canonical_circuit_model

An Effective Approach for Solving Subgraph Isomorphism ProblemZong LingDepartment of Electrical Engineering, University of Hawaii (UH)493 Holmes Hall, 2540 Dole Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, U.S.A.Phone: (808) 956-7249; Fax: (808) 941-1399; Email: ling@Abstract: A novel and effective approach is presented in this paper for solving the well-known difficult problem of subgraph isomorphism. By integrating planning strategies with the concept of centered spanning tree, the presented approach achieves an average-case, near-linear performance. A majority of practical subgraph isomorphism problems deals with the cases of labeled graphs, which contains the NP-complete case of unlabeled graphs.This meaningful relationship between the sizes of label sets and graphs is exploited by both analyses and experimental results for use in the prediction of performance.Keywords: Subgraph Isomorphism, Planning,Algorithms, Pattern Recognition, Search 1. INTRODUCTIONThe SubGraph Isomorphism (SGI) problem is a frequent computation in many applications, where the search and recognition of a smaller graph from a larger graph is needed.For instances, 1) In bioinformatics [1], it is always required to search an isomorphic special piece of protein sequence(3D labeled graph)in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) with the query protein sequence for further biological analysis;2)In robot visions[11],it needs to recognize3D objects(based on the line-drawings)by isomorphically matching with their canonical models in a computer model base; 3) In VLSI computer-aided design(CAD)[7],one of the critical problems is that of determining whether layout of the circuit geometry corresponds to the specification of circuit [4], especially to find the subcircuits from a lager circuit [8].Previous approaches to solve SGI problem are predominantly based on tree search approach such as J.R.Ullmann’s depth-first algorithm [10], which is still in use today in the popular software package POSSUM(Protein On-line Substructure Searching-Ullmann Method)for protein sequence comparison,as well as Corneil’s breadth-first algorithm[2],which is presently the core component of Gemini and SubGemini -- the best performing package today for subcircuits extraction in VLSI layout verification[8].However,these algorithms quickly become ineffective when graph size becomes larger,as predicted by the NP-completeness of SGI. On the other hand, the needs from application areas, old and new, are pushing for increasingly larger graph sizes. In applications, such as subcircuit verification and molecular structure analysis,typical problem sizes have already grown to the order of thousands of nodes and edges.Since SGI problem is a classical constraint satisfaction problem, in this paper, we propose the alternative of transforming it into the resource management paradigm. Based on a set of strategies and centered spanning tree for graph decomposition and partition,the presented approach,following the principles of the Constrained Resource Planning(CRP)model [6], is shown to achieve near-linear performance on the average.2. PROBLEM DESCRIPTIONSubGraph Isomorphism is a well known concept -- a given graph G1 is isomorphic to a subgraph H of another given G2 if there exists an one-to-one mapping of the nodes of G1 onto the nodes of H such that all corresponding edge adjacencies are preserved. The problem is that of finding an efficient algorithm or approach for determining whether one given graph(pattern graph, G1) is an isomorphic subgraph of another graph (model graph, G2). Here, all graphs or subgraphs are supposed to be connected graphs. SGI problem is not only of considerable practical importance but also of theoretical interest due to its known NP-complete complexity. Its difficulty can be seen easily from the fact that selecting out of the m n possibilities that arise in the combinatorial matching of n nodes in the smaller graph to m nodes in the larger graph,while preserving all the adjacencies [9]. No efficientalgorithm for this problem is known so far [3], and it was conjectured by many experts that no polynomial-time algorithm exists because of its NP-completeness [5][9].Generally, for majority of practical applications, both pattern and model graphs are labeled graphs.Their label sets are known and their sizes also. In the extreme case of the label set size being one,a labeled graph becomes indistinguishable with an unlabeled graph, so that labeled SGI problem contains unlabeled SGI problem which is a well known NP-Complete problem. In fact, unlabeled SGI problems are usually used on theoretical analysis since it can provide an up-bound of time complexity due to its NP-completeness. Therefore, in this paper, the labeled graph we concerned below would not lose the generality of SGI problem and should be more appropriate to meet the practical requirements.3. OUR APPROACHAs shown in Figure 1, our approach for solving SGI problem contains two parts: preprocessing and resource management.Figure 1. Our ApproachIn pre-processing,we will extract a centered spanning tree from pattern graph and then partition model graph into small bounded areas. The matching procedure which is treated as a constraint resource planning procedure, thereby, can be limited within the bounded areas3.1 PreprocessingThere are two main operations in preprocessing, 1) extract a centered spanning tree from pattern graph; 2) partition model graph.3.1.1 Tree ExtractionAssume that G is a labeled and connected graph.3.1.1.1 TerminologyFollowing graphic concepts will be utilized. Distance d(n1, n2): of two nodes n1 and n2 is the length of shortest path between them.Eccentricity E(n):of a node n is the distance from n to the nodes farthest from n in G;that is, E(n) = max d(n, n i), n i∈G Center: the node with minimum eccentricity in G. Radius: the eccentricity of a center.3.1.1.2 Construction of Centered Spanning Tree To locate a center of graph G, all shortest paths in G are calculated.And then the maximal length value of the shortest paths (or summary of the shortest paths) from each node to other nodes can form a list. The minimal element in the list corresponds to the center node of G. Starting from the center nodes(as root),a centered spanning tree of G1is constructed by breadth-first search algorithm. Then, G1 is decomposed into two parts: a Centered Spanning Tree (CST) and a CoTree (complement part of the CST in G). Actually, CST can be constructed by either depth-first or breadth-first search algorithm. Since we need to utilize the height of CST as the radius on partitioning model graph and expect to obtain the minimal radius which represents the range of bounded area, breadth-first search which can minimize the height of a tree is our preference.3.1.2 Partition of Model GraphFirst of all, in G2, each node with the same label as and larger degree than that of the center node (root of CST) in G1is chosen as the starting point. Then, around the starting points, the small areas are determined respectively according to the height (radius) of CST. Within each of the bounded areas,which is much less than the original G2 in average,the resource management approach is then used for isomorphic matching. 3.2 Resource ManagementFrom the perspective of operational research, the matching procedure in SGI can be treated as an instance of resource management. It is a process of task and solution planning directly associated with the concern of resource utilization and conservation.3.2.1 Edge UnitsAn edge unit(EU)is defined as an edge associated with its two terminal nodes in a graph. As the fundamental matching elements, EUs can not only preserve node connections which are the requirement of isomorphism but also extend the label attribute scope from |NLS|+|ELS| to |EULS|=|NLS|2*|ELS|,where NLS,ELS,and EULS stand for the label sets of nodes, edges, and edge units respectively.3.2.2 Planning ModelBased on the six underlying concepts of resource,task,constraint,solution,criticality and cruciality, the presented approach treats SGI problem as being composed of EUs in G1 to be assigned onto a set of EUs in G2,under the condition that resources are constrained.The essential planning concepts when applied them onto SGI problem are defined below. Resource: all unassigned EUs in G2.Task(TEU): any unassigned EU in G1. {Agenda: The set of unassigned EUs in G1}.Solution(SEU): The EU in G2 which is valid while1) its edge label is identical to that of the TEU;2) both nodes satisfy the degree and incident edge label set constraints with respect to that of the TEU. {Solution space: All valid EUs in G2 which can be assigned by the TEU in G1}. Constraints:1) Each TEU has to be assigned onto the SEU with identical edge label and node labels.2) Node with degree d1 and incident edge label set LS1in G1must be assigned to the node with degree d2 and incident edge label set LS2 in G2 such that LS1⊆ LS2 and d1≤ d2.3.2.3 Operational ProcedureAfter preprocessing, the EUs in G2 are treated as resource units, all TEUs in G1 are considered as active tasks in agenda. Depending on the policy function (see 3.2.4), the agenda will be filtered out for TEU identification. Then, the set of valid SEUs will be scanned over for SEU selection according to another policy function (see 3.2.4). At each stage of iteration procedure,the topological connections between consistent TEUs and SEUs is verified such that the distance between k th TEU and k+1th TEU must be consistent to the distance between k th SEU and k+1th SEU, if there is an isomorphism. This is based on the path heuristic: Given two graphs G1 and G2, if G1 is isomorphic to G2 then a path in G1 must be isomorphic to a path in G2.3.2.4 Policy FunctionsThe planning model provides two domain-independent guiding principles as the policy functions for TEU identification and SEU selection [12]. After estimating the number of possible,valid SEUs for each TEU,there are three possible cases of the estimation results. Case 1: Only one TEU can be assigned to exactly one SEU. In this case, it is nature to pick up the pair of TEU and SEU as a successful task allocation.This strategy is a natural generalization of a simple heuristic that says to always tackle the task with only one possible solution first (lest all needed resource units are consumed by performing other tasks and thereby reducing its own chance of completion). Case 2: Multiple TEUs have same number of valid SEUs. Guided by the most constrained strategy, multiple TEUs are hierarchically evaluated by the criticality function [12] in order to identify the most constrained (one) TEU. The evaluation result might introduce the cases of either one TEU with one possible SEU which is case 1 or one TEU with multiple SEUs which is Case 3: One TEU has minimum (but multiple) number of valid SEUs. Then, the least impact strategy, is used to direct the SEU selection for a chosen TEU.It selects the least impact SEU of the current TEU by minimizing the impact to other TEUs (measured hierarchically by the cruciality function [12], which calculates the reduction to the number of valid SEUs for other TEUs), thus maximizing the feasibility of completing all remaining TEUs. Both most constrained strategy and least impact strategy are composed of three hierarchical level calculations which are sequentially trying to conquer the conflicts on tasks, solutions, and resource units [12].4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTSA C-implementation of the presented approach is carried out on Sun workstation 490. Np and Nm are node sets, Ep and Em are edge sets in pattern and model graphs, respectively. EULS is the label set on EUs and|EULS|=|NLS|2*|ELS|, where NLS and ELS stand for the node label set and edge label set in model graph respectively. In practical cases for the special problem,the highest degree (h) in a graph is always bounded by a constant,such as h=3for trehidral3D object, h=6 for electronic circuit (gate), h=5 for protein sequence (almost tree). Therefore, a set of k-regular graphs (degree(v)=k, for all node v ∈ N; N is node set of the graph) is generated fortesting since a k-regular graph contains maximal number edges for the graph with highest degree k.4.1 EfficiencyThe performance of presented approach is shown in Figure 2. The execution time on matching among size-increasing pattern graphs and size-fixed model graph shows a near-linear curve trend with respect to the edge numbers of pattern graphs in the average cases of fixing the ratio of |EULS| and |Em|.02004006008001000010002000300040005000600070008000|Ep|=Edge Number of Pattern GraphE x e c u t i o n T i m e (s )Figure 2. Near-Linear Performance4.2 Impact of Label SetsBy testing a set of labeled graphs shows that ratio R=|EULS|/|Em| is critical to the performance (Figure 3). With our approach, if the ratio is roughly greater than 1/4, a near-constant execution time could be reached, i.e., for a majority of practical problem with reasonable amount of label information, the execution time using in solving SGI problem with our approach would merely depend on the edge numbers. This is another near-linear performance of the presented approach. And also, due to NP-completeness, exponential performance of unlabeled SGI is certainly the upper bound ofSGI algorithms.10020030040050060070002004006008001000|Em|=Edge number of Model GraphE x e c u t i o n T i m e (Figure 3. Impact of Label Sets5. CONCLUSIONSIn this paper, a novel and efficient approach based on the resource management paradigm for subgraph isomorphism is presented. By integrating several powerful strategies, a near-linear performance is achieved for a wide range of pattern and model graph sizes. The subgraph isomorphism problem is usually applied to labeled graphs which contains the case of unlabeled graphs whose complexity is known tobe NP-complete. The performance relationship derived for our SGI algorithm can be used to make a priori estimations of the expected computational costs in terms of the ratio of label set size and graph size. As a matter of fact, the demonstrated effectiveness of the new approach for solving the SGI problem can be applied to many application problem domains. REFERENCES[1]P. J. Artymiuk, H. M. Grindly and etc.,“Identification of β-Sheet Motifs, of ψ-Loops, and of Patterns of Amino Acid Residues in Three-Dimensional Protein Structures Using a Subgraph-Isomorphism Algorithm”, J. Chem. Inf. Compute. Sci. 1994, 34, 54-62[2] D. G. Corneil and C. C. Gotlieb, "An EfficientAlgorithm for Graph Isomorphism", J. Assoc. Compute., Vol. 17, No. 1, Jan. 1970, pp. 51-64.[3] D. Eppstein, “Subgraph Isomorphism in PlanarGraphs and Related Problems”, Tech. Report 94-25, University of California, Irvine, May 31, 1994[4] C. Ebeling and O. Zajicek , “Validating VLSIGraph Layout by Wirelist Comparison”, Proc. of the Conference on Computer Aided Design (ICCAD), 172-173, 1983.[5]M. R. Garey and D. S. Johnson., “Computersand intractability: a guide to the theory of NP-completeness”, W. H. Freeman, 1979.[6]N. P. Keng and D. Y. Y. Yun, “Aplanning/Scheduling Methodology for the Constrained Resource Problem ”, Proc. 1989 International Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 20-25, Aug. 1989.[7]Z. Ling and D. Y. Y. Yun, “An efficientSubcircuit Extraction Algorithm by Resource Management Approach”, Proc. of Second International Conference On ASIC, Shanghai, P. R. China, 21-24 October 1996.[8]M. Ohlrich, et al, “SubGemini: IdentifyingSubGraphs using a Fast Subgraph Isomorphism Algorithm ”, Proceeding of 30th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference, pp. 31-37, 1993.[9]R. C. Read & D. G Corneil, “The GraphIsomorphism Disease ”. J. of Graph Theory , Vol. 1 (1977), pp. 339-363.[10]J. R. Ullmann, “An Algorithm for SubgraphIsomorphism”, J. Assoc. Compute. March, 1976, 16, 31-42[11]E. K. Wong, "Model Matching in Robot Visionby Subgraph Isomorphism", Pattern Recognition , Vol. 25. No. 3, pp. 287-303, 1992.[12]D. Y. Y. Yun, H. M. Chen, Y. Q. Ge, and Z.Ling,, “CRP-an Engine for Intelligent Resource Management”, to be submitted.。

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gas 瓶装液体煤气calor 液化气caloric balance 热平衡caloric capacity 热容量caloric effect 热效应caloric equation 热量方程caloric heat unit 热量单位caloric meter 量热器caloric power 热值caloric radiation 热辐射caloric receptivity 热容量caloric unit 热量单位caloric value 热值caloric 热caloricity 热值calorie unit 卡单位calorie 卡calorific balance 热平衡calorific capacity 热容量calorific conduction 热传导calorific effect 热效应calorific efficiency 热效率calorific intensity 发热强度calorific potential 潜热能calorific power 发热量calorific radiation 热辐射calorific receptivity 热容量calorific unit 热单位calorific value 热值calorific 生热的calorification 发热calorifier 热发生器calorimeter assembly 量热装置calorimeter instrument 量热器calorimeter 热量计calorimetric measurement 热量测定calorimetric test 量热试验calorimetric 测热的calorimetry 量热学calorized steel 渗铝钢calory 卡cam 凸轮camber 汽车前轮外倾camera tube 摄象管cameras air-born surveillance 摄象机空中监视cameras tactical surveillance 摄象机战术监视cameras victim location search 摄象机受难者定位搜索camp boss 营地管理员camp 营地campaign fire 战役火灾campaign 战役campfire 营火camshaft 凸轮轴can pump 罐形水泵can 灭火器canadian association of fire chiefs 加拿大消防长官协会canadian association of fire investigators 加拿大火灾调查员协会canadian automotive rescue society 加拿大汽车救援协会canadian centre for emergency preparedness 加拿大应急准备中心candle bark 烛树皮candle 坎candle-moth syndrome 飞蛾扑火症<指那里有火就往那里灭火candlepower 烛光candling 烛形燃烧canister 滤毒罐canned pump 密封泵cannel=cannel coal 长焰煤canonical system 正则系统canonical 正则的canopy hood 伞形罩canopy 冠层cant 斜面canteen van 饮食供应车cantilever position 悬臂状态cantilever 悬臂canvas hose 帆布水带canvas 帆布cao = civil aviation organization 民航组织cap badge 帽徽cap nut 螺盖capacitance 电容capacitive load 电容性负载capacitive reactance 容抗capacitor type smoke detector 电容式感烟探测器capacitor 电容器capacity factor 容量因数capacity of pump 泵流量capacity operation 全容量操作capacity rating 额定量capacity 容量capital 柱顶capstan 绞盘captain 中队长capture velocity 截获速度car = computer assisted retrieval 计算机辅助检索car parking 停车场car programming system 轿厢编制系统carbide 碳化物carbohydrate 碳水化合物carbolic acid 石碳酸carbolic oil 酚油carbon absorption 碳吸附carbon bisulfide 二硫化碳carbon black 碳黑carbon dioxide application system 二氧化碳喷放系统carbon dioxide application 二氧化碳喷放carbon dioxide cartridge 二氧化碳贮气瓶carbon dioxide extinguisher installation 二氧化碳灭火装置carbon dioxide extinguisher system 二氧化碳灭火系统carbon dioxide fire vehicle 二氧化碳消防车carbon dioxide hand hose extinguishing system 二氧化碳手提软管灭火装置carbon dioxide ice 干冰carbon dioxide meter 二氧化碳测量仪carbon dioxide system 二氧化碳系统carbon dioxide 二氧化碳carbon disulfide 二硫化碳carbon microphone 炭粒传声器carbon microsphere 碳微粒carbon monoxide indicator 一氧化碳指示器carbon monoxide monitoring system 一氧化碳监测装置carbon monoxide recorder 一氧化碳记录器carbon monoxide 一氧化碳carbon monoxy hemoglobin 碳氧血红蛋白carbon refractory 碳耐火材料carbon sulfide 二硫化碳carbon tetrachloride fire extinguisher 四氯化碳灭火器carbon tetrachloride 四氯化碳carbon 碳carbon-carbon bond 碳-碳键carbon-dioxide extinguisher 二氧化碳灭火器carbon-dioxide burst 二氧化碳冒出carbon-dioxide-snow fire extinguisher 二氧化碳-雪花灭火器carbon-dioxide-water fire extinguisher 二氧化碳-水灭火器carbonaceous dust 合碳粉尘carbonaceous 碳的carbonic oxide 一氧化碳carbonic-acide gas 碳酸气carboniferous 含碳的carbonization 碳化carbonizing 使碳化carbonyl chloride 氯化碳酰carbonyl group 羰基carboxylic group 羧基carboy 坛carburetor 汽化器carburetted water gas 增碳水煤气carburetting 增碳card catalog 目录卡cardan joint 万向接头cardboard ignitability 纸板着火性carded web 粗梳织品cardinal direction 基本方向<指北cardinal point 基点cardiopulmonary resuscitation 心肺复苏术cardiotoxicity 心脏中毒cardiovascular system 心血管系统career fire fighter 职业消防队员careless manipulation 操作不慎careless smoking 随便抽吸cargo compartment 货舱cargo dropping 货物空投cargo pocket 防护服外口袋<用于装小工具cargo ship 货船cargo tank 车载罐carousel bag packer 转盘式装袋机carport 停车库carriage piece 楼梯斜梁carried wet (附加泵carrier system 载波制carrier wave 载波carrier 载波carron oil 卡伦油<一种由亚麻籽油和石炭水组成的洗剂carry cloth 垃圾装运布carry 搬运carryall 装运垃圾的抢救盖布carrying capacity 输水量carrying current 载流carrying handle 手提把手carrying trestle 手抬架cart 手推车carton 纸板(箱cartridge fuse 熔丝管cartridge of aircraft fire extinguisher 飞机灭火器启动弹cartridge operated extinguisher 贮气式灭火器cartridge 滤筒cartridge-operated dry chemical fire extinguisher 贮气瓶式干粉灭火器cas = calibrated airspeed 校正的飞行速度cascade amplifier 级联放大器cascade 空气呼吸器充气车case law 判例法case method 案例教学法case 案例情况casing 门窗框cask 容器cast iron pipe 铸铁管cast method 抛掷方法cast 抛射casualty forecasting model 灾害事故预测模型casualty insurance 灾害伤亡保险casualty reporting 伤亡报告casualty 死伤数cat boss 拖拉机班班长cat face = cat's-eye 猫脸斑<尤指火烧后树干上未愈合的伤痕cat guard 推土机铲出的隔离带cat line 截断线cat walk 高架狭窄人行道cat 履带式拖拉机catalyse 催化catalysis 催化(作用catalyst poison 催化毒物catalyst 催化剂catalytic combustion method gas sensor 催化燃烧式气体传感器catalytic combustion system 催化燃烧装置catalytic combustion 催化燃烧catalytic cracking 催化catalytic dehydration 催化脱水作用catalytic element principle 催化元件原理catalytic element 催化元件catalytic gas detector 催化气体探测器catalytic gasoline 催化裂化汽油catalytic methanometer 催化沼气测定仪catastrophe 大灾难catastrophic error 致命错误catastrophic failure 重大事故catch a hydrant 装接吸水管catch fire 着火catchall 盛水的抢救盖布catchment area 集水面积catchpit 集流坑<为容纳泄露或溢出的易燃液体catenation = concatenation 连接器cathode ray 阴极射线catline 推土机建立的火灾控制线catv = cable television 有线电视catwall 轻便栈道caulking 堵缝causal factor 起因causation 起因cause of fire 火灾原因cause of injury 伤害原因cause of large loss 重大火灾损失的原因<如探测延迟cause of loss of life 火灾死亡的原因<如安全出口不通caustic lime 生石灰caustic soda cartridge 苛性钠过滤筒caustic soda cartridge 苛性钠过滤筒caustic soda 苛性钠caustic 苛性的cave-in 塌方cavitation of pump 水泵气蚀cavitation 气穴cavity wall 空心墙caxport 车棚cbcm = cost-benefit comparison model 费用-利益比较模型cbm = chlorobromomethane 氯溴甲烷cbt = computer based training 计算机辅助训练cce = clapeyron-clausius equation 克拉珀龙-克劳修斯方程ccfm.vents 美国建筑与火灾研究所编制的一套计算多室火灾问题的区域模拟程序ccg = canadian coast guard 加拿大海岸卫队ccpa = canadian chemical producer's association 加拿大化学品制造商协会cctv 中国中央电视台cd-rom 高容量只读存储器cea = canadian electrical association 加拿大电器协会cec = canadian electrical code 加拿大电器规范ceiling assembly 顶棚组件ceiling board 天花板ceiling coil 顶棚供暖盘管ceiling damper 天花板阀ceiling fire damper 吊顶防火阀ceiling flame 沿顶棚蔓延的火焰ceiling height 吊顶高度ceiling hook 尖钩ceiling jet 顶棚射流ceiling joist 平顶搁栅ceiling layer 浮顶层ceiling light 顶灯ceiling limit 空气污染物浓度极限ceiling load 平定荷载ceiling outlet 顶棚电线头ceiling panel heating 顶棚板面供暖ceiling panel 平顶镶板ceiling plenum space 天花板静压空间ceiling point 顶棚引出线ceiling radiation damper 吊顶散流阀ceiling rafter 顶棚搁栅ceiling screen 吊顶挡烟隔板<设在天花板吊顶下的ceiling sprinkler 吊顶形洒水喷头ceiling stick 单杠挂钩短梯ceiling surface 天棚表面ceiling temperature 上限温度ceiling 天花板ceiling-mounted detector 顶棚火灾探测器cell 蓄电池cellar fire 地下室火灾cellar hole 穴洞cellar nozzle 地窖水枪cellar pipe 地窖导管cellar saver "救地窖的人"<对训练不好的消防战斗员的贬称cellar spray 地窖水枪cellular double bottom 框搁双层底cellular flame 蜂窝状火焰cellular plastics 多孔塑料cellular radio and telephone 蜂窝式无线电话系统celluloid 赛璐珞cellulose acetate film 醋酸纤维素胶片cellulose acetate 纤维素醋酸酯cellulose based product 纤维素基产品cellulose fibre 纤维质纤维cellulose nitrate film 硝酸纤维素胶片cellulose nitrate 硝酸纤维素cellulose propionate 丙酸纤维素cellulose triacetate 三醋酸纤维素cellulose 纤维素cellulosic material 纤维素物质cellulosic 纤维素塑料celotex 纤维〔绝缘celsius temperature scale 摄氏温标celsius 摄氏温度cement block 混凝土砌块cement floor 水泥楼板cementation 粘结cementburn 水泥烧伤cementite 渗碳体center fire 中心点火center firing 中心开花烧除<先在一个地区的中心点火center for auto safety 自动安全中心center of gravity 重心center of mass 质心center of pressure 压力中心centerboard 船底中心垂直升降板centering 对准中心centerline 中心线centigrade temperature 摄氏温度centimeter 厘米centimeter-gram-secondunit 厘米-克-秒单位centipoise 厘泊centistoke 厘斯central air-conditioning system 中央空调系统central alarm unit 集中报警装置central command post 中心指挥所central computer 中央计算机central console 中央操纵台central control board 中心控制台central control room 集中控制室central control station 中央控制站central control 集中控制central detector 中央探测器central fire alarm control unit 集中火灾报警控制器<能接受区域火灾报警控制器、火灾探测器等发来的报警信号central fire alarm control 集中火灾报警控制器central fire alarm station 火灾报警中心站central fire brigades advisory council 消防咨询委员会central fire control point 消防中心控制室central fire control room 消防中心控制室central foam house distributing system 中心发泡室分配系统central forest office 中央林务署central heating appliance 集中供暖设备central heating boiler 集中供热锅炉central heating 集中采暖法central nervous system 中枢神经系统central operator 中心控制盘central point 中心点central processing unit 中央处理机central station fire alarm system 通讯调度中心火灾报警系统central station service 中心站服务central station system 中心站系统central station 通讯调度中心central supply and exhaust system 集中送风和排风系统central system 集中式系统central warm air furnace 中央式暖气炉centralized design 集中化设计centralized maintenance 集中化维护centralized management 集中化管理centralized system 集中系统centrally-mounted pump 中置泵centre firing = center firing 中心开花烧除centre of buoyancy 浮力中心centre of gravity 重心centre of pressure 压力中心centre of symmetry 对称中心centrifugal action 离心作用centrifugal atomization 离心喷射centrifugal blower 离心式鼓风机centrifugal fire pump 离心消防泵centrifugal force 离心力centrifugal pump 离心泵centrifuge 离心机centripetal force 向心力centripetal pump 向心泵centroid 矩心cep = chlorine emergency plan 氯气事故紧急处理计划ceramic fiber blanket 陶瓷纤维毯ceramic fiber-reinforced refractory 陶瓷纤维增强耐火材料ceramic fuel 烧陶瓷用燃料ceramic thermistor core 陶瓷热敏电阻芯ceramic 陶瓷制品cercla = comprehensive environmental response compensation and liability act 综合环境治理cerium 铈cermet 金属陶瓷certificate for fire extinguishing and detecting apparatus 消防和探测设备证书certificate of competency 合格证书certificate of fitness 健康证书certificate of insurance 保险凭证certificate of occupancy 占用证书certificate program 只发结业证书certificate 证书certification 确认certified fire protection specialist board 执业消防专家理事会certified gas free 经鉴定不含易燃气体certified performance curve 厂方出证的性能曲线certified report 证明报告certified safety professional 特许专业安全员certify 证明cesium 铯cetane number 十六烷值cetane 十六烷cetm = cigarette extinction test method 卷烟熄灭试验法cfast 美国建筑与火灾研究所编制的一种多室火灾和烟气蔓延程序cfc = canadian forestry corps 加拿大护林队cfd = computational fluid dynamics 计算流体动力学cfd simulation 计算机流体动力学模拟方法cffp = canadian forest fire prediction system 加拿大森林防火预测系统cfm = cubic feet per minute 立方英尺分cfo = chief fire officer 长官cfp = centrifugal fire pump 离心消防泵cfpa = china fire protection association 中国消防协会cfpa = conference of fire protection associations 消防协会联合会cfr = center for fire research 消防研究中心cfr = code of federal regulations 联邦法规汇编cfr = crash-fire-rescue 失事飞机火灾救援cfrs = commercial fire rating schedule 商业消防分级制cg = coast guard 海岸警卫队cga= compressed gas association 压缩气体协会cgs system 厘米-克-秒制chafing block 水带护桥chain breaking 连锁中断chain conveyor 链式输送机chain drive 链传动chain lightning 链状闪电chain of command 等级制chain pump 链泵chain reaction 连锁反应chain saw 链锯chain 链chain-breaking reaction 连锁中断反应chamaephyte 地上芽植物chamber test 楼面覆面层燃烧试验change of quarters 调防change-over valve 转换阀channel flag 通道标志channel 频道char depth 炭化深度char formation 炭生成char length 炭化长度char 炭characteristic curve 特性曲线characteristic impedance 特性阻抗characteristics 特性charcoal (木charge fault 充电故障charge pressure 充装压力charge 灭火剂charged line 充水的水带线charged stand pipe 充水的竖管charged 充满浓烟和热气的charing rate 炭化速度charing 炭化charles's law 查理士定律charring 炭化chassis clearance 底盘离地高度chassis frame 汽车车架chassis grease 底盘润滑脂chassis lubricant 底盘润滑脂chassis pressure fitting 底盘压力加油嘴chassis 底盘chassisless construction 无底盘结构check damper 风挡check line 阻火线<与火灾控制线成直角地建立的临时防火线check list 检查表check point 检验点check valve 单向〔止回check viewer 安全检查员check-in 交货处<即火场指挥所checker 检验器checking station 检查站<设置在主要道路上cheddite 谢德炸药cheese block 锲块cheese stick 点火棒chemical absolution 化学解除chemical action 化学作用chemical activity 化学活泼性chemical adsorption 化学吸附chemical affinity 化学亲和性chemical afterburning 化学复燃chemical analysis 化学分析chemical and oil removal system 化学品和油清除装置chemical attack 化学侵蚀chemical burn 化学品灼伤chemical cartridge respirator 化学作用式防毒面具chemical character 化学特性chemical characteristics 化学特性chemical cleaning 化学清洗chemical combination 化合chemical combustion 化学燃烧chemical compound 化合物chemical contaminant 化学污染物chemical contamination 化学污染chemical corrosion 化学腐蚀chemical decomposition 化学分解chemical dust 化学粉尘chemical energy 化学能chemical engineering unit operation 化学工程单元操作chemical engineering 化学工程chemical environment 化学环境chemical explosion 化学爆炸chemical explosive 化学炸药chemical extinguisher 化学灭火器chemical fire retardant 化学阻燃剂chemical fire 化学火灾chemical foam extinguishing installation 化学泡沫灭火装置chemical foam 化学泡沫chemical fog 化学雾chemical hazard 化学危险品chemical heat energy 化学热能chemical heat release 化学反应放热chemical heat source 化学热源chemical heating ignition 化学热点火chemical hose 小口径胶管chemical incident unit 化学事故处理车chemical inhibition procedure 化学抑制程序chemical inhibition 化学抑制chemical inhibitor 化学抑制剂chemical kinetics 化学动力学chemical line 小口径胶管chemical mechanism of flame retardant 阻燃化学机理chemical plant 化工厂chemical powder foam 化学泡沫chemical preservation 化学防腐chemical processing equipment 化学加工设备chemical product 化工产品chemical property 化学性能chemical protecting suit 化学防护服chemical protective clothing 防化服chemical purification 化学净化法chemical ray 化学射线chemical reaction extinguisher 化学反应式灭火器chemical reaction rate 化学反应速率chemical reaction 化学反应chemical reactivity 化学反应性chemical reagent 化学试剂chemical resistance 耐化学性chemical resistant 耐化学药品的chemical smoke 化学烟雾chemical spill containment boom 溢出化学品围栏chemical splash suit 防化服chemical stability 化学稳定性chemical suppression system 化学灭火系统chemical toxicant 化学毒物chemical toxicity 化学毒性chemical transportation emergency center 化学品运输紧急事故中心chemical warfare 化学战争chemical waste 化学废弃物chemical 化学灭火剂chemical-proof suit 化学防护服chemically active 化学活性的chemically combined water of crystallization 化学结晶水chemically polluted water 化学污染水chemirec = chemical transportation emergency center 化学危险品运输紧急情况咨询中心chemisorption 化学吸着chemistry of fire 消防化学chemoreception 化学感受力cherry red heat 樱桃红热cherrypicker 载人平台chert 燧石chetah = chemical thermodynamic and energy release evaluation program 化学品热力学和能量释放评价程序chetah program 化学品热力学和能量释放评价程序chevron burn 人字形烧除chezy formula 谢才公式chi-square test χ2检验chicken ladder 防滑跳板chief and assistant chief fire officers' association 消防长官和消防长官助理协会chief engineer 局长；总工程师chief fire marshal 防火部部长;防火处处长chief of department 消防局局长chief of fire prevention 防火处长chief officer 指挥员chief officer's vehicle 消防指挥车chief 长官chief's aid 消防长官助手chief's assistant 消防长官助手chief's vehicle 指挥车child fire play 儿童玩火child playing 儿童玩火children playing fire 小孩玩火chill space 冷区chill wind factor 风冷却因素chilled water 冷却水chimney apron 烟囱突裙chimney arch 炉拱chimney aspirator 烟囱风帽chimney bar 壁炉条chimney base 烟囱座基chimney block 混凝土砌块chimney board 壁炉调节板chimney bond 烟囱砌砖法chimney breast 炉腔chimney cap 烟囱帽chimney capital 烟囱顶chimney connector 烟囱连接管chimney cooler 烟囱型冷却器chimney coul 烟囱通风帽chimney damper 烟囱调节器chimney draft = chimney draught 烟囱通风chimney effect 烟囱效应<在垂直的围护物中chimney fire 烟囱火chimney flap 烟囱闸板chimney flashing 烟囱泛水chimney flue 烟道chimney gutter 烟囱排水槽chimney hood 烟囱罩chimney intake at base 烟囱底部烟道进口chimney jack 烟囱旋帽chimney lid 烟囱调节板chimney lining 烟囱衬壁chimney mantle 烟囱罩chimney neck 烟道chimney netting 烟囱隔网chimney nozzle 烟囱水枪<用于插入烟囱灭火chimney piece 壁炉台chimney pot 烟囱管帽chimney raft 烟囱筏基chimney register 烟囱调节板chimney rod 水枪升高连杆chimney shaft 烟囱筒身chimney soot 烟囱烟灰chimney stack 烟囱体chimney stalk 高大烟囱chimney sweep 烟囱扫除chimney throat 壁炉咽喉chimney top 烟囱帽chimney ventilation 烟囱抽风chimney wing 壁炉烟道口翼墙chimney 烟囱chin strap 下巴托中国消防网络chinook 奇努克风chipboard 木屑板chipper 风凿chlorate mixture explosive 氯酸盐炸药chlorate 氯酸盐chlorendic acid 氯菌酸chlorendic anhydride 氯菌酸酐chlorep = chlorine emergency plan 氯应急处理方案chloride 氯化物chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent 氯代烃溶剂chlorinated paraffin 氯化石蜡chlorinated polyethylene 氯代聚乙烯chlorinated polyvinyl-chloride 氯化聚氯乙烯chlorinated substance 氯化物质chlorine 氯chloro-fluoro-hydrocarbons 氯氟烃chlorobenzene 氯苯chlorobromomethane 氯溴甲烷chloroform 氯仿chlorohydrin 氯代醇chlorosulfonated polyethylene 氯磺化聚乙烯chlorotetracyclin 氯四环素chock block 防止车轮转动的楔块chock 防止车轮转动的楔块choke coil 扼流线圈choke damp = chokedamp 二氧化碳choke 扑灭choking coil 扼流线圈cholesterol 胆留醇chopper 断路器chowder fireman 退役消防队员chris = chemical hazard response information system 化学危险响应信息系统christmas tree lamp 圣诞树灯chromate 铬酸盐chromated copper arenate 铬化砷酸铜chromatography 色层分离法chrominance 色度chronic poisoning 慢性中毒chronic toxicity 慢性中毒chronic violator 经常违章者chronograph 计〔记chronometer 记时计chuck 移动式消火栓church raise 绳索固定升梯<不用搁靠churn valve 溢流阀chute door 溜槽闸门chute rail smoke extinguishing system 滑道架式烟雾灭火系统chute 斜槽ciam = international congress for modern architecture 国际现代建筑会议cib = conseil international du batiment 国际建筑研究协会委员会cie = conseil international de illumination 国际照明委员会cigarette ignition resistance 耐香烟着火性cigarette resistance 耐香烟烧灼性cigarette safety act 香烟安全条例cigarette-proof sheet 耐香烟烧灼片材cilia 纤毛cipher code 密码circle 圆circuit break 断路circuit breaker 断路器circuit closer 通路器circuit closing arc 电路闭合电弧circuit load 电路荷载circuit power 电路功率circuit protection 电路保护circuit 电路circuitry 电路图circular orifice 圆孔circular stair 环形楼梯circulating closed-loop sprinkler system 循环闭路喷水灭火系统circulating fan 排风扇circulating main 环状给水干管circulating valve 循环阀circulation relief valve 环流安全阀circulation system 循环系统circulator 旋转式水枪circulatory system 循环系统circumference 圆周circumstantial evidence 间接证据circus tent 圆形马戏帐篷cirro-cumulus = cirrocumulus 卷积云cirrostratus 卷层云cirrus 卷云cistern 贮水池citation 传讯citizen alarm 市民报警citizen 居民city main 城市给水干管city fire alarm system 城市火灾报警系统city fire 城市火灾city pressure 城市供水压力city service truck 老式云梯消防车city water supply pressure 城市供水压力civil accident 民航飞机事故civil aeronautics administration 民用航空局civil air regulation 民航条例civil architecture 民用建筑civil building 民用建筑civil case 民事案件civil code 民法civil defense 民防系统civil law 民法civil preparedness 民事准备civil service 文职人员civilian death 老百姓死亡civilian fire death 居民火灾死亡人数civilian fire injury 居民火灾受伤人数civilian injury 老百姓受伤cl = cardington laboratory 卡丁登试验所clack valve 瓣阀cladding 色层法claim department 理赔部claim 索赔claimant 申请人clamping piece 夹片clapper valve 瓣阀clapper 止回阀clappered siamese 单向阀瓣式集水器class a cover 第一类保险class a fire alarm a类火灾报警<大社区用的火灾报警系统class a fire a类火class a foam a类泡沫class a fuel a类燃料class a furnace a类加热炉class a insulation 甲类绝缘class a oven a类灶炉class a pumper a类泵浦消防车class b fire alarm b类火灾报警<自动接受并发送给消防站的火灾报警系统class b fire b类火class b furnace b类加热炉class b oven b类灶炉class b pumper b类泵浦消防车class c fire c类火<气体燃烧的火class c insulation c类绝缘<如云母class c oven c类烘炉class d fire d类火class d furnace d类加热炉class h insulation h类绝缘class i liquid i类液体class interval 标度分组间隔class-a-rated extinguisher a类灭火器classes of alarm system 火灾报警系统的类型classes of extinguisher 灭火器的类型classes of fire 火灾的类型classes of forest fire 森林火灾的等级<表示森林火灾大小或范围的分类法classes of pumper 泵浦车的等级classes of wall opening 墙身洞口的类型classification of building 房屋分类classification of dust 粉尘的分类classification 分级claustrophobic 幽闲恐怖claw tool 钩爪铁链<一端是钩clay tile wall 粘土砖墙clean agent fire extinguishing system 清洁剂灭火系统clean agent fire suppressant 清洁灭火剂<迅速汽化clean agent halon replacement 替代哈龙的清洁灭火剂clean agent system 清洁灭火剂系统clean air act 净化空气法案clean air 洁净空气clean burn 放火烧除clean extinguishing agent 清洁灭火剂<迅速汽化cleanner bag 除尘器袋cleanroom 洁净室clear layer 净层clear space 畅通空间clearance area 余隙面积clearance light 净空灯clearance space 余隙空间clearing up squad 火场清理小队clearing up 清理火场clearing-up operation 林场清理cleat 梯蹬cleveland open cup test 克利夫兰开杯闪点测试cleveland open cup 克利夫兰开杯闪点测器climate 气候climatology 气候学clinker 熔渣clo 克洛closed area 火险戒严区closed array 密距堆货行列closed circuit breathing apparatus 闭路式呼吸器closed circuit fire alarm system 闭路火灾报警系统closed circuit tv 闭路电视closed circuit 闭路closed container 封闭容器closed cup flash point 闭杯闪点closed fire = inside fire 室内火灾closed loop control 闭环控制closed space 封闭空间closed-down 停机closed-loop sprinkler system 闭环喷水灭火系统closed-loop system 闭环系统closer 封口的砖closing appliance for exterior ventilation inlet 外部通风进口关闭装置closing appliance for exterior ventilation outlet 外部通风出口关闭装置closing device 关闭装置closure 关闭装置clothing 衣服cloud chamber smoke detection 云室感烟探测cloud chamber 云室cloud cover 云层cloud 浮云状物cloudburst 大暴雨cloudy 多云的club room 娱乐室clutch 离合器。

Optical Fiber Communication System Simulation and CommonCommunication Interface TechnologyAbstractThis paper describes the development direction of optical fiber communications, described the characteristics of system simulation and development at home and abroad. The second part is commonly used by communication interface interface discussion.KeywordsOpticalfibercommunications,development,SystemSimulation,Interfac e1 Outline1.1 Optical Fiber CommunicationIn the "information superhighway" concept was put forward after the optical fiber communication technology in increasing the capacity and extend the communication distance has made rapid development. Broadband fiber amplifier W-EDFA (Wide band Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier) and dense wavelength division multiplexing optical fiber communication technology development is the most eye-catching direction. Loss and dispersion in order to reduce the design of the dispersion shifted fiber DSF (Dispersion Shifted Fiber), in the 1525-1565nm band, the dispersion fell to -2 - +3 ps / (nm • km) between; zero dispersion at 1540nm. DWDM systems to reduce four-wave mixing effect, but also designed a new type of non-zero dispersion fiber NZDF (Non-Zero Dispersion Fiber). At the same time, integrated opto-electronics technologies (OEIC) is the rapid development of vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser VCSEL (Vertical Ca-vity Surface Emitting Laser) and electro-optical receiver optoelectronic integration has been achieved. Around a variety of light (OTDM) At present, there are active in research units.1.2 System SimulationSystem simulation is developed in the last two decades a science and emerging technologies. Is the so-called computer simulation model on the computer system for experimental study of the actual process. The use of computer simulation can be repeated simulation of the same phenomenon of the objective world and thus to find out the inherent laws. In particular, contain random variables and random process, it is difficult to establish a mathematical model of an objective study of things, the computer simulation method has obvious advantages, has become the analysis, research and design of an important means of various systems. The application of computer simulation technology to the field of communications is one of an important branch. With the development of communication technologies, communications networks, the number and complexity of the rapid growth of the design of communication systems in use of computer simulation technology has become a new system designed to shorten the design cycle and improve design reliability and improved system performance has been an indispensable tool.2 Optical fiber communication system simulationOptical fiber communication technology is more than one cross-discipline integrated technology penetration. It involves the basic theory of communication (such as digital communicationtechnology), and microwave technologies (such as fiber channel analysis of electromagnetic fields), as well as circuit design and microelectronic technology (such as application specific integrated circuit ASIC) and so on. Therefore, whether it is systematic planning and design, or a new type of transmission system and the system of exploration and research, have experienced lengthy complicated calculations. In addition, in order to verify whether the performance requirements of Section need to research and experiment repeated testing. If every time the direct use of the real system experiments, not only the cost of expensive, labor-and time-consuming and sometimes difficult to find the crux of the problem, therefore, address these problems is an effective means of computer simulation techniques, namely through the establishment of device components and the system model , and model experiments on the computer, using high-speed computer processing capacity, completion of the fiber-optic communications equipment and systems analysis, design optimization and performance testing and evaluation.2.1 Optical fiber communication system simulation software, the status quoThe simulation is divided into circuit simulation and system-level simulation. Circuit-level simulation by resistors, capacitors, inductors and other components of the circuit modelequivalent to the outer characteristics of Analog Devices. System-level simulation is Rong transfer function or the number of formula characteristics of analog simulation. Abroad, some optical fiber communication system simulation software for circuit analysis, focusing on different, such as the Boss is a user-friendly optical link simulation software, which includes fiber-optic device model, but only in a single wavelength system. SCOPE (Super Co-mpact Optoelectronic Simulation) is a kind of the photovoltaic devices and optical devices using the two-port network model to simulate the nonlinear microwave simulation software, its main use is in the microwave frequency of IM / DD Optical Communication Systems simulation. DEX SOLUS (Simulation of Light Using Spice) is based on the Spice circuit simulation software dedicated to the field of optical communication signal analysis software, it uses the equivalent circuit model to simulate optoelectronic devices, optical power of the models used in the simulation of voltage to represent . There are other circuit-level simulation software such as iSMILE and MISIM. IBM's OLAP (Optical Link Analysis Program) is a low-level to SYSTID and simulation software of optical devices integrated with software applications. There are a number of new simulation software, such as iFROST (illinois FibeR-optic and OptoelectronicSystems Toolkit), etc., the user can call other simulation software to provide a mixed-level simulation environment.3 Common Communication Interface Technology3.1 Converters in parallel with the string attached to optoelectronic devicesIn high-speed optical fiber communication systems, transmission of data stream format conversion is required, that is, at the time of optical transmission in serial form and in electronic format when theparallel between the conversion. Serializer - deserializer (generally known as the Serial and Parallel converter) is used to achieve this conversion. Serial and Parallel converter and the interface between the photoelectric sensor is usually high-speed serial data stream, using a different coding schemes signaling, this can be embedded clock data recovery. According to the communication standards supported by the serial stream can be 1.25Gb / s (Gigabit Ethernet), 2.488Gb / s (OC-48/STM-16), 9.953Gb / s (OC-192/STM- 64) or 10.3Gb / s (10 Gigabit Ethernet) transmission conditions.3.2 Serial and Parallel interface converter to the framersIn the Sonet / SDH in the world, fiber optic data transmission is often in the form of the use of frames. Each frame, including additional information (for synchronization, error monitoring, protection switching, etc.) and payload data. Transmission equipment must beadded to output data in the frame of the additional information, the receiving device must be extracted from the frame payload data, and additional information frame systems management. These operations will be completed in the framersAs the framers of the need to achieve some complex digital logic, which determines the parallel series converter used with the framers of the interface between technology and the use of standard CMOS technology to create a high level of integration of the IC. The current CMOS technology can not support the 10Gb / s serial data stream, the parallel series converter and the need for parallel interface between framers. At present, the most popular choice is the Internet forum by the Optical Network (Optical Internetworking Forum) to develop the SFI-4, the interface speeds of up to two 622Mb / s 16-bit parallel data streams (one in each direction). SFI-4 and as many new interfaces, the use of source-synchronous clock, the clock signal and data that is shared by the transmission signal transmission devices. Source-synchronous clock can significantly reduce the clock signal and data signals between the offset, but it can not completely eliminate the line length does not match the PCB-induced migration effects. 16 data signals and clock signal are the use of IEEE-1593.6 standard LVDS signaling. The parallel interface only in the series converter and transmit data back and forth between framers, shorterdistance, there is no need to have a complex flow control or error detection.3.3 Control panel interfaceMotorola has been and Rapid IO Trade Association supported the use of Rapid IO switch architecture to achieve point-to-point link interface. The interface provides the data transport layer to package in the package, each packet has a data source and target information, the packet switch architecture will be sent to the appropriate destination. Rapid IO in each direction to provide 8 or 16-bit, 250MHz ~ 1.0GHz using Double Data Rate. In addition, Serial Rapid IO can be used with 8b/10b encoding a channel or 4-channel data, embedded clock of 3.125Gb / s, it has a differential CML signaling.AMD and the development of Hyper Transport Union Hyper Transport channel devices using point-to-point link. The form of data packet transmission, each packet includes a data source and target information. Access device to receive data in accordance with the packet header to determine the data transmitted to the next in the chain of devices, or deal directly with the data. Hyper Transport current norms for the needs of the width of 2 ~ 16-bit parallel data. Norms to support the next higher rate. PMC-Sierra and Bro AD Com has been the introduction of Hyper Transport communications products based on the MIPS processor.PCI-SIG has introduced high-speed PCI-X. They use the PCI-X same as the original 64-bit bus bandwidth to support double-data rate and four times the data rate. PCI-X 533 version is the fastest rate, maximum total bandwidth of 34.1Gb / s.PCI-X communication protocol of the transmission signal and the standard connector format in conjunction with the PCI-compatible, enabling 3.3V 32-bit PCI adapter card can be used in PCI-X expansion slots on. Of course, if you prefer, you can be 64-bit PCI-X adapter card access in the 32-bit PCI expansion slots, but bandwidth will be greatly reduced speed.4 ConclusionAt present, China's optical fiber communication system simulation study has been started, such as Tsinghua University, Tianjin University, etc. some success, to design a highly functional and reliable performance of the optical fiber communication system simulation package, to adapt to the rapid development of optical fiber communications have important theoretical and practical significance, has a high cost-effective and broad application prospects.光纤通信系统仿真及常用通信接口技术摘要介绍了光纤通信的发展方向，阐述了系统仿真的特点及国内外的发展状况，第二部分为现用通信接口中常用接口讨论。