Verbal and non-verbal communication around the world

U3 Verbal And Non-verbalCommunicationBody Language And Other Cultures肢体语言与其他的文化就美国文化而言，肢体语言是极具吸引力的。

（肢体语言已经足够吸引人了）但当研究了其他的文化后，我叹为观止。

（但如果与世界其他文化相比较，肢体语言就更令人惊叹了。

）一些肢体语言是全球通用的，意义相同。

但也不乏意义不同的例子，意义天差地别。

（另一些则在不同国家不同地区有着截然不同的意义）在既定的文化背景中，了解接受与不接受之间的差距（什么是可以接受的，什么是不被接受的）不仅仅很有趣，而且在经济全球化的今天，文化以不同方式相互交错，（文化以不同方式相互影响）这一需求更为重要。

无论你是周游各国的旅行者还是参与跨国贸易的商人，或者你仅仅是一个每天与不同人打交道的人，耗时费力去学习肢体语言与其他文化都是值得的。

全球性的相似与不同在不同文化的肢体语言存在着大量的相同性（大有相同），尽管有些文化受距离阻隔甚至毫无交流。

这怎么可能呢？分布在地球相对位置的两个文化怎么可能有相同意义的肢体语言呢？大部分研究者认可的一种答案是：这是基于人类与生俱来的特点。

换句话说，人类与生俱来就具备一些跨文化的肢体语言。

（一些肢体语言是人类与生俱来的，而且为全球所通用。

）这些通用的肢体语言有哪些呢？简而言之就是面部表情。

研究表明几乎全世界的人对微笑以及面部表情（生气、惊讶、惊恐、开心、伤心、恶心等等）都有相同理解。

但也不乏一些细微区别，例如我们很难从日本人的面部表情中分辨惊喜与惊恐。

但差别都在少数而且与不那么重要。

事实上，面部表情的相似性是如此的普遍，以至于在新几内亚与伊里安查亚研究隔绝文化的研究者发现这些部落的人们理解认识面部表情的方式与世界上其他地方的人别无两样。

这一发现非常重要，因为被研究的部落们都是与外界世界隔绝了很久的。

虽然它们是被完全隔绝的，仅仅生活在自己的领土与文化范围内，但他们对微笑、生气、伤心等等面部表情的认知与我们都是一样的。

Verbal Vs. Nonverbal CommunicationBy Heather M. Moss, eHow ContributorCommunication occurs when you transmit information to another person. Successful communication occurs when the recipient of the message actually understands what you are trying to tell him and then provides feedback letting you know that he understands the message. We are constantly communicating with each other, both with words and without. Because communication goes beyond the words we say, we often experience problems in our attempts to communicate effectively with others.Other People Are ReadingDifference Between Verbal & Nonverbal CommunicationWhat Are the Differences Between Verbal & Non-Verbal Communication?1.oVerbal CommunicationVerbal communication consists of the spoken, as well as the written word. You can effectively express your message by using denotation, the dictionary meaning of a word, and connotation, the feelings associated with a word. Choosing exactly the right word increases the chances of your listener understanding the message you want to send. A common cause of misunderstanding during verbal communication is that our language constantly changes. New words are created and meanings of established words change with the generations and developments in technology.Non-Verbal CommunicationoNon-verbal communication can complement or contradict the spoken message. The tone and inflection of the speaker's voice can emphasize the point, show conflict between what is spoken and what is meant, and reinforce the emotion of the message. Body language, such as eye contact and posture, can show interest or disinterest, welcome or warn, and reveal your level of confidence. Your appearance also communicates a message to listeners. If your attire or accessories are loud and distracting, they may take away from the effectiveness of your message. Likewise, dressing appropriately and neatly adds to your credibility as a speaker.Sponsored Linkso China Salary SurveyAre You Being Paid Enough? Download IMA's First China Salary Survey. /ChinaSurveyCombining Verbal and Non-Verbal CuesoA combination of verbal and non-verbal cues is a good strategy for effectively communicating your message. Smiling, laughing, and using a friendly tone of voice while saying, "That is so funny," lets your listener know that you really do think the situation is funny. However, making the same statement while using an unfriendly tone of voice accompanied by no smile, clearly lets your listener know that you do not, in fact, find the situation humorous. Pointing a finger in the direction you are describing is also an example of combining the verbal with the non-verbal for successful communication.MiscommunicationoLanguage barriers often lead to miscommunication. This does not only apply to foreign languages, but to familiar words with different meanings and differentiating dialects. For example, you order a soda in one area of the country and a pop in another. If you ask someone from England to show you to the elevator, he may not understand you; however, if you ask him to show you to the lift, he will surely be accommodating. Though there is potential for miscommunication through the spoken word, a friendly gesture is almost always welcome when paving the way for communication to occur.Tips for Successful CommunicationoBe prepared. Know your audience. Choose your words carefully. Adjust your body language and appearance to suit your audience. Look for feedback that your audience understands your message.Sponsored LinksPR Consulting ServicesLeading Global Consulting Firm Ranked #1 APAC Financial PR Advisor China GirlsChinese Girls Seek Dating & Love. Find Love Today. Join Free! Peter Berry ConsultancySpecialists in Leadership, BusinessPlanning, People and Culture. .auFree Video Call APIMake your own Group Video Chat, SMS Text, VoIP & calling app for mobile Related Searches    Verbal Communication Non Verbal Languages People VS Communication Skills Effective Communication。

Unit 3 Verbaland Non-verbal CommunicationUnit overviewBoth Units 1 and 2 mention a key word “communication”.As Thomas Payne points out in Text B of Unit 2, most of us, linguists or non-linguists, have the common-sense notion that “the main purpose of human language is communication”. Thus to develop a deeper understanding of the nature and function of language, we need to take a close at human communication. This unit examines this topic from a cross-cultural perspective, illustrating the similarities and differences in verbal and non-verbal communication between different cultures, which lays a foundation for further exploration into the interface between language and culture in the following units.Text APeople in different communities demonstrate different perceptions and rules of both verbal and non-verbal communication. The way they interact is culturally relative in almost every aspect, including when to talk, what to say, pacing and pausing, listenership, intonation and prosody, formulaicity, indirectness, and coherence and cohesion.Text BSome non-verbal behaviors are practically universal and have the same meaning wherever you are ., smiling and facial expressions of anger, surprise, fear, sadness, and so on). But for cultural and historical reasons, there have also developed great differences and variations in such aspects as eye contact, touch, gestures, and territorial space, etc. Without an awareness of respect and accommodation for people from a different background, these differences are likely to cause misunderstandings in cross-cultural communication.The two texts supplement each other in that Text A illustrates cross-cultural differences in both verbal and non-verbal communication while Text B focuses on non-verbal behaviors and addressesbothdifferences and similarities.Teaching objectivesThis unit is designed to help students develop their reading skills, communicative competence, critical thinking, intercultural reflection and abilities of autonomous learning in the following aspects.Reading skills:Use context to understand a new wordIdentify cohesive devicesPredict the content of an upcoming sentence/paragraphCommunicative competence:Develop a coherent and cohesive oral/written discourseUse topic sentences, supporting sentences and concluding sentences in presentations/essaysCommunicate constructively in team workCritical thinking:Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of personal experience as evidence in argumentationOrganize the arguments using an outlineNote and reflect on the differences between academic writing and everyday writingIntercultural reflectionIdentify similarities and differences in non-verbal communication across culturesBe aware of multiple levels of differences on which cross-cultural communication can falterInterpret communication behaviors from cultural and historical perspectivesTeaching strategiesNon-verbal communication and cross-cultural communication are both interesting topics in linguistics. The teacher can introduce the two texts by quoting anecdotes or relating to students’own experiences(question 5 in Preparatory work, p. 59). For students who lack experience of cross-cultural communication, the topic can be led in by discussions about inter-subcultural communication.Text A is a research articlefrom an academic journaland its structure and writing style are quite clear. It is recommended to draw students’ attention to the author’s logic ., ways of arguing) and use of evidence in class. If well-planned, all the questions in Preparatory Work and Critical reading can be dealt with in some detail in class. The teacher can follow all the questions in Understanding the text to check students’ comprehension of the text, while the tasks in Evaluation and exploration can be divided and assigned to groups. For example, in Making an outline (p. 62), the teacher can divide the students into three groups, each responsible for one topic.For classical works in intercultural communication, please refer to:Hall, Edward T. (1955). The Anthropology of American,192: 85-89. Hall, Edward T. (1959). The Silent Language. New York: Doubleday.For more updated information, please find the following journals:Cross-Cultural Communication published by Canadian Academy ofOriental and Occidental Culture (CAOOC)Across Languages and Cultures published by AkadémiaiKiadóLanguage and Intercultural Communication published byRoutledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd.Preparatory work(1)Academic interests: gender and language, interactionalsociolinguistics, conversational interaction, cross-cultural communication, frames theory, conversational vs. literary discourse, and new media discourse.Main publications:You Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in Conversation. New York: Morrow, 1990.That's Not What I Meant!: How Conversational Style Makes or Breaks Relationships. NY: William Morrow, 1986.Gender and Discourse. NY & Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.Note: Outside the academic world Deborah Tannen is best known as the author of a number of books on the New York Times best seller and she is also a frequent guest on television and radio news and information shows.(2)Edward Sapir (1884–1939): an American anthropologist who is widely regarded as one of the most important figures in the early development of modern linguistics. His main interests are in the ways in which language and culture influence each other, the relation between linguistic differences, and differences in cultural world views. His most important contribution is what is known as the principle of linguistic relativity or the "Sapir-Whorf" hypothesis.John Joseph Gumperz(1922 –2013): an American linguist. His research interests include the languages of India, code-switching, and conversational interaction. Well-known for his contribution in interactional sociolinguistics and the "ethnography of communication", Gumperz’s research has benefitted such fields as sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, and linguistic anthropology.E. M. Forster (1879 –1970): an English novelist, short story writer, essayist and librettist. He is known best for his ironic and well-plotted novels examining class difference and hypocrisy in early 20th-century British society. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 13 different years.Robert Kaplan:An American applied linguist. His research area covers applied linguistics, discourse analysis, language policy, language planning, and ESL/EFL Teaching. He is most famous for his contribution in Contrastive Rhetoric, a term he first coined in 1966. Kaplan has authored or edited 32 books, more than 130 articles in scholarly journals and chapters in books, and more than 85 book reviews and other ephemeral pieces in various newsletters, as well as 9 special reports to the . government and to governments elsewhere.(3) is the systematic study of meaning dependent on language in use. Unlike semantics, which examines conventional meaning "coded" in a given language, pragmatics studies how the transmission of meaning depends not only on structural and linguistic knowledge ., grammar, lexicon, etc.) of the speaker and the hearer, but also on the context of the utterance, any pre-existing knowledge about those participants involved, the inferred intent of the speaker, and other factors. Central topics of p ragmatics include a speaker’s communicative intentions, the use of language that requires such intentions, context of use, the relation between the user of a linguistic form and the act of using the form, and the strategies an addressee employs to work out what the intentions and acts are.(4)Cohesion refers to the use of various phonological, grammatical, and/or lexical means to link sentences or utterances into a well-connected, larger linguistic unit such as a paragraph or a chapter. In other words, cohesion achieves well-connectedness by means of linguistic forms.Example: Mary is a secretary. She works in a law firm. Yan (2012)Coherence refers to the logical well-connectedness between different parts of a piece of spoken or written language, which distinguishes it from a random assemblage of sentences or utterances. Yan (2012)Formly incohesive discourse may be coherent through common se nse, cultural background, contextual information, imagination, logical assumption, etc.Husband: That’s the telephone.Wife: I’m in the bath.Husband: OK.(5)Pause is a temporary and brief break in the flow of speech, which is often classified into filled pause and unfilled or silent pause. The former is taken up or filled by a hesitation form like ah, er,and um. In contrast, the latter is not filled by a hesitation form. In other words, a silent pause is one where there is no vocalization.Critical readingI. Understanding the text(1) The main purpose of this article is to illustrate eight levels of cross-cultural differences in non-verbal aspects of communication.(2) We can understand the nature of language by observing it in communication and in contact with other systems of communication.(3) Pacing and pausing, listenership. In deciding when to talk and what to say, the speaker usually takes a conscious speech planning, yet in pacing and pausing and in showing listenership in a conversation, one does not need to stop and think for a decision.(4) Section starts with a direct thesis statement. Then the author explains it with an expert’s (Scollon) research findings and section the author raises a number of questions (in para 7, 9 and 11) and responds to them with relevant research findings (Goody’s as well as hers) and her own personal experience. Section is also organized in the order of “question-answer”. Section illustrates cross-cultural differences in listenership with two examples, gaze (paras 21 and 22) and loud responses (para 23), and then moves on to the conclusion (para 24). Section : example-discussion. Section : personal experience and a very brief interpretation. Section : the thesis (para 30 “how to be indirect is culturally relative”) and discussion about the cases of American-non-American differences (American men, women, Greek and Japanese). Section : definition and illustration.(5) The experience ina dinner party in paragraph 12 indicates that (1) people from different cultures not only differ in whether compliments should be accepted, rejected or deflected, but also in which compliments should be accepted/rejected/deflected; and (2) every culture has its own conventions about what to say on particular occasions, and without knowledge of these conventions, we can by no means appropriately interpret the messages in cross-cultural communication.In Para. 29, Tannenrefers to her first visit to Greece to exemplifythe cross-cultural difference in formulaicity, ., what is novel and what is conventional in different languages.(6)Generally speaking, the eight levels are arranged in the orderof importance, from the core of verbal communication to more peripheral factors. The first three levels and the fifth level belong to what is said while the last three center on how it is said. The fourth level, listenership, is the only level examined from the perspective of the hearer.(7)As has been illustrated in part II, verbal communicationinvolves many hidden rules and conventions that vary from culture to culture. Since every individual has his/her own unique experience, education background,and beliefs, etc., no two interactants would share exactly the same communicative rules and conventions. In this sense all communication is cross-cultural.Summary writingWays of communication are culturally diversified in almost every aspect, from what to say to how to say it. When to talk (and when not to) is culturally relative. People from one culture may find a particular silent moment unbearable while it is deemed appropriate in another to say also differs greatly across cultures. Many of us consider raising questions asa natural or even basic part of daily communication, but in some cultures questions are perceived imposing and hence rarely asked. A certain degree of indirectness in communication is universal in all languages, but how to be indirect varies from culture to culture. American men value “sticking to facts” while Japanese and Arab often insist on elaborate “small talks”. Cross-cultural differences can also be observed in the different ways of showing listenership, control of pace and pause, use of conventional and novel language, and variation of intonation. Even when peopleare asked to describe or write about the same thing, their organization of a discourse will very likely differ in ways of establishing coherence and cohesion as Kaplan illustrated.II. Evaluation and exploration1.Evaluating the text(1)Personal experiences and anecdotes help elucidate abstract anddifficult terms and add to the vividness of the text. Controlled use of personal experience may also shorten the distance between the author and the reader. But the overuse and misuse of personal stories can also damage the objectivity and credibility of the argumentation.(2)Beside personal experience, Tannen mentions a lot of academicresearches . in para 4, 7, 8, 10, 21, 23, 38 and 39), which all add weight to her arguments.(3)It is obviously not an exhaustive list. Cross-culturalcommunication can vary at many other levels, ., proxemics and turn taking in a multiparty context.2.Exploring beyond the text(1)Questions for exploration1)There are altogether 16 questions which help structure the textin part two and they are not equally important. The question in para 2, for example, is a global one that covers all the eight sections in the main body, while the question in para 20, “Nowhow many milliseconds shall I wait”, is just an example to illustrate why pacing and pausing is an automatic level.a. See above.b. The first question in para 7 is asked to introduce the topicof this section, what to say. It is a transition from section to section .c. This is a rhetorical question requiring no answer. It isasked simply to reinforce our conviction that questions are basic to the educational setting, which forms a sharp contrast with the case of Gonjans.2) In all the known languages there are strategies of makingindirect requests/apologies/invitations/, etc. In a strict sense, the use of language is an indirect means to achieve communicative ends. How to be indirect differs from culture to culture. For example, in English a request is often put forward as a question of ability (Can you pass me the salt).3) For example, introvert people may be more tolerant of silencein face-to-face verbal interaction while extroverts usually findsilence awkward and uncomfortable. This is primarily an interpersonal difference since in all cultures there are introvert and extrovert people.Gaze is another example. People with more aggressive personality usually hold longer and steadier gaze when they talk to others, while shy perpleare more likely to diverge in eye contact.Language enhancementI. Words and phrases1. Adverbs and prepositions(1) off; (2) out; (3) across; (4) away; (5) up; (6) between, for; (7) after; (8) out of, into; (9) off; (10) up; (11) out of2. Verbs(1) illustrate, vary, discussing, exemplifying, signaling, mean, say(2) vary(3) differ(4) illustrated(5) exemplifies(6) expounds(7) demonstrates(8) elucidate, interpret3.Words in contextOpen to discussion:To guess the meaning of a new word, one can first recognize its part of speech, analyze its word formation, identify its attitude if necessary, and then evaluate its meaning in the linguistic context. II. Sentences and discourse1.Paraphrasing(1)Athabaskan Indians consider that it is inappropriate to talk topeople they do not know. According to Scollon, this causes a strange effect when theAthabaskan Indians meet people from other cultures. The non-Athabaskans may want to make acquaintance with the Athabaskans by talking to them, but the Athabaskans will not talk to the non- Athabaskans before they become acquaintances. (2)Gonjans take it for granted that questions are always asked toachieve indirect functions, so they never ask questions for pure information.(3)The Americans usually take it for granted that in communicationpeople should be direct and say no more or less than needed, and that what people say is exactly what they mean. This is especially true in business and education and applies more to American men than to women.(4)No two people have just the same cultural background. Therefore,all communication is cross-cultural to someextent. In this sense, understanding cross-cultural communication can help us understand the nature of language and tackle problems in the world, especially those caused by and related to the use of language, .obstacles in foreign language teaching and learning.2.Translation(1)物理学家通过观察物质元素在不同环境中的表现及其与其他物质的相互作用来理解它们的本质。

跨文化交际选择题考试题型：1、Ture or False (15×1, 为课后练习题，会有改动)2、Multiple Choice (15×1, 为学过的分散在各个单元的知识点及课后练习中的重要内容)3、Cultural Puzzles (10×2, 阅读案例，选择最佳答案，部分案例是课本上的，其余是课外的)4、Filling in Blanks (10×2, 该题考察的是名词解释，四个选项下面配有两个句子，根据句子内容选择其中一个选项)5、Matching (10×1, 该题考察对跨文化理论的理解，在授课要点中的范围)6、In-Depth Reading (共20分，该题是拓展性阅读，主要考察对跨文化类文章的理解及跨文化知识的应用能力，分为Section A….选择题【5×2】；Section B….问答题【10】。

要求根据对文章的理解和掌握的跨文化知识回答问题，内容不会超出我们讲过的知识范围) 选择题：Cultural Understanding of verbal and non-verbal communication1、American parents would ask their children’s opinion in family decision-making because___________.A) American parents like being told by their children what to doB) American children have much power in the familyC) American parents take their children as an equalD) American parents are unable to make decisions themselves2、What is the best expression of the following you can use when you meet an American friend at the airport?A) You must tired B) Did you have a good tripC) It is raining, isn’t it ? D) Thank you for coming3、What is a proper topic when you are talking with an American ?A) the price of an item B) religion C) marital status D) hobbies4、In English speaking countries, people tend to use all the greetings except_______________.A) how are you getting on? B) how are things?C) where have you been? D) how’s life?5、What is a proper response of the following to “Thank you. ” ?A) It is my duty to do so B) It doesn’t matter at allC) I quite understand it D) Don’t mention it6、Where a British friend is sick, you’d better say “__________” to your friend to show your concern.A) Drink plenty of water B) I do hope you’ll be feeling better soonC) put on more clothes D) Take medicine on time7、What is the Chinese equivalent of “reckless disregard for truth ” ?A) 躁动不安B)为非作歹C)实事求是D)信口雌黄8、What is the meaning of “gilding the lily” ?A) Avoiding something to make a good thing even better.B) Spoiling something already fine by attempting to make it betterC) Turning excellence into perfectionD) Putting the lily in a golden frame to make it last longer9、Which of the following expression is considered a verbal taboo in English?A) pass away B) powder one’s nose C) damn it D) go to heaven10、Which of the following is the typical American thoughtpattern?A) Factual-inductive style B) Axiomatic-deductive styleC) Intutive-affective style D) Associative uniting style11、Which of the following does not have the same function that “副” fulfills in C hinese?A) associate B) deputy C) lieutenant D) underline12、Which of the folling is not one of the social funcitons of compliments?A) greeting people B) starting a conversation C) criticizing people D) overcoming embarrassment13、What is the acceptable a ddressing of “Tom Smith” in American culture?A) Teacher Smith B) Mr. Tom C)Director Smith D) Professor Smith14、The word “dragon” is a word__________.A) with different associated meanings in Chinese B) without a counterpart in ChineseC) with the some primary meaning in Chinese D) with many more terms in Chinese15、When making an appointment with an American friend, which of the following expressions is the most appropriate one?A) I’m coming to see you this afternoon.B) You must stay at home waiting for me this afternoon.C) Could you come directly to my house this afternoon.D) I was wondering whether I could come round to visit you soemtime.16、Which of the following is not included in kinesics?A) posture B) stance C) body distance D) gesture17、Individualism has the following features except____________.A) strong family ties B)self-reliance C) freedom D) respect for individual rights18、M-time culture has the following features except__________.A) cutting time into bits B) taking dealines seriouslyC) scheduling one thing at a time D) more human-centered19、__________culture are typical P-time cultures.A) Latin American B) Northern American C) Western European D) Northern European20、In American culture, silence may be inerpreted as ___________.A) assertiveness B) thoughtfulness C) enthusiasm D)apathy21、Which culture tends to envelop each other in breath when talking?A) Arabian culture B) American culture C)British culture D) Chinese culture22、Which of the following is not included in chronemics?A) punctuality B) time orientation C) silence D) promptness23、What does the following gesture mean in some Latin American countries?A) money B) OK C) obscenity D) hostility24、Which of the following statement is untrue?A) The American “come here ” gesture could be seen as an insult in most Asian countries.B) In most Asian cultures, a gentle grip and an avoidance of direct eye contact is appropriate.C) Right hand is considered unclean in much of the Middle East and in parts of Indonesia.D) Pointing with the index finger is common in North American and Europe.25、When an American is parking his bicycle and the bicycle accidentally falls over, he feels embarrassed at his awkwardness, and his quite angered and humiliated when Chinese onlookers laugh.A) Don’t take it so seriously. B) It’s nothing.C) You are really clumsy. D) Such things can happen to any of us.。

《Non-verbal Communication》讲义《Nonverbal Communication》讲义在我们的日常生活和人际交往中，沟通是至关重要的。

而大多数人往往会将注意力集中在语言交流上，却忽略了另一种同样强大且具有影响力的沟通方式——非言语沟通（Nonverbal Communication）。

非言语沟通涵盖了各种形式，包括肢体语言、面部表情、眼神交流、姿势、手势、触摸，甚至包括个人的空间利用和服饰打扮等。

肢体语言是我们传递信息的重要手段之一。

例如，一个自信的人通常会挺直腰背，走路步伐坚定；而一个沮丧或缺乏自信的人可能会弯腰驼背，脚步拖沓。

当我们与他人交流时，如果对方不停地交叉双腿或者摆弄手指，这可能暗示着他们的紧张或者不耐烦。

再比如，双臂交叉抱在胸前，有时可能表示防御或拒绝的态度。

面部表情能够传达丰富而细微的情感。

一个真诚的微笑可以瞬间拉近人与人之间的距离，让人感到温暖和受欢迎。

皱起的眉头则可能表示困惑、担忧或不满。

眼睛是心灵的窗户，眼神交流在沟通中起着关键作用。

坚定而直接的眼神通常被视为诚实和自信的表现；而回避眼神接触可能暗示着心虚、不自在或者缺乏兴趣。

姿势也能传递出大量的信息。

一个开放、放松的姿势，比如身体前倾、双手自然摆放，显示出对交流的积极参与和接纳。

相反，蜷缩起来的姿势可能表示退缩和不愿意参与。

手势可以强化我们的言语表达。

在描述某个大小时，用手比划可以让对方更直观地理解。

但需要注意的是，不同的文化中，某些手势可能具有完全不同的含义。

比如，在某些国家，竖起大拇指表示赞赏；而在另一些国家，可能是一种不礼貌的手势。

触摸是一种非常亲密和有力的非言语沟通方式。

轻轻的拍肩可以表示安慰和鼓励；握手的力度和方式也能传达出不同的情感和态度。

然而，触摸的方式和程度必须根据关系的亲疏和文化背景来把握，否则可能会引起不适或误解。

个人的空间利用也在非言语沟通中扮演着角色。

每个人都有自己的“个人空间泡泡”，当他人侵入这个空间时，我们可能会感到不舒服或有压力。

《Non-verbal Communication》讲义《Nonverbal Communication》讲义在我们的日常生活和人际交往中，沟通是至关重要的。

然而，我们常常只关注语言交流，却忽略了另一种同样强大且富有影响力的沟通方式——非语言沟通（Nonverbal Communication）。

非语言沟通涵盖了一系列无需通过言语表达的信息传递方式，包括肢体语言、面部表情、眼神交流、姿势、手势、空间距离、触摸、服装打扮等等。

肢体语言是一种非常直观的非语言沟通形式。

例如，一个人的站立姿势或者走路方式都能传递出他们的自信程度、情绪状态甚至性格特点。

当一个人昂首挺胸、步伐坚定时，往往给人一种自信、果断的印象；而如果一个人弯腰驼背、步履蹒跚，可能会让人觉得他缺乏自信或者心情低落。

还有手部的动作，比如紧张时会不自觉地搓手，兴奋时会用力挥手等。

面部表情更是一种丰富的信息传递渠道。

微笑通常表示友好和快乐；皱眉可能表示困惑、不满或担忧；瞪大的眼睛可能表示惊讶或恐惧。

眼睛作为心灵的窗户，眼神交流在非语言沟通中也起着关键作用。

持续的眼神接触可以表示真诚和专注，但过度的直视可能会被视为具有侵略性；而避免眼神接触可能暗示着不诚实或者缺乏自信。

姿势也能传达出许多信息。

坐得笔直可能表示专注和尊重，而懒散地靠在椅子上可能显得漫不经心。

手势在不同的文化中可能有不同的含义，但一些通用的手势，如竖起大拇指表示赞同或称赞，挥手表示再见等，在跨文化交流中也能被广泛理解。

空间距离在沟通中也有重要意义。

人们在与他人交流时，会不自觉地保持一定的距离。

这种个人空间的概念在不同文化和情境中有所差异。

比如，在商务场合，人们可能会保持相对较大的距离，以显示专业和尊重；而在亲密的朋友或家人之间，距离则会更近，体现出亲近和信任。

触摸也是一种有力的非语言沟通方式。

轻轻的拍拍肩膀可以表示鼓励和支持；握手的力度和方式可以传达出自信或友好的程度。

但需要注意的是，触摸在不同文化中的接受程度和含义可能大不相同，所以在跨文化交流中要谨慎使用。

语言与非语言的关系英语作文英文回答：The relationship between verbal and nonverbal communication is a complex and multifaceted one. Verbal communication involves the use of words to convey a message, while nonverbal communication encompasses a wide range of other communicative behaviors, such as facial expressions, gestures, body language, and tone of voice.Verbal communication is often seen as the primary modeof communication, but nonverbal communication plays an equally important role in conveying messages. In fact, some studies have shown that nonverbal cues can account for as much as 93% of the meaning conveyed in a conversation.Nonverbal cues can be used to convey a variety of information, including emotions, attitudes, and intentions. They can also be used to regulate the flow of conversation and to create a sense of rapport or connection betweencommunicators. For example, a smile can convey happiness or friendliness, while a frown can convey sadness or anger. A nod can indicate agreement or understanding, while a shake of the head can indicate disagreement or confusion.The relationship between verbal and nonverbal communication is often complementary. For example, a person might say "I'm happy" while smiling, or they might say "I'm angry" while frowning. In these cases, the nonverbal cues reinforce the verbal message and help to create a more complete picture of the communicator's feelings.However, there can also be times when nonverbal cues contradict verbal messages. For example, a person might say "I'm fine" while frowning, or they might say "I'm happy" while avoiding eye contact. In these cases, the nonverbal cues can provide important information about the communicator's true feelings, even if they are not congruent with the verbal message.The relationship between verbal and nonverbal communication is a complex and dynamic one. Byunderstanding the different types of nonverbal cues and how they can be used to convey meaning, we can become more effective communicators and better understand the messages that others are trying to convey.中文回答：语言和非语言交流之间的关系复杂而多面。

智慧树知到《跨文化商务沟通》章节测试答案第一章1、The belief that your own cultural background, including ways of analyzing problems, values, beliefs, language, and verbal and nonverbal communication, is superior.culturecommunicationethnocentrismsender答案: ethnocentrism2、The total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.intercultural communicationculturebusiness communicationfeedback答案: culture3、A process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior, or the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, signals, writing, or behavior.ethnocentrismnoisecommunicationhorizontal communication答案: noiseand profits for both the individuals and organizations.lateral communicationethnocentrismbusiness communicationintercultural communication答案: business communication5、The communication at the same level in an organization.horizontal communicationethnocentrismbusiness communicationlateral communication答案: horizontal communication6、When culture is contrasted with nature, it can be defined as “ life way of a population” in its broad sense, meaning what characterizes the particular way of life of a population.对错答案: 错7、Cul ture is all men’s medium; there is no aspect of human life that is not touched and altered by culture.对错答案: 对8、The culture shown in an onion consists of two levels; a level of norms and values, or an invisible level of resultant behavior or artifacts of some form.错答案: 错9、Culture cannot be known without a study of communication, and communication can only be understood with an understanding of the culture it supports.对错答案: 对10、In the global village, neighbors communicate free of troubles and difficulties.对错答案: 错11、With the integration of language into the fabric of culture, confusion and dysfunction would reign and the culture would fail.对错答案: 错第二章1、A good mastery of grammar of one language can guarantee a successful communication.对错答案: 错2、Long before writing was developed,we learned to speak first.对答案: 对3、There should always be an attachment at the end of a business memo.对错答案: 错4、A recommendation report is to recommend something to others.对错答案: 错5、Which is not verbal communication?Chat with your leaders and colleaguesDiscuss an issue in a groupGreeting with a smileLeave a message答案: Greeting with a smile6、____ refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.NoiseMessageSourceContext答案: Noise7、It is a universal truth that language is by culture and in turn it __ culture.influenced, reflectsdisplayed, influencesdetermined, reflectsshaped, influences答案: influenced, reflects8、Why should we take notes during a business call?Listen attentivelyServes as a record to take follow-up actionReport on the call to someone elseReflect on the call答案: Listen attentively,Serves as a record to take follow-up action,Report on the call to someone else9、How can you identify your audience in preparing a business presentation?AgeAppearanceInterestOccupation答案: Age,Interest,Occupation10、Before making a business call, what kind of questions can you reflect?Do you need to report to your boss?Do you need to get information?Do you want to sell something, or convince the person of an idea?Do you need to ask for the person’s help or support?person of an idea?,Do you need to ask for the person’s help or support?第三章1、Nonverbal behavior reflects the speaker’s subconciousness.对错答案:A2、Depending on the culture,a smile can indicate joy and amusement, it can also indicate embarrassment.对错答案:A3、Posture is the position in which you hold your body when standing or sitting.对错答案:对4、Intimate distance is most common when friends, old classmates, acquaintances and relativestalk.对错答案:错5、People in __ cultures usually view silence as lack of communication and are generally ____ with it.low context uncomfortablehigh context uncomfortablehigh context comfortable答案:low context uncomfortable6、Which of the following countries uses high-context language?CanadaGermanyJapanUnited States答案:Japan7、The function of nonverbal signs is sometimes indispensible. For example, placing your index finger to your lips as an alternative to saying “Please calm down so that I can speak” is a case of ____.complementingrepeatingcontradictingsubstituting答案:substituting8、Which statements are correct about nonverbalcommunication?Nonverbal behavior is easily controlledA smile sometimes doesn’t mean a sincere smileNonverbal behavior accounts for much of the meaning we derive from conversation.Nonverbal communication is more than the complement of verbal communication.答案:9、How does nonverbal behavior control the pace or flow of communication?Gesture of stoppingClap handsRaise voice答案:Be silent Gesture of stopping Clap hands Raise voice10、Which of the countries belong to individualistic culture?ItalyAmericaFranceGreece答案:Italy America France第四章1、Power distance is a conceptual was developed by Hofstede to describethe extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is distributed unequallythe power of multinational organizationsthe power differential between developed and less developed countriesthe power difference between men and women答案:2、Hofstede’s _ index measures the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally.value orientationcultural dimensionscultural valuespower distance答案:power distance3、These are the most significant studies of cultural values except ___.Hall's High- and Low- Context TheoryKluckhohn and Strodtbeck's five Value OrientationsFons Trompenars’s model of culture with seven dimensionsGeert Hofstede's six Cultural Dimensions答案:Fons Trompenars’s model of culture with seven dimensions4、The opinion that everyone has a position and clearly defined privileges is____.a view of hierarchical structure of social relationshipa view of group orientation of social relationshipa view of individual orientation structure of social relationshipnone of the above答案:a view of hierarchical structure of social relationship5、Low-context communication is characterized by explicit speaking.对错答案:对6、Chinese culture is high-context in comparison to western culture.对错答案:对7、Cultures with a large power distance are hierarchical cultures.对错答案:对8、At the core of uncertainty avoidance is the idea that the future is predictable.对错答案:错9、Power distance in Hofstede's cultural dimensions is roughly similar to the value Kluckhohn calls hierarchy.对错答案:错10、In a culture emphasizing masculinity, it is more possible for men to play a nurturing role.对错答案:错第五章1、Etiquette is simply showing respect for others.对错答案:错2、Etiquette refers to the guideline for knowing how to behave appropriately in all situations.错答案:A3、Kiss greeting usually happen between two men in the United States.对错答案:错4、It’s OK to write on someone’s business card.对错答案:B5、A handshake should be friendly or respectful gesture, not a show of physical strength. So we should not squeeze other’s hand too hard.对错答案:A6、Before a dish is served, napkins can be placed either on the plate or on the left of forks.对错答案:A7、You’re invited to a business dinner. When do you take your napkin from the table and place it on your lap?Open it immediately.Wait for the host to take his or her napkin before taking yours.Wait for the oldest person at the table to take his or hers.Wait for all the ladies to take theirs before taking yours if you are a gentle man.答案:Wait for the host to take his or her napkin before taking yours.8、Which of the following behavior is appropriate in a business dinner?Use the napkin to wipe your nose.Cut all the food in your plate into small pieces.Sip from the side of the spoon when eating soup.Use the knife with your right hand.答案:CD9、What are the benefits of humor in the workplace?Humor can reduce stress.Humor can block negative emotions.Humor can help people develop rapport with each other.Humor can help solve problems.答案:ABCD10、In many Asian countries, the way you treat someone’s business card is a reflection of:How serious you are about the outcome of the meeting.How much you respect them as a person.What you think of their country.company and title.答案:ABCD第六章and a potential cause of shame to the group.对错答案:A2、Whether an international business negotiation succeeds or not is not only determined by the strategies and skills used in formal negotiation, but also closely related to whether enough careful preparation has been made.对错答案:A3、In the opening phase, the atmosphere is the only factor we should consider.对错答案:错4、Bargaining strength refers to the degree of movement that is possible for each party with respect to individual issues on the agenda.对错答案:错5、In some Asian cultures, they will use communication to encourage harmony, preserve face, and develop ____ relationships.Short-termLong-termMiddle-termShort run答案:Long-term6、The purpose of bargaining is to settle the differences that stand in the way of an agreement. Settling the differences involves____.high-context and low-contextconcession andreappraisaladjustment and compromiseaims and objectives答案:adjustment and compromise7、The proposal should be based on a sound analysis of the buyer’s current situation, taking into account of ____ and ____ within which the transaction takes place.the commercial circumstances, the overall contextthe corporate credit, the bank accounting bookthe manager’s stability, the site selectionthe commercial invoice, the chief negotiator’s ability答案:the commercial circumstances, the overall context8、Differences in____, ____, and____ have a profound impact on how successfully the parties are able to negotiate or conduct business transactions.BehavingWays of thinkingManaging conflictHuman resources答案:9、The political system,____, and the counterpart may in some way determine the success or failure of the negotiation.The legal systemThe business systemThe financial systemInfrastructure and logistics system答案:ABCD10、The specific tasks of the opening phase are concluded: To explain the concrete issueTo create suitable atmosphereTo state proposal in opening phaseTodeclare for our intention。