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001. (Correct answer: D)A barge more than 50 meters long, at anchor in a "special anchorage area" designed by the Port Authority is required to show how many white anchor lights?A: 1B: 3C: 4D: 2002. (Correct answer: C) Your vessel is approaching a bend. You hear a prolonged blast from around the bend. You should:A: back your enginesB: stop your engines and driftC: answer with one prolonged blastD: sound the danger signal003. (Correct answer: D)A 95-meter vessel aground sounds which fog signal?A: A rapid ringing of a bell for 5 seconds every two-minuteB: A whistle signal of the short, one prolonged, and one short blastC: A prolonged blast of the whistle at intervals not to exceed one minuteD: A rapid ringing of a bell for 5 seconds, preceded and followed by three separate and distinct strokes on the bell004. (Correct answer: C)A 200-meter vessel is aground in fog. Which signal is optional?A: A bell signalB: A gong signalC: A whistle signalD: All of about005. (Correct answer: A) Additional light signals are provided in the Annexes to the Rules for vessels:A: engaged in fishingB: not under commandC: engaged in towingD: under sail006. (Correct answer: C) If it becomes necessary for a stand-on vessel to take action to avoid collision, she shall NOT, if possible:A: decrease speedB: increase speedC: turn to port for a vessel on her own port sideD: turn to starboard for a vessel on her own port side007. (Correct answer: A) The Rules concerning lights shall be complied with in all weathers from sunset to sunrise. The lights:A: shall be displayed in restricted visibility during daylight hoursB: need not be displayed when no other vessels are in the areaC: shall be set at low power when used during daylight hoursD: need not be displayed by unmanned vessel008. (Correct answer: C)A sailing vessel with the wind abaft the beam is navigating in restricted visibility. She should sound:A: three short blastsB: one prolonged blastC: one prolonged and two short blastsD: two prolonged blasts009. (Correct answer: D) You see a vessel displaying the code flag "LIMA" below which is a red ball. The vessel is:A: trollingB: getting ready to receive aircraftC: agroundD: in distress010. (Correct answer: D) Which statement is TRUE concerning seaplanes on the water?A: a seaplane must show appropriate lights but need not exhibit shapes.B: a seaplane should exhibits the lights for a vessel constrained by her draft.C: in situations where a risk of collision exists, a seaplane should always give way.D: a seaplane on the water shall, in general, keep well clear of all vessel.011. (Correct answer: B)A vessel approaching your vessel from 235 degrees relative is in what typeA: Meeting.B: Overtaking.C: Crossing.D: Passing.012. (Correct answer: C) You are underway and hear a vessel continuously sounding her fog whistle. This indicates the other vessel:A: desires to communicate by radioB: desires a pilotC: is in distressD: is aground013. (Correct answer: D) Which statement is TRUE concerning a vessel of 75 meters in length at anchor?A: She must show an all-round white light forward.B: She must show a second all-round white light aft.C: She may use her working lights to illuminate her decks.D: All of the above.014. (Correct answer: C) You are approaching another vessel. She is about one mile distant and is on your starboard bow. You believe she will cross ahead of you. She then sounds a whistle signal of five short blasts. You should:A: answer the signal and hold course and speedB: reduce speed slightly to make sure she will have room to passC: make a large course change, and slow down if necessaryD: wait for another whistle signal from the other vessel015. (Correct answer: D) If a rowboat underway does NOT show the lights specified for a sailing vessel underway, it shall show a:A: white light from sunset to sunriseB: combined lantern showing green to starboard and red to port and shown from sunset to sunriseC: combined lantern showing green to starboard and red to port and shown in sufficient time to prevent collisionD: white light shown in sufficient time to prevent collision016. (Correct answer: D) Which vessel must show an after masthead light, is over 50 meters in length?A: A vessel engaged in fishingB: A vessel at anchorC: A vessel not under commandD: A vessel trawling017. (Correct answer: B) An authorized light to assist in the identification of submarines operating on the surface isa(n):A: a blue rotating lightB: intermittent flashing amber/ yellow lightC: flashing white lightD: flashing sidelight018. (Correct answer: D)A lookout should report objects sighted using:A: true bearingsB: magnetic bearingsC: gyro bearingD: relative bearings019. (Correct answer: C) Which is the danger signal?A: A continuous sounding of the fog signalB: Firing a gun every minuteC: Five or more short rapid blasts on the whistleD: One prolonged blast on the whistle020. (Correct answer: C) Continuous sounding of a fog whistle by a vessel is a signal:A: that the vessel is anchoredB: to request the draw span of a bridge to the openedC: of distressD: that the vessel is broken down and drifting021. (Correct answer: A) What does the helm command "SHIFT THE RUDDER" mean?A: Put the rudder over to the opposite side, the same number of degrees it is now.B: Put the rudder amidships and hold the heading steady as she goes.C: Shift the rudder control to the alternate steering method.D: Stop the swing of the ship.022. (Correct answer: C)A vessel, which is unable to maneuver due to some exceptional circumstance, shall exhibit: A: during the day, three balls in a vertical lineB: during the day, three shapes, the highest and the lowest being balls and the middle being a diamondC: when making way at night, two all-round red lights and, sidelights, and sternlightD: when making way at night, a masthead light, sidelights and a sternlight023. (Correct answer: C) Which statement is TRUE concerning the light used with whistle signals?A: Use of such a light is required.B: The light shall have the same characteristics as a masthead light.C: It is only used to supplement short blasts on the whistle.D: All of the above.024. (Correct answer: A)A lantern combining a vessel's running lights may be shown on a .A: A 15-meter sailing vesselB: 20-meter vessel engaged in fishing and making wayC: 25-meter power-driven vessel trawlingD: 25-meter pilot vessel025. (Correct answer: D)A vessel engaged in fishing during the day would show .A: one black ballB: two cones with bases togetherC: a cone, apex downwardD: two cones, apexes together026. (Correct answer: D) Which vessel may sound the danger signal ?A: The stand-on vessel in a crossing situation.B: The give-way vessel in a crossing situation.C: A vessel at anchor.D: All of the above.027. (Correct answer: C) Which display indicates a vessel conducting mineclearance operations ?A: Three balls in a vertical line.B: Two balls in vertical line.C: One ball near the foremast and one ball at each yardarm.D: One diamond near foremast and one ball at each yardarm.028. (Correct answer: A)The duration of each blast of the whistle signals used in meeting and crossing situations is: A: about 1 secondB: 2 or 4 secondsC: 4 to 6 secondsD: 8 to 10 seconds029. (Correct answer: B) What type of vessel or operation is indicated by a vessel displaying two cones with the apexes together ?A: SailingB: TrawlingC: MinesweepingD: Dredging030. (Correct answer: A) The helm command "STEADY AS YOU GO" means:A: steer the course you are on nowB: steer the course when the swing stopsC: maintain the rate of swingD: don't allow the vessel to swing off course so much031. (Correct answer: C) "EASE THE RUDDER" means to:A: move the rudder slowly in the direction of the most recent rudder commandB: bring the rudder amidshipsC: decrease the rudder angleD: steer the course which is your present heading032. (Correct answer: D) The rule regarding lookout applies:A: in restricted visibilityB: between dusk and dawnC: in heavy trafficD: All of the above.033. (Correct answer: A) At night, a vessel which is less than 7 meters in length and anchoring in an area where other vessels do not normally navigate is:A: not required to show any anchor lightsB: required to show a flare-up lightC: required to show one white lightD: required to show sidelights and a sternlights034. (Correct answer: A) While underway in fog you hear a vessel sound one prolonged blast followed by two short blasts. What does this signal indicate ?A: A vessel towingB: A vessel being towingC: A pilot vessel engaged on pilot dutyD: A vessel aground035. (Correct answer: C)A vessel transferring cargo while underway is classified by the Rules as vessel:A: not under commandB: in special circumstancesC: restricted in her ability to maneuverD: constrained by her draft036. (Correct answer: C) Which vessel, when anchored at night, is NOT required to show anchor lights ?A: A power-driven vesselB: A vessel engaged on pilotage dutyC: A vessel dredgingD: A vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver037. (Correct answer: D)A vessel towing is showing three forward white masthead lights in a vertical line. This means that the length of the:A: towing vessel is less than 50 metersB: towing vessel is greater than 50 metersC: tow is less than 200 metersD: tow is greater than 200 meters038. (Correct answer: C) Which vessel is “underway" under the Rules of COLREG-72 ?A: A vessel at anchor with the engine runningB: A vessel with a line led to a tree onshoreC: A vessel drifting with the engine offD: A vessel aground039. (Correct answer: C)A 25-meter vessel trawling will show the day shape(s) consisting of:A: a basketB: two ballsC: two cones, apexes togetherD: a cone, apex downward040. (Correct answer: D)A power-driven vessel underway shall keep out of the way of a:A: vessel not under commandB: vessel engaged in fishingC: sailing vesselD: all of the above041. (Correct answer: A)A continuous sounding of a fog - signal apparatus indicates:A: the vessel is in distressB: the vessel has completed loading dangerous cargoC: it is safe to passD: the vessel is anchored042. (Correct answer: B) While underway in fog you hear a whistle signal consisting of one prolonged blast followed immediately by two short blasts. This signal is sounded in fog by:A: a vessel at anchorB: a vessel underway and towingC: a vessel in dangerD: a pilot vessel043. (Correct answer: C) While moving ahead, a twin-screw ship has an advantage over a single-screw ship because:A: correct trim will be obtained more easilyB: drag effect will be canceled outC: side forces will be eliminatedD: speed will be increased044. (Correct answer: D) Which statement is TRUE of a 30-meters sailing vessel underway ?A: She must show sidelights and a sternlight in restricted visibility.B: She may show an all-round white light at the top of the mast.C: She need not show a sternlight if she is showing all-round light on the mast.D: If she is using propelling machinery, she shall show where it can be best seen a conical shape, apex downwards.045. (Correct answer: B)A power-driven vessel towing another vessel astern (tow less than 200 meters) shall show: A: three masthead lights in a vertical line instead of either the forward of after masthead light B: two masthead lights in a vertical line instead of either the forward or after masthead lights C: two towing lights in a vertical line at the sternD: a small white light aft of the funnel046. (Correct answer: A)A vessel which is "restricted in her ability to maneuver" under the Rules, is a vessel which is: A: mineclearingB: engaged in fishingC: at anchorD: not under command047. (Correct answer: B) When a vessel signals her distress by means of a gun or other explosive signal, the firing should be at intervals of approximately:A: 10 minutesB: 1 minuteC: 1 hourD: 3 minutes048. (Correct answer: D)A "head on" situation shall be deemed to exist at night when a power-driven vessel sees another power-driven vessel ahead and:A: one sidelight and the masthead light are visibleB: the vessels will pass closer than half a mileC: both vessels sound one prolonged blastD: both sidelights and masthead light(s) are visible049. (Correct answer: B)A 20-meter vessel is towing another vessel astern. The length of the tow from the stern of the towing vessel to the stern of the tow is 75 meters. How many white towing masthead lights shall the towing vessel show at night ?A: 1B: 2C: 3D: 4050. (Correct answer: B) You are stopped with no way upon your vessel at the pilot station. Your vessel is a large twin-screw ship. You must come around 180( to board your Pilot. How should you use the engines and rudder to turn the ship tastiest in the least amount of space ?A: Full ahead on the engines and hard over rudderB: Full ahead on one engine, full astern on the otherC: Half ahead with hard over rudder, then full astern on inboard engineD: Slow ahead with hard over rudder051. (Correct answer: D)A vessel engaged in fishing, and at anchor, shall show .A: an anchor lightB: sidelights and a sternlightsC: three lights in a vertical line, the highest and lowest being red, and the middle being white D: None of the above052. (Correct answer: C)A vessel sounding a fog signal of one short, one prolonged, and one short blast is indicating that the vessel is:A: fishingB: in distressC: at anchorD: not under command053. (Correct answer: D) Two all-round red lights displayed in vertical line are shown by a vessel .A: being towedB: pushing a barge aheadC: at anchorD: not under command054. (Correct answer: A) You are underway in fog and you hear one prolonged blast followed by two short blasts. This is a vessel:A: towingB: engaged on pilotageC: aground in a fairwayD: stopped and making no way through the water055. (Correct answer: B)According to the Rules, which vessel is NOT "restricted in her ability to maneuver" ?A: A vessel servicing a navigation markerB: A sailing vesselC: A vessel mineclearingD: A vessel dredging056. (Correct answer: C)A vessel which is unable to maneuver due to same exceptional circumstance, shall show two red lights in a vertical line and:A: during the day, three balls in a vertical lineB: during the day, three shapes, the highest and lowest being balls and the middles being diamondC: when making way at night, sidelights and a sternlightD: when making way at night, masthead lights, sidelights and a sternlight057. (Correct answer: A) You are underway and approaching a bend in the channel where vessels approaching from the opposite direction cannot be seen. You should sound:A: one blast, 4 or 6 seconds in durationB: three blasts, 4 or 6 seconds in durationC: one continuous blast until you are able to see around the bendD: one blast, 8 or 10 seconds in duration058. (Correct answer: D)A vessel which is fishing must show sidelights and a sternlights only when:A: anchoredB: underwayC: dead in the waterD: underway and making way059. (Correct answer: B) The rudder is amidships and both screws are going ahead. What will happen if the starboard screw is stopped ?A: The bow will go to port.B: The bow will go to the starboard.C: The bow will remain steady.D: The stern will go to starboard.060. (Correct answer: B)A power-driven vessel towing astern shall show .A: two towing lights in a vertical lineB: a towing light in a vertical line above the sternlightC: two towing lights in addition to the sternlightD: a small white light in lieu of the sternlight061. (Correct answer: C) You are underway in fog when you hear the following signal: one short blast, one prolonged blast and one short blast in succession. Which of the following would it be ?A: A sailing vessel underway with the wind abaft the beam.B: A power-driven vessel underway and making way through the water.C: A vessel at anchor.D: A vessel towing.062. (Correct answer: D)A twin-screw vessel can clear the inboard propeller and maneuver off a pier BEST by holding:A: forward spring line and going slow ahead on the inboard engineB: after spring line and going slow astern on the outboard engineC: forward spring line and going slow ahead on both enginesD: forward spring line and going slow ahead on the outboard engine063. (Correct answer: B) If you hear the firing of a gun at one-minute intervals from another vessel, this indicates that: A: the gun is being used to sound passing signalsB: the vessel is in distressC: all vessels are to clear the areaD: all is clear and it is safe to pass064. (Correct answer: D) Fog signals, required under the Rules for vessels underway, shall be sounded:A: only on the approach of another vesselB: only when vessels are in sight of each otherC: at intervals of not more than one minuteD: at intervals of not more than two minutes065. (Correct answer: C)A towing vessel is towing two barges astern. The length of the tow from the stern of the tug to the stern of the last barge is 250 meters. The towing vessel is 45 meters in length. How many white masthead lights should be displayed on the towboat at night ?A: 1B: 2C: 3D: 4066. (Correct answer: C) At night, a vessel shall indicate that she is restricted in her ability to maneuver by showing in a vertical line two .A: red lightsB: red lights and two white lightsC: red lights with a white light in betweenD: white lights with a red light in between067. (Correct answer: B) Your power-driven vessel is underway when you sight a sailing vessel on your port bow. Which vessel is the "stand-on" vessel ?A: The sailboat, because it is to port of your vesselB: The sailboat, because it is under sailC: Your vessel, because it is a power-driven vesselD: Your vessel, because it is to starboard of the sailboat068. (Correct answer: A) Five or more short blasts on a vessel's whistle indicates that she is:A: in doubt that another vessel is taking sufficient action to avoid a collisionB: altering course to starboardC: altering course to portD: the stand-on vessel and will maintain course and speed069. (Correct answer: B) Which statement concerning maneuvering in restricted visibility is FALSE ?A: a vessel which cannot avoid a close-quarters situation with a vessel forward of her beam shall reduce her speed to bare steerageway.B: a vessel which hears a fog signal forward of her beam shall stop her engines.C: A vessel which hears a fog signal forward of the beam shall navigate with caution.D: If a vessel determines by radar that a close-quarters situation is developing, she shall take avoiding action in ample time.070. (Correct answer: C)A twin-screw vessel, making headway with both engines turning ahead, will turn more readily to starboard if you .A: reverse port engine, apply right rudderB: reverse port engine, rudder amidshipsC: reverse starboard engine, apply right rudderD: reverse starboard engine, rudder amidships071. (Correct answer: D)A vessel being towed astern shall show at night .A: the lights required for a power-driven vessel underwayB: only the required masthead lightsC: a sternlight onlyD: sidelights and sternlight072. (Correct answer: C) In order for a stand-on vessel to take action in a situation, she must determine that the other vessel .A: is restricted in her ability to maneuverB: has sounded the danger signalC: is not taking appropriate actionD: has not changed course since risk of collision was determined073. (Correct answer: C) While underway your vessel approaches a bend in a river where, due to the bank, you cannot see around the bend. You should .A: keep to the starboard side of the channel and sound one short blastB: sound the danger signalC: sound one prolonged blastD: slow your vessel to bare steerageway074. (Correct answer: B) You are approaching a narrow channel. You see a vessel that can only be navigated safely within the channel. You should .A: initiate an exchange of passing signalsB: not cross the channel if you might impede the mother vesselC: sound the danger signalD: hold your course and speed075. (Correct answer: D) Your 15-meter vessel is crossing a narrow channel and a large cargo vessel to port is within the channel and crossing your course. You must .A: hold course and speedB: sound the danger signalC: initiate an exchange of passing signalsD: do not cross the channel if you might impede the other vessel076. (Correct answer: B) You are crossing a narrow channel in a 15-meter vessel when you sight a tanker off your port bow coming up the channel. Which statement is TRUE ?A: Yours is the give-way vessel because it is less than 30 meters long.B: You shall not impede the safe passage of the tanker.C: The tanker is the stand-on vessel because it is to port of your vessel.D: The tanker is the stand-on vessel because it is the larger of the two vessels.077. (Correct answer: D) If your vessel is underway in fog and you hear one prolonged and three short blasts, this indicates a .A: vessel not under commandB: sailing vesselC: vessel in distressD: vessel being towed078. (Correct answer: C) At night, which lights would see on a vessel engaged in fishing, other than trawling ?A: Two red lights, one over the other.B: A green light over a red light.C: A red light over a white light.D: A white light over a red light079. (Correct answer: B) Systems of inbound and outbound lanes to promote the safe flow of vessel traffic in certain areas around the world are known as .A: merchant vessel reporting systemsB: traffic separation schemesC: collision avoidance fairwaysD: restricted maneuverability channels080. (Correct answer: A)A tug is towing three manned barges in line in fog. The first vessel of the tow should sound . A: no fog signalB: one short blastC: one prolonged and three shot blastsD: one prolonged, one short, and one prolonged blast081. (Correct answer: C) All fog signals shall be sounded every two minutes with the EXCEPTION of a vessel .A: underway or making wayB: under sail or under towC: anchored or agroundD: not under command or restricted in her ability to maneuver082. (Correct answer: B)A 200-meter vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver, at anchor, will sound a fog signal of A: a 5 second ringing of a bell forward and a 5 second sounding of a gong aft at intervals of 1 minuteB: one prolonged followed by two short blasts every minuteC: one prolonged followed by three short blasts every minuteD: one prolonged followed by three short blasts every 2 minutes083. (Correct answer: A)A partially submerged object towed by a vessel must show during the day .A: one diamond shape when the length of the tow is 200 meters or lessB: one diamond shape ONLY when the length of the tow exceeds 200 meters in lengthC: one black ballD: one black ball ONLY when the length of the tow exceeds 200 meters in length084. (Correct answer: B) Anchors are prevented from running out when secured by the .A: brakeB: devil's clawC: pawlsD: all of the above085. (Correct answer: D) What dayshape is to shown by a vessel aground ?A: A cylinderB: Two cones with their apexes togetherC: Two black balls in a vertical lineD: Three black balls in a vertical line086. (Correct answer: D) What is NOT a distress signal ?A: Red flares or red rocketsB: Continuous sounding of fog signaling apparatusC: International Code Flags "NOVEMBER" and "CHARLIE"D: Basket handing in the rigging087. (Correct answer: A) Which statement is TRUE concerning a vessel equipment with operational radar ?A: She must use this equipment to obtain early warning of risk of collision.B: The use of a radar excuses a vessel from the need of a lookout.C: The radar equipment is only required to be used in restricted visibility.D: The safe speed of such a vessel will likely be greater than that of vessels without radar. 088. (Correct answer: D) You are underway in restricted visibility and hear a fog signal forward of the beam. Nothing appear on your radar screen. You must .A: stop your enginesB: sound two prolonged blasts of the whistleC: sound the danger signalD: slow to bare steerageway089. (Correct answer: C) What is the optional whistle signal which may be sounded by a vessel at anchor ?A: Two prolonged followed by one short blasts.B: One short followed by two prolonged blasts.C: One short, one prolonged, followed by one short blast.D: Four short blasts.090. (Correct answer: B) The minimum length of a power-driven that must show forward and after masthead lights is A: 30 metersB: 50 metersC: 75 metersD: 100 meters091. (Correct answer: D) The part of the anchor which takes hold on the bottom is the .A: armB: baseC: flukeD: stock092. (Correct answer: D) What light(s), if any, would you show at night if your vessel was broken down and being towed by another vessel ?A: None.B: Same lights as for a power-driven vessel underwayC: A white light forward and white light aftD: The colored sidelights and a white sternlight093. (Correct answer: D)A vessel not under command making way at night would show .A: two all-round red lights in a vertical lineB: anchor lights and running lightsC: two all-round white lights in a vertical line, sidelights and a sternlightD: two all-round red lights in a vertical line, sidelights and a sternlight094. (Correct answer: A) In a dense fog, you hear a whistle signal of one prolonged blast followed by three short blasts. This signal is sounded by a .A: manned vessel being towedB: fishing vessel underway trawlingC: pilot vessel underway making a special signalD: vessel not under command095. (Correct answer: C) While underway and pushing a barge ahead, your vessel enters a heavy rainstorm. You should sound .A: a prolonged blast every two minutesB: two prolonged blasts every two minutesC: one prolonged and two short blasts every two minutesD: one prolonged and three short blasts every two minutes096. (Correct answer: D) On open waters, a power-driven vessel shall keep out of the way of aA: vessel on her port side that is crossing her courseB: vessel that is overtaking herC: seaplane on the waterD: sailing vessel097. (Correct answer: C) You are overtaken a vessel at night and you see a yellow light showing above the sternlight of the overtaken vessel. The overtaken vessel is .A: underway and dredgingB: pushing ahead or towing alongsideC: towing asternD: a pilot vessel098. (Correct answer: D) Your vessel is at anchor in fog. The fog signal of another vessel, apparently underway, has been growing louder and the danger of collision appears to exist. In addition to your fog signal, what signal may be used to indicate your presence ?A: No signal other than your fog signal may be used.B: One prolonged, one short, and one prolonged whistle blasts.C: One prolonged followed by two short whistle blasts.D: One short, one prolonged, and one short whistle blast.099. (Correct answer: C)A tug is towing three manned barges in line in fog. The third vessel of the tow should sound . A: a fog signal。
1972年国际海上避碰规则INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FORPREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA,1972（第1- 19条）第一章总则 Part A – General第一条 Rule 1适用范围 Application1 本规则条款适用于公海和连接于公海而可供海船航行的一切水域中的一切船舶。
(a)These Rules shall apply to all vessels upon the high seas and in all waters connected therewith navigable by seagoing vessels.2本规则条款不妨碍有关主管机关为连接于公海而可供海船航行的任何港外锚地、江河、湖泊或内陆水道所制订的特殊规定的实施。
这种特殊规定，应尽可能符合本规则条款。
(b)Nothing in these Rules shall interfere in the operationof special rules made by an appropriate authority for roadsteads, harbors, rivers, lakes or inland waterways connected with the high seas and navigable by seagoing vessels. Such special rules shall conform as closely as possible to these Rules.3．本规则条款不妨碍各国政府为军舰及护航下的船舶所制定的关于额外的队形灯、信号灯、号型或笛号，或者为结队从事捕鱼的渔船所制定的关于额外的队形灯、信号灯或号型的任何特殊规定的实施。
这些额外的队形灯、信号灯、号型或笛号，应尽可能不致被误认为本规则其他条文所规定的任何号灯、号型或信号。
1972年《国际海上避碰规则公约》Convention on the International Regulations for PreventingCollisions at Sea, 1972各缔约国,本着保持高度的海上安全的愿望,注意到有必要对1960年国际海上人命安全会议最终议定书所附的国际海上避碰规则进行修订并使之适应新的情况,经就该规则被认可以来的发展情况对之进行了审议,现协议如下:THE PARTIES TO THE PRESENT CONVENTION,DESIRING to maintain a high level of safety at sea,MINDFUL of the need to revise and bring up to date theInternational Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea annexed to the Final Act of the International Conference on Safety of Life at Sea, 1960,HAVING CONSIDERED those Regulations in the light of developments since they were approved,HAVE AGREED as follows:第I条一般义务Article I General obligations本公约各缔约国保证实施构成本公约所附1972年国际海上避碰规则(以下简称“本规则”)的各项条款及其他附录。
The Parties to the present Convention undertake to give effect to the Rules and other Annexes constituting the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972, (hereinafter referred to as "the Regulations") attached hereto.第II条签署、批准、接受、核准和加入Article II Signature, ratification, acceptance, approval and accession1.本公约保持开放到1973年6月1日为止供签署,此后继续开放供加入。
1972年国际海上避碰规则公约Convention on the International Regulations for PreventingCollisions at Sea, 1972各缔约国，本着保持高度的海上安全的愿望，注意到有必要对1960年国际海上人命安全会议最终议定书所附的国际海上避碰规则进行修订并使之适应新的情况，经就该规则被认可以来的发展情况对之进行了审议，现协议如下：THE PARTIES TO THE PRESENT CONVENTION,DESIRING to maintain a high level of safety at sea,MINDFUL of the need to revise and bring up to date the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea annexed to the Final Act of the International Conference on Safety of Life at Sea, 1960,HAVING CONSIDERED those Regulations in the light of developments since they were approved,HAVE AGREED as follows:第I条一般义务Article I General obligations本公约各缔约国保证实施构成本公约所附1972年国际海上避碰规则（以下简称“本规则”）的各项条款及其他附录。
The Parties to the present Convention undertake to give effect to the Rules and other Annexes constituting the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972, (hereinafter referred to as "the Regulations") attached hereto.第II条签署、批准、接受、核准和加入Article II Signature, ratification, acceptance, approval and accession1.本公约保持开放到1973年6月1日为止供签署，此后继续开放供加入。
PSC（Port State Control），港口国监控。
检查的目的：港口国的政府机构或其授权者（中国为海事局）通过对外国船舶及船员技术状况及能力的（特别是有关安全与防污染方面的）检查，以保证船舶在海上的：人命和财产安全；减小污染海洋环境. (主要是船舶安全和防止船舶污染的检查）psc检查的法律依据：主要有IMO 的SOLAS74公约，MARPOL73/78公约，STCW78/95公约；ILO 的MLC（“国际海事劳工公约”已通过，已生效）；及其它。
psc检查的地区性备忘录组织：巴黎谅解备忘录；亚太地区PSC谅解备忘录(我国是其成员）；加勒比海PSC谅解备忘录；地中海地区PSC谅解备忘录；拉丁美洲PSC合作协议；而且每年都会发布船舶被只留的名单和船级社的名字。
如果检查不好，海事局有权扣留船舶，停止船舶出海，所以在开船前，船东会让船级社人员进行检查，之后海事局在上去检查，合格后允许船舶运行，如果不合格，拒绝发证，停止船舶航行，进行改造，并进行记录，如果船级社的船被滞留，对船级社的名声有影响！船舶PSC检查通称为PORT STATE CONTROL INSPECTION.就是港口国检查PSC的主要目的是有效提高船舶、船公司、船东对船舶安全、设备的有效维护，降低海上危险事故的风险。
主要检查的项目很多，驾驶、轮机、电器、导航设备都是检查的项目甲板部:做好一些文件,现场主要是舷边水堵,和锚缆机的防溢塞,开仓操作下面的塞子.再就加油时派人巡视. 那里PSC啊文件油水记录簿。
设备油水分离器，焚烧炉河北腾飞”轮在2月16日靠泊荷兰鹿特丹港卸货期间，接受了欧洲强制扩大性港口国大检查。
荷兰的港口国检查历来以严格闻名，尤以安全检查为重点，检查的方面涉及到众多的国际公约如：SOLAS、MARPOL、STCW及ISM、ISPS和船舶管理体系的运行等。
我想通过我所经历的这次检查，给公司兄弟船舶抵达欧洲迎接检查提供一点点参考，取长补短，共同做好各项船舶管理工作。
国际海上避碰规则中文版国际海上避碰规则（COLREG）是指国际海事组织（IMO）制定的一套标准，用于规范船舶在海上交通中的避碰行为。
COLREG的正式名称是《国际海上避碰规则和信号规则》，最早于1972年发布，它的目的是确保船舶在海上航行时能够安全地避免碰撞。
COLREG规则一共包含38条，并根据海上交通的不同情况进行了细致的规定，下面将介绍其中一些重要的规则：第一条规定了COLREG的目的和适用范围，明确规定了该规则适用于海上航行和河流航行。
第二条规定了基本定义。
其中包括船首、船尾、船舯、航行灯、停船、矿物堆放区、适用航栏、航道、水域及其边界等详细定义，为后续规则提供了准确的定义。
根据COLREG的规定，船舶应当保持安全速度和安全距离，以确保能够及时有效地避免碰撞。
COLREG规定了不同情况下的具体行为规范。
第六条规定了船舶的安全速度，该规则规定船舶应当在能够充分控制船舶的情况下，避免以过高速度航行。
第七条规定了船舶在浓雾等不良气象条件下的行驶规定。
该规则规定了船舶应当在能够保持安全的能见度范围内航行，并且根据情况启用航行器材。
第十三条规定了船舶在海上遇到航道交叉的行驶规则。
该规则规定了船舶应当保持右侧通行，并确保交叉船舶能够安全通过。
第十四条规定了船舶在海上遇到碰撞风险的情况下的行驶规定。
该规则规定了船舶应当采取一切必要行动，确保能够有效避免碰撞。
此外，COLREG还规定了船舶在能见度较差的情况下应当使用的灯光信号，以便确保船舶之间能够相互辨认。
COLREG还规定了海上遇险船舶与救援船舶之间的行驶规定，以确保海上遇险船舶能够及时得到救援。
COLREG的目的是为了确保船舶在海上航行时能够避免碰撞，保障船舶和人员的安全。
因此，对于每一位船员来说，掌握并严格遵守COLREG 是非常重要的。
只有在掌握了规则，并根据实际情况合理运用，才能够确保海上交通的安全与顺畅。
国际避碰规则范文国际避碰规则（COLREGS）是一项国际公约，旨在确保航行中的船舶安全，并规定了船舶之间的避碰规则。
COLREGS在1972年通过，并由国际海事组织（IMO）监督和执行。
以下是COLREGS的主要内容。
一、一般规则COLREGS的第一部分包括一般规则，适用于所有船舶。
其中包括了关于可见性、船舶防碰信号的使用、船舶行驶的基本原则等。
这些规则旨在确保船舶能够及时发现其他船舶，并采取适当的行动来避免碰撞。
二、遇到危险情况时的行动COLREGS的第二部分规定了当船舶遇到危险情况时应该采取的行动。
这些规则主要包括了避免与其他船舶相撞、避免与固定或浮动物体相撞等。
根据这些规定，船舶应该保持警惕，并采取适当的行动，以确保航行安全。
三、各类船舶的行为规则COLREGS的第三部分规定了不同类型的船舶在遇到情况时应采取的行动。
这包括船舶在遇到近遇、船舶交会等情况下所应采取的行为规则。
例如，在交叉航行中，船舶应该向右舷避让，并且应该避免纵向交叉。
四、辅助设备的使用规则COLREGS的第四部分规定了船舶使用辅助设备时的规则。
这些规则包括了使用雷达、声纳和其他辅助设备的船舶应该采取的行动，以确保航行安全。
此外，COLREGS还规定了船舶在使用这些设备时应遵守的特定程序和注意事项。
总结起来，国际避碰规则（COLREGS）旨在确保船舶在航行中的安全，避免碰撞事故的发生。
这些规则规定了船舶之间的行为准则，并要求船舶在遇到不同情况时采取适当的行动，以确保船舶的安全和航行的顺利进行。
COLREGS的遵守对于航海事业的发展和无事故航行至关重要。
因此，船舶操作人员和船舶相关人员应该深入了解和遵守COLREGS，以确保航行安全。
第一条适用范围Rule 1 Application1.本规则各条适用于在公海和连接于公海且可供海船航行的一切水域中的一切船舶.These Rules shall apply to all vessels upon the high seas and in all waters connected therewith navigable by seagoing vessels. 2.本规则各条不妨碍有关主管机关为连接于公海而可供海船航行的任何港外锚地,港口,江河,湖泊或内陆水道所制定的特殊规定的实施.这种特殊规定,应尽可能符合本规则各条.Nothing in these Rules shall interfere with the operation of special rules made by an appropriate authority for roadsteads, harbours, rivers, lakes or inland waterways connected with the high seas and navigable by seagoing vessels .Such special rules shall conform as closely as possible to these Rules.3. 本规则各条,不妨碍各国政府为军舰及护航下的船舶所制定的关于额外的队形灯,信号灯,号型或笛号;或者为结队从事捕鱼的渔船所制定的关于额外的队形灯,信号灯或号型的任何特殊规定的实施.这些额外的队形灯,信号灯,号型或笛号,应尽可能不致被误认为本规则其他条文所规定的任何号灯,号型或信号.Nothing in these Rules shall interfere with the operation of any special rules made by the Government of any State with respect to additional station or signal lights or shapes for fishing vessels engaged in fishing as a fleet. These additional station or signal lights, shapes or whistle signals shall, so far as possible, be such that they cannot be mistaken for any light, shape or signal authorized elsewhere under these Rules.4.为实施本规则,本组织可以采纳分道通航制.Traffic separation schemes may be adopted by the Organization for the purpose of these Rules.5.凡经有关政府确定,某种特殊构造或用途的船舶,如不能完全遵守本规则任何一条关于号灯或号型的数量,位置,能见距离或弧度以及声号设备的配置和特性的规定时,则应遵守其政府在号灯或号型的数量,位置,能见距离或弧度以及声号设备的配置和特性方面为之另行确定的尽可能符合本规则要求的规定.Whenever the Government concerned shall have determined that a vessel of special construction or purpose cannot comply fully with the provisions of any of these Rules with respect to the number, position, range or arc of visibility of lights or shapes, as well as to the disposition and characteristics of sound-signalling appliances, such vessel shall comply with such other provisions in regard to the number, position ,range or arc of the visibility of lights or shapes, as well as to the disposition and characteristics of sound-signalling appliances, as her Government shall have determined to be the closest possible compliance with these Rules in respect of that vessel.第二条责任Rule 2 Responsibility1.本规则各条并不免除任何船舶或其所有人,船长或船员由于对遵守本规则各条的任何疏忽,或者对海员通常做法或当时特殊情况可能要求的任何戒备上的疏忽而产生的各种后果的责任.Nothing in these Rules shall exonerate any vessel, or the owner, master or crew thereof, from the consequences of any neglect to comply with these Rules or of the neglect of any precaution which may be required by the ordinary practice of seamen, or by the special circumstances of the case.2.在解释和遵行本规则各条规定时,应适当考虑到,为避免紧迫危险而需背离本规则各条规定的一切航行和碰撞的危险,以及任何特殊情况,其中包括当事船舶条件限制在内.In construing and complying with these Rules due regard shall be had to all dangers of navigation and collision and to any special circumstances, including the limitations of the vessels involved, which may make a departure from these Rules necessary to avoid immediate danger.第三条一般定义Rule 3 General definitions除其他条文另有解释外,在本规则中:For the purpose of these Rules, except where the context otherwise requires:1.“船舶”一词,指用作或者能够用作水上运输工具的各类水上船筏,包括非排水船舶,水上飞机和地效翼船.The word “vessel”includes every description of water craft, including non-displacement craft ，WIG craft and seaplanes, used or capable of being used as a means of transportation on water.2.“机动船”一词,指用机器推进的任何船舶.The term“ power-driven vessel ”means ay vessel propelled by machinery.3.“帆船”一词,指任何驶帆的船舶,包括装有推进机器而不在使用者.The term “sailing vessel” means any vessel under sail provided that propelling machinery, if fitted, is not being used.4.“从事捕鱼的船舶”一词,指使用网具绳钓拖网或其他使其操纵性能受到限制的渔具捕鱼的任何船舶,但不包括使用曳绳钓或其他并不使其操纵性能受到限制的渔具捕鱼的船舶.The term “vessel engaged in fishing”means any vessel fishing with nets, lines, trawls or other fishing apparatus which restrict manoeuvrability , but does not include a vessel fishing with trolling lines or other fishing apparatus which do not restrict manoeuvrability.5.“水上飞机”一词,包括为能在水面操纵而设计的任何航空器.The word“ seaplane” includes any aircraft designed to manoeuvre on the water.6.“失去控制的船舶”一词,指由于某种异常的情况不能按本规则各条的要求进行操纵,因而不能给他船让路的船舶.The term “vessel not under command” means a vessel which through some exceptional circumstance is unable to manoeuvre as required by these Rules and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of another vessel.7.“操纵能力受到限制的船舶”一词,指由于工作性质,使其按本规则要求进行操纵的能力受到限制,因而不能给他船让路的船舶. 操纵能力受到限制的船舶一词应包括,但不限于下列船舶:The term “vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre” means a vessel which from the nature of her work is restricted in her ability to manoeuvre as required by these Rules and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of another vessel. The term vessels restricted in their ability to manoeuvre shall include but not be limited to:(1)从事敷设,维修或起捞助航标志,海底电缆或管道的船舶;A vessel engaged in laying, servicing or picking up a navigation mark, submarine cable or pipeline.(2)从事疏浚,测量或水下作业的船舶;A vessel engaged in dredging, surveying or underwater operations.(3)在航中从事补给或转运人员,食品或货物的船舶;A vessel engaged in replenishment or transferring persons, provisions or cargo while underway.(4)从事发放或回收航空器的船舶;A vessel engaged in the launching or recovery of aircraft.(5)从事清除水雷作业的船舶;A vessel engaged in mine clearance operations.(6)从事拖带作业的船舶,而该项拖带作业使该拖船及其被拖船偏离所驶航向的能力严重受到限制.A vessel engaged in a towing operation such as severely restricts the towing vessel and her tow in their ability to deviate from their course.8.“限于吃水的船舶”一词,指由于吃水与可航水域的水深和宽度的关系,致使其偏离航向的能力严重的受到限制的机动船.The term “vessel constrained by her draught ”means a power-driven vessel which, because of her draught in relation to the available depth and width of navigable water, is severely restricted in her ability to deviate from the course she is following.9.“在航”一词,指船舶不在锚泊,系岸或搁浅.The word“ underway” means that a vessel is not at anchor, or made fast to the shore, or aground.10.船舶的“长度和宽度”是指其总长度和最大宽度.The words “length and breadth” of a vessel mean her length overall and greatest breadth.11.只有当一船能自他船以视觉看到时,才应认为两船是在互见中.Vessel shall be deemed to be in sight of one another only when one can be observed visually from the other.12“能见度不良”一词,指任何由于雾,霾,下雪,暴风雨,沙暴或任何其他类似原因而使能见度受到限制的情况.The term “restricted visibility” means any condition in which visibility is restricted by fog, mist, falling snow, heavy rainstorms, sandstorms or any other similar causes.13.“地效翼船”是一种模式的船艇,其主要操作模式是利用表面效应在相当接近水面的高度飞行.The term “Wing-In-Ground (WIG) craft” means a multimodal craft which, in its main operational mode flies in close proximity to the surface-effect action.第四条适用范围Rule 4 application本节各条适用于任何能见度的情况Rules in this section apply in any condition of visibility.第五条了望Rule 5 look-out每一船舶应经常用视觉,听觉以及适合当时环境和情况下一切有效的手段保持正规的了望,以便对局面和碰撞危险作出充分的估计.Every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper look-out by sight and hearing as well as by all available means appropriate in the prevailing circumstances and conditions so as to make a full appraisal of the situation and of the risk of collision.第六条安全航速Rule 6 safe speed每一船舶在任何时候均应用安全航速行驶,以便能采取适当而有效的避碰行动并能在适合当时环境和情况的距离以内把船停住.在决定安全航速时,考虑的因素中应包括下列各点:Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so that she can take proper and effective action to avoid collision and be stopped within a distance appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions. In determining a safe speed the following factors shall be among those taken into account:1.对所有船舶: By all vessels:(1)能见度情况; the state of visibility;(2)通航密度,包括渔船或者任何其他船舶的密集程度;The traffic density including concentrations of fishing vessels or any other vessels.(3)船舶的操纵性能,特别是在当时情况下的冲程和回转性能;The manoeuvrability of the vessel with special reference to stopping distance and turning ability in the prevailing conditions. (4)夜间出现的背景亮光,诸如来自岸上灯光或本船灯光的反向散射;At night the presence of background light such as from shore lights or from backscatter of her own lights.(5)风,浪和流的状况以及靠近航海危险物的情况;The state of wind, sea and current, and the proximity of navigational hazards(6)吃水与可用水深的关系.The draught in relation to the available depth of water.2.对备有可使用的雷达的船舶,还需考虑:Additionally, by vessels with operational radar:(1)雷达设备的特性,效率和局限性;The characteristics, efficiency and limitations of the radar equipment.(2)所选用的雷达距离标尺带来的任何限制;Any constraints imposed by the radar range scale in use.(3)海况,天气和其他干扰源对雷达探测的影响;The effect on radar detection of the sea state, weather and other sources of interference.(4)在适当距离内,雷达对小船,浮冰和其他漂浮物有探测不到的可能性;The possibility that small vessels, ice and other floating objects may not be detected by radar at an adequate range.(5)雷达探测到的船舶数目,位置和动态;The number, location and movement of vessels detected by radar.(6)当用雷达测定附近船舶或其他物体的距离时,可能对能见度作出的更确切的估计.The more exact assessment of the visibility that may be possible when radar is used to determine the range of vessels or other objects in the vicinity.第七条碰撞危险Rule 7 risk of collision1.每一船舶应用适合当时环境和情况的一切有效手段断定是否存在碰撞危险,如有任何怀疑,则应认为存在这种危险. Every vessel shall use all available means appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions to determine if risk of collision exists, if there is any doubt such risk shall be deemed to exists.2.如装有雷达设备并可使用的话,则应正确予以使用,包括远距离扫描,以便获得碰撞危险的早期报警,并对探测到的物标进行雷达标绘或与其相当的系统观察.Proper use shall be made of radar equipment if fitted and operational, including long-range scanning to obtain early warning of risk of collision and radar plotting or equivalent systematic observation of detected objects.1.不应当根据不充分的资料,特别是不充分的雷达观测资料作出推断.Assumptions shall not be made on the basis of scanty information, especially scanty radar information2.在断定是否存在碰撞危险时,考虑的因素中应包括下列各点:In determining if risk of collision exists the following considerations shall be among those taken into account:(1)如果来船的罗经方位没有明显的变化,每则应认为存在这种危险;Such risk shall be deemed to exist if the compass bearing of an approaching vessel does not appreciably change.(2)即使有明显的方位变化,有时也可能存在这种危险,特别是在驶近一艘很大的船舶或拖带船组时,或是在近距离驶近他船时.Such risk may sometimes exist even when an appreciable bearing change is evident, particularly when approaching a very large vessel or a tow or when approaching a vessel at close range.第八条避免碰撞的行动Rule 8 action to avoid collision1.为避免碰撞所采取的任何行动,应按照本章的规定进行.如当时环境许可,应是积极的,并应及早的进行和注意运用良好的船艺.Any action to avoid collision shall be taken in accordance with the Rules of this Part and shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, be positive, made in ample time and with due regard to the observance of good seamanship.2.为避免碰撞而作的航向和(或)航速的任何变动,如当时环境许可,应大的足以使他船用视觉或雷达观察时容易察觉到;应避免对航向和(或)航速作一连串的小变动.Any alteration of course and/or speed to avoid collision shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, be large enough to be readily apparent to another vessel observing visually or by radar; a succession of small alteration of course and/or speed should be avoided.3.如有足够的水域,则单用转向可能是避免紧迫局面的最有效行动,倘若这种行动是及时的,大幅度的并且不致造成另一紧迫局面.If there is sufficient sea-room, alteration of course alone may be the most effective action to avoid a close-quarters situation provided that it is made in good time, is substantial and does not result in another close-quarter situation.4.为避免与他船碰撞而采取的行动,应能导致在安全的距离驶过.应细心查核避让行动的有效性,直到最后驶过让清他船为止.Action taken to avoid collision with another vessel shall be such as to result in passing at a safe distance. The effectiveness of the action shall be carefully checked until the other vessel is finally past and clear.1.如需避免碰撞或需留有更多的时间来估计局面,船舶应当减速或者停止或倒转推进器把船停住.If necessary to avoid collision or allow more time to assess the situation, a vessel shall slacken her speed or take all way off by stopping or reversing her means of propulsion.2.(1)根据本规则任何规定,要求不得妨碍另一艘船舶通过或安全通过的船舶应根据当时环境的需要及早的采取行动以留出足够的水域供其它船舶安全通过.A vessel which, by any of these Rules, is required not to impede the passage or safe passage of another vessel shall, when required by the circumstances of the case, take early action to allow sufficient sea-room for the safe passage of the other vessel.(2)如果在接近其它船舶致有碰撞危险时,被要求不得妨碍另一船舶通过的船舶并不解除这一责任,且当采取行动时,应充分考虑到本章各条可能要求的行动.A vessel required not to impede the passage or safe passage of another vessel is not relieved of this obligation if approaching the other vessel so asto involve risk of collision and shall, when taking action ,have full regard to the action which may be required by the Rules of this part.(3)当两船互相接近致有碰撞危险时,其通过不得被妨碍的船舶仍有完全遵守本章各条规定的责任.A vessel the passage of which is not to be impeded remains fully obliged to comply with the Rules of this part when thetwo vessels are approaching one another so as to involve risk of collision.第九条狭水道Rule 9 narrow channels1.船舶沿狭水道或航道行驶时,只要安全可行,应尽量靠近本船右舷的该水道或航道的外缘行驶.A vessel proceeding along the course of a narrow channel or fairway shall keep as near to the outer limit of the channel or fairway which lies on her starboard side as is safe and practicable.2.帆船或者长度小于20米的船舶,不应妨碍只能在狭水道或航道以内安全航行的船舶通行.A vessel of less than 20 m in length or a sailing vessel shall not impede the passage of a vessel which can safely navigate only within a narrow channel or fairway.3.从事捕鱼的船舶,不应妨碍任何其它在狭水道或航道以内航行的船舶通行.A vessel engaged in fishing shall not impede the passage of any other vessel navigating within a narrow channel or fairway.4.船舶不应穿越狭水道或航道,如过这种穿越会妨碍只能在这种水道或航道以内安全航行的船舶通行.后者若对穿越船的意图有怀疑时,可以使用第三十四条4款所规定的声号.A vessel shall not cross a narrow channel or fairway if such crossing impedes the passage of a vessel which can safely navigate only within such channel or fairway. The latter vessel may use the sound signal prescribed in Rule 34(d)if in doubt as to the intention of the crossing vessel.5.(1)在狭水道或航道内,如只有在被追越船必须采取行动以允许安全通过才能追越时,则企图追越的船,应鸣放第三十四条3款(1)项所规定的相应声号,以表示本船的意图,被追越船如果同意,应鸣放第三十四条3款(2)项所规定的相应声号,并采取使之能安全通过的措施.如有怀疑,则可以鸣放第三十四条4款所规定的声号.In a narrow channel or fairway when overtaking can take place only if the vessel to be overtaken has to take action to permit safe passing, the vessel intending to overtake shall indicate her intention by sounding the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule 34( c) (i), The vessel to be overtaken shall, if in agreement, sound the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule34( c)(ii) and take steps topermit safe passing.If in doubt she may sound the signals prescribed in Rule 34(d).(2)本条并不解除追越船根据第十三条所负的义务.This Rule does not relieve the overtaking vessel of her obligation under Rule 13.6.船在驶近可能被居间障碍物遮蔽他船的狭水道或航道的弯头或地段时,应特别机警和谨慎的驾驶,并应鸣放第三十四条5款所规定的相应声号.A vessel nearing a bend or an area of a narrow channel or fairway where other vessels may be obscured by an intervening obstruction shall navigate with particular alertness and caution and shall sound the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule34(e) 7.任何船舶,如当时环境许可,都应避免在狭水道内锚泊.Any vessel shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid anchoring in a narrow channel.第十条分道通航制Rule 10 Traffic separation schemes1.本条适用于本组织采纳的分道通航制，但并不解除任何船舶遵守任何其他各条规定的责任。
ANNEXⅠPOSITIONING AND TECHNICAL DETAILS OF LIGHTS AND SHAPES1. DefinitionThe term 'height above the hull' means height above the uppermost continuous deck. This height shall be measured from the position vertically beneath the location of the light.2. Vertical positioning and spacing of lights(a) On a powerdriven vessel of 20 metres or more in length the masthead lights shall be placed asfollows:(i) the forward masthead light, or if only one masthead light is carried, then that light, at a heightabove the hull of not less than 6 meters, and, if the breadth of the vessel exceeds 6 meters, then at a height above the hull not less than such breadth, so however that the light need not be placed at a greater height above the hull than12 metres;(ii) when two masthead lights are carried the after one shall be at least 4.5 metres vertically higher than the forward one.(b) The vertical separation of mastheadlights of powerdriven vessels shall be such that in all normalconditions of trim the after light will be seen over and separate from the forward light at a distance of 1,000 meters from the stem when viewed from sea level.(c) The masthead light of a powerdriven vessel of 12 metres but less than 20 metres in length shallbe placed at a height above the gunwale of not less than 2.5 metres.(d)A powerdriven vessel of less than 12 metres in length may carry the uppermost light at a height ofless than 2.5 metres above the gunwale. When however a masthead light is carried in addition to sidelights and a sternlight or the allround light prescribed in rule 23(c) (ⅰ) is carried in addition to sidelights, then such masthead light or allround light shall be carried at least 1 metre higher than the sidelights.(e) One of the two or three masthead lights prescribed for a powerdriven vessel when engaged intowing or pushing another vessel shall be placed in the same position as either the forward masthead light or the after masthead light: provided that, if carried on the aftermast, the lowest after masthead light shall be at least 4.5 metres vertically higher than the forward masthead light.(f)(i) The masthead lights prescribed in Rule 23 (a) shall be so placed as to be above and clear of allother lights and obstructions except as described in subparagraph (ⅱ)(ii) When it is impracticable to carry the allround lights prescribed by Rule 27(b)(ⅰ) or Rule 28 below the masthead lights, they may be carried above the after masthead light(s) or vertically in between the forward masthead light(s) and after masthead light(s), provided that in the latter case the requirement of Section3(c)ofthis Annexshall becompliedwith.(g) The sidelights of a powerdriven vessel shall be placed at a height above the hull not greater thanthree quarters of that of the forward masthead light. They shall not be so low as to be interfered with by deck lights.(h) The sidelights, if in a combined lantern and carried on a powerdriven vessel of less than 20 metres in length, shall be placed not less than 1 metre below the masthead light.(i) When the Rules prescribe two or three lights to be carried in a vertical line,they shall be spaced as follows:(i) on a vessel of 20 metres in length or more such lights shall be spaced not less than 2 metres apart, and the lowest of these lights shall, except where a towing light is required, be placed at a height of not less than 4 m above the hull;(ii) on a vessel of less than 20 metres in length such lights shall be spaced not less than1 metre apart and the lowest of these lights shall, except where a towing light is required, be placed at a height of not less than 2 metres above the gunwale.(iii)when three lights are carried they shall be equally spaced.(j) The lower of the two allround lights prescribed for a vessel when engaged in fishing shall be at a height above the sidelights not less than twice the distance between the two vertical lights.(k) The forward anchor light prescribed in Rule 30(a)(ⅰ),when two are carried, shall not be less than 4.5 metres above the after one. On a vessel of 50 metres or more in length this forward anchor light shall be placed at a height of not less than6metres above thehull.3. Horizontal positioning and spacing of lights(a) When two masthead lights are prescribed for a powerdriven vessel, the horizontal distance between them shall not be less than one half of the length of the vessel but need not be more than 100 m. The forward light shall be placed not more than one quarter of the length of the vessel from the stem.(b) On a powerdriven vessel of 20 m or more in length the sidelights shall not be placed in front of the forward masthead lights. They shall be placed at or near the side of the vessel.(c) When the lights prescribed in Rule 27(b)(ⅰ) or Rule 28 are placed vertically between the forward masthead light(s)and the after masthead light(s) these allround lights shall be placed at a horizontal distance of not less than 2 m from the fore and after centreline of the vessel in the athwartship direction.(d) When only one masthead light is prescribed for a power driven vessel, this light shall be exhibited forward of amidships; except that a vessel of less than 20 m in length need not exhibit this light forward of amidships but shallexhibit itas far forwardas ispracticable.4. Details of location of directionindicating lights for fishing vessels, dredgers and vessels engaged in underwater operations(a) The light indicating the direction of the outlying gear from a vessel engaged in fishing as prescribed in Rule 26(c)(ⅱ) shall be placed at a horizontal distance of not less than 2 metres and not more than 6 metres away from the two allround red and white lights. This light shall be placed notoutside the prescribed sectors.(ⅱ) For sternlights and masthead lights and at 22.5 degrees abaft the beam for sidelights, the minimum required intensities shall be maintained over the arc of the horiz on up to5degrees within the limits of the sectors prescribed in Rule21.From5degrees within the prescribed sectors the intensity may decrease by50percent up to the prescribed limits;it shall decrease steadily to reach practical cutoff at not more than5degrees outside the prescribed sectors.(b)(ⅰ)Allround lights shall be so located as not to be obscured by masts, topmasts or structures within angular sectors of more than 6 degrees, except anchor lights prescribed in Rule 30, which need not be placed at an impracticable height above the hull.(ⅱ) If it is impracticable to comply with paragraph (b)(ⅰ) of this section by exhibiting only one all round light, two allround lights shall be used suitably positioned or screened so that they appear, as far as practicable,as one light at a distance of one mile.10. Vertical sectors(a) The vertical sectors of electric lights as fitted, with the exception of lights on sailing vessels underway shall ensure that:(ⅰ) at least the required minimum intensity is maintained at all angles from 5 degrees above to 5 degrees below the horizontal;(ⅱ) at least 60 per cent of the required minimum intensity is maintained from 7.5 degrees above to 7.5 degrees below the horizontal.(b) In the case of sailing vessels underway the vertical sectors of electric lights as fitted shall ensure that:(ⅰ) at least the required minimum intensity is maintained at all angles from 5 degrees above to 5 degrees below the horizontal;(ⅱ)at least 50 per cent of the required minimum intensity is maintained from 25 degrees above to 25 degrees below the horizontal.(c) In the case of lights other than electric these specifications shall be met as closely as possible.11. Intensity of nonelectric lightsNonelectric lights shall so far as practicable comply with the minimum intensities, as specified in the Table given in Section 8 of this Annex.12. Manoeuvring lightNotwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 2 (f) of this Annex the manoeuvring light described in Rule 34(b) shall be placed in the same fore and aft vertical plane as the masthead light or lights and, where practicable, at a minimum height of 2 metres vertically above the forward masthead light, provided that it shall be carried not less than 2 meters vertically above or below the after masthead light. On a vessel where only one masthead light is carried the manoeuvring light, if fitted, shall be。
国际海上避碰规则(中文版).doc1. 概述国际海上避碰规则是指国际海上通航船舶避碰时应遵循的规则，是国际海事组织公约中的一部分，简称COLREGS，共有38条规则，包括定义、已知范围内的规则、未知范围内的规则和附则。
2. 定义规则第1条到第3条规定了一些基本的定义，如船舶、未知范围、船舶分类等。
这些定义对于理解后面的规则至关重要。
其中第2条规定了船舶长度的定义，船舶长度指的是水线长度。
3. 已知范围内的规则已知范围内的规则是指迎头相遇、正面擦碰、相互交叉、船舶会遇和船舶靠岸等情况下的规则。
这些规则主要涉及船舶导航时的航向、速度、距离等问题。
其中第6条规定了船舶的安全航速，第8条规定了船舶导航时不得遮挡灯光信号等。
如果两艘船相遇时，如果遇到困难，应立即改变航向和速度，以避免碰撞。
另外，规则20指出船舶靠岸时应该遵守哪些规定。
未知范围内的规则是指发现对方船舶时，无法确定它们的距离、是否相交等情况下需要采取的措施。
其中第7条规定了在发现对方船舶时应该遵循的规则，比如需要保持警惕，根据对方船舶灯光信号判断对方船舶的导航情况等。
如果发现对方船舶速度很慢或停止不动，应该尽快采取措施，避免碰撞。
5. 附则附则主要是细节性的规定，如灯光信号、海员职责等。
其中第2附则指出了船舶灯光信号的规定，必须在夜间或能见度不好的情况下使用。
另外，附则也规定了船舶上不同职责的责任和任务，如船舶负责人、船长、引航员等都要承担不同的责任和任务。
6. 总结遵守国际海上避碰规则对于保障海上通航安全至关重要。
如今，随着科技的发展，船舶导航系统的自动化程度越来越高，但船员依然需要了解和熟悉国际海上避碰规则，以便应对突发情况并有效保障船舶和船员的安全。
IntroductionThe 1972 Convention was designed to update and replace the Collision Regulations of 1960 which were adopted at the same time as the 1960 SOLAS Convention.One of the most important innovations（改革，革新）in the 1972 COLREGs was the recognition given to traffic separation schemes - Rule 10 gives guidance in determining safe speed, the risk of collision and the conduct of vessels operating in or near traffic separation schemes.The first such traffic separation scheme was established in the Dover Strait in 1967. It was operated on a voluntary basis at first but in 1971 the IMO Assembly adopted a resolution stating that that observance of all traffic separation schemes be made mandatory - and the COLREGs make this obligation clear.Amendment procedureUnder the "tacit acceptance" procedure incorporated in the Convention, an amendment must first be adopted by two-thirds of those present and voting in the Maritime Safety Committee. It is then communicated to Contracting Parties and considered by the IMO Assembly. If adopted by two-thirds of the States present and voting in the Assembly, it automatically enters into force on a specified date unless more than one third of the Contracting Parties notify the Organization of their objection.In addition, a Conference for the purpose of revising the Convention or its regulations or both may be convened by IMO at the request of not less than one-third of Contracting Parties.Technical provisionsThe COLREGs include 38 rules divided into five sections: Part A - General; Part B - Steering and Sailing; Part C - Lights and Shapes; Part D - Sound and Light signals; and Part E - Exemptions. There are also four Annexes containing technical requirements concerning lights and shapes and their positioning; sound signalling appliances; additional signals for fishing vessels when operating in close proximity, and international distress signals.Part A - General (Rules 1-3)Rule 1 states that the rules apply to all vessels upon the high seas and all waters connected to the high seas and navigable by seagoing vessels.Rule 2 covers the responsibility of the master, owner and crew to comply with the rules.Rule 3 includes definitions.Part B- Steering and Sailing (Rules 4-19)Section 1 - Conduct of vessels in any condition of visibility (Rules 4-10)Rule 4 says the section applies in any condition of visibility.Rule 5 requires that "every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper look-out by sight and hearing as well as by all available means appropriate in the prevailing circumstances and conditions so as to make a full appraisal of the situation and of the risk of collision.Rule 6 deals with safe speed. It requires that: "Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed...". The Rule describes the factors which should be taken into account in determining safe speed. Several of these refer specifically to vessels equipped with radar.The importance of using "all available means" is further stressed in Rule 7 covering risk of collision, which warns that "assumptions shall not be made on the basis of scanty information, especially scanty radar information"Rule 8 covers action to be taken to avoid collision.In Rule 9 a vessel proceeding along the course of a narrow channel or fairway is obliged to keep "as near to the outer limit of the channel or fairway which lies on her starboard side as is safe and practicable." The same Rule obliges a vessel of less than 20 metres in length or a sailing vessel not to impede the passage of a vessel "which can safely navigate only within a narrow channel or fairway."The Rule also forbids ships to cross a narrow channel or fairway "if such crossing impedes the passage of a vessel which can safely navigate only within such channel or fairway." The meaning "not to impede" was classified by an amendment to Rule 8 in 1987. A new paragraph (f) was added, stressing that a vessel which was required not to impede the passage of another vessel should take early action to allow sufficient sea room for the safe passage of the other vessel. Such vessel was obliged to fulfil this obligation also when taking avoiding action in accordance with the steering and sailing rules when risk of collision exists.Rule 10 of the Collision Regulations deals with the behaviour of vessels in or near traffic separation schemes adopted by the Organization. By regulation 8 of Chapter V (Safety of Navigation) of SOLAS, IMO is recognized as being the only organization competent to deal with international measures concerning the routeing of ships.The effectiveness of traffic separation schemes can be judged from a study made by the International Association of Institutes of Navigation (IAIN) in 1981. This showed that between 1956 and 1960 there were 60 collisions in the Strait of Dover; twenty years later, following the introduction of traffic separation schemes, this total was cut to only 16.In other areas where such schemes did not exist the number of collisions rose sharply. New traffic separation schemes are introduced regularly and existing ones are amended when necessary to respond to changed traffic conditions. To enable this to be done as quickly as possible the MSC has been authorized to adopt and amend traffic separation schemes on behalf of the Organization.Rule 10 states that ships crossing traffic lanes are required to do so "as nearly as practicable at right angles to the general direction of traffic flow." This reduces confusion to other ships as to the crossing vessel's intentions and course and at the same time enables that vessel to cross the lane as quickly as possible.Fishing vessels "shall not impede the passage of any vessel following a traffic lane" but are not banned from fishing. This is in line with Rule 9 which states that "a vessel engaged in fishing shall not impede the passage of any other vessel navigating within a narrow channel or fairway."In 1981 the regulations were amended. Two new paragraphs were added to Rule 10 to exempt vessels which are restricted in their ability to manoeuvre"when engaged in an operation for the safety of navigation in a traffic separation scheme" or when engaged in cable laying.In 1987 the regulations were again amended. It was stressed that Rule 10 applies to traffic separation schemes adopted by the Organization (IMO) and does not relieve any vessel of her obligation under any other rule. It was also to clarify that if a vessel is obliged to cross traffic lanes it should do so as nearly as practicable at right angles to the general direction of the traffic flow. In 1989 Regulation 10 was further amended to clarify the vessels which may use the "inshore traffic zone."Section II - Conduct of vessels in sight of one another (Rules 11-18)Rule 11 says the section applies to vessels in sight of one another.Rule 12 states action to be taken when two sailing vessels are approaching one another.Rule 13covers overtaking - the overtaking vessel should keep out of the way of the vessel being overtaken. Rule 14 deals with head-on situations. Crossing situations are covered by Rule 15 and action to be taken by the give-way vessel is laid down in Rule 16.Rule 17 deals with the action of the stand-on vessel, including the provision that the stand-on vessel may "take action to avoid collision by her manoeuvre alone as soon as it becomes apparent to her that the vessel required to keep out of the way is not taking appropriate action.Rule 18 deals with responsibilities between vessels and includes requirements for vessels which shall keep out of the way of others.Section III - conduct of vessels in restricted visibility (Rule 19)Rule 19 states every vessel should proceed at a safe speed adapted to prevailing circumstances and restricted visibility. A vessel detecting by radar another vessel should determine if there is risk of collision and if so take avoiding action. A vessel hearing fog signal of another vessel should reduce speed to a minimum.Part C Lights and Shapes (Rules 20-31)Rule 20 states rules concerning lights apply from sunset to sunrise.Rule 21 gives definitions.Rule 22 covers visibility of lights - indicating that lights should be visible at minimum ranges (in nautical miles) determined according to the type of vessel.Rule 23 covers lights to be carried by power-driven vessels underway.Rule 24 covers lights for vessels towing and pushing.Rule 25 covers light requirements for sailing vessels underway and vessels under oars.Rule 26 covers light requirements for fishing vessels.Rule 27 covers light requirements for vessels not under command or restricted in their ability to manoeuvre. Rule 28 covers light requirements for vessels constrained by their draught.Rule 29 covers light requirements for pilot vessels.Rule 30 covers light requirements for vessels anchored and aground.Rule 31 covers light requirements for seaplanesPart D - Sound and Light Signals (Rules 32-37)Rule 32 gives definitions of whistle, short blast, and prolonged blast.Rule 33 says vessels 12 metres or more in length should carry a whistle and a bell and vessels 100 metres or more in length should carry in addition a gong.Rule 34 covers manoeuvring and warning signals, using whistle or lights.Rule 35 covers sound signals to be used in restricted visibility.Rule 36 covers signals to be used to attract attention.Rule 37 covers distress signals.Part E - Exemptions (Rule 38)Rule 38 says ships which comply with the 1960 Collision Regulations and were built or already under construction when the 1972 Collision Regulations entered into force may be exempted from some requirements for light and sound signals for specified periods.AnnexesThe COLREGs include four annexes:Annex I - Positioning and technical details of lights and shapesAnnex II - Additional signals for fishing vessels fishing in close proximityAnnex III - Technical details of sounds signal appliancesAnnex IV - Distress signals, which lists the signals indicating distress and need of assistance.Annexes I and IV were amended in 1987 to clarify the positioning of certain lights carried on smaller vessels and to add "approved signals transmitted by radiocommunications systems" (ie distress alerts transmitted in the GMDSS). A section on location signals from search and rescue radar transponders was added in 1993.The 1981 amendmentsAdoption: 19 November 1981Entry into force: 1 June 1983A number of rules are affected but perhaps the most important change concerns rule 10, which has been amended to enable vessels carrying out various safety operations, such as dredging or surveying, to carry out these functions in traffic separation schemes.The 1987 amendmentsAdoption: 19 November 1987Entry into force: 19 November 1989The amendments affect several rules, including rule 1(e) ? vessels of special construction: the amendment classifies the application of the Convention to such ships; Rule 3(h), which defines a vessel constrained by her draught; Rule 10(c) ? crossing traffic lanes.The 1989 amendmentsAdoption: 19 October 1989Entry into force: 19 April 1991The amendment concerns Rule 10 and is designed to stop unnecessary use of the inshore traffic zone.The 1993 amendmentsAdoption: 4 November 1993Entry into force: 4 November 1995The amendments are mostly concerned with the positioning of lights.The 2001 amendmentsAdoption: 29 November 2001Entry into force: 29 November 2003The amendments include new rules relating to Wing-in Ground (WIG) craft. The following are amended:•General Definitions (Rule 3) - to provide the definition of wing-in-ground (WIG) craft;•Action to avoid collision (Rule 8 (a)) - to make it clear that any action to avoid collision should be taken in accordance with the relevant rules in the COLREGs and to link Rule 8 with the other steering and sailing rules;•Responsibilities between vessels (Rule 18) - to include a requirement that a WIG craft, when taking off, landing and in flight near the surface, shall keep clear of all other vessels and avoid impeding their navigation and also that a WIG craft operating on the water surface shall comply with the Rules as fora power-driven vessel;•Power-driven vessels underway (Rule 23) - to include a requirement that WIG craft shall, in addition to the lights prescribed in paragraph 23 (a) of the Rule, exhibit a high-intensity all-round flashing red light when taking off, landing and in-flight near the surface;•Seaplanes (Rule 31) - to include a provision for WIG craft;•Equipment for sound signals and sound signals in restricted visibility (Rules 33 and 35) - to cater for small vessels;•Positioning and technical details of lights and shapes (Annex I) - amendments with respect to high-speed craft (relating to the vertical separation of masthead lights); and•Technical details of sound signal appliances (Annex III) - amendments with respect to whistles and bell or gong to cater for small vessels.。
Chapter 7EM 1110-2-1100V)COASTAL ENGINEERING FOR (PartENVIRONMENTAL ENHANCEMENT31 July 2003Table of ContentsPageV-7-1.Introduction............................................................V-7-1V-7-2.Coastal Habitat Projects.................................................V-7-1V-7-3a.Habitat Trade-offs: Issues Associated with CompensatoryMitigation..............................................................V-7-2V-7-3b.Habitat Restoration: Issues and Initiatives Beyond CompensatoryMitigation..............................................................V-7-3V-7-4.Ecosystem Function and Biodiversity in Coastal Habitat Projects..........V-7-3V-7-5.Defining Success and Project Maintenance and Monitoring................V-7-4V-7-6.Adaptive Management...................................................V-7-5V-7-7.Design Considerations and Information Sources for HabitatProjects.........................................................V-7-5a. Underwater projects.....................................................V-7-5(1)Artificial reefs......................................................V-7-5(2)Oyster reefs........................................................V-7-6(3)Coral reefs.........................................................V-7-7(4)Live bottom and worm rock reefs.......................................V-7-8(5) Seagrasses.........................................................V-7-9(6)Use of dredged material for creating shallow habitat.......................V-7-11b.Projects at the land-sea interface..........................................V-7-11(1)Mud/sand flats.....................................................V-7-11(2)Intertidal salt and brackish marshes.....................................V-7-12(3)Tidal freshwater wetlands............................................V-7-14(4)Tidal freshwater marsh restoration.....................................V-7-15(5)Mangroves.......................................................V-7-16(6)Rocky intertidal shores..............................................V-7-16c.Projects in coastal uplands..............................................V-7-17(1) Coastal dunes......................................................V-7-17(2) Coastal dune restoration..............................................V-7-18(3) Maritime forests....................................................V-7-20(4)Bird/wildlife islands.................................................V-7-20V-7-8.Environmental Features of Traditional Coastal EngineeringProjects...............................................................V-7-21a.Example project types...................................................V-7-21(1) Beach nourishment .................................................V-7-21(2)Shoreline structures.................................................V-7-22EM 1110-2-110031 Jul 03(a) Breakwaters and sills..........................................V-7-23(b)Groins......................................................V-7-23(c)Seawalls and revetments.......................................V-7-24(3)Navigation,ports,and marinas........................................V-7-24(a)Construction and maintenance channels...........................V-7-24(b) Inlets and jetties..............................................V-7-25(c)Piers and docks...............................................V-7-25(d)Boat basins and marinas........................................V-7-26(e) Port facilities................................................V-7-26(f) Confined disposal facilities......................................V-7-26 V-7-9.Environmental Issues To Be Considered for All Projects..................V-7-27a. In the water...........................................................V-7-27(1)Sea turtles.........................................................V-7-27(2) Cetaceans.........................................................V-7-28(3)Fish and invertebrates...............................................V-7-28b.At the shore/water interface..............................................V-7-29(1)Sea turtles.........................................................V-7-29(2)Marine mammals...................................................V-7-29(3)Sea,shore,and wading birds..........................................V-7-30(4)Fish and invertebrates...............................................V-7-31c.Critical areas.........................................................V-7-31 rmation Sources...................................................V-7-33 V-7-11.References............................................................V-7-34 V-7-12. Acknowledgments.....................................................V-7-45List of FiguresPage Figure V-7-1.Distribution of tidal marsh type along an estuarine salinity gradient.........V-7-13 Figure V-7-2.Characteristic profile of a mid-Atlantic tidal freshwater marsh.............V-7-15 Figure V-7-3.Diagram of a sand fence...........................................V-7-20 Figure V-7-4.Distribution of the California grunion along the southwest U.S. coast.......V-7-33Part V-7-1Coastal Engineering for Environmental EnhancementV-7-1. IntroductionThe purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of coastal habitats and information resources on the creation and restoration of coastal habitats. For the purpose of this report, coastal habitats include both marine nearshore habitats and estuarine (both brackish and freshwater tidal) habitats. Many projects are or can be designed to restore, create, enhance, or protect critical coastal environments and the natural resources (fisheries, wildlife, etc.) that depend on them. Innovative uses of new and traditional coastal engineering technology have enabled scientists, engineers, and resource managers to rehabilitate degraded coastal habitats, create new habitats, better identify habitat needs and opportunities, and manage environmental impacts from development projects. Opportunities to provide environmental enhancements or mitigation in traditional coastal engineering projects (those that do not include habitat creation/restoration or protection as the primary objective) are also presented in this chapter, along with a discussion of potential environmental constraints and issues that may affect coastal engineering projects in general.V-7-2. Coastal Habitat Projectsa.Individual habitat restoration, creation, or protection projects in the coastal zone provide identifiable benefits onsite. However, in the context of an ecosystem, watershed or landscape, they provide a continuum of benefits which may not be realized at the outset by all project participants. Recent Federal directives and other agency initiatives in restoring coastal habitats have encouraged the implementation of ecosystem-level planning in the design phase of projects (Thom 1997).b.One example of ecosystem evaluation incorporates the concept of landscape ecology. Landscape ecology focuses on the interaction of three characteristics: (a) structure (the spatial relationship between ecosystem elements), (b) function (the interaction among these elements), and (c) change (the alteration in structure and function over time) (Forman and Gordon 1986). Several components make up natural landscapes and they include: (a) Matrix (the dominant landscape type, in coastal situations this may be water), (b) Patch (a nonlinear surface area differing in appearances from its surroundings, such as a coral reef surrounded by water), (c) Corridor ( a narrow strip of habitat that differs from the matrix on either side, such as a band of seagrass), and (d) Node (an intersection of corridors). Individual patches collectively form a heterogeneous mosaic. Organisms within an individual patch (e.g., fish residing in a sub-tropical seagrass bed) may migrate between or among adjacent habitat patches using corridors (e.g., mangrove forests, coral reefs), depending on seasonal, diel, or environmental influences. Effective management of entire ecosystems entails improvements or enhancements to multiple habitat types, with an understanding of the role of habitats. An example of this would be to consider both adjacent and distant habitat types that Pacific salmon are heavily dependent on. That is, near coastal areas and estuaries for juvenile rearing, open ocean areas where they mature and spawning areas located as much as 500 miles upriver in freshwater. Recognition of the interactions between coastal, freshwater, and terrestrial systems, and an understanding of processes occurring in nearby watersheds such as agricultural or industrial activity, are key to planning habitat projects on an ecosystem scale.EM 1110-2-110031 Jul 03c.Several other approaches are valid when considering restoration in the large scale. Examples include the analysis of limiting factors on keystone species. Other restoration efforts have focused on comparison of the historical ecosystem with the current regime to determine what critical elements have been lost. No one single methodology is right for every situation but it is important to evaluate individual restoration efforts in the larger context.d.Recently, scientists and managers have developed recommendations for improving the state-of-the-art in habitat restoration (Pastorok et al. 1997). These recommendations include refinements in developing goals and objectives, consideration of spatial and temporal scales in design parameters, flexibility and adaptive management in project planning and design, and the importance of establishing long-term monitoring programs to document structural and functional attributes of habitats being restored. Additionally, the concept of ecosystem management is becoming the more common, especially on Federal lands. The primary objective of managing an ecosystem is to maintain its integrity of function, diversity, and structure.V-7-3a. Habitat Trade-offs: Issues Associated with Compensatory Mitigationa.Within the last two decades, habitat restoration and creation have increasingly been used as requirements to mitigate for damage to natural resources. This is required in order to compensate for habitat losses as specified in Section 404(b)(1) of the Clean Water Act of 1972 and many state and local regulations. When most of these laws and regulations were passed, wetland and aquatic habitat creation and restoration were still developing technologies. By the mid-1980’s, mitigation for human-induced wetland losses became standard practice in the United States.b.Mitigation is often described as three general types: avoidance, minimization, and compensatory. Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act, these actions are sequenced in such a way that avoidance is preferred, impacts that cannot be avoided are minimized to the greatest extent practicable, and finally a determination of appropriate levels of compensatory mitigation are determined based on the analysis of lost functions and values. One useful approach to evaluating coastal habitats for mitigation needs has been developed by the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), formerly the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (Ray 1994).c.Mitigation may occur at or near the affected habitat (onsite mitigation). It is also considered acceptable to mitigate for damages by creating or restoring habitat elsewhere (off-site mitigation), especially when on-site mitigation would be adversely affected by the surrounding development. In-kind mitigation is accomplished by restoring/creating the same habitat type (e.g., mitigate for intertidal salt marsh lost by marina construction by creation of salt marsh on nearby dredged material deposit). Out-of-kind mitigation involves compensating for the loss of a particular habitat type by replacement with a different habitat type (e.g., creating a salt marsh to mitigate a seagrass bed destroyed by construction of a ferry terminal). The various combinations of mitigation strategies include onsite in-kind, onsite out-of-kind, off-site in-kind, and off-site out-of-kind. Preservation of valuable habitats is sometimes used as compensatory mitigation. Yet another alternative involves the use of mitigation banks, large habitat creation projects that developers have the option of contributing funds to in lieu of actually constructing a mitigation wetland. Though many have criticized mitigation banking as a way to skip avoidance and minimization of adverse impacts, in practice, mitigation banking is probably a superior alternative to haphazard construction of small, poorly designed wetland creation projects that are unlikely to be monitored or maintained. In all cases, avoidance and minimization of project impacts are considered preferable to compensatory mitigation.pensatory mitigation has been criticized and deemed largely unsuccessful in coastal habitats (Race 1985, Zedler 1996a). Restoration of lost ecological functions is difficult to achieve in created wetlands, particularly those that are small and/or isolated and affected by surrounding land use. Even when vastly moreEM 1110-2-110031 Jul 03 habitat area is created than was lost, it may be insufficient to provide functional equivalency to tidal wetlands lost (Zedler 1996b). In recent years, there has been considerable research on measurement and assessment of functional equivalency in restored and created coastal habitats. The results suggest that even in the case of the most well-designed and carefully executed projects, restoration of certain ecological functions may not occur for decades (Simenstad and Thom 1996).V-7-3b. Habitat Restoration: Issues and Initiatives Beyond Compensatory Mitigationa.National policy concerning the protection, restoration, conservation, and management of ecological resources encourages initiatives to go beyond traditional compensatory mitigation concepts and develop environmental projects, including coastal habitat improvements, based purely on environmental benefits. Accordingly, ecosystem restoration has become one of the primary missions of the Civil Works program of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The purpose of Civil Works Ecosystem restoration activities is to restore significant ecosystem function, structure, and dynamic processes that have been degraded. Ecosystem restoration efforts will involve a comprehensive examination of the problems contributing to the system degradation, and the development of alternative means for their solution. The intent of restoration is to partially or fully reestablish the attributes of a naturally functioning and self-regulating system. Study and project authorities through which the Corps can examine ecosystem restoration needs and opportunities are found in Congressionally authorized studies, pursued under General Investigations, i.e., new start reconnaissance and feasibility studies for single-purpose ecosystem restoration or multiple purpose projects that include ecosystem restoration as a primary purpose. Other authorities through which the Corps can participate in the study, design, and implementation of ecosystem restoration and protection projects include: (1) Section 1135, Project Modifications for Improvement of the Environment (Water Resources Development Act (WRDA) of 1986, as amended); (2) Section 206, Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration (WRDA) 1996);(3) Section 204, Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material (WRDA 1992, as amended); and (4) dredging of contaminated sediments under Section 312 of WRDA 1990, as amended. All of these authorities can be used to restore coastal habitats and resources are usually appropriated each year under the specific authority to accomplish such work in the Corps’ portion of the Water and Energy budget.b.Additional opportunities for ecosystem restoration and protection may also be pursued through existing project authorities for the management of operating projects, e.g., through water control changes, or as part of natural resources management.c.All of these authorities, which vary in their particularities related to specific applications of Corps interest, local cost-sharing, multiple agency participation, etc., are potential tools for developing coastal engineering/environmental projects. Additionally, other Federal agencies provide grants to local jurisdictions or citizen groups to plan, design, and/or construct habitat restoration projects. Examples of alternative means of acquiring and restoring coastal habitats include the National Coastal Wetlands Conservation Grant Program, and North American Wetlands Conservation Grants administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation Challenge Grants administered by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation; and the Wetlands Reserve Program administered by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. Partnering with other agencies is also an effective way of leveraging limited assets in an area that usually has more needs identified than resources to accomplish them.V-7-4. Ecosystem Function and Biodiversity in Coastal Habitat Projectsa.Coastal habitats are part of a connected ecosystem of freshwater, estuarine, terrestrial, and marine habitats. A primary consideration of habitat restoration is what functions a particular habitat provides andEM 1110-2-110031 Jul 03how those functions relate to functions provided by other parts of the ecosystem. Additionally, it is important to determine what natural physical processes form and change natural habitats and whether these natural processes still exist in an ecosystem. A primary goal of habitat restoration and creation should always be to maintain or recreate natural physical processes because this will help maintain habitats over a much longer time scale.b.Coastal habitats also contribute substantially to biological diversity, simply defined as the number of species within a habitat, bioregion, or worldwide. Concern over protecting against loss of species in coastal (and terrestrial) habitats is increasing, and environmentally responsible coastal habitat projects should be planned and implemented with maintenance of biological diversity as a key concern. The primary cause of species loss in many areas is the destruction of critical habitat for one or more life-history stages of an organism. In coastal areas, these may include barrier beaches, maritime forests, salt marshes, tidal wetlands, seagrass meadows, and coral reefs. Pollution and loss of water quality may further stress populations, and may contribute to a reduction in genetic diversity due to differential mortality and local extinctions.c.In certain cases, preservation of biodiversity also may be a primary goal of a habitat restoration, creation, or preservation project, and many projects have attempted to restore or rehabilitate critical habitats in areas that have undergone extensive habitat loss or degradation.V-7-5. Defining Success and Project Maintenance and Monitoringa. A key component of designing and implementing habitat restoration or creation projects is to define how and when your project will be considered a success. This requires identifying a project’s goals, objectives, and performance standards. Performance standards should be specifically stated in terms such as composition and density of a plant community or number of fish utilizing a site. While such standards can often be difficult to develop, they will provide a clear direction for what parameters must be monitored and how long monitoring will need to be conducted.b.The most often cited reason for failure of habitat restoration projects is failure to properly monitor site development and implement corrective action as needed. The National Research Council (NRC 1992) has identified a need to develop a systematic approach to improving the state of the art in habitat restoration.A primary area for improvement is in the development and implementation of monitoring programs. A well-designed monitoring program allows project managers to make crucial changes or mid-course corrections to projects, ensuring long-term success. Monitoring data can be used by project managers to demonstrate the ability of the project to meet stated goals and objectives. Monitoring also allows others to learn from previous projects, and avoid pitfalls in future restoration efforts.c.Recent guidance on monitoring aquatic and marine habitat restoration projects (Thom and Wellman 1996) outlines the components of a monitoring program. A monitoring program should be designed during the planning phase as a direct result of the project objectives and performance standards. Failure to do so may result in the inability to evaluate project performance relative to the stated standards.d.Baseline data collection helps in setting clear, realistic objectives, provides site-specific information, and guides the development of the monitoring plan. This is considered the initial phase of the monitoring program, and provides pre-project conditions against which to evaluate project performance. During construction, monitoring is carried out to ensure that project design criteria are followed, and to assess any off-site damage that may occur during construction. Upon project completion, performance is assessed and management or modifications to the project can be carried out, as necessary, to achieve the desired project objectives.EM 1110-2-110031 Jul 03e.Reference site selection is often critical to the development of a restoration monitoring program. Reference sites are used as models upon which to base a project design. They provide a target for the development and evaluation of performance standards. Reference sites also provide a control, useful in assessing the degree of natural ecosystem fluctuations. Pre- and post-project conditions can be assessed in the absence of reference sites; however, project performance can only be determined relative to reference conditions (Thom and Wellman 1996).V-7-6. Adaptive ManagementTwo of the key elements of success in habitat restoration/creation projects are: (a) clear, technically sound objectives, and (b) the flexibility and capability to deal with unforeseen problems or physical changes. These elements represent the foundation of an adaptive approach to ecosystem management. In recent years, adaptive management plans have been specifically recommended for ecosystem management programs by Federal and State Governments, and other entities (Thom and Wellman 1996). An adaptive management approach literally involves “learning by doing” - a sequential reassessment of system states and dynamic relationships should be an integral part of a well-designed monitoring program (Walters and Holling 1990). Since our knowledge of ecosystems is often incomplete, project managers must rely on continuous assessment and data collection to guide modifications intended to optimize restoration projects. Data collection, comparison with carefully chosen reference sites, and experimentation, where feasible, should be used to indicate the need for adjustments or modifications to the system (and in some cases reevaluation of original goals and project objectives). This can be instrumental in avoiding the pitfalls that typically result from inflexible project designs and represents a “safe-fail” approach, in contrast to the “fail-safe” approach of traditional civil and coastal engineering projects (Pastorok et al. 1997). However, in order for adaptive management to work, or even be utilized at all, there must be a clear mechanism for the monitoring results to be evaluated and a funding source to come back and provide necessary maintenance or construct actual changes to the project.V-7-7. Design Considerations and Information Sources for Habitat Projectsa.Underwater projects.(1)Artificial reefs. Artificial reefs have been used to enhance fishing productivity, in both artisanal and highly developed fisheries, for centuries. The National Fishing Enhancement Act of 1984 authorizes states and other government entities to develop and responsibly manage artificial reef programs in coastal waters of the United States. Since the passage of the Act, reef construction in U.S. coastal waters has increased dramatically. There are now over 300 artificial reefs in U.S. waters, most in nearshore waters of the Southern Atlantic and Gulf coasts.(a)Artificial reefs enhance marine habitat by providing structurally complex substrate and food resources (in the form of encrusting and epiphytic invertebrates) in topographically homogeneous areas of the ocean floor. The new substrate is quickly colonized by epiphytic algae, sponges, bryozoans, and hydroids. In tropical waters, corals are among the initial colonizers. Ultimately, small fish, crustaceans, and larger predatory fish take up residence. Size, vertical relief, structural complexity and location relative to source areas are the primary factors that determine community composition of artificial reefs. Most artificial reefs are constructed to attract and support populations of recreationally or commercially important finfish; however, reefs have also been constructed to specifically target other resource species such as giant kelp, lobsters, and corals.EM 1110-2-110031 Jul 03(b)Engineering and design concerns in artificial reef construction/deployment focus on the following (Bohnsack and Sutherland 1985):•Material composition.•Surface texture.•Shape, height, and profile of the reef.•Reef size, spatial scale, and dispersion.(c)Proper placement of artificial reef structures is of critical importance. Most reported failures of artificial reefs are due to improper siting. If deployed too close to an existing natural reef, they may provide little or no enhancement, and may reduce habitat function of the natural reef.(d)Artificial reefs may be placed at any depth; most reefs in U.S. waters have been deployed at depths of 10-110 m (30-360 ft). Substrate type must also be considered. Hard substrate must be located at or near the surface in order to prevent the artificial reefs from sinking. Natural sedimentation rates in the placement area should be low enough to prevent burial of structures over time. In high-energy coastal waters, reef structures must often be mechanically stabilized to prevent shifting or relocation by waves and storm surges. Water quality parameters in the vicinity of the reef should be assessed prior to deployment. Chronic low oxygen conditions (hypoxia) and rapid changes in salinity, water clarity, temperature, and nutrient concentration will negatively impact reef fish and invertebrate communities.(e)A variety of materials have been used to construct artificial reefs. Some of the earliest recorded artificial reefs, deployed by Japanese fishermen in the early 18th century, consisted of simple wooden structures weighted with rocks. Bamboo racks (payaos) have been used extensively in artificial reef programs in the Philippines; in recent years these have been replaced with modern concrete structures. Recycled materials are often used to construct artificial reefs. Discarded automobile tires are particularly common due to their low cost and durability. Fly-ash composites and fiber-reinforced plastics have been used. Wooden street cars, automobiles, barges, and ships have been deployed at artificial reef sites in the United States and elsewhere. Concrete structures of various sizes and configurations are also commonly deployed. Quarry rock and rubble derived from demolition activities, such as channel maintenance, have been used extensively in reef construction. Detailed reviews of artificial reef construction and design are provided by Seaman and Sprague (1991), and Sheehy and Vik (1992).(f)The effectiveness of artificial reefs as a fishery management tool has been questioned by coastal resource managers. It is recognized that artificial reefs can dramatically enhance fish harvests by concentrating fish around discrete, identifiable structures. However, it is often argued that the reefs merely serve to redistribute existing resources from natural sites to artificial sites, and do not actually increase fish production (Bohnsack 1989). Artificial reefs should be considered habitat creation rather than restoration ofa naturally occurring habitat type.(2)Oyster reefs. Harvests of the American oyster (Crassostrea virginica) along the U.S. Atlantic coast have declined dramatically during the latter half of the 20th century. In Chesapeake Bay, which historically supported the largest oyster fishery along the Atlantic coast, the principal cause of the decline was overharvesting of the resource (Wennersten 1981). During the early 20th century, yearly harvests declined rapidly as the fishery became more technologically advanced and efficient. Since the early 1960’s, oyster diseases and predation, along with reduced environmental quality, have further contributed to the decline. Currently, the oyster fishery in Chesapeake Bay is threatened with economic extinction.。
第一条适用范围Rule 1 Application1.本规则各条适用于在公海和连接于公海且可供海船航行的一切水域中的一切船舶.These Rules shall apply to all vessels upon the high seas and inall waters connected therewith navigable by seagoing vessels. 2.本规则各条不妨碍有关主管机关为连接于公海而可供海船航行的任何港外锚地,港口,江河,湖泊或内陆水道所制定的特殊规定的实施.这种特殊规定,应尽可能符合本规则各条.Nothing in these Rules shall interfere with the operation ofspecial rules made by an appropriate authority for roadsteads, harbours, rivers, lakes or inland waterways connected with the high seas and navigable by seagoing vessels .Such special rules shall conform asclosely as possible to these Rules.3. 本规则各条,不妨碍各国政府为军舰及护航下的船舶所制定的关于额外的队形灯,信号灯,号型或笛号;或者为结队从事捕鱼的渔船所制定的关于额外的队形灯,信号灯或号型的任何特殊规定的实施.这些额外的队形灯,信号灯,号型或笛号,应尽可能不致被误认为本规则其他条文所规定的任何号灯,号型或信号.Nothing in these Rules shall interfere with the operation of any special rules made by the Government of any State with respect to additional station or signal lights or shapes for fishing vessels engaged in fishing as a fleet. These additional station or signal lights, shapes or whistle signals shall, so far as possible, be such that theycannot be mistaken for any light, shape or signal authorized elsewhere under these Rules.4.为实施本规则,本组织可以采纳分道通航制.Traffic separation schemes may be adopted by the Organization for the purpose of these Rules.5.凡经有关政府确定,某种特殊构造或用途的船舶,如不能完全遵守本规则任何一条关于号灯或号型的数量,位置,能见距离或弧度以及声号设备的配置和特性的规定时,则应遵守其政府在号灯或号型的数量,位置,能见距离或弧度以及声号设备的配置和特性方面为之另行确定的尽可能符合本规则要求的规定.Whenever the Government concerned shall have determined that a vessel of special construction or purpose cannot comply fully with the provisions of any of these Rules with respect to the number, position, range or arc of visibility of lights or shapes, as well as to the disposition and characteristics of sound-signalling appliances, such vessel shall comply with such other provisions in regard to the number, position ,range or arc of the visibility of lights or shapes, as well as to the disposition and characteristics of sound-signalling appliances, as her Government shall have determined to be the closest possible compliance with these Rules in respect of that vessel.第二条责任Rule 2 Responsibility1.本规则各条并不免除任何船舶或其所有人,船长或船员由于对遵守本规则各条的任何疏忽,或者对海员通常做法或当时特殊情况可能要求的任何戒备上的疏忽而产生的各种后果的责任.Nothing in these Rules shall exonerate any vessel, or the owner, master or crew thereof, from the consequences of any neglect to comply with these Rules or of the neglect of any precaution which may be required by the ordinary practice of seamen, or by the special circumstances of the case.2.在解释和遵行本规则各条规定时,应适当考虑到,为避免紧迫危险而需背离本规则各条规定的一切航行和碰撞的危险,以及任何特殊情况,其中包括当事船舶条件限制在内.In construing and complying with these Rules due regard shall be had to all dangers of navigation and collision and to any special circumstances, including the limitations of the vessels involved, which may make a departure from these Rules necessary to avoid immediate danger.第三条一般定义Rule 3 General definitions除其他条文另有解释外,在本规则中:For the purpose of these Rules, except where the context otherwise requires:1.“船舶”一词,指用作或者能够用作水上运输工具的各类水上船筏,包括非排水船舶,水上飞机和地效翼船.The word “vessel”includes every description of water craft, including non-displacement craft ,WIG craft and seaplanes, used or capable of being used as a means of transportation on water.2.“机动船”一词,指用机器推进的任何船舶.The term“power-driven vessel ”means ay vessel propelled by machinery.3.“帆船”一词,指任何驶帆的船舶,包括装有推进机器而不在使用者.The term “sailing vessel”means any vessel under sail providedthat propelling machinery, if fitted, is not being used.4.“从事捕鱼的船舶”一词,指使用网具绳钓拖网或其他使其操纵性能受到限制的渔具捕鱼的任何船舶,但不包括使用曳绳钓或其他并不使其操纵性能受到限制的渔具捕鱼的船舶.The term “vessel engaged in fishing”means any vessel fishing with nets, lines, trawls or other fishing apparatus which restrict manoeuvrability , but does not include a vessel fishing with trolling lines or other fishing apparatus which do not restrict manoeuvrability.5.“水上飞机”一词,包括为能在水面操纵而设计的任何航空器.The word“seaplane”includes any aircraft designed to manoeuvre on the water.6.“失去控制的船舶”一词,指由于某种异常的情况不能按本规则各条的要求进行操纵,因而不能给他船让路的船舶.The term “vessel not under command”means a vessel which through some exceptional circumstance is unable to manoeuvre as required by these Rules and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of another vessel.7.“操纵能力受到限制的船舶”一词,指由于工作性质,使其按本规则要求进行操纵的能力受到限制,因而不能给他船让路的船舶. 操纵能力受到限制的船舶一词应包括,但不限于下列船舶:The t erm “vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre”means a vessel which from the nature of her work is restricted in her ability to manoeuvre as required by these Rules and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of another vessel. The term vessels restricted in theirability to manoeuvre shall include but not be limited to:(1)从事敷设,维修或起捞助航标志,海底电缆或管道的船舶;A vessel engaged in laying, servicing or picking up a navigation mark, submarine cable or pipeline.(2)从事疏浚,测量或水下作业的船舶;A vessel engaged in dredging, surveying or underwater operations.(3)在航中从事补给或转运人员,食品或货物的船舶;A vessel engaged in replenishment or transferring persons, provisions or cargo while underway.(4)从事发放或回收航空器的船舶;A vessel engaged in the launching or recovery of aircraft.(5)从事清除水雷作业的船舶;A vessel engaged in mine clearance operations.(6)从事拖带作业的船舶,而该项拖带作业使该拖船及其被拖船偏离所驶航向的能力严重受到限制.A vessel engaged in a towing operation such as severely restricts the towing vessel and her tow in their ability to deviate from their course.8.“限于吃水的船舶”一词,指由于吃水与可航水域的水深和宽度的关系,致使其偏离航向的能力严重的受到限制的机动船.The term “vessel constrained by her draught ”means a power-driven vessel which, because of her draught in relation to the available depth and width of navigable water, is severely restricted in her ability to deviate from the course she is following.9.“在航”一词,指船舶不在锚泊,系岸或搁浅.The word“underway”means that a vessel is not at anchor, or made fast to the shore, or aground.10.船舶的“长度和宽度”是指其总长度和最大宽度.The words “length and breadth” of a vessel mean her length overall an d greatest breadth.11.只有当一船能自他船以视觉看到时,才应认为两船是在互见中.Vessel shall be deemed to be in sight of one another only when one can be observed visually from the other.12“能见度不良”一词,指任何由于雾,霾,下雪,暴风雨,沙暴或任何其他类似原因而使能见度受到限制的情况.The term “restricted visibility” me ans any condition in which visibility is restricted by fog, mist, falling snow, heavy rainstorms, sandstorms or any other similar causes.13.“地效翼船”是一种模式的船艇,其主要操作模式是利用表面效应在相当接近水面的高度飞行.The term “Wing-In-Ground (WIG) craft” means a multimodal craft which, in its main operational mode flies in close proximity to the surface-effect action.第四条适用范围Rule 4 application本节各条适用于任何能见度的情况Rules in this section apply in any condition of visibility.第五条了望Rule 5 look-out每一船舶应经常用视觉,听觉以及适合当时环境和情况下一切有效的手段保持正规的了望,以便对局面和碰撞危险作出充分的估计.Every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper look-out by sight and hearing as well as by all available means appropriate in the prevailing circumstances and conditions so as to make a full appraisal of the situation and of the risk of collision.第六条安全航速Rule 6 safe speed每一船舶在任何时候均应用安全航速行驶,以便能采取适当而有效的避碰行动并能在适合当时环境和情况的距离以内把船停住.在决定安全航速时,考虑的因素中应包括下列各点:Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so that she can take proper and effective action to avoid collision and be stopped within a distance appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions. In determining a safe speed the following factors shall be among those taken into account:1.对所有船舶: By all vessels:(1)能见度情况; the state of visibility;(2)通航密度,包括渔船或者任何其他船舶的密集程度;The traffic density including concentrations of fishing vessels or any other vessels.(3)船舶的操纵性能,特别是在当时情况下的冲程和回转性能;The manoeuvrability of the vessel with special reference to stopping distance and turning ability in the prevailing conditions. (4)夜间出现的背景亮光,诸如来自岸上灯光或本船灯光的反向散射;At night the presence of background light such as from shore lights or from backscatter of her own lights.(5)风,浪和流的状况以及靠近航海危险物的情况;The state of wind, sea and current, and the proximity of navigational hazards(6)吃水与可用水深的关系.The draught in relation to the available depth of water.2.对备有可使用的雷达的船舶,还需考虑:Additionally, by vessels with operational radar:(1)雷达设备的特性,效率和局限性;The characteristics, efficiency and limitations of the radar equipment.(2)所选用的雷达距离标尺带来的任何限制;Any constraints imposed by the radar range scale in use.(3)海况,天气和其他干扰源对雷达探测的影响;The effect on radar detection of the sea state, weather and other sources of interference.(4)在适当距离内,雷达对小船,浮冰和其他漂浮物有探测不到的可能性;The possibility that small vessels, ice and other floating objects may not be detected by radar at an adequate range.(5)雷达探测到的船舶数目,位置和动态;The number, location and movement of vessels detected by radar.(6)当用雷达测定附近船舶或其他物体的距离时,可能对能见度作出的更确切的估计.The more exact assessment of the visibility that may be possible when radar is used to determine the range of vessels or other objects in the vicinity.第七条碰撞危险Rule 7 risk of collision1.每一船舶应用适合当时环境和情况的一切有效手段断定是否存在碰撞危险,如有任何怀疑,则应认为存在这种危险. Every vessel shall use all available means appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions to determine if risk of collision exists, if there is any doubt such risk shall be deemed to exists.2.如装有雷达设备并可使用的话,则应正确予以使用,包括远距离扫描,以便获得碰撞危险的早期报警,并对探测到的物标进行雷达标绘或与其相当的系统观察.Proper use shall be made of radar equipment if fitted and operational, including long-range scanning to obtain early warning of risk of collision and radar plotting or equivalent systematic observation of detected objects.3.不应当根据不充分的资料,特别是不充分的雷达观测资料作出推断.Assumptions shall not be made on the basis of scanty information, especially scanty radar information4.在断定是否存在碰撞危险时,考虑的因素中应包括下列各点:In determining if risk of collision exists the following considerations shall be among those taken into account:(1)如果来船的罗经方位没有明显的变化,每则应认为存在这种危险;Such risk shall be deemed to exist if the compass bearing of an approaching vessel does not appreciably change.(2)即使有明显的方位变化,有时也可能存在这种危险,特别是在驶近一艘很大的船舶或拖带船组时,或是在近距离驶近他船时.Such risk may sometimes exist even when an appreciable bearing change is evident, particularly when approaching a very large vessel or a tow or when approaching a vessel at close range.第八条避免碰撞的行动Rule 8 action to avoid collision1.为避免碰撞所采取的任何行动,应按照本章的规定进行.如当时环境许可,应是积极的,并应及早的进行和注意运用良好的船艺.Any action to avoid collision shall be taken in accordance with the Rules of this Part and shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, be positive, made in ample time and with due regard to the observance of good seamanship.2.为避免碰撞而作的航向和(或)航速的任何变动,如当时环境许可,应大的足以使他船用视觉或雷达观察时容易察觉到;应避免对航向和(或)航速作一连串的小变动.Any alteration of course and/or speed to avoid collision shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, be large enough to be readily apparent to another vessel observing visually or by radar; a succession of small alteration of course and/or speed should be avoided.3.如有足够的水域,则单用转向可能是避免紧迫局面的最有效行动,倘若这种行动是及时的,大幅度的并且不致造成另一紧迫局面.If there is sufficient sea-room, alteration of course alone may be the most effective action to avoid a close-quarters situation provided that it is made in good time, is substantial and does not result in another close-quarter situation.4.为避免与他船碰撞而采取的行动,应能导致在安全的距离驶过.应细心查核避让行动的有效性,直到最后驶过让清他船为止.Action taken to avoid collision with another vessel shall be such as to result in passing at a safe distance. The effectiveness of the action shall be carefully checked until the other vessel is finally past and clear.5.如需避免碰撞或需留有更多的时间来估计局面,船舶应当减速或者停止或倒转推进器把船停住.If necessary to avoid collision or allow more time to assess the situation, a vessel shall slacken her speed or take all way off by stopping or reversing her means of propulsion.6.(1)根据本规则任何规定,要求不得妨碍另一艘船舶通过或安全通过的船舶应根据当时环境的需要及早的采取行动以留出足够的水域供其它船舶安全通过.A vessel which, by any of these Rules, is required not to impede the passage or safe passage of another vessel shall, when required by the circumstances of the case, take early action to allow sufficientsea-room for the safe passage of the other vessel.(2)如果在接近其它船舶致有碰撞危险时,被要求不得妨碍另一船舶通过的船舶并不解除这一责任,且当采取行动时,应充分考虑到本章各条可能要求的行动.A vessel required not to impede the passage or safe passage of another vessel is not relieved of this obligation if approaching the other vessel so asto involve risk of collision and shall, when taking action ,have full regard to the action which may be required by the Rules of this part.(3)当两船互相接近致有碰撞危险时,其通过不得被妨碍的船舶仍有完全遵守本章各条规定的责任.A vessel the passage of which is not to be impeded remains fully obliged to comply with the Rules of this part when thetwo vessels are approaching one another so as to involve risk of collision.第九条狭水道Rule 9 narrow channels1.船舶沿狭水道或航道行驶时,只要安全可行,应尽量靠近本船右舷的该水道或航道的外缘行驶.A vessel proceeding along the course of a narrow channel or fairway shall keep as near to the outer limit of the channel or fairway which lies on her starboard side as is safe and practicable.2.帆船或者长度小于20米的船舶,不应妨碍只能在狭水道或航道以内安全航行的船舶通行.A vessel of less than 20 m in length or a sailing vessel shall not impede the passage of a vessel which can safely navigate only within a narrow channel or fairway.3.从事捕鱼的船舶,不应妨碍任何其它在狭水道或航道以内航行的船舶通行.A vessel engaged in fishing shall not impede the passage of any other vessel navigating within a narrow channel or fairway.4.船舶不应穿越狭水道或航道,如过这种穿越会妨碍只能在这种水道或航道以内安全航行的船舶通行.后者若对穿越船的意图有怀疑时,可以使用第三十四条4款所规定的声号.A vessel shall not cross a narrow channel or fairway if such crossing impedes the passage of a vessel which can safely navigate only within such channel or fairway. The latter vessel may use the sound signal prescribed in Rule 34(d)if in doubt as to the intention of the crossing vessel.5.(1)在狭水道或航道内,如只有在被追越船必须采取行动以允许安全通过才能追越时,则企图追越的船,应鸣放第三十四条3款(1)项所规定的相应声号,以表示本船的意图,被追越船如果同意,应鸣放第三十四条3款(2)项所规定的相应声号,并采取使之能安全通过的措施.如有怀疑,则可以鸣放第三十四条4款所规定的声号.In a narrow channel or fairway when overtaking can take place only if the vessel to be overtaken has to take action to permit safe passing, the vessel intending to overtake shall indicate her intention by sounding the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule 34( c) (i), The vessel to be overtaken shall, if in agreement, sound the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule34( c)(ii) and take steps topermit safe passing. If in doubt she may sound the signals prescribed in Rule 34(d).(2)本条并不解除追越船根据第十三条所负的义务.This Rule does not relieve the overtaking vessel of her obligation under Rule 13.6.船在驶近可能被居间障碍物遮蔽他船的狭水道或航道的弯头或地段时,应特别机警和谨慎的驾驶,并应鸣放第三十四条5款所规定的相应声号.A vessel nearing a bend or an area of a narrow channel or fairway where other vessels may be obscured by an intervening obstruction shall navigate with particular alertness and caution and shall sound the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule34(e) 7.任何船舶,如当时环境许可,都应避免在狭水道内锚泊.Any vessel shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid anchoring in a narrow channel.第十条分道通航制Rule 10 Traffic separation schemes1.本条适用于本组织采纳的分道通航制,但并不解除任何船舶遵守任何其他各条规定的责任。
