade policy in the main, though a protectionist movement developed in Sweden. In Denmark and Sweden agricultural reforms took place gradually from the late eighteenth century through the first half of the nineteenth, resulting in a new class of peasant landowners with a definite market orientation.The key factor in the success of these countries (along with high literacy, which contributed to it) was their ability to adapt to the international division of labor determined by the early industrializers and to stake out areas of specialization in international markets for which they were especially well suited. This meant a great dependence on international commerce, which had notorious fluctuations; but it also meant high returns to those factors of production that were fortunate enough to bewell placed in times of prosperity. In Sweden exports accounted for 18 percent of the national income in 1870, and in 1913, 22 percent of a much larger national income. In the early twentieth century, Denmark exported 63 percent of its agricultural production: butter, pork products, and eggs. It exported 80 percent of its butter, almost all to Great Britain, where it accounted for 40 percent of British butter imports.托福阅读试题1.Paragraph 1 supports which of the following ideas about England and Germany?A.They were completely industrialized by the start of the nineteenth century.B.They possessed plentiful supplies of coal.C.They were overtaken economically by the Netherlands and Scandinavia during the early nineteenth century.D.They succeeded for the same reasons that the Netherlands and Scandinavia did.2.Paragraph 2 suggests which of the following about the importance of population density in the industrialization of the Netherlands and Scandinavia?A.It was a more important factor than population size.B.It was more influential than the rate of population growth.C.It was more important in the early stages than it was later.D.It was not a significant factor.3.According to paragraphs 2 and 3, which of the following contributed significantly to the successful economic development of the Netherlands and of Scandinavia?A.The relatively small size of their populationsB.The rapid rate at which their populations were growingC.The large amount of capital they had available for investmentD.The high proportion of their citizens who were educated4.According to paragraph 4, because of their location, the Netherlands and the Scandinavian countries had all of the following advantages when they began to industrialize EXCEPTA.low-cost transportation of goodsB.access to fishC.shipbuilding industriesitary control of the sea5.The word “exceptional” in passage 4 is closest in meaning toA.extraordinaryB.surprisingC.immediateD.predictable6.The word “abolished” in passage 4 is closest in meaning toA.endedB.raisedC.returnedD.lowered7.According to paragraph 5, each of the following contributed positively to the industrialization of the Netherlands and Scandinavia EXCEPTA.generally liberal trade policiesB.huge projects undertaken by the stateC.relatively uncorrupt governmentsD.relatively little social or political disruption8.The word “progressive” in passage 5 is closest in meaning toA.rapidB.partialC.increasingD.individual9.The author includes the information that “a protectionist movement developed in Sweden”(in paragraph 5) in order toA.support the claim that the political institutions of the four countries posed no significant barriers to industrialization or economic growthB.identify an exception to the general trend favoring liberal trade policyC.explain why Sweden industrialized less quickly than the otherScandinavian countries and NetherlandsD.provide evidence that agricultural reforms take place more quickly in countries that have a liberal trade policy than in those that do not10.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in passage 6? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.The early industrializes controlled most of the international economy, leaving these countries to stake out new areas of specialization along the margins.B.Aided by their high literacy rates these countries were able to claim key areas of specialization within established international markets.C.High literacy rates enabled these countries to take over international markets and adapt the international division of labor to suit their strengths.D.The international division of labor established by the early industrializers was suited to these countries, a key factor in their success.11.According to paragraph 6, a major problem with depending heavily on international markets was that theycked stabilityB.were not well suited to agricultural productsC.were largely controlled by the early industrializersD.led to slower growth of local industries12.According to paragraph 6, what advantage could a country gain from being heavily involved in international commerce?A.A steadily rising national incomeB.Greater control over market fluctuationsC.High returns when things went wellD.A reduced need for imports13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence be added to passage. Where would the sentence best fit? During this period, Sweden had the highest rate of growth of output per capita of any country in Europe, and Denmark was secondWhile some European countries, such as England and Germany, began to industrialize in the eighteenth century, the Netherlands and the Scandinavian countries of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden developed later. ■【A】All four of these countries lagged considerably behind in the early nineteenth century. ■【B】However, they industrialized rapidly in the second half of the century, especially in the last two or three decades. ■【C】In view of their later start and their lack of coal—undoubtedly the main reason they were not among the early industrializers—it is important to understand the sources of their success. ■【D】14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THERR answer choices that express the most important ideas in thepassage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Although the Netherlands and Scandinavia began to industrialize relatively late, they did so very successfullyA.Although these countries all started with small, uneducated populations, industrialization led to significant population growth and higher literacy rates.B.Thanks to their ready access to the sea, these countries enjoyed advantages in mercantile shipping, fishing, and shipbuilding.C.Because they all started with good harbors for steamships, these countries started with an important advantage in the competition for transit trade.D.These countries were helped by the fact that their governments were relatively stable and honest and generally supported liberal trade policies.E.These countries were successful primarily because their high literacy rates helped them fill specialized market niches.F.Because they were never fully dependent on international commerce, these countries were able to survive notorious fluctuations in international markets.托福阅读答案1.注意这道题没有明显关键词，England和Germany是不能用的，因为跟主题相关，所以用排除法。

老托福阅读真题及答案解析-CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN老托福阅读真题及答案解析托福从听、说、读、写四方面进行英语能力全面考核。

托福频道为大家提供了这四个方面的资料，希望对大家有所帮助。

Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates.When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can contribute to this temperature gradient. Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material. Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment.In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method of natural incubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks. When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo. Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure place to rest.1. What is the main idea of the passage(A) Nesting material varies according to the parrots' environment.(B) Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots' eggs.(C) Aviculturists have constructed the ideal nest box for parrots.(D) Wild parrots' nests provide information useful for artificial incubation.2. The word "They" in line 2 refers to(A) aviculturists(B) birds(C) eggs(D) rates3. According to paragraph 2, when the temperature of the sides and bottom of the egg are cooler than the top, then(A) there may be a good chance for successful incubation(B) the embryo will not develop normally(C) the incubating parent moves the egg to a new position.(D) the incubation process is slowed down4. According to paragraph 2, sticks, rocks, or dirt are used to(A) soften the bottom of the nest for the newly hatched chick(B) hold the nest together(C) help lower the temperature at the bottom of the nest(D) make the nest bigger5. According to paragraph 2, the construction of the nest allows water to(A) provide a beneficial source of humidity in the nest(B) loosen the materials at the bottom of the nest(C) keep the nest in a clean condition(D) touch the bottom of the eggs6. All of the following are part of a parrot's incubation method EXCEPT(A) heating the water vapor as it rises from the bottom of the nest(B) arranging nesting material at the bottom of the nest(C) transferring heat from the parent to the top of the eggshell(D) maintaining a constant temperature on the eggshell7. The word "suspend" in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) build(B) paint(C) hang(D) move8. The word "fatal" in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) close(B) deadly(C) natural(D) hot9. The word "secure" in line 27 is closest in meaning to(A) fresh(B) dry(C) safe(D) warm10. According to paragraph 3, a deep foundation of nesting material provides(A) a constant source of humidity(B) a strong nest box(C) more room for newly hatched chicks(D) protection against cold weather11. Which of the following is a problem with commercial incubators?(A) They lack the natural temperature changes of the outdoors.(B) They are unable to heat the eggs evenly(C) They do not transfer heat to the egg in the same way the parent bird does.(D) They are expensive to operate.12. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage(A) Aviculturists (line 1)(B) gradient (line 8)(C) incubation (line 15)(D) embryo (line 22)正确答案：DAACA DCBCD CA。

11.8号托福阅读真题答案解析本文关于20XX年11月18日阅读真题回忆，有利于考生备考。

让我们回忆一下最近考试的内容：环境类，类，词汇题等，请考生们要认真的阅读哦，来学识网会给你不一样的精彩内容，学识网会在考试后第一时间更新。

11.8号托福解析阅读部分考试回忆如下：1. Preventing Overgrowth among Tree Branchesshedding剪枝的意义。

一个是因为有些树枝消耗掉的碳物质比生产的多，另一个原因是有时候气候很干，剪枝减少水的消耗。

词汇题补充：exposed = unprotectedwith no warning = without any indication beforehandcongestion = overcrowding2. Crown of Thorns Starfish and Coral Reefs冠状棘海星，话题重复20XX.01.08珊瑚的消失和一种海星的数量猛增有关系，主要说的是导致猛增的原因(环境+人)词汇题补充：outbreak = sudden increaseaccompany = occur along withconverge = come togetherseverity = seriousness原题重现：The crown of thorns starfish, Acanthaster Tlanci, is large, twenty-five to thirty-five centimeters in diameter, and has seven to twenty-one arms that are covered in spines. It feeds primarily on coral and is found from the Indian Ocean to the west coast of Central America, usually at quite low population densities. Since the mid-1950s, population outbreaks at densitiesfour to six times greater than normal have occurred at the same time in places such as Hawaii, Tahiti, Panama, and the Great Barrier Reef. The result has often been the loss of a fifty percent to nearly one hundred percent of the coral cover over large areas.A single Acanthaster can consume five to six square meters of coral polyps per year, and dense populations can destroy up to six square kilometers per year and move on rapidly. Acanthasters show a preference for branching corals, especially Acroporids. After an outbreak in a particular area, it is common to find that Acroporids have been selectively removed, leaving a mosaic of living and dead corals. In places where Acroporids previously dominated the community devastation can be almost complete, and local areas of reefs have collapsed.Areas of dead coral are usually colonized rapidly by algae and often are later colonized by sponges and soft corals. Increases in abundance of plant-eating fish and decreases in abundance of coral-feeding fish accompany these changes. Coral larvae settle among the algae and eventually establish flourishing coral colonies. In ten to fifteen years the reefs often return to about the same percentage of coral cover as before. Development of a four-species diversity takes about twenty years.Two schools of thought exist concerning the cause of these outbreaks. One group holds that they are natural phenomena that have occurred many times in the past, citing old men's recollections of earlier outbreaks and evidence from traditional cultures. The other group maintains that recent human activities ranging from physical coral destruction through pollution to predator removal have triggered these events.One theory, the adult aggregation hypothesis, maintains that most species is more abundant than we realize when a storm destroys coral and causes a food shortage. The adult Acanthasters converge on remaining portions of healthy coral and feed hungrily. Certainly there have been outbreaks of Acanthaster following large storms, but there is little evidence that the storms have caused the enough reef damage to create a food shortage for these starfish.Two other hypotheses attempt to explain the increased abundance of Acanthaster after episodes of high terrestrial runoff following storms. The first hypothesis is that low salinity and high temperatures favor the survival of the starfish larvae. The second hypothesis emphasizes thefood web aspect, suggesting that strong fresh water runoff brings additional nutrients to the coastal waters, stimulating phytoplankton production and promoting more rapid development and better survival of the starfish larvae.Those favoring anthropogenic (human influenced) causes have pointed to the large proportion of outbreaks that have been near centers of human populations. It has been suggested that coral polyps are the main predators of the starfish larvae. Destruction of coral by blasting and other bad land use practices would reduce predation on the starfish larvae and cause a feedback in which increases in Acanthaster populations cause still further coral destruction. Unfortunately, there are too few documented instances of physical destruction of coral being followed by outbreaks of Acanthaster for these hypotheses to be fully supported.Another group of hypothesis focuses on removal of Acanthaster's predators. Some have suggested that the predators might have been killed off by pollution whereas others have suggested that the harvesting of vertebrate and invertebrate predators of Acanthaster could have reduced mortality and caused increased abundance of adults. The problem with this group of hypothesis is that it is difficult to understand how reduced predation would lead to sudden increases in Acanthaster numbers in several places at the same time in specific years. It seems probable that there is no single explanation but that there are elements of the truth in several of the hypotheses. That is there are natural processes that have led to outbreaks in the past, but human impact has increased the frequency and severity of the outbreaks.3.Dorset Culture格林兰岛Dorset Culture的起源，首先是由于气候变冷，一部分人迁走了，另一部分留下来的人创立了文明。

托福资料之老托阅读 100 篇【完整版】老托阅读 100 篇相对 TPO 要简单一些，也是伴随托福备考学员的很重要的一份资料，对于基础薄弱，做 TPO 真题阅读需要过渡的考生来说再适合不过了，为方便考生备考，太傻留学托福考试频道特意将这100 篇托福阅读理解为考生做了归纳和整理，考生只要收藏此页面，就可以在需要的时候打开进行练习了!Toefl 资料下载之老托阅读100 篇【完整版】PASSAGE 1: 冰箱的发展PASSAGE 2: 水循环PASSAGE 3: 印第安人变篮子的故事PASSAGE 4: 哈德逊河派的绘画PASSAGE 6: 硫酸钾在造玻璃和肥皂时的作PASSAGE 5: 创造文化的材料和技术用PASSAGE 7:Philadelphia's 如何发展成商业PASSAGE 8: 为什么大型动物要生活在热带中心雨林PASSAGE 9: 孟买象化石的发现地PASSAGE 10: 人类饮食活动的变化PASSAGE 11: 竹屋怎样防御外界的侵害PASSAGE 12: 动物在岩石上产卵PASSAGE 13: 地球表面岩石的生长与分类PASSAGE 14: 电视对美国政治的影响PASSAGE 15: 菌类对农业的影响PASSAGE 16: 鸟的祖先PASSAGE 17: 鹦鹉产卵的方式PASSAGE 18: 女性对美国建立初期的贡献PASSAGE 19: 北美城市的发展PASSAGE 20: 壁炉的构造PASSAGE 21: 美国早期雕塑的发展PASSAGE 22: 北美城市的发展改革PASSAGE 23: 美国早期城市功能的发展PASSAGE 24: 地球极地激光的形成和外形PASSAGE 25: 营养学研究的历史PASSAGE 26: 关于某彗星的介绍PASSAGE 28:19 世纪末 20 世纪初艺术的发PASSAGE 27: 土壤分解法展PASSAGE 29:一种农业机器在美国的普遍PASSAGE 30: 蝴蝶的种类使用PASSAGE 31: 房租租金的控制PASSAGE 32: 西方艺术发展史PASSAGE 33: 关于做决定的研究PASSAGE 34: 城市的发展以及移民PASSAGE 35: 一种岩洞对观察天象的影响PASSAGE 36: 美国水彩画协会的发展PASSAGE 37: 人的声音对个性的影响PASSAGE 38 : 有关冰河时代的PASSAGE 39: 印第安人捕鱼的生活方式PASSAGE 40: 一周工人工作时间的演变PASSAGE 42:美国铁路发展给美国带来的PASSAGE 41: 地球物种灭绝的分析影响PASSAGE 43: 抗感染药的发明PASSAGE 44: 大脑中神经系统的结构PASSAGE 45:19 世纪的家庭工作PASSAGE 46: 宾夕法尼亚暖气锅炉的改造PASSAGE 47: 美国在 20 世纪初对移民者的PASSAGE 48: 不同领导的领导风格介绍PASSAGE 50:19 世纪艺术在工业社会中的PASSAGE 49: 古代陶瓷的制作方式角色PASSAGE 51 : 美国建立自然生态保护园的PASSAGE 52:美国劳动力从农业到工业的介绍转变PASSAGE 54:被作曲家采用越来越多的音PASSAGE 53: 玻璃纤维的使用方法乐元素PASSAGE 55: 建立公园的计划PASSAGE 56: 民歌定义的不同理解PASSAGE 58:从狩猎到农业的改变对人类PASSAGE 57: 希腊陶瓷技术的发展生活的影响PASSAGE 60: 美国棉花 19 时期作为重要的PASSAGE 59: 历史上第一只鸟的介绍出口商品PASSAGE61: 北美农业殖民地艺术家作品PASSAGE 62: 关于鸟换毛的事PASSAGE 63: 鸟躲避侵略者的三种策略PASSAGE 64: 蚂蚁工作方式的介绍PASSAGE 65: 彗星的 coma 的形成PASSAGE 66: 小孩学说话PASSAGE 67: 某个奇特地方的植被PASSAGE 68: 北美陶瓷的制作PASSAGE 69:美国报纸上气象报道图的变PASSAGE 70: 鸟搭窝的方式化PASSAGE 71: 地理位置对城市发展的影响PASSAGE 72: 哈莱姆文艺复兴PASSAGE 73: 科技与工业化联系PASSAGE 74: 冰川的形成及融化PASSAGE 75:早期狩猎对大型体格动物灭PASSAGE 76: 泥土的形成及其用途绝的影响PSSAGE 77: 生物灭绝的原因PASSAGE 78: 远古的文字PASSAGE 79: 动物行为的研究PASSAGE 80: 美国调查方式的实施PASSAGE 82:婴幼儿时期的模仿对人和动PASSAGE 81: 木星的简介物的影响PASSAGE 83:美国现实主义和自然主义作PASSAGE 84: 美国早期印刷业的内容家介绍PASSAGE 85: 郁金香在北美殖民地的发展PASSAGE 86: 蚂蚁生存使用的各种信号PASSAGE 87: 热能在大气中传输PASSAGE 88: 化石的形成PASSAGE 90:某时期变化对海洋生物的影PASSAGE 89:19 世纪静物艺术品响PASSAGE 91:不同时期艺术装饰风格的简PASSAGE 92: 岩石层对气候的影响介PASSAGE 94:美国工业化给美国经济带来PASSAGE 93: 洛杉矶城市的发展的改变PASSAGE 95:昆虫怎样用信息素来传递信PASSAGE 96:Homestead Act 的弊端息PASSAGE 97: 对月亮两个区域的研究PASSAGE 98 : 松鼠吃橡果的迷PASSAGE 99 : 碳水化合物和气温的关系PASSAGE 100: 小提琴的发展和使用原文网址：托福考试：。

2012年3月18日托福阅读考试真题回忆2012年3月18日托福考试阅读部分在以往机经中没有找到，应该是一套新题。

葛旭老师根据考生回忆还原了本次托福阅读部分的文章内容和相关背景，希望对同学们有所帮助。

第一篇：真菌（fungi）>考生回忆：·在欧洲，过去采集真菌相对容易；而现在不仅数量减少了，外形也变小了。

真菌有很强的环境敏感度，这同树木不同；故环境出现问题则真菌首当其冲。

真菌也可以储存养分供给树木。

·在北美，那里的人食用真菌类食物（如蘑菇）比较少，且历史较短。

人们把其他蘑菇等都算进真菌里面。

虽然没有显著减少，但是也有危险。

·里面用了很多TPO文章The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii的很多内容；第二篇：美国工业化、铁路与内战>考生回忆：·美国的农业在新英格兰地区发展，所有的必需品由水路运输。

由于土地条件、收益甚微及内陆农业发达等原因，新英格兰地区农业发展开始转向工业发展，而原来的农业人口成为了首批产业工人。

·美国工业的发展过程中，铁路运输贯穿始终。

随着铁路网的密集化，西部的矿产可以很容易地运往东部。

·而南部却则一直发展农业。

而内战（南北战争）是一个彻底的分捩点，南部确定了其农业主导的地位。

·这种南北经济向不同方向转型并引发内战的原因归结于铁路的发展。

·美国的工业归根结底是建立在车轮子上的。

第三篇：human activity and archaeological records第三篇只回忆出了标题，而且范围有些过大（人类活动与考古记录），并不易于还原。

¡¡¡¡ÎªÁË°ïÖú´ó¼Ò¸ßЧ±¸¿¼Íи££¬Îª´ó¼Ò´øÀ´Íи£TPO18×ÛºÏд×÷ÔĶÁÔ-ÎÄ+ÌýÁ¦Ô-ÎÄ+Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ£¬Ï£Íû¶Ô´ó¼Ò±¸¿¼ÓÐËù°ïÖú¡£¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO18×ÛºÏд×÷ÔĶÁÔ-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡In the 1950s Torreya taxifoha, a type of evergreen tree once very common in the state of Florida, started to die out. No one is sure exactly what caused the decline, but chances are good that if nothing is done, Torreya will soon become extinct. Experts are considering three ways to address the decline of Torreya. The first option is to reestablish Torreya in the same location in which it thrived for thousands of years. Torreya used to be found in abundance in the northern part of Florida, which has a specific microclimate. A microclimate exists when weather conditions inside a relatively small area differ from the region of which that area is a part. Northern Florida's microclimate is very favorable to Torreya's growth. This microclimate is wetter and cooler than the surrounding region's relatively dry, warm climate. Scientists have been working to plant Torreya seeds in the coolest, dampest areas of the microclimate. The second option is to move Torreya to an entirely different location, far from its Florida microclimate. Torreya seeds and saplings have been successfully planted and grown in forests further north, where the temperature is significantly cooler. Some scientists believe that Torreya probably thrived in areas much further north in the distant past, so by relocating it now, in a process known as assisted migration, humans would simply be helping Torreya return to an environment that is more suited to its survival. The third option is to preserve Torreya in research centers. Seeds and saplings can be moved from the wild and preserved in a closely monitored environment where it will be easier for scientists both to protect the species and conduct research on Torreya. This research can then be used to ensure the continued survival of the species.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO18×ÛºÏд×÷ÌýÁ¦Ô-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡You've just read about three ways to save Torreya taxifolia. Unfortunately, none of these three options provides a satisfactory solution.About the first solution-reestablishing Torreya in the same location-that's unlikely to be successful, because of what's happening to the coolest dampest areas within torreya's micro-climate. These areas are being strongly affected by changes in the climate of the larger region. This could be because global warming has contributed to an increase in overall temperatures in the region or because wetlands throughout Florida have been drained. Either way, many areas across the region are becoming drier, so it's unlikely that Torreya would have the conditions it needs to survive anywhere within its original Florida micro-climate.Now about the second solution, relocating Torreya far from where it currently grows, well, let's look at what happened when humans helped another tree, the black locust tree, move north to a new environment. When they did this, the black locust tree spread so quickly that it killed off many plants and trees in the new environment, and some of these plants and trees were themselves already in dangerof becoming extinct. So assisted migration can have unpredicted outcomes for the new environment.Third, research centers are probably not a solution either. That's because the population of Torreya trees that can be kept in the centers will probably not be able to resist diseases. For a population of trees to survive a disease, it needs to be relatively large and it needs to be genetically diverse. Tree populations in the wild usually satisfy those criteria but research centers would simply not have enough capacity to keep a large and diverse population of Torreya trees, so trees in such centers will not be capable of surviving diseases in the long term.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO18×ÛºÏд×÷Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ1£º¡¡¡¡The professor in the lecture totally disagrees with the three solutions mentioned in the reading passage. In fact, she believes that these solutions won¡¯t lead to satisfactory consequences at all. Firstly, the professor mentions that help the Torreya reestablish in its original habitat is unlikely to success. She claims that the coolest and dampest area of the microclimate is strongly influenced by many worldwide climate effects such as the global warming, thus it is impossible for Torreya to thrive again in the same place. This strongly opposes the first method in the reading passage. Secondly, the professor claims that moving Torreya to a totally different location is also unrealistic. She takes Black Locus as an example. Black Locus thrives quickly after entering a new habitat and endangers many scarce species. The professor points out the disastrous consequence and opposes the second method raised in the reading passage. Last but not least, the professor claims that keeping Terroya in research center won¡¯t be a good method either. Trees preserved in the center cannot resist diseases in the long run. The professor again opposes the last method in the reading passage.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO18×ÛºÏд×÷Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ2£º¡¡¡¡In the passage the author describes three ways to address the decline of Torreya. However, the professor doubts the passage by stating that none of the three ways will work. T o begin with, the professor points out that the first option mentioned in the passage, reestablishing Torreya, will not succeed. Why? Because many areas within Florida¡¯s microclimate region are turning drier for either global warming, or the disappearing wetlands. Consequently, this region fails to meet the condition Torreya needs to survive. Additionally, the professor claims that the second option, relocating Torreya, will definitely result in vain. To illustrate this argument the example of another tree, which was moved to a new environment and then quickly spread to kill off other plant species, including some already endangered ones, is introduced. F inally, the professor argues against the third option in the reading, preserving Torreya in research centers. The population of Torreya, she explains, has to be genetically diverse in order to resist diseases. Nevertheless, research centers, different from the wild, are not capable of maintaining such a size. For all the above analysis, the solutions in the reading lose their values.。

托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO18(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:The mystery of yawning托福阅读原文【1】According to conventional theory, yawning takes place when people are bored or sleepy and serves the function of increasing alertness by reversing, through deeper breathing, the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallow breathing that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom. Unfortunately, the few scientific investigations of yawning have failed to find any connection between how often someone yawns and how much sleep they have had or how tired they are. About the closest any research has come to supporting the tiredness theory is to confirm that adults yawn more often on weekdays than at weekends, and that school children yawn more frequently in their first year at primary school than they do in kindergarten.【2】Another flaw of the tiredness theory is that yawning does not raise alertness or physiological activity, as the theory would predict. When researchers measured the heart rate, muscle tension and skin conductance of people before, during and after yawning, they did detect some changes in skin conductance following yawning, indicating a slight increase in physiological activity. However, similar changes occurred when the subjects were asked simply to open their mouths or to breathe deeply. Yawning did nothing special to their state of physiological activity.Experiments have also cast serious doubt on the belief that yawning is triggered by a drop in blood oxygen or a rise in blood carbon dioxide. Volunteers were told to think about yawning while they breathed either normal air, pure oxygen, or an air mixture with an above-normal level of carbon dioxide. If the theory was correct, breathing air with extra carbon dioxide should have triggered yawning, while breathing pure oxygen should have suppressed yawning. In fact, neither condition made any difference to the frequency of yawning, which remained constant at about 24 yawns per hour. Another experiment demonstrated that physical exercise, which was sufficiently vigorous to double the rate of breathing, had no effect on the frequency of yawning. Again the implication is that yawning has little or nothing to do with oxygen. 【3】A completely different theory holds that yawning assists in the physical development of the lungs early in life, but has no remaining biological function in adults. It has been suggested that yawning and hiccupping might serve to clear out the fetuses airways. The lungs of a fetus secrete a liquid that mixes with its mother's amniotic fluid. Babies with congenital blockages that prevent this fluid from escaping from their lungs are sometimes born with deformed lungs. It might be that yawning helps to clear out the lungs by periodically lowering the pressure in them. According to this theory, yawning in adults is just a developmental fossil with no biological function. But, while accepting that not everything inlife can be explained by Darwinian evolution, there are sound reasons for being skeptical of theories like this one, which avoid the issue of what yawning does for adults. Yawning is distracting, consumes energy and takes time. It is almost certainly doing something significant in adults as well as in fetuses. What could it be?【4】The empirical evidence, such as it is, suggests an altogether different function for yawning—namely, that yawning prepares us for a change in activity level. Support for this theory came from a study of yawning behavior in everyday life. Volunteers wore wrist-mounted devices that automatically recorded their physical activity for up to two weeks: the volunteers also recorded their yawns by pressing a button on the device each time they yawned. The data showed that yawning tended to occur about 15 minutes before a period of increased behavioral activity. Yawning bore no relationship to sleep patterns, however. This accords with anecdotal evidence that people often yawn in situations where they are neither tired nor bored, but are preparing for impending mental and physical activity. Such yawning is often referred to as "incongruous" because it seems out of place, at least on the tiredness view: soldiers yawning before combat, musicians yawning before performing, and athletes yawning before competing. Their yawning seems to have nothing to do with sleepiness or boredom—quite the reverse—but it does precede a change in activity level.托福阅读试题1.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in passage 1? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.It is the conventional theory that when people are bored or sleepy, they often experience a drop in blood oxygen levels due to their shallow breathing.B.The conventional theory is that people yawn when bored or sleepy because yawning raises blood oxygen levels, which in turn raises alertness.C.According to conventional theory, yawning is more likely to occur when people are bored or sleepy than when they are alert and breathing deeply.D.Yawning, according to the conventional theory, is caused by boredom or lack of sleep and can be avoided through deeper breathing.2.In paragragh1, what point does the author make about the evidence for the tiredness theory of yawning?A.There is no scientific evidence linking yawning with tiredness.B.The evidence is wide-ranging because it covers multiple age-groups.C.The evidence is wide-ranging because it covers multiple age-groups.D.The evidence is questionable because the yawning patterns of children and adults should be different.3.The word “flaw” in passage 2 is closest in meaning toA.fault.B.aspect.C.confusion.D.mystery.4.In the paragraph 2, why does the author note that there were physiological changes when subjects opened their mouths or breathed deeply?A.To present an argument in support of the tiredness theory.B.To cast doubt on the reliability of the tests that measured heart rate, muscle tension and skin conductance.C. To argue against the hypothesis that yawning provides a special way to improve alertness or raise physiological activity.D.To support the idea that opening the mouth or breathing deeply can affect blood oxygen levels.5.The word “triggered” in passage 2 is closest in meaning toA.removed.B.followed.C.increased.D.caused.6.Paragraph 2 answers all of the following questions about yawning EXCEPTA.Does yawning increase alertness or physiological activity?B.Does thinking about yawning increase yawning over not thinking about yawning?C.Does the amount of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the air affect the rate at which people yawn?D.Does the rate of breathing affect the rate at which people yawn?7.The word “periodically” in passage 3 is closest in the mean ing toA.continuously.B.quickly.C.regularly.D.carefully.8.According to the developmental theory of yawning presented in paragraph 3, what is the role of yawning?A.It caused hiccups, which aid in the development of the lungs.B.It controls the amount of pressure the lungs place on other developing organs.C.It prevents amniotic fluid from entering the lungs.D.It removes a potentially harmful fluid from the lungs.9.Paragraph 3 supports which of the following statements about the development theory of yawning?A.The theory is attractive because it explains yawning from the perspective of Darwinian evolution.B.The theory is unsatisfactory because it cannot explain the lung deformities of infants.C.The theory is questionable because it does not explain why a useless and inconvenient behavior would continue into adulthood.D.The theory is incomplete because it does not explain all the evolutionary stages in the development of yawning.10.The word “empirical” in passage 4 is closest in meaning toA.reliable.B.based on common sense.C.relevant.D.based on observation.11.The study of yawning behavior discussed in paragraph 4 supports which of the following conclusions?A.Yawning is associated with an expectation of increased physical activity.B.Yawning occurs more frequently when people are asked to record their yawning.C.People tend to yawn about fifteen minutes before they become tired or bored.D.Mental or physical stress tends to make people yawn.12.Why does the author mention “soldiers yawni ng before combat, musicians yawning before performing, and athletes yawning before competing”(in paragraph 4)?A.To argue that just the expectation of physical activity can make some people feel tired.B.To explain how the view that people yawn because they are tired accounts for yawning before stressful situations.C.To support the view that yawning helps prepare a person for mental or physical exertion.D.To provide anecdotal evidence that conflicts with the experience of the volunteers in the study.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? This, however, was not the case Another flaw of the tiredness theory is that yawning does not raise alertness or physiological activity, as the theory would predict.When researchers measured the heart rate, muscle tension and skin conductance of people before, during and after yawning, they did detect some changes in skin conductance following yawning, indicating a slight increase in physiological activity. However, similar changes occurred when the subjects were asked simply to open their mouths or to breathe deeply. Yawning did nothing special to their state of physiological activity. Experiments have also cast serious doubt on the belief that yawning is triggered by a drop in blood oxygen or a rise in blood carbon dioxide. ■【A】Volunteers were told to think about yawning while they breathed either normal air, pure oxygen, or an air mixture with an above-normal level of carbon dioxide. ■【B】If the theory was correct, breathing air with extra carbon dioxide should have triggered yawning, while breathing pure oxygen should have suppressed yawning. ■【C】In fact, neither condition made any difference to the frequency of yawning, which remained constant at about 24 yawns per hour. ■【D】Another experiment demonstrated that physical exercise, which was sufficiently vigorous to double the rate of breathing, had no effect on the frequency of yawning Again the implication is that yawning has little or nothing to do with oxygen.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THERR answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The tiredness theory of yawning does not seem to explain why yawning occurs.A.Although earlier scientific studies strongly supported the tiredness theory, new evidence has cast doubt on these findings.B.Evidence has shown that yawning is almost completely unrelated to amount of oxygen in the blood and is unrelated to sleep behavior.C.Some have proposed that yawning plays a role in the development of the lungs before birth but that it serves no purpose in adults.D.Fluids in the lungs of the fetus prevents yawning from occurring, which disproves the developmental theory of yawning.E.New studies, along with anecdotal evidence, have shown that the frequency of yawning increases during extended periods of inactivity.F.There is some evidence that suggests that yawning prepares the body and mind for a change in activity level.托福阅读答案1.原文说yawn是因为bored or sleepy，并且能够起到提神的作用，所以B正确。

4月18日托福阅读考试真题带答案
2015年4月18日托福阅读考试真题带答案
店铺导语：4月18日的托福考试已经进行，下面是店铺为您收集整理的阅读真题及范文，希望能够帮助到您。

机经词汇：
alternate=take turns of
simultaneously=at the same time
erect=build
regime=government
collect=group
in surge of=a sudden increase of
unintentionally = not purposely
第一篇
考生回忆：讲design从要与civilization融合，表现出一定的文化性发展到like machines 最后这个观念成为了international style。

解析：本文围绕城市设计这个主题展开论证。

围绕着城市这个题材的文章是近来托福文章的'热点，比如还有一篇常考的就是urban development in the United States in the 19th Century。

做题时需注意记录笔记，对于结构化阅读及最后一题的解答有很大好处。

地理地质类主题是托福阅读常见考点，结构不难理解。

需要注意各例证和主题的支撑关系。

由于条理清晰，最后一题尽量考虑从正面选出，排除为辅，推荐的文章是TPO23的文章Urban Climates。

【2015年4月18日托福阅读考试真题带答案】。

2021年托福阅读PASSAGE 18试题及答案PASSAGE 18During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, almost nothing was written about the contributions of women during the colonial period and the early history of the newly formed United States. Lacking the right to vote and absent from the seats of power, women were not considered an important force in history. Anne Bradstreet wrote some significant poetry in the seventeenth century, Mercy Otis Warren produced the best contemporary history of the American Revolution, and Abigail Adams penned important letters showing she exercised great political influence over her husband, John, the second President of the United States. But little or no notice was taken of these contributions. During these centuries, women remained invisible in history books.Throughout the nineteenth century, this lack of visibility continued, despite the efforts of female authors writing about women. These writers, like most of their male counterparts, were amateur historians. Their writings were celebratory in nature, and they were uncritical in their selection and use of sources.During the nineteenth century, however, certain feminists showed a keen sense of history by keeping records of activities in which women were engaged. National, regional, and local women's organizations compiled accounts of their doings. Personal correspondence, newspaper clippings, and souvenirs were saved and stored. These sources from the core of the two greatest collections of women's history in the United States one at the Elizabeth and Arthur Schlesinger Library at Radcliffé College, and the other the Sophia Smith Collection at Smith College. Such sources have provided valuable materials for later generations of historians.Despite the gathering of more information about ordinary women during the nineteenth century, most of the writing about women conformed to the "great women" theory of history, just as much of mainstream American history concentrated on "great men." To demonstrate that women were making significant contributions to American life, female authors singled out women leaders and wrote biographies, or else important women produced their autobiographies. Most of these leaders were involved in public life as reformers, activists working for women's right to vote, or authors, and were not representative at all of the great of ordinary woman. The lives of ordinary people continued, generally, to be untold in the American histories being published.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The role of literature in early American histories(B) The place of American women in written histories(C) The keen sense of history shown by American women(D) The "great women" approach to history used by American historians2. The word "contemporary" in line 6 means that the history was(A) informative(B) written at that time(C) thoughtful(D) faultfinding3. In the first paragraph, Bradstreet, Warren, and Adams are mentioned to show that(A) a woman's status was changed by marriage(B) even the contributions of outstanding women were ignored(C) only three women were able to get their writing published(D) poetry produced by women was more readily accepted than other writing by women4. The word "celebratory" in line 12 means that the writings referred to were(A) related to parties(B) religious(C) serious(D) full of praise5. The word "they" in line 12 refers to(A) efforts(B) authors(C) counterparts(D) sources6. In the second paragraph, what weakness in nineteenth-century histories does the author point out?(A) They put too much emphasis on daily activities(B) They left out discussion of the influence of money on politics.(C) The sources of the information they were based on were not necessarily accurate.(D) They were printed on poor-quality paper.7. On the basis of information in the third paragraph, which of the following would most likely have been collected by nineteenth-century feminist organizations?(A) Newspaper accounts of presidential election results(B) Biographies of John Adams(C) Letters from a mother to a daughter advising her how to handle a family problem(D) Books about famous graduates of the country's first college8. What use was made of the nineteenth-century women's history materials in the Schlesinger Library and the Sophia Smith Collection?(A) They were combined and published in a multivolume encyclopedia(B) They formed the basis of college courses in the nineteenth century.(C) They provided valuable information for twentieth-century historical researchers.(D) They were shared among women's colleges throughout the United States.9. In the last paragraph, the author mentions all of the following as possible roles of nineteenth-century "great women" EXCEPT(A) authors(B) reformers(C) activists for women's rights(D) politicians10. The word "representative" in line 29 is closest in meaning to(A) typical(B) satisfied(C) supportive(D) distinctiveANSWER KEYSPASSAGE 18 BBBDB CCCDA。

2024托福考试必备阅读理解历年真题练习托福考试作为国际英语能力认证考试之一，阅读理解部分一直是考生备考的重点。

为了帮助准备2024托福考试的考生们更好地应对阅读理解题型，本文将提供一些历年的真题练习，供考生们进行针对性的练习和复习。

1. Passage 1Archaeology is a fascinating field that allows us to explore the past. By studying artifacts and remains, archaeologists can reconstruct ancient lifestyles and gain insights into human history. However, the process of conducting archaeological research can be challenging.Archaeologists often face difficulties in locating and accessing archaeological sites. Many sites are buried under layers of soil and vegetation, making them hard to find. Moreover, obtaining permission to excavate these sites can be a lengthy and bureaucratic process, requiring cooperation from various governmental agencies.Despite these challenges, archaeological research has yielded important discoveries. For example, the excavation of a burial site in Egypt led to the discovery of an intact pharaoh's tomb, providing valuable information about ancient Egyptian practices and customs.In addition to unearthing artifacts, archaeologists also analyze the data collected to draw conclusions about the past. This process involves careful examination of the artifacts, as well as collaboration with experts in related fields such as anthropology and history.2. Passage 2Climate change is a pressing global issue that requires urgent action. The rise in global temperatures is causing melting ice caps, rising sea levels, and extreme weather events. These changes have far-reaching consequences for both the environment and human societies.One of the main contributors to climate change is the burning of fossil fuels. Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases released during the combustion process trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to the greenhouse effect. This effect is causing the Earth's temperature to increase at an alarming rate.To combat climate change, countries around the world are adopting renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power. These sources are sustainable and do not produce greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, individuals can reduce their carbon footprint by adopting energy-saving habits, such as using energy-efficient appliances and reducing water waste.It is crucial for governments and individuals to work together to mitigate the effects of climate change. By implementing policies that promote sustainable practices and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, we can protect our planet for future generations.3. Passage 3The advent of technology has revolutionized the way we communicate and access information. With the rise of smartphones and social media platforms, people can connect with others and share information instantly. However, this digital age has also raised concerns about privacy and security.Online privacy has become a major issue, as personal data can be easily accessed and exploited by malicious individuals. Social media platforms often collect and store users' personal information, which can be sold to third parties for advertising purposes. Additionally, cybercriminals can use sophisticated techniques to hack into individuals' accounts and steal their sensitive information.To protect one's privacy online, it is important to take precautionssuch as regularly updating passwords and enabling two-factor authentication. Furthermore, individuals should be cautious about the information theyshare online and avoid posting sensitive personal details.Governments and tech companies also play a crucial role in safeguarding online privacy. Stricter regulations and stronger cybersecurity measures should be implemented to protect users' personal data. Additionally, educating the public about online security best practices can help raise awareness and prevent cybercrime.通过以上三个例子，考生们可以了解到真实的托福阅读理解题目的样式和内容。

老托福阅读试题及答案：PASSAGE19为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面小编给大家带来老托福阅读真题及答案:passage 19，希望大家喜欢!老托福阅读试题及答案：PASSAGE 19The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the North American colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the latter. In Europe they grew over a period of centuries from town economies to their present urban structure. In North America, they started as wilderness communities and developed to mature urbanism in little more than a century.In the early colonial days in North America, small cities sprang up along the Atlantic Coastline, mostly in what are now New England and Middle Atlantic states in the United States and in the lower Saint Lawrence valley in Canada. This was natural because these areas were nearest to England and France, particularly England, from which most capital goods (assets such as equipment) and many consumer goods were imported. Merchandising establishments were, accordingly, advantageously located in port cities from which goods could be readily distributed to interior settlements. Here, too, were the favored locations for processing raw materials prior to export. Boston, Philadelphia, New York, Montreal, and other cities flourished, and, as the colonies grew, these cities increased in importance.This was less true in the colonial South, where life centered around large farms, known as plantations, rather than around towns, as was the case in the areas further north along the Atlantic coastline. The local isolation and the economic self-sufficiency of the plantations were antagonistic to the development of the towns. The plantations maintained their independence because they were located on navigable streams and each had a wharf accessible to the small shipping of that day. In fact, one of the strongest factors in the selection of plantation land was the desire to have its front on a water highway.When the United States became an independent nation in 1776, it did not have a single city as large as 50,000 inhabitants, but by 1820 it had a city of more than 10,000 people, and by 1880 it had recorded a city of over one million. It was not until after 1823, after the mechanization of the spinning had weaving industries, that cities started drawing young people away from farms. Such migration was particularly rapid following the Civil War (1861-1865).1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Factors that slowed the growth of cities in Europe.(B) The evolution of cities in North America(C) Trade between North American and European cities(D) The effects of the United Sates' independence on urban growth in New England.2. The word "they" in line 4 refers to(A) North American colonies(B) cities(C) centuries(D) town economies3. The passage compares early European and North American cities on the basis of which of the following?(A) Their economic success(B) The type of merchandise they exported(C) Their ability to distribute goods to interior settlements(D) The pace of their development4. The word "accordingly" in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) as usual(B) in contrast(C) to some degree(D) for that reason5. According to the passage , early colonial cities were established along the Atlantic coastline of North America due to(A) an abundance of natural resources(B) financial support from colonial governments(C) proximity to parts of Europe(D) a favorable climate6. The passage indicates that during colonial times, the Atlantic coastline cities prepared which of the following for shipment to Europe?(A) Manufacturing equipment(B) Capital goods(C) Consumer goods(D) Raw materials7. According to the passage , all of the following aspects of the plantation system influenced the growth of southern cities EXCEPT the(A) location of the plantations(B) access of plantation owners to shipping(C) relationships between plantation residents and city residents(D) economic self-sufficiency of the plantations8. It can be inferred from the passage that, in comparison with northern cities, most southern cities were(A) more prosperous(B) smaller(C) less economically self-sufficient(D) tied less closely to England than to France9. The word "recorded" in line 26 is closest in meaning to(A) imagined(B) discovered(C) documented(D) planned10. The word "drawing" in line 28 is closest in meaning to(A) attracting(B) employing(C) instructing(D) representing11. The passage mentions the period following the Civil War (line 29) because it was a time of(A) significant obstacles to industrial growth(B) decreased dependence on foreign trade(C) increased numbers of people leaving employment on farms(D) increased migration from northern states to southern states正确答案： BBDDC DCBCA C提升托福阅读能力的方法有哪些？方法一：概括地观察在练习时我们会读一些文章或者段子，首先我们可以进行略读。

老托福阅读真题及答案解析老托福阅读真题及答案解析-CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN老托福阅读真题及答案解析托福从听、说、读、写四方面进行英语能力全面考核。

托福频道为大家提供了这四个方面的资料，希望对大家有所帮助。

Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates.When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can contribute to this temperature gradient. Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material. Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment.In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method ofnatural incubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks. When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo. Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure place to rest.1. What is the main idea of the passage(A) Nesting material varies according to the parrots' environment.(B) Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots' eggs.(C) Aviculturists have constructed the ideal nest box for parrots.(D) Wild parrots' nests provide information useful for artificial incubation.2. The word "They" in line 2 refers to(A) aviculturists(B) birds(C) eggs(D) rates3. According to paragraph 2, when the temperature of the sides and bottom of the egg are cooler than the top, then(A) there may be a good chance for successful incubation(B) the embryo will not develop normally(C) the incubating parent moves the egg to a new position.(D) the incubation process is slowed down4. According to paragraph 2, sticks, rocks, or dirt are used to(A) soften the bottom of the nest for the newly hatched chick(B) hold the nest together(C) help lower the temperature at the bottom of the nest(D) make the nest bigger5. According to paragraph 2, the construction of the nest allows water to(A) provide a beneficial source of humidity in the nest(B) loosen the materials at the bottom of the nest(C) keep the nest in a clean condition(D) touch the bottom of the eggs6. All of the following are part of a parrot's incubation method EXCEPT(A) heating the water vapor as it rises from the bottom of the nest(B) arranging nesting material at the bottom of the nest(C) transferring heat from the parent to the top of the eggshell(D) maintaining a constant temperature on the eggshell7. The word "suspend" in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) build(B) paint(C) hang(D) move8. The word "fatal" in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) close(B) deadly(C) natural(D) hot9. The word "secure" in line 27 is closest in meaning to(A) fresh(B) dry(C) safe(D) warm10. According to paragraph 3, a deep foundation of nesting material provides(A) a constant source of humidity(B) a strong nest box(C) more room for newly hatched chicks(D) protection against cold weather11. Which of the following is a problem with commercial incubators?(A) They lack the natural temperature changes of the outdoors.(B) They are unable to heat the eggs evenly(C) They do not transfer heat to the egg in the same way the parent bird does.(D) They are expensive to operate.12. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage(A) Aviculturists (line 1)(B) gradient (line 8)(C) incubation (line 15)(D) embryo (line 22)正确答案：DAACA DCBCD CA。

托福阅读答案1.EXCEPT题，排除法，A的tension和做关键词定位至第二句，正确，不选；B的negatively和positively chargedparticles同样定位至第二句，但原文没有比较，所以B没说，选；C的come together和D的release做关键词定位都至倒数第二句，都正确，都不选。

2.tremendous大量的，巨大的，所以正确答案是huge。

原句说当带相反电荷的例子碰到一起的时候发生中和并释放什么样的能量，就是我们能看到的闪电，大家都知道闪电的能量很大，所以选huge，C。

A不同B增大D立刻都不靠谱。

3.以ice crystal和positively charged做关键词定位至第七句，说在这样的温度下，ice pellet和ice crystal 的碰撞转移了电荷，使得pellet带负电，crystal带正电，所以答案应该是A碰撞；B虽然也说到碰撞，但不是和负电碰撞；D的温度不是带正电的决定条件。

4.acquire获得，所以答案obtain正确，正如上题，原句说ice pellet和ice crystal的碰撞转移了电荷，使得pellet怎么样负电，crystal带正电，至少猜出acquire应该和become差不多，是个从无到有的过程，答案是B。

需要不一定有，C错；A拒绝与原文相反；D错，电荷不能产生。

5.以positively charged ice pellets做关键词定位至最后一句，说在这个很大的，带负电的区域之下，碰撞产生了positively charged pellets，所以答案是D。

A的increase in number，B的smaller和C的比较原文都没说。

6.EXCEPT题，排除法，A的ice pellets and ice crystals做关键词定位至第七句，正确，不选；B的in themiddle 做关键词定位至倒数第四句，正确，不选；C的数字做关键词定位至第六句，正确，不选；D的the base of the cloud 做关键词定位都至最后一句，但倒数第三句已经说过this process explains，也就是说原因到倒数第三句就给完了，D不是原因，错，选。

老托福精选95-05阅读理解原文、真题及答案答案见隐藏文字1997.10Question 1-7Hotels were among the earliest facilities that bound the United States together. They were both creatures and creators of communities, as well as symptoms of the frenetic quest for community. Even in the first part of the nineteenth century, Americans were private, business and pleasure purposes. Conventions were the new occasions, and hotels were distinctively American facilities making conventions possible. The first national convention of a majorthe National Republican party, which met on December 12, 1831, and nominated Henry Clay for President) was held in Baltimore, at a hotel that was then reputed to be the best in the country. The presence in Baltimore of Barnum's City Hotel, a six-story building with two hundred apartments helps explain why many other early national political conventions were held there.In the longer run, too. American hotels made other national conventions not only possible but pleasant and convivial. The growing custom of regularly assembling from afar the representatives of all kinds of groups - not only for political conventions, but also forones - in turn supported the multiplying hotels. By mid-twentieth century, conventions accounted for over third of the yearly room occupancy of all hotels in the nation, about eighteen thousand different conventions were held annually with a total attendance of about ten million persons.Nineteenth-century American hotelkeepers, who were no longer the genial, deferential "hosts" of the eighteenth-century European inn, became leading citizens. Holding a large stake in the community, they exercised power to make it prosper. As owners or managers of the local "palace of the public", they were makers and shapers of a principal community attraction. Travelers from abroad were mildly shocked by this high social position.1. The word "bound" in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) led(B) protected(C) tied(D) strengthened2. The National Republican party is mentioned in line 5 as an example of a group(A) from Baltimore(B) of learned people(C) owning a hotel(D) holding a convention(A) announcing(B) motivating(C) gathering(D) contracting(A) hotels(B) conventions(C) kinds(D) representatives(A) European inn(B) host(C) community(D) public6. It can be inferred from the passage that early hotelkeepers in the United States were(A) active politicians(B) European immigrants(C) professional builders(D) Influential citizens7. Which of the following statements about early American hotels is NOT mentioned in thepassage?(A) Travelers from abroad did not enjoy staying in them.(B) Conventions were held in them(C) People used them for both business and pleasure.(D) They were important to the community.Question 8-17Beads were probably the first durable ornaments humans possessed, and the intimate relationship they had with their owners is reflected in the fact that beads are among the most common items found in ancient archaeological sites. In the past, as today, men, women, andfrom birth until death, and then are buried with their owners for the afterlife. Abrasion due to daily wear alters the surface features of beads, and if they are buried for long, the effects of corrosion can further change their appearance. Thus, interest is imparted to the bead both by use and the effects of time.Besides their wearability, either as jewelry or incorporated into articles of beads possess the desirable characteristics of every collectible, they are durable, portable, availablein infinite variety, and often valuable in their original cultural context as well as in today's market. Pleasing to look at and touch, beads come in shapes, colors, and materials that almost compel one to handle them and to sort them.Beads are miniature bundles of secrets waiting to be revealed: their history, manufacture, cultural context, economic role, and ornamental use are all points of information one hopes toto many human experiences. The bead researcher must gather information from many diverse fields. In addition to having to be a generalist while specializing in what may seem to be a narrow field, the researcher is faced with the problem of primary materials that have little or no documentation. Many ancient beads that are of ethnographic interest have often been separated from their original cultural context.The special attractions of beads contribute to the uniqueness of bead research. While often regarded as the "small change of civilizations", beads are a part of every culture, and they can often be used to date archaeological sites and to designate the degree of mercantile, technological, and cultural sophistication.8. What is the main subject of the passage?(A) Materials used in making beads.(B) How beads are made(C) The reasons for studying beads(D) Different types of beads(A) protected(B) decorated(C) purchased(D) enjoyed(A) ritual(B) importance(C) clothing(D) history11. All of the following are given as characteristics of collectible objects EXCEPT(A) durability(B) portability(C) value(D) scarcity.12. According to the passage, all of the following are factors that make people want to touchbeads EXCEPT the(A) shape(B) color(C) material(D) odor(A) communicate(B) transport(C) improve(D) discover(A) carved(B) beautiful(C) ordinary(D) heavy15. It is difficult to trace the history of certain ancient beads because they(A) are small in size(B) have been buried underground(C) have been moved from their original locations(D) are frequently lost16. Knowledge of the history of some beads may be useful in the studies done by which of thefollowing?(A) Anthropologists(B) Agricultural experts(C) Medical researchers(D) Economists17. Where in the passage does the author describe why the appearance of beads may change?(A) Lines 2-3(B) Lines 3-5(C) Lines 7-8(D) Lines 12-13.Question 18-31such as use their bills to pry open the tightly sealed shells of their prey,smell out earthworms thanks to nostrils located at the tip of their beaks. But few birds are more intimately tied to their source of sustenance than are crossbills. Two species of these finches, named for the way the upper and lower parts of their bills cross, rather than meet in the middle, reside in the evergreen forests of North America and feed on the seeds held within the cones of coniferous trees.The efficiency of the bill is evident when a crossbill locates a cone. Using a lateral motion of its lower mandible, the bird separates two overlapping scales on the cone and exposes the seed. The crossed mandibles enable the bird to exert a powerful biting force at the bill tips,is critical for maneuvering them between the scales and spreading the scales apart.Next, the crossbill snakes its long tongue into and draws out the seed. Using thecombined action of the bill and tongue, the bird cracks open the woody seedcovering action and swallows the nutritious inner kernel. This whole process takes but a few seconds and is repeated hundreds of times a day.more slander and shallow. As a rule, large-billed crossbills are better at securing seeds fromlarge cones, while small-billed crossbills are at removing the seeds from small, thin-scaled cones. Moreover, the degree to which cones are naturally slightly open or tightly closed helps determine which bill design is the best.One anomaly is the subspecies of red crossbill known as the Newfoundland crossbill. Thiskind of cones that the slender-billed white-wings rely on.18. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The importance of conifers in evergreen forests(B) The efficiency of the bill of the crossbill(C) The variety of food available in a forest(D) The different techniques birds use to obtain foodmentioned in line1?(A) Different shapes of bills have evolved depending on the available food supply(B) White - wing crossbills have evolved from red crossbills(C) Newfoundland's conifers have evolved small cones(D) Several subspecies of crossbills have evolved from two species(A) They are examples of birds that live in the forest(B) Their beaks are similar to the beak of the crossbill(C) They illustrate the relationship between bill design and food supply(D) They are closely related to the crossbill21. Crossbills are a type of(A) shorebird(B) hummingbird(C) kiwi(D) finch22. Which of the following most closely resembles the bird described in lines 6-8?(A) （图）(B) （图）(C) （图）(D) （图）(A) seed(B) bird(C) force(D) bill(A) opening(B) flower(C) mouth(D) tree(A) eats(B) breaks(C) finds out(D) gets rid of(A) bills(B) species(C) seeds(D) cones(A) hungry(B) skilled(C) tired(D) pleasant(A) strong(B) colorful(C) unusual(D) sharp29. In what way is the Newfoundland crossbill an anomaly?(A) It is larger than the other crossbill species(B) It uses a different technique to obtain food(C) The size of its bill does not fit the size of its food source(D) It does not live in evergreen forests.30. The final paragraph of the passage will probably continue with a discussion of(A) other species of forest birds(B) the fragile ecosystem of Newfoundland(C) what mammals live in the forests of North America(D) how the Newfoundland crossbill survives with a large bill31. Where in the passage does the author describe how a crossbill removes a seed from itscone?(A) The first paragraph(B) The second paragraph(C) The third paragraph(D) The forth paragraphQuestion 32-38If you look closely at some of the early copies of the Declaration of Independence, beyond the flourished signature of John Hancock and the other 55 men who signed it, you will also find the name of one woman, Mary Katherine Goddard. It was she, a Baltimore printer, who published the first official copies of the Declaration, the first copies that included the names ofMary Goddard first got into printing at the age of twenty-four when her brother opened a printing shop in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1762. When he proceeded to get into trouble with his partners and creditors, it was Mary Goddard and her mother who were left to run the shop. In 1765 they began publishing the Providence Gazette, a weekly newspaper. Similar problems seemed to follow her brother as he opened businesses in Philadelphia and again in Baltimore. Each time Ms. Goddard was brought in to run the newspapers. After starting Baltimore's first newspaper, The Maryland Journal, in 1773, her brother went broke trying to organize a colonial postal service. While he was in debtor's prison. Mary Katherine Goddard's name appeared on the newspaper's masthead for the first time.Goddard to print the first official version of the Declaration of Independence in January 1777. After printing the documents, she herself paid the post riders to deliver the Declaration throughout the colonies.During the American Revolution, Mary Goddard continued to publish Baltimore's only newspaper, which one historian claimed was "second to none among the colonies". She was also the city's postmaster from 1775 to 1789 - appointed by Benjamin Franklin - and is32. With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?(A) The accomplishments of a female publisher(B) The weakness of the newspaper industry(C) The rights of a female publisher(D) The publishing system in colonial America33. Mary Goddard's name appears on the Declaration of Independence because(A) she helped write the original document(B) she published the document(C) she paid to have the document printed(D) her brother was in prison(A) influenced(B) announced(C) rejected(D) ignored35. According to the passage, Mary Goddard first became involved in publishing when she(A) was appointed by Benjamin Franklin(B) signed the Declaration of Independence.(C) took over her brother's printing shop(D) moved to Baltimore(A) the colonies(B) the print shop(C) Baltimore(D) Providence37. It can be inferred from the passage that Mary Goddard was(A) an accomplished businesswoman(B) extremely wealthy(C) a member of the Continental Congress(D) a famous writer(A) job(B) election(C) document(D) locationQuestion 39-50Galaxies are building blocks of the universe. A galaxy is giant family of many millions of stars, and it is held together by its own gravitational field. Most of the material universe is organized into galaxies of stars together with gas and dust.There are three main types of galaxy: spiral, elliptical, and irregular. The Milky Way is a spiral galaxy, a flattish disc of stars with two spiral arms emerging from its central nucleus. About one-quarter of all galaxies have this shape. Spiral galaxies are well supplied with theinterstellar gas new stars form: as the rotating spiral pattern sweeps around the galaxy it compresses gas and dust, triggering the formation of bright young stars and in itsstructure. Most of their member stars are very old and since ellipticals are devoid of interstellar gas, no new stars are forming in them. The biggest and brightest galaxies in the universe are ellipticals with masses of about 1013 times that of the Sun, these giants may frequently be sources of strong radio emission, in which case they are called radio galaxies. About two-thirds of all galaxies are elliptical. Irregular galaxies comprise about one-tenth of all galaxies and they come in many subclasses.Measurement in space is quite different from measurement on Earth. Some terrestrial distances can be expressed as intervals of time, the time to fly from one continent to another or the time it takes to drive to work, for example. By comparison with these familiaryardsticks, the distances to the galaxies are incomprehensibly large, too are made more manageable by using a time calibration, in this case the distance that light travels in oneyear. On such a scale the nearest giant spiral galaxy, the Andromeda galaxy, is two million light years away. The most distant luminous objects seen by telescopes are probably ten thousand million light years away. Their light was already halfway here before the Earth evenformed. The light from the nearby Virgo galaxy set out when reptiles still the animal world.(A) intense(B) principal(C) huge(D) unique40. What does the second paragraph mainly discuss?(A) The Milky Way(B) Major categories of galaxies(C) How elliptical galaxies are formed(D) Differences between irregular and spiral galaxies(A) dust(B) gas(C) pattern(D) galaxy42. According to the passage, new stars are formed in spiral galaxies due to(A) an explosion of gas(B) the compression of gas and dust(C) the combining of old stars(D) strong radio emissions(A) proportionally balanced(B) commonly seen(C) typically large(D) steadily growing(A) discovered(B) apparent(C) understood(D) simplistic45. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of elliptical galaxies?(A) They are the largest galaxies.(B) They mostly contain old stars.(C) They contain a high amount of interstellar gas.(D) They have a spherical shape.46. Which of the following characteristics of radio galaxies is mentioned in the passage?(A) They are a type of elliptical galaxy.(B) They are usually too small to be seen with a telescope.(C) They are closely related to irregular galaxies.(D) They are not as bright as spiral galaxies.47. What percentage of galaxies are irregular?(A) 10%(B) 25%(C) 50%(D) 75%(A) intervals(B) yardsticks(C) distances(D) galaxies49. Why does the author mention the Virgo galaxy and the Andromeda galaxy in the thirdparagraph?(A) To describe the effect that distance has no visibility.(B) To compare the ages of two relatively young galaxies.(C) To emphasize the vast distances of the galaxies from Earth.(D) To explain why certain galaxies cannot be seen by a telescope.(A) threatened(B) replaced(C) were developing in(D) were prevalent in。