曼昆经济学原理(第四版)课后习题中文答案(1)

第一章经济学十大原理一、为每个关键术语选择一个定义关键术语定义--------------稀缺性1、在社会成员中平等地分配利益的特征--------------经济学2、市场不能有效的配置资源的状况--------------效率3、有限的资源和无限的欲望--------------平等4、一个工人一小时所生产的物品与劳务量--------------理性5、市场上只有一个买者的情况--------------机会成本6、利己的市场参与者可以不知不觉的使整体社会福利最大化的原理--------------边际变动7、社会从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性--------------激励8、社会和企业在市场上的相互交易决定资源配置的经济--------------市场经济9、经济活动的波动--------------产权10、当一个人的行为对旁观者有影响时的情况--------------“看不见的手”11、物价总水平的上升--------------市场失灵12、对现行计划的增量调整--------------外部性13、研究社会如何管理其稀缺资源--------------市场势力14、得到某种东西所放弃的东西--------------垄断15、一个人或一群人不适当的影响市场价格的能力--------------生产率16、某种引起人行动的东西--------------通货膨胀17、一个人拥有并使用稀缺资源的能力--------------经济周期18、为了达到目标而尽可能系统性的做到最好二、判断正误--------------1、当政府用税收和福利再分配收入时，经济变得更有效率。

-------------2、当经济学家说“天下没有免费的午餐”时，他们是指所有经济决策都涉及权衡取舍。

-------------3、亚当斯密的“看不见的手”的概念描述了公司经营如何像一只“看不见的手”伸到消费者的钱包中。

经济学基础学习知识（曼昆）课后习题集规范标准答案第一章经济学十大原理一、为每个关键术语选择一个定义关键术语定义--------------稀缺性1、在社会成员中平等地分配利益的特征--------------经济学2、市场不能有效的配置资源的状况--------------效率3、有限的资源和无限的欲望--------------平等4、一个工人一小时所生产的物品与劳务量--------------理性5、市场上只有一个买者的情况--------------机会成本6、利己的市场参与者可以不知不觉的使整体社会福利最大化的原理--------------边际变动7、社会从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性--------------激励8、社会和企业在市场上的相互交易决定资源配置的经济--------------市场经济9、经济活动的波动--------------产权10、当一个人的行为对旁观者有影响时的情况--------------“看不见的手”11、物价总水平的上升--------------市场失灵12、对现行计划的增量调整--------------外部性13、研究社会如何管理其稀缺资源--------------市场势力14、得到某种东西所放弃的东西--------------垄断15、一个人或一群人不适当的影响市场价格的能力--------------生产率16、某种引起人行动的东西--------------通货膨胀17、一个人拥有并使用稀缺资源的能力--------------经济周期18、为了达到目标而尽可能系统性的做到最好二、判断正误--------------1、当政府用税收和福利再分配收入时，经济变得更有效率。

-------------2、当经济学家说“天下没有免费的午餐”时，他们是指所有经济决策都涉及权衡取舍。

-------------3、亚当斯密的“看不见的手”的概念描述了公司经营如何像一只“看不见的手”伸到消费者的钱包中。

曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》课后习题详解（第1篇）第1篇导言第1章经济学十大原理一、看法题1．稀缺性（scarcity）答：经济学研究的问题和经济物件都是以稀缺性为前提的。

稀缺性指在给定的时间内，相对于人的需求而言，经济资源的供应老是不足的，也就是资源的实用性与有限性。

人类花费各样物件的欲念是无穷的，知足这类欲念的物件，有的能够不付出任何代价而任意获得，称之为自由物件，如阳光和空气；但绝大部分物件是不可以自由取用的，因为世界上的资源（包含物质资源和人力资源）是有限的，这类有限的、为获取它一定付出某种代价的物件，称为“经济物件”。

正因为稀缺性的客观存在，地球上就存在着资源的有限性和人类的欲念与需求的无穷性之间的矛盾。

经济学的一个重要研究任务就是：“研究人们怎样进行决断，以便使用稀缺的或有限的生产性资源（土地、劳动、资本品如机器、技术知识）来生产各样商品，并把它们分派给不一样的社会成员进行花费。

”也就是从经济学角度来研究使用有限的资源来生产什么、怎样生产和为谁生产的问题。

2．经济学（economics）答：经济学是研究怎样将稀缺的资源有效地配置给互相竞争的用途，以令人类的欲望获取最大限度知足的科学。

时下常常有诸国内报刊文件的“现代西方经济学”一词，大多也都在这个意义上使用。

自从凯恩斯的名著《就业、利息和钱币通论》于1936年发布以后，西方经济学界对经济学的研究便分为两个部分：微观经济学与宏观经济学。

微观经济学是以单个经济主体（作为花费者的单个家庭或个人，作为生产者的单个厂商或公司，以及单个产品或生产因素市场）为研究对象，研究单个经济主风光对既定的资源拘束时怎样进行选择的科学。

宏观经济学则以整个公民经济为研究对象，主要着眼于对经济总量的研究。

3．效率（efficiency）答：效率指人们在实践活动中的产出与投入之比值，或许是效益与成本之比值，假如比值大，效率就高；反之，比值小，效率就低。

效率与产出或许利润的大小成正比，而与成本或投入成反比，也就是说，假如想提升效率，一定降低成本或投入，提升利润或产出。

曼昆宏观经济学中文答案第23章复习题1．答：对一个整体经济而言，收入必定等于支出。

因为每一次交易都有两方：买者和卖者。

一个买者的1美元支出是另一个卖者的1美元收入。

因此，交易对经济的收入和支出作出了相同的贡献。

由于G D P既衡量总收入衡量总支出，因而无论作为总收入来衡量还是作为总支出来衡量，G D P都相等。

2.答：生产一辆豪华型轿车对G D P的贡献大。

因为G D P是在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与劳务的市场价值。

由于市场价格衡量人们愿意为各种不同物品支付的量，所以市场价格反映了这些物品的市场价值。

由于一辆豪华型轿车的市场价格高于一辆经济型轿车的市场价格，所以一辆豪华型轿车的市场价值高于一辆经济型轿车的市场价值，因而生产一辆豪华型轿车对G D P的贡献更大.3.答：对G D P的贡献是3美元。

G D P只包括最终物品的价值，因为中间物品的价值已经包括在最终物品的价格中了。

4。

答：现期G D P只包括现期生产的物品与劳务，不包括涉及过去生产的东西的交易。

因而这种销售不影响现期G D P。

5答：G D P等于消费(C)+投资(I)+政府购买(G)+净出口(N X)消费是家庭用于物品与劳务的支出，如汤姆一家人在麦当劳吃午餐。

投资是资本设备、存货、新住房和建筑物的购买，如通用汽车公司建立一个汽车厂。

政府购买包括地方政府、州政府和联邦政府用于物品与劳务的支出，如海军购买了一艘潜艇。

净出口等于外国人购买国内生产的物品(出口)减国内购买的外国物品(进口)。

国内企业卖给另一个国家的买者，如波音公司卖给中国航空公司飞机，增加了净出口。

6.答?经济学家计算G D P的目的就是要衡量整个经济运行状况如何。

由于实际G D P衡量经济中物品与劳务的生产，所以，它反映了经济满足人们需要与欲望的能力。

这样，真实G D P是比名义G D P衡量经济福利更好的指标。

7.答：2010年的名义G D P等于200美元，真实G D P也等于200美元，G D P平减指数是100.20 11年的名义G D P等于6 00美元，真实G D P等于40 0美元，G D P平减指数是1 5 0。

曼昆宏观经济学第四版答案【篇一：曼昆经济学原理(第四版)课后习题中文答案(6)】ass=txt>政府购买＝税收－公共储蓄g＝1．5－0．2＝1．3 万亿美元储蓄＝投资i＝0．7 万亿美元消费＝国民收入－投资－政府购买c＝8－0．7－1．3＝6 万亿美元7．假设英特尔公司正考虑建立一个新芯片工厂。

a．假设英特尔公司需要在债券市场上借钱，为什么利率上升会影响英特尔关于是否建立这个工厂的决策?答：因为利率上升增加了英特尔公司在债券市场上借钱的成本，减少了建立这个工厂预期利润，因此英特尔公司有可能不会建立这个工厂。

b．如果英特尔公司有足够的自有资金来为新工厂筹资而不用借钱，利率的上升还会影响英特尔公司关于是否建立一个工厂的决策吗？解释之。

答：也会。

因为利率上升意味着英特尔公司自有资金的其他投资方式的预期回报增加，因而增加了建立这个工厂的机会成本。

8．假设政府明年将借的款比今年多 200 亿美元。

a．用供求图分析这种政策。

利率会上升还是会下降?答：图 26－3 货币市场供求图当政府明年借款增加 200 亿美元时，它将使可贷资金需求增加 200亿美元。

和此相比，由于政府借款并不影响在任何一种既定利率时家庭的储蓄量，所以它不影响可贷资金的供给。

在图中，可贷资金需求增加使得可贷资金需求曲线向右从 d1 移动到 d2，可贷资金需求的增长使可贷资金市场的均衡利率从 i1 增加到 i2。

b．投资会发生什么变动？私人储蓄呢？公共储蓄呢？国民储蓄呢？将这些变动的大小和政府 200 亿美元的额外借款进行比较。

答：可贷资金市场上的利率上升改变了参和贷款市场的家庭和企业行为。

特别是许多可贷资金需求者受到高利率的抑制，买新房子的家庭少了，选择建立新工厂的企业也少了，因此，投资会减少。

利率上升后，家庭会增加他们的储蓄量，所以私人储蓄增加，由于公共储蓄不受利率的影响，所以公共储蓄不变，最后国民储蓄会增加。

c．可贷资金供给弹性如何影响这些变动的大小？答：(a)可贷资金供给弹性大 (b)可贷资金供给弹性小141【篇二：曼昆经济学原理(第四版)课后习题中文答案(2)】生活水平。

第一篇导言复习题第一章宏观经济学的科学1、解释宏观经济学和微观经济学之间的差距，这两个领域如何相互关联？【答案】微观经济学研究家庭和企业如何作出决策以及这些决策在市场上的相互作用。

微观经济学的中心原理是家庭和企业的最优化——他们在目的和所面临的约束条件下可以让自己的境况更好。

而相对的，宏观经济学研究经济的整体情况，它主要关心总产出、总就业、一般物价水平和国际贸易等问题，以及这些宏观指标的波动趋势与规律。

应该看到，宏观经济学研究的这些宏观经济变量是以经济体系中千千万万个体家庭和企业之间的相互作用所构成的。

因此，微观经济决策总是构成宏观经济模型的基础，宏观经济学必然依靠微观经济基础。

2、为什么经济学家建立模型？【答案】一般来说，模型是对某些具体事物的抽象，经济模型也是如此。

经济模型可以简洁、直接地描述所要研究的经济对象的各种关系。

这样，经济学家可以依赖模型对特定的经济问题进行研究；并且，由于经济实际不可控，而模型是可控的，经济学家可以根据研究需要，合理、科学的调整模型来研究各种经济情况。

另外，经济模型一般是数学模型，而数学是全世界通用的科学语言，使用规范、标准的经济模型也有利于经济学家正确表达自己的研究意图，便于学术交流。

3、什么是市场出清模型？什么时候市场出清的假设是适用的？【答案】市场出清模型就是供给与需求可以在价格机制调整下很快达到均衡的模型。

市场出清模型的前提条件是价格是具有伸缩性的（或弹性）。

但是，我们知道价格具有伸缩性是一个很强的假设，在很多实际情况下，这个假设都是不现实的。

比如：劳动合同会使劳动力价格在一段时期内具有刚性。

因此，我们必须考虑什么情况下价格具有伸缩性是合适的。

现在一般认为，在研究长期问题时，假设价格具有伸缩性是合理的；而在研究短期问题时，最好假设价格具有刚性。

因为，从长期看，价格机制终将发挥作用，使市场供需平衡，即市场出清，而在短期，价格机制因其他因素制约，难以很快使市场出清。

SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS:Quick Quizzes1. The four principles of economic decisionmaking are: (1) people face tradeoffs; (2) the cost ofsomething is what you give up to get it; (3) rational people think at the margin; and (4) peoplerespond to incentives. People face tradeoffs because to get one thing that they like, they usually have to give up another thing that they like. The cost of something is what you give up to get it, not just in terms of monetary costs but all opportunity costs. Rational people think at the margin by taking an action if and only if the marginal benefits exceed the marginal costs. People respond to incentives because as they compare benefits to costs, a change in incentives may cause theirbehavior to change.2. The three principles concerning economic interactions are: (1) trade can make everyone betteroff; (2) markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity; and (3) governments can sometimes improve market outcomes. Trade can make everyone better off because it allowscountries to specialize in what they do best and to enjoy a wider variety of goods and services.Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity because the invisible hand leadsmarkets to desirable outcomes. Governments can so metimes improve market outcomes because sometimes markets fail to allocate resources efficiently because of an externality or market power.3. The three principles that describe how the economy as a whole works are: (1) a country’sstandard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services; (2) prices rise when thegovernment prints too much money; and (3) society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. A country’s standard of living depends on its ability to produce g oods andservices, which in turn depends on its productivity, which is a function of the education of workers and the access workers have to the necessary tools and technology. Prices rise when thegovernment prints too much money because more money in circulation reduces the value of money, causing inflation. Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment that is only temporary and policymakers have some ability to exploit this relationship using various policy instruments.Questions for Review1. Examples of tradeoffs include time tradeoffs (such as studying one subject over another, orstudying at all compared to engaging in social activities) and spending tradeoffs (such as whether to use your last ten dollars on pizza or on a study guide for that tough economics course).2. The opportunity cost of seeing a movie includes the monetary cost of admission plus the time costof going to the theater and attending the show. The time cost depends on what else you might do with that time; if it's staying home and watching TV, the time cost may be small, but if it's working an extra three hours at your job, the time cost is the money you could have earned.3. The marginal benefit of a glass of water depends on your circumstances. If you've just run amarathon, or you've been walking in the desert sun for three hours, the marginal benefit is veryhigh. But if you've been drinking a lot of liquids recently, the marginal benefit is quite low. The point is that even the necessities of life, like water, don't always have large marginal benefits.4. Policymakers need to think about incentives so they can understand how people will respond to thepolicies they put in place. The text's example of seat belts shows that policy actions can ha vequite unintended consequences. If incentives matter a lot, they may lead to a very different type1of policy; for example, some economists have suggested putting knives in steering columns so that people will drive much more carefully! While this suggestion is silly, it highlights the importance of incentives.5. Trade among countries isn't a game with some losers and some winners because trade can makeeveryone better off. By allowing specialization, trade between people and trade betweencountries can improve everyone's welfare.6. The "invisible hand" of the marketplace represents the idea that even though individuals and firmsare all acting in their own self-interest, prices and the marketplace guide them to do what is good for society as a whole.7. The two main causes of market failure are externalities and market power. An externality is theimpact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander, such as from pollution or thecreation of knowledge. Market power refers to the ability of a single person (or small group of people) to unduly influence market prices, such as in a town with only one well or only one cable television company. In addition, a market economy also leads to an unequal distribution ofincome.8. Productivity is important because a country's standard of living depends on its ability to producegoods and services. The greater a country's productivity (the amount of goods and servicesproduced from each hour of a worker's time), the greater will be its standard of living.9. Inflation is an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy. Inflation is caused byincreases in the quantity of a nation's money.10. Inflation and unemployment are negatively related in the short run. Reducing inflation entailscosts to society in the form of higher unemployment in the short run.Problems and Applicat ions1. a. A family deciding whether to buy a new car faces a tradeoff between the cost of the carand other things they might want to buy. For example, buyi ng the car might mean theymust give up going on vacation for the next two years. So the real cost of the car is thefamily's opportunity cost in terms of what they must give up.b. For a member of Congress deciding whether to increase spending on national parks, thetradeoff is between parks and other spending items or tax cuts. If more money goes intothe park system, that may mean less spending on national defense or on the police force.Or, instead of spending more money on the park system, taxes could be reduced.c. When a company president decides whether to open a new factory, the decision is basedon whether the new factory will increase the firm's profits compared to other alternatives.For example, the company could upgrade existing equipment or expand existing factories.The bottom line is: Which method of expanding production will increase profit the most?d. In deciding how much to prepare for class, a professor faces a tradeoff between the valueof improving the quality of the lecture compared to other things she could do with her time,such as working on additional research.2. When the benefits of something are psychological, such as going on a vacation, it isn't easy tocompare benefits to costs to determine if it's worth doing. But there are two ways to think aboutthe benefits. One is to compare the vacation with what you would do in its place. If you didn't go on vacation, would you buy something like a new set of golf clubs? Then you can decide ifyou'd rather have the new clubs or the vacation. A second way is to think about how much work you had to do to earn the money to pay for the vacation; then you can decide if the psychological benefits of the vacation were worth the psychological cost of working.3. If you are thinking of going skiing instead of working at your part-time job, the cost of skiingincludes its monetary and time costs, which includes the opportunity cost of the wages you aregiving up by not working. If the choice is between skiing and going to the librar y to study, then the cost of skiing is its monetary and time costs including the cost to you of getting a lower grade in your course.4. If you spend $100 now instead of saving it for a year and earning 5 percent interest, you are givingup the opportunity to spend $105 a year from now. The idea that money has a time value is the basis for the field of finance, the subfield of economics that has to do with prices of financialinstruments like stocks and bonds.5. The fact that you've already sunk $5 million isn't relevant to your decision anymore, since thatmoney is gone. What matters now is the chance to earn profits at the margin. If you spendanother $1 million and can generate sales of $3 million, you'll earn $2 million in marginal profit, so you should do so. You are right to think that the project has lost a total of $3 million ($6 million in costs and only $3 million in revenue) and you shouldn't have started it. That's true, but if youdon't spend the additional $1 million, you won't have any sales and your losses will be $5 million.So what matters is not the total profit, but the profit you can earn at the margin. In fact, you'd pay up to $3 million to complete development; any more than that, and you won't be increasing profit at the margin.6. Harry suggests looking at whether productivity would rise or fall. Productivity is certainlyimportant, since the more productive workers are, the lower the cost per gallon of potion. Ron wants to look at average cost. But both Harry and Ron are missing the other side of theequation−revenue. A firm wants to maximize its profits, so it needs to examine both costs and revenues. Thus, Hermione is right−it’s best to examine whether the extra revenue would exceed the extra costs. Hermione is the only one who is thinking at the margin.7. a. The provision of Social Security benefits lowers an individual’s incentive to save forretirement. The benefits provide some level of income to the individual when he or sheretires. This means that the individual is not entirely dependent on savings to supportconsumption through the years in retirement.b. Since a person gets fewer after-tax Social Security benefits the greater is his or herearnings, there is an incentive not to work (or not work as much) after age 65. The moreyou work, the lower your after-tax Social Security benefits will be. Thus the taxation ofSocial Security benefits discourages work effort after age 65.8. a. When welfare recipients who are able to work have their benefits cut off after two years,they have greater incentive to find jobs than if their benefits were to last forever.b. The loss of benefits means that someone who can't find a job will get no income at all, sothe distribution of income will become less equal. But the economy will be more efficient,since welfare recipients have a greater incentive to find jobs. Thus the change in the lawis one that increases efficiency but reduces equity.9. By specializing in each task, you and your roommate can finish the chores more quickly. If youdivided each task equally, it would take you more time to cook than it would take your roommate, and it would take him more time to clean than it would take you. By specializing, you reduce the total time spent on chores.Similarly, countries can specialize and trade, making both better off. For example, suppose ittakes Spanish workers less time to make clothes than French workers, and French workers canmake wine more efficiently than Spanish workers. Then Spain and France can both benefit ifSpanish workers produce all the clothes and French workers produce all the wine, and theyexchange some wine for some clothes.10. a. Being a central planner is tough! To produce the right number of CDs by the right artistsand deliver them to the right people requires an enormous amount of information. Youneed to know about production techniques and costs in the CD industry. You need toknow each person's musical tastes and which artists they want to hear. If you make thewrong decisions, you'll be producing too many CDs by artists that people don't want tohear, and not enough by others.b. Your decisions about how many CDs to produce carry over to other decisions. You haveto make the right number of CD players for people to use. If you make too many CDs andnot enough cassette tapes, people with cassette players will be stuck with CDs they can'tplay. The probability of making mistakes is very high. You will also be faced with toughchoices about the music industry compared to other parts of the economy. If youproduce more sports equipment, you'll have fewer resources for making CDs. So alldecisions about the economy influence your decisions about CD production.11. a. Efficiency: The market failure comes from the monopol y by the cable TV firm.b. Equityc. Efficiency: An externality arises because secondhand smoke harms nonsmokers.d. Efficiency: The market failure occurs because of Standard Oil's monopoly power.e. Equityf. Efficiency: There is an externality because of accidents caused by drunk drivers.12. a. If everyone were guaranteed the best health care possible, much more of our nation'soutput would be devoted to medical care than is now the case. Would that be efficient?If you think that currently doctors form a monopoly and restrict health care to keep theirincomes high, you might think efficiency would increase by providing more health care.But more likely, if the government mandated increased spending on health care, theeconomy would be less efficient because it would give people more health care than theywould choose to pay for. From the point of view of equity, if poor people are less likely tohave adequate health care, providing more health care would represent an improvement.Each person would have a more even slice of the economic pie, though the pie wouldconsist of more health care and less of other goods.b. When workers are laid off, equity considerations argue for the unemployment benefitssystem to provide them with some income until they can find new jobs. After all, no oneplans to be laid off, so unemployment benefits are a form of insurance. But there’s anefficiency problem why work if you can get income for doing nothing? The economyisn’t operating efficiently if p eople remain unemployed for a long time, and unemploymentbenefits encourage unemployment. Thus, there’s a tradeoff between equity andefficiency. The more generous are unemployment benefits, the less income is lost by anunemployed person, but the more that person is encouraged to remain unemployed. Sogreater equity reduces efficiency.13. Since average income in the United States has roughly doubled every 35 years, we are likely tohave a better standard of living than our parents, and a much better standard of living than our grandparents. This is mainly the result of increased productivity, so that an hour of workproduces more goods and services than it used to. Thus incomes have continuously risen over time, as has the standard of living.14. If Americans save more and it leads to more spending on factories, there will be an increase inproduction and productivity, since the same number of workers will have more equipment to work with. The benefits from higher productivity will go to both the workers, who will get paid more since they're producing more, and the factory owners, who will get a return on their investments.There is no such thing as a free lunch, however, because when people save more, they are giving up spending. They get higher incomes at the cost of buying fewer goods.15. a. If people have more money, they are probably going to spend more on goods and services.b. If prices are sticky, and people spend more on goods and services, then output mayincrease, as producers increase output to meet the higher demand rather than raisingprices.c. If prices can adjust, then the higher spending of consumers will be matched with increasedprices and output won't rise.16. To make an intelligent decision about whether to reduce inflation, a policymaker would need toknow what causes inflation and unemployment, as well as what determines the tradeoff between them. Any attempt to reduce inflation will likely lead to higher unemployment in the short run. A policymaker thus faces a tradeoff between the benefits of lower inflation compared to the cost of higher unemployment.。