新编研究生英语 期末复习材料

翻译第一课1.For English is a killer.It is English that has killed off Cumbric,Cornish,Norn and Manx.There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English.Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually(actually)all,constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages,Irish,Scottish Gaelic,and Welsh...that t heir long-term future must be considered...very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。

正是英语造成了凯尔特语、康沃尔语、诺恩语和马恩语等语言的消亡。

这些岛上的分地区依然还有很多社区的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。

然而，英语在日常生活中无处不在。

所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。

英语对仅存的三种凯尔特语——爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，人们一定认为它们遥远的未来是岌岌可危的。

2.He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguicism[a condition parallel to(equal to/similar to)racism and sexism].As Phillipson sees it,leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly"white"English-speaking world,have[by d esign(=deliberately)or default(=mistake)]encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English,a spread which began some(about)three centuries ago as(when)economic and colonial expansion.同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（与种族歧视、性别歧视等类似）的偏见密切相关。

【词汇题】Unit 11.this research seems to lend some validity（有力的）to the theory that the durgmight cause cancer.2.in a number of developing countries, war has been an additional impdiment（障碍）to progress.3.Anthea was about to play her trump card（王牌）: without her signature none ofthe money could be released.4.I flunked（挂科）my second year exams and was lucky not to be thrown out ofcollege5.I didn’t want to lose my composure（镇静）in front of her.6.the management did not seem to consider office safety to be a priority（优先）7.for three hours a committee of state senators listened to a parade（一系列）oflocal residents giving their opinions8.thousands of lives will be at stake（在危机关头）if emergency aid does not arrivein the city soon.9.brierley’s book has the merit（优点）of being both informative and readable10.I think there was a conspiracy （阴谋）to keep me out of the committee.Unit 211.it is not easy for Chinese people to respond properly to others’compliments andequally difficult for them to accept criticisms gracefully.（优雅）12.we should be truly thankful to Mr. Deng Xiaoping for taking the plunge（做一个决定）and initiating the economic reform in china.13.Unfortunately, television studios are strangely designed and dressing-rooms areoften miles away from the studio, so we had to find a place where she and her entourage（随从人员）could relax in comfort without the need to climb stairs.14.what is the use of whining about（发牢骚）your bad luck? It is more important tofind the real cause of your misfortune.15.the rising real estate prices thwarted（阻碍）his ambition of owning a houses ofhis own in the big city. Disappointed, he returned to his hometown.16.the old woman sat silently beside her collapsed hous, her eyes brimming with（充满）tears and hatred.17.he writes clearly and lightheartedly about the 100 best rivers and gives his expertadvice on how to navigate（航行）their reaches.18.outside the forest the snow was already six inches deep and growing steadily,relentlessly（无情地，残忍地）deeper.19.there is no doubt that his duty extends to informing his patient, if asked, of thenature of his illness and its likely prognosis.（预测，诊断）20.those who are climbing the career ladder fast may use alcohol as a booster to helpthem to achieve, and those who recognize that they have failed to reach the top may also turn to alcohol, in an attempt to bolster（支持，提升）their failing self-image.21.a typically Chinese countryside house is one whose eaves protrude（伸出，突出）over the wall.22.the ship came back from the region that had just been attacked by a strange disease.Thus the health officials placed all its crew in quarantine.（检疫）Unit 323.given the sophistication （成熟）of modern machines, there is little that requiremanual labor.24.after the police released their report, john was exonerated（开脱）from allresponsibility for the accident.25.the world constructed by online games seems to many youngsters a reasonablesurrogate（代理）for “real life”, although what they see is not real in the least.26.in a speech at the Congress, the president extolled（赞美）the virtues of freeenterprise and expressed his distaste for the blatant hegemony in IT industry. 27.he soon became notorious because he enjoyed deriving perverse（倒行逆施）satisfaction from embarrassing people.28.I endorse（赞同，支持，认可签署）everything that has been said from both sidesof the House in support and admiration of him and of the courage and fortitude that he and his family have displayed.29.the opposition members of the parliament derided（嘲笑，嘲讽）the Government’s response to the crisis.30.the poor woman was defrauded（骗取）of her money by a dishonest accountant.31.the other guests were stunned into silence as he began swinging into the gaggle（一群）of giggling photographers and kicking at them frantically.32.back to the US, the sly businessman was faced with racketeering（敲诈勒索）charges that may send him to life imprisonment.Unit 433.it is certainly undemocratic, and many people are beginning to feel that it border on（相当于）the unconstitutional.34.traditionally, organizations are constructed pyramidally, with a hierarchy（阶级资料）most powerful at the top and progressively less so as the pyramid spreads downwards35.“No theory explains everything,”she remarks. “Yet it is just the desire to explaineverything which is the spur（刺激，激励）of theory.”36.the archaeologist in the film knew that there was a curse（祸因，诅咒）uponanyone who entered the pyramid.37.I have always believed tourism has an important part to play in the spreading ofunderstanding between countries, as well as being a catalyst（促进）for economic development.38.her body looked diminished, almost shiveled,（枯萎）in the huge chair, and herhands on the arms began very gently to shake.39.the talks will not be easy and the fundamental differences between the partiesremain as potentially irreconcilable（不可调和的）as ever.40.a real love song is infinitely more appropriate for christmas than a trashy songcooked up（编造）as a commercial gimmick.41.a local builder offered to knock down the remains of the house in exchange for thematerials he could salvage.（抢救）42.edward now wore the manic look of some animal transferred into the wrongenvironment, as though he might run amok（四处狂奔）,or bite.43.Alan attempted to read every press clipping, interview anyone who ever knew themovie star, and cobble together（拼凑）a book out of it.44.some sociologists tend to bemoan（哀悼）the loss of community in the face ofmodern urbanism; there is a wistful longing for the past in their analysis of the modern world.Unit 545.“you just can’t escape the fact （忽略事实）that we’re in a transformational period,”Cole said. “the old way is not survivable. Investors, mangers and laborers all have accepted that big things have to be done.”46.I think you’ve just put your finger on（指出）the biggest problem facing theConservative party in this election47.the great conundrum（谜）of my life is that my public career continues to flourishand expand even at a time when the muic I love, the music I write, the music I champion, the music on which I am the world’s leading expert, is utterly out of fashion in every segment of musical society.48.Flummoxed（使胡乱）by the surreality of history and the mind-boggling changesunleased in the 60s, many writers in that era became minimalists, withdrawing, turtlelike, inside their own homes and heads.49.Hannah Arendt’s clear message is directed at the citizens of democratic societies thatthe raison d’etre（存在的理由）of politics is freedom.50.According to a survey of college graduates recently released by the gobernment’sCouncil of Labor Affairs(CLA), the average starting monthly salary for college graduates in 2006 decreased, which reveals stagnation（停滞）in economy. 51.Financial incentives（鼓励机制）are said to exist where an agent can expect someform of material reward—especially money—in exchange for acting in a particular way.52.Girls form dalit families, the lowest in the caste hierarchy in India have the yearning（渴望）for formal school education.53.the heated argument is getting out of control. And it must be admitted thatChallenger is provocative（积极的）in the last degree, but Summerless has an acid tongue, which makes matters worse.54.Malaise（不舒服，不适）is a feeling of general discomfort or uneasiness, an “outof sorts”feeling, often the first indication of an infection or other disease.【翻译句子】Unit 11.Our youngest,a word-class charmer,did little to develop his intellectual talents but al ways got by Until Mrs.Stifer.我们的小儿子是个世界级的万人迷,学习不怎么动脑筋,但是总是能蒙混过关,直到Mrs.Stifer 成为他的老师,这种局面才得以改变.2.No one seems to stop to think that ---no matter what environment they come from ---most kids don’t put school first on their list unless they perceive something is at st ake.似乎没有人停下来想想看,无论孩子来自何种环境,他们当中大多数若不是发现情况到了危机关头,才不会把功课当成头等大事呢。

内师大研研究生英语期末考试复习资料—英语2（unit4）新视角研究生英语复习资料Unit 4Unit 4一、VocabularyPart A1. Our company is one of the leading manufacturers of commercial and institutional kitchen equipment, such as ovens, freezers, refrigerators, blenders, etc.2. An annual increase of 1.3% in food production is necessary at the present time to feed the burgeoning hum an population, assuming present diets remain invariant.3. You can envision the joy of your beloved ones when they receive the DVD shows made by your own hands as a special gift.4. This book depicts the cultural history of race and the complicated relationship between marginal and mainstream culture in early twentieth-century America.5. These sorts of jobs are available between late May and late August and often encompass a wide range of work.6. There is currently a trend for companies to outsource much of their IT to third-parties, in some cases to overseas third-parties.7. In ancient China, women would compete to show off their prowess in needlecraft on Qixi, the most important way of celebrating the festival.8. Morgan shunned publicity of any kind, and never permitted signs bearing her name at construction sites.9. Immigrants need time to overcome difficulties when they are assimilating into new cultures.10. Electronics chain stores are sometimes willing to forgo profits for a period of time in order to gain market share.Part B1. leaders are those courageous individuals who throughout history have refused to accept the status quo.A. ScornfulB. VisionaryC. ImpersonalD. Respectful2. The thick soap won’t foam properly, so it is necessary and economical to ____ it with water.A. pierceB. dipC. diluteD. balance3. I’ve been on suspension for over 2 weeks because I stood up to a rude, ____ boss.A. arrogantB. disloyalC. corporateD. uncommitted4. The successful candidates are all creative in solving problems and ______ at learning new technologies and skills.A. capableB. marginalC. adequateD. adept5. She ________ as she talked about the messy young boys who had drunk up all her milk and eaten up all her chocolates.A. bristledB. disdainedC. downsizedD. shunned6. Not only does he have one of those distinctive radio voices that sets him apart, he also brings a fun and a slightly ________ attitude to his show.A. irrelevantB. irreverentC. burgeoningD. mentoring7. ________ assets comprise items such as land, buildings, plants, machinery, fixtures and fittings, IT equipment and vehicles.A. DiverseB. MassiveC. ClassicalD. Tangible8. These few old-style wooden shops are soon to be demolished. With them will go the last ________ of the town’s original look.A. prowessB. monikerC. vestigeD. portfolio9. Our way to stay ahead of the competition is by continually creating ________ products and services while building new value in existing product lines.A. unmanageableB. deliverableC. innovativeD. institutional10. He always smiled and never had a negative comment about anyone or a _________ remark about any situation.A. cynicalB. skepticalC. hierarchicalD. prototypical二、CloseThe 51 million members of Generation X, born between 1965 and 1976, grew up in a very different world than 1) previous g enerations. Divorce and working moms 2) created“latchkey” kids out of many in this generation. This led to 3) traits of independence, resilience (弹性) and adaptability.At the same time, this generation expects immediate and ongoing feedback, and is equally comfortable 4) giving feedback to others. Other traits 5) include working well in multicultural settings, desire for some fun in the workplace and a pragmatic (重实效的) approach 6) to getting things done.Generation X saw their parents get laid off or 7) fase job insecurity. Many of them also entered the workplace in the early ’80s, 8) when the economy was in a downturn. Because of thes e factors, a Gen Xer doesn’t 9) waste time complaining if he is dissatisfied 10) with the company — he sends his resume out and accepts thebest 11) offer he can find at another organization.At the same time, Generation X takes employability 12) seriously . But for this generation there isn’t a career ladder. There’s a career lattice (格子). They can move laterally (横向的), stop and start, their career is more 13) fluid.Members of Generation X dislike authority and 14) rigid work requirements. Therefore, providing feedback on theirperformance should 15) play a big part, as should encouraging their creativity and 16) initiative to find new ways to get tasks done. As a mentor, you’ll want Gen Xers to work with you, not 17) for you. Start by informing them of your expectations and how you’ll measure their progress and 18) assure them that you’re committed to helping them learn new s kills. (Members of Generation X are eager to learn new skills because they want to 19) stay employable.) Gen Xers work best when they’re given the desired outcome and then left 20) along to figure out how to achieve it themselves. This means a mentor should guide them with feedback and suggestions, not step-by-step instructions.三、Translation1. 经过五年的实践, 他现在对同国际投资和贸易相关的法律事务已很在行了。

研究生基础综合英语unit6期末考试复习资料Unit 6 练习Unit 6 Text A Give globalization a hand It is __1__ that makes the economy of both the _2_ countries and the __3__countries more developed. The economies between countries become more and more _ 4_, which is benefit to the __5__, __6__ and__7__ to the global economy. __8__----the crucial vehicle of the market economy has become more and more sophisticated. Today’s global economy increasingly specializes in the finer __9__ instead of goods.Globalization is a great source of strength. It not only brings the economic__10__, but also is a __11__ to the disruptive events. Thanks to globalization, even some countries’ economies slack off, with other cou ntries’ anticipation in the global economy, the whole economy of the world can stay comparatively __12__and__13__.Unfortunately globalization is not an inexhaustible____14____. Like economic or social__15__, globalization faces risks that could challenge its growth or, worse, cause its reversal. People have been reminded that human folly could once again __16__ the unthinkable. The strategies to tackle a new wave of globalization__17__ can be learned through hard experience.To seek global progress and security, every country should keep its house in order and __18__ with other countries. However the value of __19__cooperation seems to have been __20__. Frequently people tend to __21__ the international laws, agreements and institutions and failed to __22__ these indispensable instruments. Fortunately, though much vilified in recent years, the United Nations still play an important role in__23__ the new military conflagration in the Middle East.参考答案：1 globalization2 rich3 poor4 interdependent5 scale6 flexibility7 productivity8 Specialization9 tasks 10 opportunities11 resilience 12 dynamic 13 stable 14 Force 15 phenomenon16 cause 17 reversal 18 co-operate 19 international 20 forgotten21 ignore 22 update 23 subduingUnit 6 Text A Give globalization a hand①The force of ②has brought economic growth both in rich andpoor countries.③ of national economies Contemporary supply chains need to be ④⑤of globalization Economic opportunities and remarkable⑥provided byglobalization make us sail through the stormy waters.Globalization helps to support overall demand and growth andkeep international finance ⑦⑧ A country’s⑨supportingRuled-based international ⑩1. Introduction/Fact2.globalization3.Interdependence4.specialized5.Advantages/Benefits6.resiliences7.stable8.Strategies/Ways /Solutions 9.rational 10.cooperationUnit 6 Text B All Cultures Are Not EqualVocabulary and Grammar1. The two armies _______ on the enemy capital for the last battle of the war.A. convergedB. gatheredC. assembledD. rallied2. Take market as the direct, aggrandizement core compete, __________ nation and international market.A. carve upB. carve inC. carve outD. carve for3. Investigators have only ____________ how many physiochemicals exist and how they work.A. an interest inB. an inkling ofC. an impact onD. an insight into4. Like it or not, our families ________ our lives and make us what we are.A. buildB. formC. moldD. shape5. Wherever and whenever abortion-notification laws have been passed, gonorrhea rates in the teenage and adult populations start to__________.A. deviateB. strayC. divergeD. deflect6. The new rich have also been some of the most ＿bidders at auctions.A. agreeableB. aggressiveC. dangerousD. aggrieved7. When your living depends on the ＿of your farmland, the climate is vitally important.A. richB. fertileC. fertilityD. productiveness8. However, instead＿brothers in arms they are now a little like distant cousins.A. beingB. likeC. to beD. of being9. Why don't you hug someone, just kiss someone, the best is yet ＿.A．to coming B coming C to come D come10. We’ll plant trees tomorrow, and I don’t know_____ Tom will come an d join us.A. ifB. whichC. whatD. Where答案ACBDC BCDCAFast reading1. ( ) Wh at’s the main idea of the passage?A. Although the American is “globalized”, its cultures do not.B. The causes of culture differences among countries.C. Economically globalization leads cultures into identity.D. Although the world is moving into an economically globalized village, cultures differ a lot.2. ( ) According to the passage, what makes workplace and lifestyles diverge?A. the rejection of globalizationB. few cultural unifiersC. the specialization of economyD. people’s pursuit for personalit ies3. ()Why does the author take the examples of Islamic extremists and American Jews?A. To show that the cultures are divergingB. To state that they have the ability to create their own cultureC. To show that transnational dreams are diverging.D. To prove that people rejecting globalized culture drive the events.4. ( ) What does the wor d “inkling” in the last paragraph mean?A. suggestionB. pictureC. enlightenmentD. idea tip hint5. ( ) Which is wrong according to the passage?A. The field of certain national traits is regarded as an impolite inquiry.B. Globalization and the revolution in communications technology have a positive effect on gathering people.C. Many Americans like to move to the place where people like themselves.D. The members of anti-globalization did not inherit their identities when creating their own subculture.6. ( ) What can we infer from the passage?A. All groups and cultures are equally wonderful.B. It’s the material factor that causes cultural divergence.C. People enjoying one kind of lifestyle are willing to make friends with those of another.D. Realizing transnational dreams like European unification still has a long way to go.7. ( ) What’s the author’s attitude towards cultural divergence?A. positiveB. neutralC. negativeD. not mentioned8. Although Americans is th ought of having been “globalized”, you can still find amazing cultural segmentation.9.The members of anti-globalization took the advantages of modernity、affluence and freedom to create _ a do-it-yourself tribalism _10. According to the author, when you are an 18-year old kid with a really big brain, you can go into the field certain national traits. We can also call it the field of ___ cultural geography .答案: 1-7 DCDABDC 8. amazing cultural segmentation 9. a do-it-yourself tribalism 10.cultural geography。

贵州大学研究生期末英语考试复习资料在研究生生涯中，期末考试是一个至关重要的节点。

对于贵州大学的研究生来说，期末英语考试无疑是其中的一项重要考试。

为了更好地准备这个考试，下面将提供一些复习资料。

一、词汇词汇是英语学习的基础，也是期末考试中的重要内容。

下面列出了一些常用词汇的复习资料：1. 名词：学习各个学科时常见的专业名词，如computer science（计算机科学）、biology（生物学）等。

2. 动词：重点复习表示各种不同意义的动词，如achieve（实现）、analyze（分析）、evaluate（评估）等。

3. 形容词：学习描述和评估事物时常用的形容词，如effective（有效的）、significant（重要的）等。

4. 副词：掌握常用的副词，如clearly（明显地）、simultaneously （同时地）等。

二、语法语法是英语学习的重要组成部分，期末考试中也是一个需要重点复习的内容。

下面是一些语法知识的复习资料：1. 时态：熟练掌握一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时等时态的用法，并能够正确运用于句子中。

2. 语态：了解被动语态和主动语态的区别，掌握其构成和使用方法。

3. 句子结构：学习复杂句子的构成，如定语从句、状语从句等，并能够正确运用于写作和阅读中。

三、阅读理解阅读理解是期末英语考试的一大考点，因此需要进行充分的阅读练习。

下面是一些阅读理解的复习资料：1. 阅读速度：培养自己的阅读速度，逐渐提高阅读理解的速度和准确性。

2. 理解问题：学习如何从文章中准确把握关键信息，并能够回答相关问题。

3. 词汇理解：通过阅读理解练习，锻炼自己对生词的理解能力，提高词汇量。

四、写作技巧写作是研究生英语考试中的一项重要内容，需要注意以下几点：1. 结构组织：合理组织文章结构，包括引言、主体段落和结论，让整篇文章逻辑清晰。

2. 表达准确：在写作过程中注意语法和词汇的正确使用，避免错误表达。

第一章：1、There appears so many phenomenon that ____common sense in science study.A、defy向…挑战；不服从B、rejectC、refuseD、neglect 忽略2、_______to secret document is denied to all but few. （deny拒绝）A、AccessB、ApproachC、ContactD、Touch3、The two most important _______ in making a cake are flour and sugar.A、elementsB、componentsC、ingredients组成成分；（烹调的）原料D、constituents选民；成分4、The government gave a very _______ explanation of its plans for industrial development.A、extensiveB、widespreadC、universalD、comprehensive综合的5、They committed ______crimes to the county and the people （committee the crime犯罪）A、hugeB、vastC、immense极大的D、enormous6、Education is _______for all school-age children in many a countyA、demandedB、compulsory强制性的，义务的C、requestedD、general7、While a full understanding of what causes the disease may be several years away，_______leading to a successful treatment could come sooner.A、a distinction 区别，荣誉，特质B、a breakthroughC、an identification 识别，身份证明，认同D、an interpretation解释，表演，理解8、Many people think that the standards of public ________have declined（下降）A、morality道德，道德观B、rightnessC、awarenessD、mentality9、Housewives who do not go out to work often feel they are not working to their full_______A、capacityB、strengthC、lengthD、possibility10、These recommendations will need to be _________to the committee（委员会，监护人）beforethey can be implementedA、cultivatedB、justifiedC、notifiedD、informed第三章：1、But more significantly（重要地，有意义地），it will _______materials and machines into space for industrial purpose unimagined(无法想象的) two decades ago when sputnik(人造卫星)was added to be vocabularyA、deliverB、utter 讲，出版C、dedicateD、deduct 减去，演绎2、There are occasions when giving a gift _______spoken communication，since the message itoffers can cut through barriers of language and cultural diversityA、overtakes追上B、nourishes养育，喂养C、surpass优于D、enforces实施，强迫3、Some educators try to put students of similar abilities into the same class because they believe this kind of ________grouping is advisableA、instantaneous瞬间的B、spontaneous自然的C、rigorous严密的，严格的D、homogeneous同类的4、It also means that governments are increasing compelled(强迫) to ________in these sectors (部门) in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized(利用) to the best advantageA、interfere干预B、incur引起，干预C、intrude打扰D、initiate5、It is best not to _____on you misfortunesA、dull迟钝的B、dwell居住，细想某事C、lodge存放，提出D、dwarf使显得矮小6、Although great natural barriers(障碍物) hindered(阻碍) east-west development in Canada，thiscircumstance was mitigated(缓解，减轻) by the ________river and lakes systems that provided avenues(途径) for the fur trader，missionary soldier，and settlerA、potent 有效地B、multiple多功能的C、modify 修改D、mighty巨大的7、The virus _______by attaching to a cell and injecting its nucleic acid once inside the cell.A、replicas复制品nB、replicates再生vC、repudiate否认，拒绝接收D、requisite 必需品n，需要adj8、Although fats and oils are as nutritionally important as energy sources，medical researchindicates that _______fats may contribute to hardening of the arteriesA、saturated 饱和的B、pervadedC、permeated 传播，渗入D、penetrated渗入9、It took 16 years for workers with pickaxes and shovels to move 5 million cubic feet of earth androck，and to plant half a million tress and shrubs, making a _______to nature- a romantic nineteenth-century perception of natureA、tribute礼物，颂辞，证据B、attribute认为…是，属性C、contributeD、tribune民众领袖，论坛10、The detective investigating the murder case examined the body，inspected the scene of thecrime，and ________the weapon for clues(线索)A、audit审计B、scrutinized仔细检查vC、scrutiny仔细检查nD、scruple感到于心不安，有顾虑第五章：1、In the spring export commodities(商品) fair(展览会)，the______ of fine china attracted muchattention of customers from all over the worldA、stringB、processionC、array阵列D、succession2、We should make a clear ________between the two scientific terms for the purpose of ourdiscussionA、distinction差别，区别，对比B、discrimination歧视C、deviation背离D、separation3、Fortuneteller(算命者) are good at making________ statements such as “Your sorrows willchange”A、philosophical哲学上的，冷静的，明达的B、ambiguous不明确的C、literal照字面的，原义的D、invalid无效的4、Diamonds(钻石) have little _______value and their price depends almost entirely on theirscarcity(缺乏，稀少)A、extinct灭绝的B、permanent永久的C、surplus过剩的D、intrinsic固有的本质的5、The court considers a financial _______to be an appropriate way of punishing himA、payment付款，支付B、obligation义务，债务C、optionD、penalty惩罚6、The magician made us think he cut the girl into pieces but it was merely an _______A、illusion错觉，幻想B、impression印象，效果C、imageD、illumination照明，解释清楚7、We are doing this work in the _______ of reforms(改良) in the economic，social and culturalsphereA、context背景B、contest比赛n，竞争vC、pretext借口，掩饰D、texture结构，本质8、Being somewhat shortsignted(近视，没有远见)，she had the habit of ______ at peopleA、glancing朝...看了一眼B、peering凝视C、gazingD、scanning9、What the correspondent sent us is an ________ news report. We can depend on itA、evident明显的B、authentic真正的，可信的C、ultimate最后的，极限的，最大的D、immediate立即的，当前的10、In ______ time human being did not travel for pleasure but to find a more favorable climateA、prime最初的B、primitive原始的C、primary最早的D、preliminary初步的第七章：1.Prejudicing(偏见) vital(至关重要的) foreign policy considerations in order to rescueindividuals finds its domestic(国内的) equivalent（相等的）in the inflated awards paid to accident and malpractice victims.bustion(燃烧，骚动) within the populace(百姓，平民) slowly built up to the point ofrevolution(革命).3.I told the judge that I could not perceive(意识到，理解)any difference between the two coins.4.The aero plane was a bit bumpy (气流不稳的)at times and one or two were sick(恶心的，不舒服的).5.They criticized Martin Luther King for his rigid(顽固的) stance(态度，立场) onnon-violence.6.The tutor(导师) told his students to prune (修剪) an article of its superfluities(多余物).7.Sir Alexander Fleming stumbles(无意中发现)on his great discovery of penicillin(青霉素)quite by accident.8.She won by default(缺席不到场), because her opponent(对手) refused to play.9.I always replenish(补充) my food supply before it is deplete(耗尽).10.With success and prosperity(繁荣。

第一章:1、T here appears so many phenomenon that ___ common sense in science study.A、defy 向…挑战；不服从B、reject C> refuse D^ neglect 忽略2、______ to secret document is denied to all but few. （deny 扌巨绝）A、AccessB、ApproachC、ContactD、Touchx The two most important _______ in making a cake are flour and suga匚A、elementsB、componentsC、ingredients组成成分；（烹调的）原料D、constituents选民；成分4^ The government gave a very _______ expla nation of its plans for in dustrial developme nl・A、extensiveB、widespreadC、universal D^ comprehensive 综合的5 x They committed ______ crimes to the county and the people （committee the crime罪）A、huge B> vast C、immense 极大的D、enormous6、E ducation is _______ f or all school-age children in many a countyA、demandedB、compulsory 强制性的，义务的C^ requested D、general7、W hile a full understanding of what causes the disease may be several years away, leading to a successful treatment could come sooner.A、a distinction 区别，荣誉，特质B、a breakthroughC、an identification识别，身份证明，认同D^ an interpretation解释，表演，理解8、M any people think that the slandards of public _______ have declined （下降）A、morality 道德，道德观B、rightness C^ awareness D、mentality9、H ousewives who do not go out to work often feel they are not working to their full ______A、capacity B> strength C、length D> possibility10> These recommendations will need to be ________ t o the committee （委员会，1监护人）beforethey can be implementedA、cultivated E* justified C、notified D、informed第三章:1、But more significantly （重要土也，有意义土也），it will materials and machines into spacefor industrial purpose unimagined（无法想象的）two decades ago when sputnik（人造卫星）was added to be vocabularyA、deliverB、utter 讲，出版C、dedicateD、deduct 减去，演绎2^ There are occasions when giving a gift _______ spoken communication, since the message it offers can cut through barriers of language and cultural diversityA^ overtakes 追上B> nourishes 养育，喂养C、surpass 优于D、enforces 实施，强迫3s Some educators try to put students of similar abilities into the same class because they believe this kind of ___________ rouping is advisableA、instantaneous 瞬间的B、spontaneous 自然的C> rigorous严密的，严格的D、homogeneous同类的4、It also means that governments are increasing compelled（强迫）to _____ in these sectors （咅0门）in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized（利用）to the best advantageA、interfere 干预B、incur 引起，干预C、intrude 打扰D^ initiate5^ It is best not to _____ o n you misfortunesB、dwell居住,细想某事A、dull迟钝的D^ dwarf使显得矮小6> Although great natural barriers（障碍物）hindered（阻碍）east-west development in Canada,this circumstance was mitigated（缓解，减轻）by the _____ river and lakes systems that provided avenues（途径）for the fur trader, missionary soldier, and settlerA、potent有效地B、multiple多功能的C^ modify修改D、mighty巨大的7、_______________ The virus by attaching to a cell and injecting its nucleic acid once inside the cell.A、replicas 复制品nB、replicates 再生vC、repudiate否认，拒绝接收D、requisite必需品n,需要ndj8、Although fats and oils are as nutritionally important as energy sources, medical researchindicates that _______ fats may contribute to hardening of the arteriesA、saturated 饱和的B、pervadedC、permeated 传播，渗入D^ penetrated 渗入9、It took 16 years for workers with pickaxes and shovels to move 5 million cubic feet of earth androck, and to plant half a million tress and shrubs, making a ___________ t o nature- a romantic nineteenth-century perception of natureA^ tribute礼物，颂辞，证据B、attribute认为…是，属性C、contributeD、tribune 民众领袖，论坛10、T he detective investigating the murder case examined the body, inspected the scene of thecrime, and ________ the weapon for clues（线索）A、audit 审计B> scrutinized 仔细检查vC、scrutiny仔细检查nD、scruple感到于心不安，有顾虑第五章：1、In the spring export commodities（商品）fair（展览会），the _ of fine china attracted muchattention of customers from all over the worldA> string B> procession C^ array 阵歹U D、succession2^ We should make a clear _________ between the two scientific terms for the purpose of our discussionA、distinction 差别，区另U，对比B> discrimination 歧视C、deviation 背离 D、separation3、Fortunetellei•（算命者）are good at making ____ statements such as u Your sorrows willchange nA、philosophical哲学上的，冷静的，明达的B、ambiguous不明确的C、literal照字面的，原义的D、invalid无效的4^ Diamonds（纟占石）have little _____ value and their price depends almost entirely on their scarcity（缺乏，稀少）A、extinct灭绝的B、permanent永久的C^ surplus it剩的D^ intrinsic固有的本质的5^ The court considers a financial _____________ to be an appropriate way of punishing him A^ payment 付款，支付B、obligation 义务，债务C^ option D、penalty 惩罚6、The magician made us think he cut the girl into pieces but it was merely an _______A^ illusion错觉，幻想B、impression印象，效果C、imageD、illumination 照明，解釋清楚7^ We are doing this work in the _______ of reforms（改良）in the economic, social and cultural sphereA、context 背景B> contest 比赛n,竞争vC、pretext借口，掩饰D> texture结构，本质8、Being somewhat shortsign ted（近视，没有远见），she had the habit of ___ at peopleA、glancing 朝…看了一眼B、peering 凝视C^ gazing D^ scanning9、What the corresp on dent sent us is an ______ news report. We can depend on itA^ evident明显的B、authentic真正的，可信的C、ultimate最后的，极限的,最大的D、immediate立即的，当前的10、_______ In time human being did not travel for pleasure but to find a more favorable climateA、prime 最初的primitive 原始的C、primary 最早的D、preliminary 初步的第七章：1.Prejudicing（偏见）vital（至关重要的）foreign policy considerations in order to rescueindividuals finds its domestic（| ^1 内的）equivalent （相等的）in the inflated awards paid to accident and malpractice victims.bustion（燃烧，骚动）within the populace（百姓，平民）slowly built up to the pointof revolution（革命）.3.I told the judge that I could not perceive（意识到，理解）any difference between the two coins.4.The aero plane was a bit bumpy （气流不稳的）at times and one or two were sick（恶心的，不舒服的）.5.They criticized Martin Luther King for his rigid（顽固的）stance （态度，立场）on non-violence.6.The tutor（导师）told his students to prune （修剪）an article of its superfluities（多余物）•7.Sir Alexander Fleming stumbles （无意屮发现）on his great discovery of penicillin（青霉素）quite by accident.& She won by default（缺席不到场），because her opponent（对手）refused to play.9.I always replenish（补充）my food supply before it is deplete（耗尽）•10.With success and prosperity（繁荣。

研究生期末考试英语资料1~3听力原文Unit 1 Part III African-Americans Still Lag behind WhitesAs the U.S. economy struggles to emerge from a long recession, some analysts say the recovery is not being felt in the African-American community. That’s why one civil rights organization says it is “declaring a war” on black unemployment with a plan to spur job creation.“Every war needs a battle plan, and our battle plan is the National Urban League’s 12-point jobs plan; jobs rebuild America, putting urban America back t o work.” Marc Morial is President of the National Urban League.At a town hall meeting in Washington, his organization released its annual report on the state of black America. It paints a bleak picture for urban and minority communities entangled in economic uncertainty. The study measures the relative status between blacks and whites, based on five areas—economics, education, health, social justice and participation in civic activities.Valerie Rawlston Wilson worked on the report. “There are major area s of inequality in this country between black Americans and white Americans. The areas where we see the greatest disparities, of course, are in economics. That includes things like unemployment.”The U.S. jobless rate for whites is falling. The latest U.S. Labor Department figures put it at 7.9 percent. But the same report says the unemployment rate for blacks rose in March to 15.5 percent. The unemployment rate for black teenagers is 50 percent—more than double the national average. Morial is calling on President BarackObama and lawmakers to fund targeted job creation programs in more than 400 communities.“We need a focused strategy on those communities where unemployment is higher, where poverty is higher. The bigger the headache, the bigger the pill. That means, the higher the unemployment rate, the bigger dose of medicine needed to help those communities get beyond unemployment and get back to economic growth.”The Urban League says another major factor in the economic gap between black and white Americans is the lack of college degrees among many blacks. The report says college enrollment among African-American high school graduates continues to fall, with black students less likely to enroll, compared to whites.Chatman Young, an accounting student at Howard University in Washington, has landed a job at a bank after he graduates. He said without a good education, it will be difficult for young African-Americans to find a good job.The National Urban League report makes several recommendations to Congress, including providing funding for a summer-youth-jobs program and creating 100 urban job training schools— to prepare young African-Americans for careers in areas such as technology and healthcare.Unit 2 Part II Rethink the Role of the CityBig cities are vibrant hubs for culture and industry, or dirty, congested, crime-ridden warrens. As the world population passes seven billion, economists, environmentalists and social scientists are rethinking the role of the city in global society.Economist Edward Glaeser believes cities are the best places to live. “Cities are so fascinating because they play to mankind’s greatest gift, which is our ability to learn from other people.”Since ancient times, he says, cities have attracted smart people and enabled them to work collaboratively to advance society. But it wasn’t always a smooth road.“In the 1970s, it looked as if globalization, new technologies and the death of distance was making our older cities obsolete. After all, the garment industry was fleeing New York. It looked like history itself was telling New York City to drop dead.”Over the past three decades many cities have been revitalized, not just despite globalization and new technologies, but, as Glaeser explains, because of them.“What these new forces have done is they’ve increased the returns to new ideas, to being smart. Because now if you’ve got a new idea, you can manufacture it on the other side of the planet. You can take advantage of some new market opportunity in India or Indonesia or Sub-Saharan Africa. These trends have also made cities more important because cities are at their heart today, engines of innovations, forgers of human capital.”In a new book Triumph of the City, Glaeser takes readers on a world tour of urban success stories from Boston and London, to Tokyo, Bangalore and Kinshasa. He explains how cities are places of pleasure andproduction. Restaurants, supermarkets, theaters and museums create job opportunities and vibrant economies.“If you look across the world, the countries where more than half of the people live in urban areas are more than four times richer, on average, than the countries where less than half of the people live in urban areas.”Even the pockets of poverty that are part of the modern urban landscape, Glaeser says, are signs of the power of cities.“Cities don’t make people poor, they attract poor people, and they attract poor people by delivering a path out of poverty and to prosperity, a chance to partner with people who have different skills, access to world markets, access to capital that enables poor people, some of them, not all of them, to actually find a way forward.”Concentrating population in a city, Glaeser says, is better for the environment.“There is significantly less carbon usage in c ities. There are two reasons for that, one of which is less driving. They are more likely to take public transportation. And when they drive, they drive shorter distances. And the second is that people in the cities, they occupy smaller homes than people l iving in rural areas.”To multiply that effect, the economist would like to see even more people move to cities, where towering skyscrapers would provide energy-efficient, affordable housing.“Building up is an option to avoid building out.”21st century cities are being reshaped as energy, the environment and the economy become more vital considerations in urban planning.Unit 3 Part I WordmasterAA: I’m Avi Arditti with Rosanne Skirble, and this week on Wordmaster: words that express emotion.RS: Suppose someone gave you two minutes to write down as many different emotions as you could think of—for example: happy, sad, angry. You’re also told to rate each emotion as “unpleasant,” “neutral” or “pleasant.” What would come to mind?AA: That’s what groups o f English speakers in Chicago, and Spanish speakers in Mexico City, had to do for a study led by Robert Schrauf, a linguistics professor at Penn State University.ROBERT SCHRAUF: So that data was available to me, and I began to analyze it one day and found this rather curious difference. And that was that about 50 percent of the emotion words that people mentioned were negative, and about 30 percent positive and 20 percent neutral. And those proportions were consistent across all of these groups, from young Mexicans to older Mexicans in Mexico City and young to old English speakers in Chicago. For instance, here is the young Anglos’, in order, the first five: happy, sad, angry, excited, afraid. Now what’s curious about that list is, happy is positive. That’s one word. Then there’s sad, angry, afraid—that’s three negative—and excited, which generally comes across to people as a neutral word.RS: What does this tell us, that 50 percent are negative, 30 percent are positive and 20 percent are neutral? What does this tell us about our emotions, or how we express ourselves?ROBERT SCHRAUF: Right, so that’s the curious thing. So you could look at that list and entertain a number of hypotheses. You could say, “Well, you know, human beings just have more negative expe riences than positive ones, and therefore…” Or you might think that people take dour views of things, I don’t know. So what became interesting was how to explain this. And I went back to the literature and found that the theorizing about emotions is as follows: We tend to think that there are positive and negative emotions on a kind of a continuum. But both the behavioral and the neuro-physiological literature suggest that actually there are two channels for processing emotions—one negative and one positive. And what happens is, it seems to me—or the explanation I’m taking from the literature—is that we respond to negative emotions by thinking more carefully, in a more detailed manner, and we respond to positive emotions by thinking more schematically. We tend to process those more facilely. So my response to a happy emotion is to sort of think top-down, to think that things are moving as they should in the world or perhaps a bit better. And that makes sense from an evolutionary perspective. I mean, if there’s danger or threat, then I need to pay a great deal of careful attention to that. If things are going OK, then it’s benign; I can sort of move ahead.RS: I find it very interesting, the comparison across cultures in the studies that you reviewed.ROBERT SC HRAUF: Right, right. So let’s say there are five to seven basic emotions which we’ll find with appropriate emotion words present in all languages and all cultures. I mean, we would have to do an empirical study to find that, but the evidence that we’ve gathered so far tends to suggest that that’s true. What makes cultures unique are all of those non-basic emotions that once you get through joy, anger, fear, sadness—those initial very pan-cultural words andpan-cultural emotions—then there are long lists of emotion words in each language that make rather curious distinctions that are not translatable. So an example in Spanish, for instance, is ‘verguenza,’ which we translate as ‘shame.’ But it’s a far more powerful word than our word shame. Or for instance, i n German, ‘schadenfreude’ is a word that implies a feeling of glee at someone else’s misfortune, and we don’t have an appropriate translation in English.填词第一单元If we’re serious about breaking the cycle of intergenerational（世代相传的）poverty, then many of these women will need some extra help with the basics that those living outside the inner city often take for granted. They need more police and more effective policing in their neighborhoods （社区）, to provide them and their children some semblance（n.类似）of personal security. Theyneed access to community-based（社区化的）health centers that emphasize prevention-including reproductive（生殖的）health care, nutritional（营养的）counseling（n.营养咨询）, and in some cases treatment for substance abuse. They need a radical（a.彻底性的）transformation of the schools their children attend, and access to affordable child care that will allow them to hold a full-time job or pursue（vt.继续；从事）their education.And in many cases they need help learning to be effective parents. By the time many inner-city children reach the school system, they’re already behind-unable to identify basic numbers,colors,or the letters in the alphabet, unaccustomed to sitting still or partipating in a structured environment, and often burdened by undiagnosed health problems. They’re unprepared not because they’re unloved but because their mothers don’t know how to provide what they need. Well-structured government programs-prenatal counseling, access to regular pediatric care, parenting programs, and quality early-childhood-education programs-have a proven ability to help fill the void.第三单元When someone you love dies from a heart attack or cancer, you remember him not in relation to his death but in relation to his life. This is not true of suicide. You go over and over the details（细节）of how he did it, why he did it and what you could have done to prevent it. You keep rewriting the story, trying to get all the answers, or you bury（埋藏）the questions and never fully grieve the loss. But if you’re constantly（时常）rewriting the life of the person who killed himself, you’re not moving ahead with your own life.I didn’t realize that I hadn’t really moved on until I heard a man about my age talk about his father. He described him as a person who was sensitive and cruel, generous and selfish, unable to forgive wrongs in others but desperate to be loved. He talked about his father’s relationship with his mother, and how his "mood" had controlled the temperature of the entire family. As I sat there listening, I could see my father in the very words he was using to describe his own. It didn’t matter that mine was a gynecologist（妇科医生）and his was a blue-collar worker. Neither suicide had anything to do with class or profession. Both men suffered from similar depressions that overwhelmed them after they retired, and went largely untreated at this crucial time of their lives.1~3单元句子翻译翻译:1.因为极端分子可能激起冲突和分裂，为了我们的共同安全，我们应该联合起来。

Chapter one Introduction1.1 什么是语言学1.1.1 定义语言学 LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.1.1.2The scope of linguistics语言学分支必考P2普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.The study of sounds, which are used in linguistic communication, is called phonetics .（语音学）The study o f how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology . （音位学）The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called morphology . （形态学）The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is calledsyntax （句法学）The study of meaning in language is called semantics . （语义学）The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics . （语用学）1.1.3 Some important distinctions in linguistics成对的概念辨析差异必考P3（1 ） Prescriptive and descriptive规定与描写If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said tobe descriptive, if it aims to lay down rules to tell people what they should say and whatthey should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar. Traditional grammar is prescriptivewhile modern linguistics is descriptive. The task of linguists is supposed to describe thelanguage people actually use, whether it is“ correct” or not.规定性 PrescriptiveIt aims to lay down rules for” correct” behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say.描述性 DescriptiveA linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use.（2 ） Synchronic and diachronic共时和历时The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study;the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. In modernlinguistics, synchronic study is more important.历时语言学 Diachronic linguisticsThe study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time .共时语言学 Synchronical linguisticsThe study of a given language at a given time .（3 ） Speech and writing口头语与书面语Speech and writing are the two major media of communication.Modern linguistics regards the spoken form of language as primary, but not the written form. Reasons are:1.Speech precedes writing;2. There are still many languages that have only thespoken form; 3. In terms of function, the spoken language is used for a wider range of purposes than the written, and carries a larger load of communication than the written.（4 ） Langue and parole语言和言语必考名解 P4The Swiss linguist F. de Saussure made the distinction between langue and parole early20th century.Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Saussure madethe distinction in order to single out one aspect of language for serious study.He believes what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole, to discover the regularities governing the actual use of language and make them the subjects of studyof linguistics.语言 langue（抽象）The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.言语 parole（具体）The realization of langue in actual use.（5 ） Competence and performance语言能力和语言运用Proposed by American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’ s.He defines competence as the ideal user’ s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Hebelieves the task of the linguists is to discover and specify the language rules.语言能力 Competence（抽象）Competence is the ideal user’ s knowledge of the rules of his language.语言运用 performance（具体）Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的具体体现。

英语复习（研究生）一、短语：1、节能项目 energy efficiency programs2、减少对环境的破坏 to reduce damage to the environment3、一线希望 a ray of hope4、网络用户 Internet users5、触及痛处 to hit home6、简单的出路 an easy way out7、短信 text messaging8、要点 bottom line9、全脂奶 whole milk10、管理完善的成功的公司 well-managed and successful companies11、开拓机会 exploit the opportunity12、领先 lead the way13、企业伦理 corporate ethics14、强调质量 focus on quality15、具有远见的领军人物 visionary leader16、对……有巨大影响 to have a cataclysmic effect on17、猛增的疟疾患病率 skyrocketing malaria rates18、国内生产总值 gross domestic product19、加强印象 to reinforce the impresson20、主要目标 prime target21、量身定做 tailor-made22、有远见的雇主们 forward-looking employers23、平均 on average24、探索世界 to explore the world25、确保 to make sure26、与……有关的 to be related to27、目光短浅的 shortsighted28、pay cheque 薪水（工资）支票29、cash bonus 现金奖励30、turning point 转折点31、meeting the target 实现目标32、take prompt action 立即采取行动33、step up effort 进一步付诸努力34、promote awareness 提高意识处于初期阶段35、in its infancy36、to expand the circle of online friends扩大网上的朋友圈37、social networking site 社交网站38、trans fat 反式脂肪39、be partial to 对······偏爱40、produce an imitation product 生产出一个仿制品41、install passwords on computers 在电脑上安装密码42、digital age 数字时代43、capital asset 资本资产强化这一信念44、reinforce the belief45、marked increase 显著增长46、 a dramatic increase 剧增二、句子翻译:1、Mr Brous said his main motivation for joining the project was参加可能加快节能项目推广速度的研 to_____________________(究).(participate in)答：participate in research that might accelerate the spread of energy efficiency programs着眼2、The research project was done ______________________(于为节能项目提供指导致性政策).（with an eye toward…） 答：with an eye toward guiding policy on energy-savingprograms3、Adults need a minimum of 1 gram of protein for every kilogram of body weight per day______ __________(来防止慢慢分解自身组织).(break down) 答：to keep from slowly breaking downtheir own tissues4、The elimination of trade barriers with the region刺激劳动生产率can_______even if trade patterns are not changed.(的提高)(boost)答：boost productivity引起人们5、Stars grace our night sky and___________________.(无边的遐想)（provoke）答：provoke our sense of wonder6、Not content with the above, some employersare_______________(帮助员工充实他们的业余时间).(leisure hours) 答：helping their staff fill their leisure hours too7、If e mployers really w ant to show that they are helping确保employees balance their lives, they should___________________(不让人们工作得太辛苦).(eusure)答：ensure that people do not work too hard8、For instance ,Sony Corporation stays (特别强调产品的创新). (focus on)答: intensely focused on product innovation9、Ideal Steel had a culture with a strong focus on quality and its attention to it has (达到了享有盛誉的质量指标认定标 准).(lead to)答：led to a prestigious quality designation10、Another organization （因为相似的做法而闻名）is Coca-Cola which is often described as a very fierce competitor.(noted for)答：not content to wait for developers to create its growth11、Students from China （用更长的时间来研究背景，感受整复画面）.（take in）答：spent more time studying the background and taking in the whole scent12、North American students of European background (更注意观看画面的前景物体).(pay attention to)答：paid more attention to the object in foreground of a scene13、The Japanese (更可能会说他们看到了溪流),the water was green, there were rocks on the bottom and then mention the答：were more likely to say they saw a stream fish.(be likely to)14、They were intermediate between native Asians and European-Americans, and sometimes （观察世界的方式更接近于美国人）. (close to)答：closer to Americans in the way they viewed scenes15、The Chinese, though, (认为所有活动都与其所处的环境息息相关),so they understood tides and magnetism long before the Westdid.(related to)答：considered all a ctions related to the medium in which they occurred 16、It would be hard to argue from these studies that (一般来说，某种文化在认知上优于其他文化). (outperform) 答：one culture is generally outperforming the other cognitively 17、Student should (为……承担责任)what is ultimately a malignant habit.答：accept the responsibility for18、Copying on a test can (得到更高的分数)and plagiarism can spare students the unpleasant experience of (不得不提出)their own ideas.(lead to ,come up with)答：lead to higher marks, having to come up with唯一有能19、As the future of America, college students (力)combating this epidemic, but it will first require that we reaffirm integrity’s worth in our own backyard.(be capab le of ) 答：are uniquely capable of20、Over-emphasis on survey course will (使学生失去培养自己创造力的机会)(lead ….to ,foster)答：lead the students to the loss of the opportunity to foster their creativity.21、These criteria put forward by the scientists are not so precise and can be （最多也只能应用在小学生身上）.(apply to ,at best) 答：applied to pupils at best22、American higher education (试图在二者之间做个选择)：whether to concentrate more on survey courses or adopt a more focused system.(seek to )答：seeks to make a choice between the two23、The knowledge of a student should not （局限于某一特定的国家或地区）, and should definitely go far beyond that.(be limited to)三、短文翻译The problem is industrial spies steal information , not information containers, and information carries no fingerprints. So how can a company protect itself from an employee whobears a grudge? There are several simple precautions. Devise a system to control who has access to what level of information; install passwords on computers; shred all paperwork and check personal details on CVs. If you still have reason to suspect espionage, then look for warning signs in staff b ehavior and monitor the photocopier for any signs of late-night use.答：问题在于，工业间谍盗窃的是信息，而不是信息容器，而信息不会留下任何指纹。