中国农业大学考博英语2012答案解析

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编12(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．The detectives kept a ______ watch of the suspect’s house.A．keenB．completeC．thoroughD．close正确答案：D解析：close a.严密的，密切的。

keen a．热心的，渴望的(on)；敏锐的，敏捷的(of)。

complete a.完全的，完整的。

thorough a.彻底的，完全的。

2．The police searched all the houses but found no______.A．connectionsB．cluesC．relationshipsD．ties正确答案：B解析：clue(to)n.线索，提示。

3．Many skiers ______ around the fire and drink hot chocolate in the evenings.(2003年中国社会科学院考博试题)A．padB．packC．squeezeD．cluster正确答案：D解析：本题空格处是说“许多滑雪者成群地围在火堆边”。

D项“cluster丛生，成群”符合题意．如：The boys and girls clustered together round the camp fire telling stories and singing songs．(孩子们成群地围着营火堆讲着故事唱着歌。

)其他三项“pad加上垫衬；pack包装：squeeze压榨”都不正确。

4．A substance such as sand may be either fine or ______.A．coarseB．courseC．largeD．tough正确答案：A解析：coarse a．粗的，粗糙的；粗劣的；粗俗的。

2012年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PartⅢCloze 6. PartⅣReading Comprehension 7. PartⅤWritingSection A听力原文：M: Well, just keep your arm straight there. Fine, there will be a little prick like a mosquito bite. OK? There we go. Ok, I will send that sample off and we’ll check it. If the sample is ok, we won’t need to go on seeing you anymore. W: So you think I’m getting better? M: Absolutely. Q: What can be inferred from the conversation?1．A．The woman’s condition is critical.B．The woman has been picking up quite well.C．The woman’s illness was caused by a mosquito bite.D．The woman won’t see the doctor any more.正确答案：B解析：此题考点为细节信息再现。

女士问医生是不是好转了，医生回答说当然，故答案为B。

选项C是干扰项，医生让女病人伸直手臂，并说会有向蚊子叮咬的刺痛，prick的含义是“刺痛”。

听力原文：W: It’s Mr. Cong, isn’t it?M: That’s right. I saw you six months ago with a broken finger.W: Yes, of course. And is that all healing well?M: It’s fine.W: What can we do for you today?M: Well, I’ve been having these headaches in the front, about my eyes. It started two months ago.They seem to come on quite suddenly, and I get dizzy spell as well. Q: What is the trouble in the man now?2．A．A broken finger.B．A terrible cough.C．Frontal headaches.D．Eye problem.正确答案：C解析：此题考点为细节信息再现。

博大考神2012年职称英语理工类B级阅读理解真题及参考答案收集：博大教育专家来源：/article-5494.html?page=2第2部分：阅读判断(第16~22题，每题1分，共7分)下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断;如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。

【题型总体分析】阅读判断通过学习查读法解题技巧，可以得到5分左右。

查读法技巧是解决阅读判断，概括大意和完成句子，阅读理解等阅读题型的必备解题技巧。

我们在软件的技巧实战板块中对该技巧进行了分类详细的讲述，并且配置了大量的针对性练习来让考生"练手"，学练结合，保证充分掌握技巧，并且学会在考场上的灵活运用。

Eastern Quakes Can Trigger Big ShakesIn the first week of November 2011, people in central Oklahoma experienced more than two dozen earthquakes. The largest, a magnitude 5.6 quake, shook thousands of fans in a college football stadium, caused cracks in a few buildings and rattled the nerves of many people who had never felt a quake before. Oklahoma is not an area of the country famous for its quakes. If you watch the news on TV, you see reports about all sorts of natural disasters-hurricanes, tornadoes, flooding and wildfires, to name a few. But the most dangerous type of natural disaster, and also the most unpredictable, is the earthquake.Researchers at the U.S. Geological Survey estimate that several million earthquakes rattle the globe each year. That may sound scary, but people don't feel many of the tremors because they happen in remote and unpopulated regions. Many quakes happen under the ocean, and others have a very small magnitude, or shaking intensity.A magnitude 5.8 earthquake that struck central Virginia the afternoon of August 23, 2011, was felt from central Georgia to southeastern Canada. In many urban areas, including Washington, D.C., and New York City (Wall Street shown)， people crowded the streets while engineers inspected buildings. Credit: Wikimedia/Alex Tabak Scientists know about small, remote quakes only because of very sensitive electronic devices called seismometers. These devices detect and measure the size of ground vibrations produced by earthquakes. Altogether, USGS researchers use seismometers to identify and locate about 20,000 earthquakes each year.Although earthquakes can happen anywhere in the world, really big quakes occur only in certain areas. The largest ones register a magnitude 8 or higher and happen, on average, only once each year. Such big ones typically occur along the edges of Earth's tectonic plates.Tectonic plates are huge pieces of Earth's crust, sometimes many kilometers thick. These plates cover our planet's surface like a jigsaw puzzle. Often, jagged edges of these plates temporarily lock together. When plates jostle and scrape past eachother earthquakes occur. On average, tectonic plates move very slowly - about the same speed as your fingernails grow.But sometimes earthquakes rumble through portions of the landscape far from a plate's edges. Although less expected, these "mid-plate" tremors can do substantial damage. Some of the biggest known examples rattled the eastern half of the United States two centuries ago. Today, scientists are still puzzling over why the quakes occurred and when similar ones might occur.题目分析：16.Oklahoma is an area often experiencing natural disasters.A. rightB. wrongC. not mention【分析】这道题使用的是查读法技巧。

中国农业大学考博英语真题词汇汇总pace/n.步，步伐v.踱步pacific/n.[the P]太平洋a.和平的，平静的pack/v.捆扎，打包;塞满，挤满n.包捆，(一)群，(一)副pact/n.合同，公约，协定pad/n.垫，衬垫;便笺簿;拍纸簿v.填塞paddle/n.桨v.用桨划pail/n.提桶painstaking/n.苦干;煞费苦心 a.苦干(的);煞费苦心(的)pamphlet/n.小册子panel/n.恐慌，惊慌panorama/n.喘气v.喘，气喘吁吁地说pants/n.裤子paperback/n.平装书需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。

parachute/n.游行，检阅v.(使)列队行进，游行paradise/n.似非而是的话;反论parallel/a.(to，with)平行的，并联的;(to)相同的，类似的n.平行线，平行面;类似，相似物paralyze/v.使瘫痪(麻痹);使丧失作用parameter/n.寄生虫parliament/n.国会，议会partial/ a.部分的，不完全的;偏袒的，不公平的participant/n.参加者，参与者particle/a.特殊的，特别的;特定的，个别的n.[常pl.]详情，细目passion/n.热情，激情，爱好;激怒，大怒passive/ a.被动的，消极的pastime/n.牧草地，牧场patch/n.补钉，补片;碎片，碎屑v.补，修补patent/a.招人怜悯的，可悲的patriotic/ a.爱国的patrol/n.赞助人，保护人pattern/v.铺砌，铺(路)pavement/n.人行道peak/n.卵石peculiar/ a.古怪的，异常的;特殊的，特有的peculiarity/n.独特性，特色pedal/n.步行者，行人peep/v.偷看，窥视peer/n.同等的人，(复数)同龄人vt.仔细看，凝视penalty/n.处罚，惩罚pendulum/n.摆，钟摆penetrate/n.穿过，渗透penicillin/n.青霉素peninsula/n.养老金，年金perceive/n.香味，芳香;香水;香料/v.使发香，洒香水于periodical/v.丧生;凋谢;毁灭，消亡permanent/ a.永久的，持久的permeate/vt.弥漫，渗透permission/n.允许，同意perpetual/ a.永久的，永恒的，长期的perplex/v.使困惑，使费解，使复杂化persecute/v.迫害persever/vi.坚持，坚持不懈personnel/n.透视画法，透视图;远景，前途persuade/n.说服，说服力pessimistic/n.请愿书，申请书，诉状petroleum/n.石油petty/ a.小的，琐碎的;气量小的pharmacy/n.药房，药剂学phase/n.阶段，状态，时期;相，相位phenomenon/a.光电的photographic/ a.摄影的photography/n.摄影术physical/ad.物质上;体格上，身体上;按自然规律physician/n.内科医生physicist/n.物理学家physiology/n.生理学pickpocket/n.扒手v.扒窃pictorial/v.刺穿，刺破pilgrim/n.朝圣者，香客pillar/n.柱，台柱，栋梁pinch/v.捏，掐，拧，挟n.捏，掐;(一)撮，微量pint/n.品脱pioneer/n.先驱，倡导者，开拓者pipeline/n.管道，管线pirate/n.海盗;盗版v.海盗;盗版pistol/n.手枪piston/n.活塞pit/n.坑，陷阱;煤矿，矿井pitch/n.沥青;掷v.用沥青覆盖;投掷，扔plague/n.瘟疫，灾害plaster/n.灰泥;熟石膏;膏药plate/n.金属板，片;盘子，盆子v.镀，电镀plateau/n.高原platform/n.平台，台;站台，月台;政纲，党纲plausible/n.祈求，恳求plead/v.恳求，请求;为……辩护pledge/n.誓约;保证v.发誓;保证plentiful/ a.富裕的，丰富的plight/n.困境，窘境plot/n.秘密计划;小块土地v.标绘，绘制;密谋，策划plumber/n.管子工plunge/n.肺炎poke/v.刺，戳;伸出polar/n.政策，方针;保险单polish/v.磨光，擦亮;使优美，润饰n.擦光剂，上光蜡poll/vt.沉思，认真思考pool/n.水池，游泳池;合资经营，联营pop/n.罗马教皇，主教porcelain/n.瓷器 a.精致的，瓷器的porch/a.轻便的，手提(式)的portion/vt.描述，描绘pose/a.确实的，明确的;积极的，肯定的n.(摄影)正片postpone/n.(身体)姿势，体态;看法，态度potential/ a.潜在的，可能的;势的，位的n.潜能，潜力poultry/n.家禽practical/ad.几乎，实际上，简直practitioner/n.从业者pray/n.祈祷，祷告，祷文preach/v.宣讲(教义)，布道;竭力鼓吹，宣传precaution/n.预防，谨慎，警惕precede/n.先例preceding/ a.在前的，在先的precise/a.精确的，准确的precision/n.精确，精密度preclude/vt.排除;阻止predecessor/v.预言，预测，预告predominant/n.序言，引言，前言preferable/ a.(to)更可取的，更好的preference/n.(for，to)偏爱，喜爱;优惠pregnant/ a.怀孕的prejudice/n.偏见，成见;损害，侵害preliminary/n.前提，假设premium/v.指定，规定;处(方)，开(药)prescription/n.药方，处方preservation/v.保护，维持;保存，保藏;腌渍preside/n.声望，威信presumably/v.假设，假定;认为，揣测pretext/v.(over，against)取胜，占优势;流行，盛行prevalent/ a.流行的，普遍的prey/n.被捕食的动物，捕获物;受害者v.猎取动物prick/v.刺伤，刺痛，刺孔n.刺伤，刺痛primary/a.最初的，初级的;首要的，主要的，基本的prime/a.首要的，主要的;最好的，第一流的n.青春，全盛期，青壮年时期primitive/a.原始的，远古的，早期;粗糙的，简单的principal/n.信念，原则;主意，原理prior/n.先，前;优先，优先权privilege/n.特权，优惠，特许v.给予优惠，给予特权probe/n.探针，探测器v.(以探针等)探察，穿刺，查究procedure/n.程序，手续，步骤proceed/n.(会议)议程，进程process/n.过程，进程;工序，制作法，工艺v.加工，处理procession/n.队伍，行列proclaim/v.宣布，声明productive/ a.生产(性)的，能产的，多产的productivity/n.生产率proficiency/n.(in)熟练，精通profile/n.利润，收益，益处v.(by，from)得利，获益;利用，有利于。

中国农业大学考博英语真题常考疑难句及解析1.Unless they succeed，theyield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes inlegumes that equip those plants to enterinto a symbiosis with nitrogen fixersare identified and isolated，and even if the transfer of those gene complexes，once they are found，becomes possible.(4)除非他们能取得成功，不然的话，绿色革命的产量收益将在很大程度上损失殆尽，即使豆科植物中使这些植物有条件进入到与固氮细菌共生关系的基因可被辨识出来和分离开来的话，且即使这些基因综合体(gene complex)，一旦被发现之后，其移植得以成为可能的话。

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难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语解释：主句比较简单，而后面跟着的由and连接的两个表示让步的条件状语从句就相对复杂，第一个从句是用一个修饰主语的定语从句that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers把主谓隔开;第二个从句则运用了插入语once they are found把主谓隔开。

意群训练：Unless they succeed，the yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in legumes that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers are identified and isolated，and even if the transfer of those gene complexes，once they are found，becomes possible.2.It is one of nature’s great ironies that the availabilityof nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’leaves are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas.(3+)下述情形真可谓是自然界的一个莫大讽刺：土壤中所能获得的氮肥量往往对植物的生长构成了一个上限，虽然植物的叶子被沐浴在一片氮气的海洋中。

Part I Listening Comprehension (30 questions, 20 points)Section A (20 questions, 10 points)Directions: In this part, you will hear short conversations between two people. After each conversation, you will hear a question about the conversation. The conversation and questions will not be repeated. After you hear a question, read the four possible answers in your testbook and choose the best answer. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and draw a line crossing the letter that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.Example: You will hear:You will read: A) 2 hoursB) 3 hoursC) 4 hoursD) 5 hours1.A) He will be in the line for a long time.B) He has had experience coming to a line and waiting for a long time.C) He will not line up and wait.D) He doesn’t mind getting up early because lines don’t bother him.2.A) She isn’t knowledgeable about where things are on campus.B) The people outside are very good to ask.C) The man should not ask the registration office.D) The registration is outside of the building.3.A) Do a better job of guessing what she is expecting.B) Go talk to the professor and find out what her expectations are.C) Keep trying to work harder.D) Complain to the dean about professor Merrington’s str ict marking.4.A) He didn’t pay for it as expected.B) He bought a Horizon.C) He paid a lot for it.D) He didn’t pay that much although you might think he had..5.A) Come to the cafeteria early to get a place.B) Start cooking instead of eating out.C) Move out of the campus housing.D) Stop complaining.6.A) She is a great outdoor type.B) It is unusual for her to go mountain climbing.C) Shania prefers mountain climbing.D) Shania doesn’t really like the outdoor.7.A) Go in a couple of weeks later.B) Come as soon as he finished his case.C) Not go and work on his assignment.D) Come as soon as he is not so far behind.8.A) Who is begging the professor for money.B) What is bothering the professor.C) Why the professor is so upset.D) Who is giving the professor trouble.9.A) She doesn’t want to play here.B) He should decide where to play.C) He should call someone else.D) She would have to be there to decide.10.A) She is late for something.B) She was bored.C) She thinks they shouldn’t wa it.D) She thinks more should be achieved.11.A) He is too busy to go.B) He is late for her assignment.C) He would like to go but is afraid she cannot play well.D) He will go as soon as the assignment is finished.12.A) She thinks there is no chance of it happening.B) She thinks it’s quite possible under the circumstancesC) She is ambivalent.D) She would rather just help nurses.13.A) The man’s hand will get cold.B) The man needs to wear gloves.C) The man should hold the skis himself.D) The man should wear thinner gloves.14.A) Marge’s proofreading costs a lot.B) It will take one day for Marge to get back.C) Marge could do it but it will mean more delay.D) Marge may or may not do it.15.A) He thinks the woman should practice more.B) He think s she hasn’t practiced enough.C) He thinks the woman is now perfect at the new program.D) He thinks she practiced a lot so it’s now paying off.16.A) Look after if she is paid.B) Call Maggie to look after the dog.C) Not look after the dog.D) Look after the dog.17.A) The location of the computer.B) The new schedule.C) How to find a new home.D) The address of the website.18.A) She can go any day, but Friday is the best time.B) She can’t go any day.C) She can only go on Friday.D) She can go any day except Friday.19.A) Go to the Reeds Hotel pool.B) Arrange for a party at Reeds Hotel.C) Remind her to get things ready quickly.D) Confirm bookings at Reeds Hotel.20.A) Bill’s email is on the internet.B) Bill’s number is listed on the internet.C) Bill’s number might be on the listing on the internet.D) Bill may have moved.Section B (10 questions, 10 points)Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the question will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage 1Questions 21 to 23 are based on the passage you’ve just heard.21. A) In ancient China.B) In ancient Egypt.C) In ancient Greece.D) In ancient Rome.22. A) In ancient Egypt only members of the royal family were allowed to useumbrellas.B) By the late 16th century the English people began to use umbrellas.C) The umbrella changed much in style in the 18th century.D) The umbrella was initially used as a sunshade.23. A) When and how the umbrella was invented.B) The making of the umbrella.C) The history of the use of the umbrella.D) The different uses of the umbrella.Passage 2Questions 24 to 27 are based on the passage you’ve just heard.24. A) Both the players and the spectators are protected.B) The players have to catch beetles in their cars.C) The ball is extremely big.D) The players have to catch the ball while driving.25. A) Dangerous.B) Exciting but dangerous.C) Protective.D) Popular.26. A) He thinks the game will be as popular as football.B) He thinks the game will be more popular than football.C) He doesn’t think the game will be more popular than football.D) He doesn’t think the game will be popular at all.27. A) Americans are only interested in new things.B) The game is popular both in America and Europe.C) Football is no longer very popular in America.D) The game can be dangerous for both the players and the spectators.Passage 3Questions 28 to 30 are based on t he passage you’ve just heard.28. A) Scientists and comets.B) The origin of comets.C) Place of comets in the solar system.D) Man’s study of comets.29. A) In 1760 B.C.B) In 1770 B.C.C) In 1780B.C.D) In 1750 B.C.30. A) The wor d ‘comet’ comes form Greek.B) People used to think that comets brought bad news as well as good news.C) Edward Halley died in 1758.D) Halley’s Comet will reappear in 2062.Part II. Vocabulary (25 questions, 25 points)Section ADirections: There 15 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B,C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter in theAnswer Sheet with a single line through the center.31. The first thing to do in seeking a position is to determine exactly what you want to do, not ______ a vagueobjective but with a definite goal.A) in any term B) in terms of C) in high terms D) in set terms32. Energy shortage, soaring inflation, rampant unemployment and threat of war have made adults Americansnervous, and that sense of pervasive worry has been ______ the nations’ youth.A)went on to D) keep up with C) passed on to D) hold on to33. The idea of trying to cheat the income tax authorities ______ his principles, he had a strong sense of civicresponsibility.A)went against B) fought against C) leaned against D) over against34. If anyone can think of a better course of action, I ______ suggestions.A) would like to B) am delighted to C) am in open D) am open to35. With technological developments, some labor-intensive industries have ______ high-tech industries.A) given up B) stepped aside C) stood along D) yielded to36. You are looking bit ______ this morning; you must have had too much alcohol last night.A)blank B) fragile C) blue D) dizzy37. As she is ______ to eggs, she cannot eat one without breaking into a rash.A) partial B) accustomed C) allergic D) relevant38. She still looks weak though her fever ______ after she took some medicine.A) educed B) caught C) got off D) came down39. Relations between the two countries began to ______ in 1965.A) deteriorate B) cease C) accelerate D) stimulate40. Economic activity has been organized on the ______ of cheap and abundant oil from the beginning of the 20thcentury until early the 21st century.A)gist B) notion C) rationale D) premise41. Owing to a/an ______ lack of lower-income housing, the municipal government is embarrassed by theimpressing housing issue.A)acute B) stressful C) demanding D) urgent42. The idea that machines could be made to fly seemed ______ two hundred years ago.A) original B) eccentric C) terrific D) splendid43. The policy ______ it necessary for the town’s safety to arrest mo st speeders.A) narrated B) elaborated C) deemed D) commended44. If you do something on _____, you do it because you suddenly want to, although you haven’t planned to.A)impulse B) pulse C) impromptu D) imminence45. If ______ numbers provide any pro of, America’s universities and colleges are the envy of the world, for theUnited States’ 3,500 institutions were flooded with 407,530 students from 193 different countries last year.A)definite B) strong C) fundamental D) sheerSection BDirections: Choose the one word or phrase that best keeps the meaning of the sentence if it is substituted for the underlined word or phrase.46. Shortage of land and funding are blamed for the city’s inadequate green space.A) complained about B) are liable for C) accused of D) are damned as47. The hostess didn’t know what to do, as she hadn’t got enough food to go round so many people.A)give service to B) cater for C) be enough for D) sate oneself with48. The government stressed that high production rate should not be achieved at the expense of work quality.A)at any expense B) at the cost of C) at any cost D) to the extension of49. The idea that we cannot leave everything to free market forces seems to gain groundA)be acknowledged B) be accepted C) stand still D) get the ground of50. It is reported that the country’s national debt amounts in aggregate to four thousand million dollars.A)as a whole B) on the whole C) total to D) sum up51. At its last meeting, the Council endorsed changes intended to modernize the building.A)modified B) approved C) signed D) donated52. The United States committed a breach of international practice.A) violation B) concession C) offence D) compromise53. From the start, the plan was doomed to failure, so all his effort was in vain.A) expected B) supposed C) condemned D) promised54. In feudal society where there existed a rigid hierarchy of power, the poor had no chance of advancementexcept that they could pass many different levels of examinations.A) criteria B) layer C) degree D) rank55. You shouldn’t have criticized her so harshly. You have hurt her ego.A) self esteem B) self image C) image D) esteem.Part III. Reading Comprehension (20 questions, 40 points)Directions: Read the following passages and answer the multiple-choice questions after each passage.Passage 1Too Many Science Ph. D.’s?Something is wrong when a lot of young scientists, after achieving Ph.D.'s. are feeling like losers.Its a given that the job market for science positions in academe is bleak. A doctorate is supposed to be a ticket to a dream job, but many Ph.D.'s aren't even landing their third or fourth choices.But with reliable statistics hard to come by, the scientific community is at odds over whether it is producing too many Ph.D.'s. Some scientists believe that doctoral programs should be practicing "birth control," cutting back the number of graduate students they admit. Most., however, say the answer lies in changing doctoral education which they say has been too focused on producing university scientists."It's really destructive to the profession to have the sense that Ph.D.'s aren't valued," says Ronald Breslow, a chemist at Columbia University and president of the American Chemical Society.Young scientists in the post-Cold War era are facing two major difficulties: many have had to work in postdoctoral or temporary research positions for four years orlonger, because they can't find jobs. Others, like Kathryn S. Jones, have found jobs but can't find financing for their research. Ms. Jones, a retrovirologist, got a non-tenure-track position as a research assistant professor at the University of Maryland at Baltimore, but is about to lose the job because she hasn't landed a major grant."I have a Ph.D.," says Ms. Jones, who earned it at the Albert Einstein College of'' Medicine, "I've given my data at international meetings. But because of the small percentage of success in this field, I walk around feeling like a failure."By the end of this month, the start-up money that Ms. Jones received three years ago, when she was hired by the university and the Veterans Administration medical Center on the campus, will be gone. She can keep her laboratory and her titles for up to a year, and could be back in business if she g ets a grant. But she’s not hopeful. In fact, she’s thinking about getting certified to teach high-school biology. “I have to wonder if I want to be the last rat leaving a sinking ship,” she says.A report published last spring, called “Reshaping the Graduate Education of Scientists and Engineers,” has sparked a national debate about doctoral education. Written by scholars and policy makers, it was sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.According to the report, the proportion of science and engineering Ph.D.'s employed by academe fell to 43 per cent in 1991. the most recent year for which statistics were available, from 5 I per cent in 1977. The 1993 unemployment rate was only 2 per cent for recent Ph.D. recipients and 1.6 per cent for all scientists and engineers, it said. Those figures seem low, but they include Ph.D.'s in temporary or post-doctoral positions."There is an oversupply of recent graduates for research positions in academic laboratories and federal and industrial labs," says Phillip A. Griffiths, director of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, N.J., and chairman of the panel that wrote the report. "Beyond that, it becomes quite a bit more murky. There certainly is an oversupply of unmet expectations."Since the job market varies by field, the report said it would be unwise to set across-the-board limits on graduate enrollment. Instead, it suggested broadening Ph.D. programs for students who aren't planning standard academic careers.Scientific societies provide a more up-to-date picture of the job-market, and it is grim. In December, the Joint Policy Board for Mathematics announced an unemployment rate of 14.7 per cent for the 1,226 Ph.D.'s awarded in the field in 1994——1995——the highest rate ever reported. An additional 4.2 percent of the Ph.D.'s were in part-time jobs, and of those employed in academe, 61 per cent were not in positions eligible for tenure.Anne C. Petersen, deputy director of the National Science Foundation, acknowledges that the N.S.F. was late in recognizing the job-market woes. “The anxiety some young people have is really obvious,” she says.Foundation officials are uncertain what exactly is happening, she says, because of gaps in the data collected on Ph.D's. But the N.S.F. is committed to improving its data collection, so that better information on where Ph.D.send up is available. In the next few years, she says, the foundation will also direct money to new models of doctoral education, other than the standard one presuming that a Ph.D. will become a professor."The Ph.D. should be construed in our society more like the law degree," she says. "A lot of people go to law school with no plans to practice law."But Mark S Wrighton, president of Washington University in St. Louis and a noted chemist, believes that the Ph.D. experience should continue to be "research-intensive." He says more federal money should be put directly into the hands of graduate students, allowing them to work on their own research ideas ——and to make themselves more remarkable —and less given to the research projects of professors who hire graduate students as research assistants.56. After achieving Ph.D's, a lot of young scientists are feeling like losers, because _______.A) they have no faith in the academeB) they can only choose from three or four positionsC) it is very difficult for them to find a desirable jobD) it is impossible for them to carry out scientific work57. As we all know, the job market for science position in academe is _______.A) tight B) challenging C) small D) exclusive58. Which of the following is true according to the article?A)A) Some scientists believe that there are too many doctoral programs.B)B) Reliable statistics suggest that there are not enough Ph.D's for science positions.C)C) Most scientists argue that doctoral education should produce more competent Ph.D's.D)D) Scholars hope that the job market will be open to more Ph.D's.59. What can we learn from the experience of Ms. Jones?A)The start-up money can last three years.B)Every Ph.D has financial problems.C)Postdoctoral position is a good choice.D)Grant, jobs, and title are interrelated.60. In order to reshape the Graduate Education of Scientists and Engineers, which of thefollowing suggestions is mentioned?A)To set limits on graduate enrollment in all fields.B)To direct money to new models of doctoral education.C)To broaden Ph. D programs for students who are to be professors.D)To hire graduate students as research assistants.Passage TwoOur Love-Hate Affair with TechnologyThe entertainment we enjoy is a measure of who we are. Two recent movies ——last summers Star Wars and November's Close Encounters of the Third Kind—suggest that Americans are both fascinated with and horrified by the technological world we have shaped.Neither movie pretends to great seriousness. Star Wars is a light confection about another galaxy and era and a young man named Luke Skywalker who, thanks to an improbable series of coincidences, is drawn into a death battle against the galaxy's wicked emperor. En route to victory, he encounters a fair princess and wins her heart, if not her hand. (This is the age of liberation.)Close Encounters of the Third Kind concerns Roy Neary, an ordinary American who has an encounter with a UFO and becomes obsessed with his search for an explanation. His mission is impeded by those who do not believe in the existence of UFOs; by those who would prefer to wish the perplexing UFOs out of existence; and by those in power who, to prevent panic, deny the existence of UFOs. Luke Skywalker and every adventurer-hero since Odysseus, Neary finds an available pretty girl to accompany him on his lonely mission. In the last frame, though, he achieves a goal more lofty than marriage ——he strides into a UFO and, the ultimate American pioneer, flies away with the strange Visitors to destinations unknown.From the popularity of Star Wars, the likely success of Close Encounters, and the increasing respectability ofthe whole genre of science fiction, it is clear that our age, more than its predecessors, needs whatever consolation or reassurance science fiction affords. If all art is to some extent escapist, one might ask what it is that we are escaping from.An answer, I think, is hidden in the films' imagery. In StarWars, Luke Skywalker ekes out a living as a "moisture farmer" (whatever that may be) in a bleak desert on the remote planet of Tatooine. Apparently, the reason he lives in such an unfruitful place rather than in galactic Palm Springs is that there is no galactic Palm Springs: Evil technology has reduced the universe to wind and sand. If the technocrats (技术专家治国论者) were not so vicious and self-serving, the land would be more fruitful. Luke's mission is to replace the Bad technocrats with the Good, which he does. In a closing ceremony disturbingly reminiscent of Nuremberg Nazi rallies, Luke is rewarded with a medal (and a wink) by the princess, who represents the new, benevolent ruling class.Similarly, in Close Encounters, the world in which Roy Neary lives is corrupted by bad technology. Director Stephen Spielberg focuses his camera critically on all the mechanical paraphernalia (器材) ——toy trains, hair dryers, TV's ——with which we surround ourselves. The way the Visitors from the other planet make their presence known is by wreaking havoc on technology; turning on toys, stereos. TVs, in the dead of night; turning off the telephones and the electricity; and bewildering the air traffic scanners. The vision that obsesses Roy Neary, though, is not one of a Thoreauvian cabin in the woods, where evil technology may never trespass, but rather one of a technologically perfect world, where all the circuits enhance man's happiness.Like Neary and Skywalke, Americans are perplexed by the failure of technology to supply us with a meaningful life or a decent environment to live in. For every wonderful achievement, technology seems to deal us an equivalent kick in the shins. Travel has become more efficient and less civilized. Television has helped to raise a generation of unprecedentedly educated six-year-olds and increasingly illiterate high school seniors. We can enjoy completely enclosed and comfortable environments hundreds of feet above the sidewalk until, as witness the NewYork City blackout last summer, someone pulls the plug and the environments become inaccessible and uninhabitable. Only the most naive believe we can escape our increasingly technological environment. Recognizing that the technologizing trend is irreversible, we fantasize, with Skywalker and Neary, about a world where all the machines work with us, rather than against us, where the computer does not obstinately mis-bill, and where jets disgorge (卸下) our luggage intact at correct destinations.Regrettably, as both these films imply, the "perfect" technocracy is one over which ordinary mortals can exercise no influence. The enormity and complexity of the system preclude nonexpert involvement. Our only options in such a world would be to replace the bad technocrats, as Skywalker does, evade them, as Neary does, or trust that in their loving-kindness they will make the machines produce what we desire. Our democratic methods of trying to control our exploding technology may be less than "perfect," but they do leave man some room in which to manage his destiny.61. What is Roy Neary's mission?A) To find a pretty girl.B) To look for an explanation about UFOs.C) To fly away to destinations unknown.D) To be a member of the world of UFOs.62. What can we learn from the increasing popularity of the whole genre of science fiction according to theauthor?A) Bad technology has caused serious problems.B) Science fiction is an art of escapism.C) We need more reassurance than our ancestors.D) Science fiction offers us more entertainment than any other art63. We can infer from the passage that the author thinks that __________.A) humans are more vicious and self-serving than any other creatureB) there does not exist a Palm Springs in the universeC) farmers can only eke out a livingD) our world has been seriously damaged by evil technology64. According to the author; every technological achievementA)has changed our living styleB)has made the environment more inhabitableC)has brought us more harm than benefitD)has enhanced people’s happiness65. What is the attitude of the author toward technology?A) Supportive.B) Negative.C) Tolerant.E)Cautious.Passage ThreeComputers BugYear 2,000 Bug Unstoppable for Some ComputersWith 500 days left until the year 2,000, experts said last week, that it may already be too late for many companies to defuse the millennium computer time bomb.According to the Gartner Group, a US high-technology consultant agency, nearly a quarter of all worldwide companies have not yet started work on plans to solve the year 2,000 problems.This means most of these organizations will effectively be unable to fix their system in time.The Gartner group, which said last year that the millennium bomb rehabilitation would cost between US$300 billion and US$ 600 billion worldwide, also said in the repot published this month that only 50 percent of companies that had projects to eliminate the bug planned to test their corrected systems.Dangerous PolicyExperts said this was a dangerous policy, because correcting computer programmes often introduced new flaws. Testing was essential.The millennium computer bomb is a legacy from shortcuts by software writers, who in the name of economy expressed years with just the final two digits rather than four.When clocks tick past midnight on December 31, 1999, many unrectified computers and chips will interpret the double zero as 1900.This will turn many computer programmes to mush. Unchecked, many public utilities, assembly lines, bank teller machines, traffic lights and lifts may shut down.Some experts say the problem has been grossly exaggerated by software companies seeking to scare customers into buying the latest, bug-free products.But Graham Titterington, consultant at London consultancy Ovum, does not share this optimistic view.“The situation is pretty critical. Most companies are doing something, but are they doing enough?” he said in an interview.Titterington also said that for the vast majority of business there was no extemal check on the effectiveness of their remedial work.Running out of TimeMitul Mehta, senior European research manager at Frost & Sullivan in London, said time was running out for many companies.Companies now could only pinpoint vital computer systems for fixing. Less crucial systems would just have to run the risk of crashing and be fixed later, Mehta said.“Some crucial areas apart from computers are not getting enough attention. I don’t think networking companies have their act together – meaning manufacturers of routers, switches and network equipment like Bay (network company) and Cisco (Systems company), these kinds of companies,” Mehta said.He sa id: “ Anybody looking at their system now is probably too late anyway.”Critical SituationIn his report, Gartner Group millennium research director, Lou Marcoccio, said that of the 15,000 companies and government agencies surveyed, 23 percent had not started millennium bomb projects. Of these, 86 percent were small companies which would not have a chance to correct their systems unless they began immediately. The Gartmer report said most Western European companies and the United States had made good progress. Germany was a notable laggard.“:Eastern Europe, Russia, India, pakistan, Southeast Asia, Japan, most of South America, most of middle east and Central Africa all lag the United States by more than 21 months.“Most of Western Europe is six mo nths behind the United States, except for Germany which is 21 months behind, and France, which is eight to 10 months behind.“The US government had the lead on all other national governments by an even wider margin than the companies in those countries. Most government agencies are significantly behind the United States.” The report。

Ⅰ.Complete each of the following sentences with the best answer. (0.5’*40)1.Until he took off his glasses __________.A. I didn’t recognize himB. I hadn’t recognized himC. didn’t I recognize himD. hadn’t I recognized him2.We can __________ that after some time our farmers will be able to __________ international competition.A. expect; fit themselvesB. presume; adjust toC. assume; adapt toD. suppose; get used to3. A good reader can tell the difference between words that sound __________, and know ____________ to usethem.A. like; why and howB. alike; why and whereC. like how and whereD. alike; when and how4.90 percent of all English writing ____________ 1,000 basic words.A. is consistedB. consist ofC. consists ofD. consisted5.____________ to develop his talent, Adam could become an excellent artist.A. AllowedB. AllowingC. Being allowedD. Have been allowed6.Don’t ever drive past a hitchhiker, ____________?A. will youB. don’t youC. do youD. can you7.As a senior professor she should have known better ____________ to get involved in such a scandal.A. and notB. but notC. thanD. than not8.His power was seriously ____________ by a succession of crises, and when he died, a bitter power struggle____________.A. weakened; was ensuedB. eroded; ensuedC. damaged; followedD. reduced; occurred9.Leonardo da Vinci ____________ caged birds in order to have the pleasure of setting them free.A. was said to buyB. is said to buyC. has said to buyD. is said to have bought10.In China, customers pay far less for a DVD than ____________ countries.A. those in manyB. in manyC. those in many otherD. in many other11.____________dull he may be, he is certainly a very successful top executive.A. AlthoughB. whateverC. AsD. However12.The party, ____________I was the guest of honour, was extremely enjoyable.A. by whichB. for whichC. to whichD. at which13.If only I ____________ play the guitar as well as you!A. wouldB. couldC. shouldD. might14.It’s high time we ____________ cutting down the rainforests.A. stoppedB. had to stopC. shall stopD. stop15.The student said there were a few points in the essay he ____________ impossible to comprehend.A. has foundB. was findingC. had foundD. would find16.Loudspeakers were fixed in the hall so that everyone____________ an opportunity to hear the speech.A. ought to haveB. must haveC. may haveD. should have17.I am surprised____________ this city is a dull place to live in.A. that you should thinkB. by what you are thinkingC. that you would thinkD. with what you were thinking18.Susan is very hardworking, but her pay is not____________ for her work.A. enough goodB. good enoughC. as good enoughD. good as enough19.It is imperative that the government ____________ more investment into the shipbuilding industry.A. attractsB. shall attractC. attractD. has tond belongs to the city; there is ____________ thing as private ownership of land.A. no such aB. not suchC. not such aD. no such21.My daughter has walked eight miles today. We never guessed that she could walk____________far.A. /B. suchC. thatD. as22.The statistics ____________ that living standards in the area have improved drastically in recent times.A. provesB. is provingC. are provingD. prove23.There are only ten apples left in the baskets, ____________ the spoilt ones.A. not countingB. not to countC. don’t countD. having not counted24.It was ____________we had hopedA. more a success thanB. a success more thanC. as much of a success asD. a success as much as25.There used to be a petrol station near the park, ____________?A. didn’t itB. doesn’t thereC. usedn’t it?D. didn’t there26.It is an offence to show ____________ against people of different races.A. distinctionB. differenceC.separationD. discrimination27.A great amount of work has gone into ____________ the Cathedral to its previous splendour.A. refreshingB. restoringC. renovatingD. renewing28.The thieves fled with the local police close on their ____________.A. backsB. necksC. toesD. heels29.The economic recession has meant that job____________ is a rare thing.A. securityB. safetyC. protectionD. secureness30.Many people nowadays save money to ____________ for their old age.A. caterB. supplyC. provideD. equip31.The tone of the article ____________ the writer’s mood at the time.A. reproducedB. reflectedC. imaginedD. imitated32.The job of a student accommodation officer____________ a great many visits to landladies.A. concernsB. offersC. asksD. involves33.Our family doctor’s clinic ____________at the junction of two busy roads.A. restsB. standsC. staysD. seats34.She was so fat that she could only just ____________ through the door.A. assembleB. appearC. squeezeD. gather35.After the heavy rain, a builder was called to repair the roof, which was ____________.A. leakingB. tricklingC. prominentD. noticeable36.The reception was attended by ____________ members of the local community.A. excellentB. conspicuousC. prominentD. noticeable37.Share prices on the Stock Exchange plunged sharply in the morning but ____________slightly in the afternoon.A. regainedB. recoveredC. restoredD. revived38.His ____________ brain has worked away on the idea of a universal cure.A. richB. quickC. productiveD. fertile39.The couple has donated a not____________ amount of money to the foundation.A. inconsiderableB. inconsiderateC. inaccurateD. incomparable40.I hear that it is estimated that the number of people ____________ less than one dollar a day has____________ one billion worldwide.A. relying on; gone up toB. living on; exceededC. depending on; reached overD. living with; surpassedⅡ.Proofreading and error correction (1’*10)The following passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word, underline it and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “︿” sign and write the missing word in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross out the unnecessary w ord with a slash “/” and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.Many artist today are in what is called applied art. They usetheir ability in advertise, interior decoration, or some similar job. 41. ________ But people in business which hire the artists for that kind of wok 42. ________say that simple artist ability is not enough. There are lots of young 43. ________people who have that. But not enough of them who know anything 44. ________about physics, or mechanical things, or math.To be a druggist you have to study chemistry. You can’t learnchemistry without knowing something about algebra.How about a nurse? One of the requiring subjects in a course of 45. ________nursing is known to “materia medica”. In “materia medica” you’ll46. ________learn how to figure out doses and prepare for medicines. Algebra is 47. ________important in doing the figuring. Too many student nurses flunk outof the course because of their weak math.It’s the same for many trades. If you want to be a crafts-man, 48. ________a machinist, a molder, and a patternmaker, you’ll need algebra and49. ________geometry and even trigonometry.Even you want to go into business for yourself, you’ll need50. _______math. Business today, whether it is running a little gas station or abig factory, takes good management. Good management takes mathematics.Ⅲ.Reading comprehension (2*20)Text AAmerica’s most relentless examiner, the Educational Testing Service, has developed computer software, known as E-Rater, to evaluate essays on the Graduate Management Admission Test. Administered to 200,000 business school applicants each year, the GMAT includes two 30-minute essays that test takers type straight into a computer. In the past, those essays were graded on a six-point scale by two readers. This month, the computer will replace one of the readers with the proviso that a second reader will be consulted if the computer and human-reader scores differ by more then a point.It’s one thing for a machine to determine whether a bubble has been correctly filled in, but can it read outside the lines, so to speak? Well, yes and no. E-Rater “learns” what constitutes good and bad answers from a sample of pregraded essays. Using that information, it breaks the essay down to its syntax, organization and contents. The software checks basics like subject-verb agreement and recognizes phrases and sentence structures that are likely to be found in high-scoring essays.Of course, the machine cannot “get” a clever turn of phrase or an unusual analogy. “If I’m unique, I might not fall under the scoring instructions,” concedes Frede ric McHale, a vice president at the GMAT Council. One the other hand, E-Rater is mercilessly objective and never tired halfway through a stack of essays. The upshot: a pretrial tests, E-Rater and a human reader were just as likely to agree as were two read ers. “It’s not intended to judge a person’s creativity,” says Darrel Laham, co-developer of the Intelligent Essay Assessor, a computer-grading system similar to E-Rater. “It’s to give students a chance to construct a response instead of just pointing at a bubble.”That won’t reassure traditionalists, who argue that writing simply can’t be reduced to rigid adjective plussubject plus verb formulations. “Writing is a human act, with aesthetic dimensions that computers can only begin to understand,” says David Schaafsman, a professor of English education at Teachers Colleges of Columbia University. The Kaplan course, a leader in test prep, has taken a more pragmatic approach: it has issued a list of strategies for “the age of the computerized essay.” One of its tips: use transitional phrases like “therefore”, and the computers just might think you’re Dickens.51.E-Rater is described as __________.A. a substitute for GMATB.America’s most relentless examinerC. a machine to grade bubble-filling papersD. a computer-grading system52.In paragraph two, the expression “read outside the lines” refers to the ability to __________.A.understand student essaysB.report scoresC.recognize a wrong bubbleD.judge a person’s creativity53.Frederic McHale implies that if the test taker is unique, he would __________.A.get a top gradeB.get an average gradeC.be at an advantageD.be at a disadvantage54.It seems that Professor Schaafsman agrees with __________.A. traditionalistsB. Darrell LahamC. supporters of E-RaterD. the Kplan course designers55.What is the implied meaning of “the computer just might think you’re Dickens”?A.It thinks you are great at tests.B.It thinks you are doing great.C.It thinks your essay is with great wording.D.It thinks your essay is written by Dickens himself.Text BAt some time in your life you may have a strong desire to do something strange or terrible. However, chances are that you don’t act on your impulse, but let it pass instead. You know that to commit the action is wrong in some way and that other people will not accept your behavior.Perhaps the most interesting thing about the phenomenon of taboo behavior is how it can change over the years within the same society, how certain behavior and attitudes once considered taboo can become perfectly acceptable and natural at another point in time. Topics such as death, for example, were once considered so upsetting and unpleasant that it was a taboo to even talk about them. Now with the publication of important books such as On Death and Dying and Learning to Say Goodbye, people have become more aware of the importance of expressing feelings about death and, as a result, are more willing to talk about this taboo subject.One of the newest taboos in American society is the topic of fat. Unlike many other taboos, fat is topic that Americans talk about constantly. It’s not taboo to talk about fat; it’s taboo to be fat. The “in” look is thin, not fat. In the work world, most companies prefer youthful-looking, trim executives to sell their image as well as their products to the public. The thin look is associated with youth, vigor, and success. The fat person, on the other hand, is thought of as lazy and lacking in energy, self-discipline, and self-respect. In an image-conscious society like theU.S., thin is “in”, fat is “out”.It’s not surprising, then, that millions of Americans have become obsessed with staying slim and “in shape”. The pursuit of a youthful physical appearance is not, however, the sole reason for America’s fascination with diet and exercise. Recent research has shown the critical importance of diet and exercise for personal health. As in most technologically developed nations, the life-style of North Americans has changed dramatically during the course of the last century. Modern machines do all the physical labor that people were once forced to do by hand. Cars and buses transport us quickly from point to point. As a result of inactivity and disuse, people’s bodies can easily become weak and vulnerable to disease. In an effort to avoid such a fate, millions of Americans are spending more of their time exercising.56. From the passage we can infer taboo is__.A. a strong desire to do something strange or terrible.B. a crime committed on impulse.C. behavior considered unacceptable in society’s eyes.D. an unfavorable impression left on other people.57. Based on the ideas presented in the passage we can conclude “being fat” __ in American society.A. will always remain a taboo.B. is not considered a taboo by most people.C. has long been a taboo.D. may no longer be a taboo some day.58. The topic of fat is __ many other taboo subjects.A. the same asB. different fromC. more popular thanD. less often talked about than.59. Apart from this new understanding of the correlation between health and exercise, the main reason the passage gives for why so many Americans are exercising regularly is__.A. their changed life-style.B. their eagerness to stay thin and youthful.C. their appreciation of the importance of exercise.D. the encouragement they have received from their companies.Text CA 1990 United Nations survey revealed that the more highly developed countries spend an average of 2to 3 percent of their annual budgets on crime control, while developing countries spend even more, an average of 9 to 14 percent. Increasing the size of the police force and providing it with better equipment takes priority in some localities. But results are mixed. Some Hungarian citizens complain: “There are never enough policemen to catch the criminals but always enough to catc h traffic violators.”Many governments have recently found it necessary to pass tougher crime laws. For example, since “kidnapping is on the rise across Latin America,” says Time magazine, the governments there have responded with laws that are “at once vigorous and ineffectual… Passing laws is one thing,” it admits, “applying them another.”It is estimated that in Britain more than 100,000 neighborhood watch schemes, covering at least four million homes, existed in 1992. Similar programs were implemented in Australia in the mid-1980s. Their aim, says the Australian Institute of Criminology, is to reduce crime “by improving citizens’ awareness about public safety, by improving residents’ attitudes and behavior in reporting crime and suspicious events in the neighborhood and byreducing vulnerability to crime with the help of property identification and installation of effective security devices.”Closed-circuit television is used in some places to link police stations with commercial premises. Video cameras are used by police, banks, and stores as a crime deterrent or as a tool for identifying lawbreakers.In Nigeria the police have checkpoints on highways in efforts to apprehend robbers and carjackers. The government has set up a task force on trade malpractices to combat fraud. Police-community relations committees made up of community leaders inform the police of criminal activity and people of questionable character.Visitors to the Philippines note that homes are generally not left unattended and that many people have watchdogs. Businessmen employ private security guards to protect their businesses. Anti-theft devices for cars sell well. People who can afford to do so withdraw to tightly secured subdivisions or condominiums.The London newspaper the indep endent commented: “As confidence in the rule of law falls, citizens are organizing the defense of their own communities in increasing numbers.” And more and more people are arming themselves. In the United States, for example, it is estimated that every second household owns at least one gun. Governments are constantly developing new methods of combating crime. But V. Vsevolodov, of the Academy of Home Affairs in Ukraine, points out that according to UN sources, so many gifted people are finding “unique me thods of carrying on criminal activity” that “the training of law enforcement personnel” cannot keep up. Clever criminals funnel huge sums of money back into businesses and social services, merging with society and “gaining for themselves high positions in society.”60. What is the main reason for citizens to take in hand the defense of themselves?A.there are not enough policemenB.they do not trust the rule of lawC.the police force is inefficientD.security devices do not work61. A neighborhood watch scheme will probably do all the following EXCEPT ___________A. helping to install anti-theft devicesB. raising citizens’ consciousness of community safetyC. helping citizens to claim a lost propertyD. encouraging citizens to report suspicious events62. According to the author, the outlook for ending crime is _______________A.rosyB.unclearC.hard to describeD.bleak63. According to the Time Magazine, the measures taken by governments in Latin America _____________.A. will have much effect at onceB. focuses on increasing the size of the police forceC. are intended to catch more traffic violatorsD. are seemingly strong but will have little effectText DIt has been known for many decades that the appearance of sunspots is roughly periodic, with an average cycle of eleven years. Moreover, the incidence of solar flares and the flux of solar cosmic rays, ultraviolet radiation, and X-radiation all vary directly with the sunspot cycle. But after more than a century of investigation,the relation of these and other phenomena, known collectively as the solar-activity cycle, to terrestrial weather and climate remains unclear. For example, the sunspot cycle and the allied magnetic-polarity cycle have been linked to periodicities discerned in records of such variables as rainfall, temperature, and winds. Invariably, however, the relation is weak, and commonly of dubious statistical significance.Effects of solar variability over longer terms have also been sought. The absence of recorded sunspot activity in the notes kept by European observers in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries has led some scholars to postulate a brief cessation of sunspot activity at that time (a period called the Maunder minimum). The Maunder minimum has been linked to a span of unusual cold in Europe extending from the sixteenth to the early nineteenth centuries. The reality of the Maunder minimum has yet to be established, however, especially since the records that Chinese naked-eye observers of solar activity made at that time appear to contradict it. Scientists have also sought evidence of long-term solar periodicities by examining indirect climatological data, such as fossil records of the thickness of ancient tree rings. These studies, however, failed to link unequivocally terrestrial climate and the solar-activity cycle, or even to confirm the cycle’s past existence.If consistent and reliable geological or archaeological evidence tracing the solar-activity cycle in the distant past could be found, it might also resolve an important issue in solar physics: how to model solar activity. Currently, there are two models of solar activity. The first supposes that the Sun’s internal motions (caused by rotation and convection) interact with its large-scale magnetic field to produce a dynamo, a device in which mechanical energy is converted into the energy of a magnetic field. In short, the Sun’s large-scale magnetic field is taken to be self-sustaining, so that the solar-activity cycle it drives would be maintained with little overall change for perhaps billions of years. The alternative explanation supposes that the Sun’s large-scale magnetic field is a remnant of the field the Sun acquired when it formed, and is not sustained against decay. In this model, the solar mechanism dependent on t he Sun’s magnetic field runs down more quickly. Thus, the characteristics of the solar-activity cycle could be expected to change over a long period of time. Modern solar observations span too short a time to reveal whether present cyclical solar activity is a long-lived feature of the Sun, or merely a transient phenomenon.64. The author focuses primarily on ______________ .A.two competing scientific models concerning the sun’s magnetic fieldB.an overview of some recent scientific developments in solar physicsC.the reasons why a problem in solar physics has not yet been solvedD.the difficulties involved in linking terrestrial climate with solar activity65. According to the passage, for which of the following reasons are the late seventeenth and early eighteenth-century Chinese records important?A.They contradict the theory of the Maunder minimumB.They suggest that the Maunder minimum cannot be related to climateC.They verify the existence of a span of unusual cold worldwide during the Maunder minimumD.They show that the European observations are of dubious statistical significance66. On which of the following assumptions is based the belief that tree-ring thicknesses show links between solar periodicity and terrestrial climate?A.Solar-activity cycle existed in its present form during the period in questionB.Average tree-ring thickness varies from species to speciesC.Tree-ring thickness varies with changes in terrestrial climateD.Both terrestrial climate and solar-activity cycle randomly affect tree-ring thicknessText EThe first time I saw Stephen Leacock at close quarters he came swinging into a classroom in Moyse Hall, the serenely ugly old Arts Building of McGill University in Montreal. The room was packed with undergraduates like me who had come with huge curiosity to listen to their first lecture on political science by a man whose humorous writing had rocked the English-speaking world with laughter, but who was a campus character for very different reasons.Leacock enjoyed a reputation for eccentricity and for an impish individualism that expressed itself in blunt speech on every subject. Naturally we looked him carefully.What we saw was a shock of graying hair crowning a rugged face that wore a friendly smile, emphasized by crinkles of mirth about the ey es. I remember thinking, “He could use a haircut.” His necktie had slipped its moorings, and his tweedy suit looked slept-in. Across his vest his watch chain had come apart in the middle and had been put together with a safety pin. The effect was of a man who gave no thought to his appearance. But his manner was far too buoyant to suggest the absent-minded professor.His apparel was topped by one of those loose, black gowns professors wore in those days. Leacock’s had been acquired about the time he received his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1903. Even though the garment was showing signs of wear in 1914, it was still one of the essential properties of his play-acting. At least a dozen times during every lecture it would slip off his shoulders and seize him by the crook of his elbows. Without pause in the flow of talk and motion——he was a walking lecturer——a great shrug of the shoulders would hoist the gown part way into place.Leacock was tremendously proud of his Chicago Ph. D., but it was inescapably in character that he must spoof it. “The meaning of this degree,” he quipped in a lecture, “is that the recipient has been examined for the last time in his life and pronounced full. After this, no new ideas can be imparted to him.” In similar vein, after returning from a holiday abroad he told his class, “I was sitting quietly in my cabin when a steward knocked and, after making sure I am called Doctor, asked if I would come and look at the stewardess’s knee. I was off like a shot, but another fello w got there ahead of me. He was a Doctor of Divinity.”What came through to me, even in the first lecture, was Leacock’s warmth and humanness. I knew I was listening to a man who loved young people and was determined to give them as much wisdom as he could. His teaching methods were unconventional. He couldn’t resist the temptation to explore bypaths. In discussing the days of Queen Victoria, he mentioned Disraeli, and this set him off to talk about the man rather than the Prime Minister——his way of living, his quick mind, his dilettantism, his great love affair with his wife. The digression lifted the great statesman into a framework of his own and, when Leacock returned to the main line of his subject, the listener understood, in a way no textbook could inform him, how such a man could bring off the coup which gave Britain control of the Suez Canal and made the Empire impregnable for decades to come.67. Stephen Leacock could be described as all the following EXCEPT _____________.A.careless about his appearanceB.witty and eloquentC.an inspiring professorD.an absent-minded person68. Leacock’s account of being summoned to look at a stewardess’s knee _________________.A.tells us that he was always ready to help othersB.indicates that he was an incompetent doctorC.reveals that he was very proud of his degreeD.shows that he could playful sometimes69. Speaking of Disraeli, a conventional professor would probably have ______________.A.focused on his accomplishments as a statesmanB.talked about his family lifeC.explored the little-known aspects of the personD.looked at him from a fresh perspective70. Which of the following statements about Disraeli is NOT true?A. Disraeli once served as Prime Minister in the days of Queen Victoria.B. Disraeli was the biggest shareholder of the Suez Canal CompanyC. Disraeli contributed to making the British Empire the most powerful countryD. Disraeli was instrumental in Britain’s successful control of the Suez CanalⅣ.Translation (15’)Chinese-to- English translation. (8’)澳门在地理位置上靠近港、台地区及东南亚各国。

中国农业科学院考博英语真题2007答案解析PartⅠVocabularySection A1.C 译文：经过数百年的自我实施专制后，中国已经在国际事务上占有一席之地，并进入了现代历史的浪潮。

解析：cooperation合作；monopoly垄断；dictatorship专政，专制；seclusion隐居。

2.C 译文：满族人已经和保证双方地位的贵族阶层形成了联盟。

贵族人与普通平民区分开来，并且他们被给予政府部门中的专有职位特权。

解析：inclusive包含的；special 专用的，专门的；exclusive独有的，专有的；especial 特别的，尤其的。

3.C 译文：理论科学是在物质环境中产生的，而应用则是思想的强力驱动力。

照这样看，他便是一位伟大的思想传播者。

解析：encouragement 鼓舞；spur鼓舞，刺激；drive驱动，常用表达a drive to sth；driving force驱动力，推动力，常用表达driving force for sth。

4.C 译文：他们用来建立维护追随者的方法与完成这样的活动的展望也成为了现今中国政治行为的重要来源。

解析：precedents 引用单元；pioneer 先锋；source来源；resource资源。

5.B 译文：在他身上，有一个交汇点，一个斗争的典型代表，因而他是一个真正的历史人物。

解析：representation表现；representative代表，典型；symbol象征，标志；sign符合，记号。

6.B 译文：社会稳定源于各种力量的微妙平衡。

在这种连续的平衡中，可变因素已经得到了暂时的平衡。

改变一个因素便会发生一系列改变和调整。

解析：saturation饱和；continuum连续体；continuation继续；melting point熔点。

a continuum of 连续的。

7.B 译文：成功人士如何处理一种新文化取决于很多因素，如一个人的原始教育和即将修正的具体行为解析：固定搭配，be contingent on 取决于，依赖于。

中国农业大学考博英语阅读理解真题解析Directions：You are going to read a list of headings and a text about whatparents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood.Choose a heading from the list A——G that best fits the meaning ofeach numbered part of the text(41——45)。

The first and lastparagraphs of the text are not numbered.There are two extra headingsthat you do not need to use.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)A.Set a Good Example for Your KidsB.Build Your Kid's Work SkillsC.Place Time Limits on Leisure ActivitiesD.Talk about the Future on a Regular BasisE.Help Kids Develop Coping StrategiesF.Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They AreG.Build Your Kids Sense of ResponsibilityHow Can a Parent Help?（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in earlyadulthood for their kids.Even if a job's starting salary seems toosmall to satisfy an emerging adult's need for rapid content，thetransition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-upadult is ready for the move.Here are a few measures，drawn from mybook Ready or Not，Here Life Comes，that parents can take to preventwhat I call“work-life unread ness”。

四川大学2012考博英语真题及答案详解阅读1）Sign has become a scientific hot button. Only in the past 20 years have specialists in language study realized that signed languages are unique—a speech of the hand. They offer a new way to probe how the brain generates and understands language, and throw new light on an old scientific controversy: whether language, complete with grammar, is something that we are born With, or whether it is a learned behavior. The current interest in sign language has roots in the pioneering wor k of one rebel teacher at Gallaudet University in Washington, D. C., the world’s only liberal arts university for deaf people.When Bill Stokoe went to Gallaudet to teach English, the school enrolled him in a course in signing. But Stokoe noticed something odd: among themselves, students signed differently from his classroom teacher.Stokoe had been taught a sort of gestural code, each movement of the hands representing a word in English. At the time, American Sign Language (ASL) was thought to be no more than a form of pidgin English (混杂英语). But Stokoe believed the “hand talk” his students used looked richer. He wondered: Might deaf people actually: have a genuine language? And could that language be unlike any other on Earth? It was 1955, when even deaf people dismissed their signing as “substandard”. Stokoe’s idea was academic heresy (异端邪说).It is 37 years later. Stokoe—now devoting his time to writing and editing books and journals and to producing video materials on ASL and the deaf culture—is having lunch at a cafe near the Gallaudet campus and explaining how he started a revolution. For decades educators fought his idea that signed languages are natural languages like English, French and Japanese. They assumed language must be based on speech, the modulation (调节) of sound. But sign language is based on the movement of hands, the modulation of space. “What I said,” Stokoe explains, “is that language is not mouth stuff—it’s brain stuff.”21. The study of sign language is thought to be _____C___.A) a new way to look at the learning of languageB) a challenge to traditional, views on the nature of languageC) an approach: to simplifying the grammatical structure of a languageD) an attempt to clarify misunderstanding about the origin of language（C）22. The, present growing interest in sign language was stimulated by ___C_____.A) a famous scholar in the study of the human brainB) a leading specialist in the study of liberal artsC) an English teacher in a university for the deafD) some senior experts in American Sign Language（C）23. According to Stokoe, sign language is _____B___.A) a Substandard languageB) a genuine languageC) an artificial languageD) an international language（B）24. Most educators objected to Stokoe’s idea because they thought _____D___.A) sign language was not extensively used even by deaf peopleB) sign language was too artificial to be widely acceptedC) a language should be easy to use and understandD) a language could only exist in the form of speech sounds（D）25. Stokoe’s argume nt is based on his belief that ____D____.A) sign language is as efficient as any other languageB) sign language is derived from natural languageC) language is a system of meaningful codesD) language is a product of the brain（D）2）It was the worst tragedy in maritime history, six times more deadly than the Titanic. When the German cruise ship Wilhelm Gustloff was hit by torpedoes fired from a Russian submarine in the final winter of World War II, more than 10,000 people-mostly women, children and old people fleeing the final Red Army push into Nazi Germany-were packed aboard. An ice storm had turned the decks into frozen sheets that sent hundreds of families sliding into the sea as the ship tilted and began to go down. Others desperately tried to put lifeboats down. Some who succeeded fought off those in the water who had the strength to try to claw their way aboard. Most people froze immediately. I’ll never forget the screams,” says Christa Ntitzmann, 87, one of the 1,200 survivors. She recalls watching the ship, brightly lit, slipping into its dark grave-and into seeming nothingness, rarely mentioned for more than half a century.Now Germany’s Nobel Prize-winning author Gtinter Grass has revived the memory of the 9,000 dead, including more than 4,000 children-with his latest novel Crab Walk, published last month. The book, which will be out in English next year, doesn’t dwell on the sinking; its heroine is a pregnant young woman who survives the catastrophe only to say later: “Nobody wanted to hear about it, not here in the West (of Germany) and not at all in the East.” The reason was obvious. As Grass put it in a recent interview with the weekly Die Woche: “Because the crimes we Germans are responsible for were and are so dominant, we didn’t have the ener gy left to tell of our own sufferings.”The long silence about the sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff was probably unavoidable-and necessary. By unreservedly owning up to their country’s monstrous crimes in the Second World War, Germans have managed to win ac ceptance abroad, marginalize the neo-Nazis at home and make peace with their neighbors. Today’s unified Germany is more prosperous and stable than at any time in its long, troubled history. For that, a half century of willful forgetting about painful memories like the German Titanic was perhaps a reasonable price to pay. But even the most politically correct Germans believe that they’ ye now earned the right to discuss the full historical record. Not to equate German suffering with that of its victims, but simply to acknowledge a terrible tragedy.31. Why does the author say the sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff was the worst tragedy in maritime history? （B）A) It was attacked by Russian torpedoes.B) It caused the largest number of casualties.C) Most of its passengers were frozen to death.D) Its victims were mostly women and children.32. Hundreds of families dropped into the sea when ___（A）_____.A) the badly damaged ship leaned toward one sideB) a strong ice storm tilted the shipC) the cruise ship sank all of a suddenD) the frightened passengers fought desperately for lifeboats33. The Wilhelm Gustloff tragedy was little talked about for more than half a century because Germans _____（D）___.A) were eager to win international acceptanceB) had been pressured to keep silent about itC) were afraid of offending their neighborsD) felt guilty for their crimes in World War II34. How does Gunter Grass revive the memory of the Wilhelm Gustloff tragedy? （D）A) By describing the ship’s sinking in great detail.B) By giving an interview to the weekly Die Woche.C) By presenting the horrible scene of the torpedo attack.D) By depicting the survival of a young pregnant woman.35. It can be learned from the passage that Germans no longer think that ____（C）____.A) the Wilhelm Gustloff tragedy is a reasonable price to pay for the nation’s past misdeedsB) Germany is responsible for the horrible crimes it committed in World War IIC) they will be misunderstood if they talk about the Wilhelm Gustloff tragedyD) it-is wrong to equate their sufferings with those of other countries）There are people in Italy who can’t stand soccer. Not all Canadians love hockey. A similar situation exists in America, where there are those individuals you may be one of them who yawn or even frown when somebody mentions baseball. 『Baseball to them means boring hours watching grown men in funny tight outfits standing around in a field staring away while very little of anything happens.』①They tell you it’s a game better suited to the 19th century, slow, quiet, gentlemanly. These are the same people you may be one of them who love football because there’s the sport that glorifies “the hit”.By contrast, baseball seems abstract, cool, silent, still.On TV the game is fractured into a dozen perspectives, replays, close ups. The geometry of the game, however, is essential to understanding it. You will contemplate the game from one point as a painter does his subject; you may, of course, project yourself into the game. It is in this projection that the game affords so much space and time for involvement. The TV won’t do it for you.Take, for example, the third baseman. You sit behind the third base dugout and you watch him watching home plate. His legs are apart, knees flexed. His arms hang loose. He does a lot of this. The skeptic still cannot think of any other sports so still, so passive. 『But watch what happens every time the pitcher throws: the third baseman goes up on his toes, flexes his arms or bring the glove to a point in front of him, takes a step right or left, backward or forward, perhaps he glances across the field to check his first baseman’s position.』②Suppose the pitch is a ball. “Nothing happened,” you say. “I could have had my eyes closed.”The skeptic and the innocent must play the game. And this involvement in the stands is no more intellectual than listening to music is. Watch the third baseman. Smooth the dirt in front of you with one foot; smooth the pocket in your glove; watch the eyes of the batter, the speed of the bat, the sound of horsehide on wood. If football is a symphony of movement and theatre, baseball is chamber music, a spacious interlocking of notes, chores and responses.1. The passage is mainly concerned with .A. the different tastes of people for sportsB. the different characteristics of sportsC. the attraction of footballD. the attraction of baseball2. Those who don’t like baseball may complain that .A. it is only to the taste of the oldB. it involves fewer players than footballC. it is not exciting enoughD. it is pretentious and looks funny3. The author admits that .A. baseball is too peaceful for the youngB. baseball may seem boring when watched on TVC. football is more attracting than baseballD. baseball is more interesting than football4. By stating “I could have had my eyes closed. ” the author means (4th paragraph last sentence):A. The third baseman would rather sleep than play the game.B. Even if the third baseman closed his eyes a moment ago, it could make no different to the result.C. The third baseman is so good at baseball that he could finish the game with eyes closed all the time and do his work well.D. The consequent was too bad he could not bear to see it.5. We can safely conclude that the author .A. likes footballB. hates footballC. hates baseballD. likes baseballVocabulary1. dugout n. 棒球场边供球员休息的地方2. pitcher n. 投手3. symphony n. 交响乐4. chamber n. 室内5. contemplate vt.沉思，注视长难句解析①【解析】此句的主干是“Baseball…means…watching…”，其中“in funny tight outfits”用来修饰“grown men”,“standing…”和“staring”用来做“grown men”的定语。