2018-2019学年上海市交大附中高三上英语摸底考试卷.(无答案)

交大附中2018-2019学年第一学期摸底考试卷高三数学一、填空题(第1-6题毎题4分,第7-12题每题5分,共54分)1.方程组⎩⎨⎧-=+=-2312y x y x 的增广矩阵是___________. 2.若直线l 的参数方程为，，R t ty t x ∈⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧--=+=3233,则直线l 的倾斜角是_________. 3.=-+⋯++∞→nn n n n n C C C 43lim 222202_______. 4.已知数列{}n a 的前n 项的和⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧-=为正偶数，为正奇数，n n n s n n 212，则当n 为正偶数时,=n a ______. 5.函数()()()2211-++=x x axx x f 是奇函数,那么=a ___________.6.若函数()()2lg 2+-=ax x x f 无最值,则a 的取值范围是__________. 7.△ABC 的内角A 、B 、C 的对边分别为c b a 、、,已知△ABC 的面积为，，1cosC cos 6sin 32=B Aa 则A=_______.8.设R b ∈,i 是虚数单位，已知集合{}{}A z bi z z z B i z z A ∈++==≤-=111|2|，，，若 φ=B A ,则b 的取值范围是__________.9.双曲线()0012222＞，＞b a by a x =-的左焦点F 引圆222a y x =+的切线,切点为T,延长F 交双曲线右支于点P,若M 是线段FP 的中点,O 为坐标原点,则MT MO -的值是________.10.胡涂涂同学用一颗均匀的骰子来定义递推数列{}n a ,首先,他令11=a ,当1≥n 时,他掷一次骰子,若所得点数大于n a ,即令11+=+n n a a ,否则令11-=+n n a a ,则04=a 的概率为_____ (结果用最简分数表示).11.关于x 的方程()0cos arcsin 2=++a x x 恰有3个实数根321x x x 、、,则=++232221x x x _. 12.由无理数理论引发的数字危机一直延续到19世纪，直到1872年，德国数学家戴德金从连续卖性的要求岀发,用有理数的“分割”来定义无理数(史称戴德金分割),并把实数理论建 在严格的科学基础上,才结束了无理数被认为“无理”的时代,也结束了持续2000多年的数学史上的第一次大危机,所谓戴德金分割,是指将有理数集Q 划分为两个非空的子集M 与N,且满足，，φ==N M Q N M M 中的每一个元素都小于N 中的每一素,则称()N M ，为戴德金分割。

上海交通大学附中2008—2009学年度第一学期高三摸底考试英语试卷（满分150分，150分钟完成，答案一律写在答题纸上）听力部分I．Listening Comprehension：（ 30% ）Part A Short ConversationsDirections: In Part A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers．At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said．The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once．After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard．1． A．He doesn’t like the song．B．He doesn’t speak French．C．He is in no mood for singing．D．He can’t sing today．2． A．Peter has been fired．B．Peter has changed his job．C．Peter is still working in the company．D．Peter wants to leave the company．3． A．Stay in the office．B．Have her hair arranged．C．Buy some birthday presents．D．Go to Miss White’s home．4． A．The man doesn’t like her any more．B．The man never noticed her hairstyle before．C．The man is telling a lie．D．The man never praises her．5． A．12．B．6．C．24 D．186． A．Someone may enter the house through the open windows．B．There may be a strong wind and heavy rain tonight．C．The man may catch cold if he leaves the windows open．D．The windows may be broken during the night．7． A．She found it interesting．B．She found it enjoyable．C．She found it boring．D．She found it informative．8． A．To buy a piano．B．To play the music．C．To listen to her sing．D．To sing together with her．9． A．On a fishing boat．B．In an ocean park．C．In a gift shop．D．In a restaurant．10．A．In a hotel．B．In a school．C．In a hospital．D．In a police station．Part B PassagesDirections: In Part B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages．The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken once．When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard．Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage ．11．A．Boston．B．Vancouver．C．Canada．D．Teheran．12．A．Because he couldn’t refuse his friend．B．Because he was busy all evening．C．Because Mike’s line was busy．D．Because he preferred writing a letter．13．A．Some tapes．B．Some presents．C．His overseas friend．D．Nothing．Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage ．14．A．Fashion model．B．Film actress．C．Social activist．D．Cinema manager．15．A．In 1958．B．In 1960 C．In 1971．D．1978．16．A．Don’t They?B．Klute．C．Julia．D．Coming Home．Part C Longer ConversationsDirections: In Part C, you will hear two longer conversations．The conversations will be read twice．After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard．Write your answers on your answer sheet．17-24做在答题纸上。

2019-2020学年上海交通大学附属中学第一学期高三英语摸底考命题人：李剑诗颜秉蕾审卷人：朱雪艳(满分150分，考试时间120分钟，答案一律写在网上阅卷答题纸上)第I卷I. Listening Comprehension (25’)Part A Short ConversationsDirections: In Part A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. In the kitchen. B. At home. C. In a fashion shop. D. In a net bar.2. A. 500 yen. B. 1500 yen. C. 2500 yen. D. 5000 yen.3. A. He will pay for the lunch. B. Sue likes Spanish food very much.C. He doesn’t like Spanish food at all.D. Both of them should treat Sue well at dinner.4. A. Boss and employee. B. Doctor and patient.C. Teacher and student.D. Interviewer and interviewee.5. A. She doesn’t have time to find a new flat.B. She has paid three months, rent in advance.C. She is unlikely to find such a satisfactory flat.D. She doesn’t like the idea of decorating an empty flat.6. A. Mike. B. Sandy. C. An unexpected friend. D. A handyman.7. A. Make a recovery plan. B. Find a full-time job.C. Drop out of school.D. Resign from her present job.8. A. The woman was fully absorbed in the music.B. The woman couldn’t understand the music very well.C. The woman lost her way to the conceit that evening.D. The concert was no better than what the woman imagined.9. A. Extreme sports. B. Travel insurance.C. Travel arrangements.D. Courage and safety.10. A. She is talkative. B. She is quiet. C. She is active. D. She is sociable.Part B PassagesDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation. After each passage or conversation, you will be asked several questions. The passage and the conversations will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. 28 billion copies. B. 567 million copies.C. 1953 million copies.D. 2015 million copies.12. A. Interviewed the vice-president of the Commercial Press in China.B. Completed data investigation, collection and examination for the records.C. Compared the sales volumes of the Secret Garden and Harry Potter series.D. Delivered enough copies of Xinhua Dictionary to the presentation ceremony.13. A. It contains colorful cultures of many countries.B. It is the world’s most popular dictionary.C. It is a useful tool for learners of the Chinese language.D. It has influenced several generations of Chinese people.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14. A. Over a billion people do not have enough safe drinking water.B. Diseases and 6acteria in the water kill millions of people every day.C. People in developed countries take their clean drinking water for granted.D. Clean, bottled water is expensive to transport to poor rural villages.15. A. It is a plastic straw.B. It uses batteries or electricity.C. It can be used for one year.D. It’s portable and cheap.16. A. Appeal to the government to supply clean water for everyone.B. Provide easy access to clean water to destroy the bacteria.C. Offer the WaterTube free to people in. developing countries.D. Sell the WaterTube to every person who needs one.Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.17. A. A little restaurant. B. A private organization.C. An ice cream shop.D. A snack bar.18. A. More flexible working time.B. Less conflicts with consumers.C. Closer relationship with customers.D. More freedom to make financial decisions.19. A. A program of the Small Business Administration.B. A grant from a private organization.C. Savings in his own bank account.D. Loans from the bank.20. A. He found owing his own business is rewarding.B. He didn’t recommend others to have their own business.C. He chose the location to compete with bigger businesses.D. He found managing a small business is high risky.II. Grammar and Vocabulary (10’+10’+10’)Section ADirections:After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.(A)"Monday morning feeling" could be the very crushing pain in the chest (21) __________ leaves you sweating and gasping for breath. Recent research from Germany and Italy shows that heart attacks are more common on Monday mornings.A study of 11,000 participants proved 8 am on a Monday morning as (22) __________ (stressful) time for the heart, and both studies showed that Sunday is the least stressful day.The findings could lead to a better understanding of what is the immediate cause of heart attacks, according to Dr. Stefan Willich of the Free University. " We don't know what actually causes heart attacks, so we can 't make specific recommendations about (23) __________ to do to prevent them," he said.Monday mornings have a double helping of stress for the working body (24) __________ it makes a rapid change from sleep to activity, and from the relaxing weekend to the pressures of work. Willich explained. “It is the unfavorable effect in the blood system and increase of the risk of a clot (血凝块) in the arteries (动脉) (25) __________ will cause a heart attack. "When people return to work after a weekend off, they have a higher workload, more stress, more anger and more physical activity," said Willich. "We need to know how these events cause changes in the body (26)__________ we can understand if they cause heart attacks."But (27) __________ it is tempting to believe that returning to work increases the risk of a heart attack, both Willich and the Italian researchers admit that it is only a partial answer. Both studies showed that the over 65s are also vulnerable on Monday morning (28) __________ __________ most no longer work. The reason for this is not clear, but the Italian team speculated that the social interactions — the thought of (29) __________ (face) with another week and all its pressures — may play a part.What is clear, however, is that the Monday morning peak seems to be consistent from the northern Germany to southern Italy (30) __________ the differences in diet and lifestyle.(B)A trail of hot springs dot the northern Kapong District. For tree worshipers, it's a site best described as awesome. Visitors can enjoy the ancient hot springs, (31) __________ (understand) their therapeutic properties from knowledge (32) __________ (pass) down from one generation to another. Rain, drizzle and cloudy skies are typical in Phang Nga, making secluded places even more mesmerizing in scenery.Visit Phang Nga for a few days and you will immediately realise that once (33) __________ (overlook) things turn out to be hidden gems and one (34) __________ have planned for more time to enjoy them all. The ever-famous Phang Nga bay is in fact best seen not from the middle of the bay, but instead from the (35) __________ (elevate) shores of Samed Nang Chee. You can’t pick the best weather, (36) __________ even on partly cloudy days, the magnificent natural limestone structures of the bay is simply spectacular.If you've heard about the trading routes of the Thai south and the Malay peninsula, you will notice a remnant of this direct link between Phuket (普吉) and Phang Nga (攀牙). (37) __________ the major trading hub of Phang Nga in the old days, the district of Takua Pa boasts a small but untainted stretch of an old Sino-English community. These original century-old shophouses are “so authentic” here a local told me, it can overwhelm Phuket people with nostalgia.However, the town centre of Phang Nga is not Takua Pa, though. The story has it (38) __________ back in 1809, the Siam-Burmese wars drove people down to Phang Nga bay，hence the new settlement that has now become the province's municipal seat. It's still small in size, but with newer natural charms. Mountains (39) __________ (surround) Phang Nga with the most magnificent limestone peaks (40) __________ create wonderfully amazing signature views. Driving through the town's small parallel streets and looking up, one can only marvel at Mother Nature. Perpetual rain and misty mornings to virtual greenness --- Phang Nga people will ensure you get all that。

上海交大附中高三摸底考试英语（满分150分，150分钟完成，答案一律写在答题纸上）第I 卷（共105分）I. Listening Comprehension：(30%)Part A Short Conversations (10)Directions：In this part you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it，read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. $9 B. $4.50 C. $5 D. $22. A. Heavy jackets are now on sale. B. She is waiting for winter to arrive.C. It’s hard to get a heavy jacket.D. She needs a warm jacket.3. A. Student and teacher B. Customer and sales assistantC. Patient and doctorD. Wife and husband4. A. Because short hair is fashionableB. Because short hair looks nice.C. Because she didn’t have an air conditioner.D. Because short hair is comfortable.5. A. To the post office B. To the department store.C. To the cinemaD. To the hospital.6. A. Mary won’t come B. Mary will be late.C. Mary doesn’t want to comeD. Mary will come at 7:00.7. A. To go to a movie B. To take a 14-day trip.C. To do some voluntary work.D. To pay a short visit to their neighbors.8. A. An invented story B. An imaginary situationC. A real experienceD. A terrible dream.9. A. He will continue his work on vacation. B. Papers piled while he was on vacation.C. He has too much work to do.D. He has made his vacation plans.10. A. Everyone ate his fish. B. It was enough for himself.C. No one ate his fish.D. It was almost enough for all of us.Part B Passages(12)Directions：In part B，you will hear two short passages，and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice，but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question，read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have head.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. Popular sport across San Francisco.B. An international Marathon race held in Sydney.C. An annual long distance running race in Sydney.D. A professional world heel-and-toe walking race.12. A. In spring B. In summer C. In autumn D. In winter13. A. Mostly aged and disabled people.B. Local citizens and foreign visitors.C. Both professional athletes and ordinary citizens.D. All kinds of people, including the old and the disabled.Questions 14 through 1 6 are based on the fallowing passage.14. A. Its small rooms. B. Its unusual location.C. Its comfortable chairs.D. The number of its readers.15. A. There are few employees. B. It is becoming too cold.C. It is over-crowded.D. It lacks money to cover its expenses.16. A. Every day B. From Monday to Saturday.C. From Monday to Friday.D. On Saturdays and Sundays.Part C Longer Conversations(8分)Directions：In Part C, you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard.Complete the Form. Write ONE WORD for each answer. Blanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.II. Grammar and Vocabulary :( 25%) Section ADirections: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.25. Since it is expected that Fed will cut interest rate again, there is no doubt ___the company will make the decision on raising the price of crude oil. A. whyB. thatC. whetherD. when26. It was believed by the ancient Egyptians that intellect was to the mind ___sight was to the body. A. what B. soC. thatD.like27. ___I sympathize with those who have gone bankrupt, I can’t really do very much to help them out of the difficulties, especially when the U.S. economy has moved into a recession. A. As long as B. AsC. WhileD. Even28.The progress of the patient who had been seriouslyinjured in the Wengchuan earthquake was very encouraging as he could ___ get out of bed without help. A. nearlyB. hardlyC. merelyD. barely29. It was said that Bill Clinton was___to tell the truth that he had had an "inappropriate relationship" with Monica Lewinsky even to his closest friend. A. too much of a coward B. too much the coward C. a coward enoughD. enough of a coward30. Considering that she did her work___her manager had instructed, it was improper to criticize her.A. asB. untilC. whenD. though31. ___of the twins, who were famous for their sci-fi film Matrix, was arrested by NYPD on patrol at midnight,because I saw both at a party last night.A. NoneB. BothC. NeitherD. All32. For some time now, world leaders___ out the necessity for agreement on climate change, the world economyand African development.A. had been pointingB. have been pointingC. were pointingD. pointed33. Have you ever been in a situation ___ you know the other person is right yet you cannot agree with him?A. by whichB. thatC. in whereD. where34. We’ve just installed two air-conditioners made in Shanghai in our apartment, ___should make greatdifferences in our life next summer.A. whichB. whatC. thatD. they35. AIDS is said ___ the number-one killer of both men and women over the past few years in that poverty-stricken region where no medical services are available.A. beingB. to beC. to have beenD. having been36. The poor mother loved her baby so much that she managed to save___she could out of her wages to takecare of it.A. how little moneyB. so little moneyC. such little moneyD. what little money37. Woman ___ Hillary Clinton is, she was bold enough to participate in the presidential campaign, .A. whoB. asC. thatD. like38. The experiment on the monkey to test the new drug, which has already been advertised on TV, requires moremoney than___.A. have been put inB. being put inC. has been put inD. to be put in39. ___for the fact that she got hit by a car and broke her leg on her way to school, she might have passed theexam.A. Had it not beenB. Hadn’t it beenC. Was it notD. Were it not40. “What courses are you going to take next semester if you want to receive enough credits to get your degree?”“I don’t know. But it’s about time ___on something.”A. I’ d decideB. I decidedC. I decideD. I’m decidingSection BDirections: complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.The translator must have an excellent, up-to-date knowledge of his source languages, full facility in the handling of his target language, which will be his mother tongue or language of habitual ___41___and a knowledge and understanding of the latest subject-matter in his field of specialization.This is, as it were, his professional equipment. In addition to this, it is desirable that he should have an inquiring mind, wide interests, a good memory and the ability to grasp quickly the basic principles of new developments. He should be willing to work on his own, often at high speeds, but should be humble enough to consult others __42__ his own knowledge not always prove adequate to the task in hand. He should be able to type fairly quickly and accurately and, if he is working mainly for publication, should have more than a nodding __43___ with printing techniques and proof-reading. If he is working basically as an information translator, let us say, for an industrial firm, he should have the flexibility of mind to enable him to __44__ rapidly from one source language to another, as well as from one subject-matter to another, since this ability is frequently required of him in such work. Bearing in mind the nature of the translator’s work, i.e. the processing of the wri tten word, it is, strictly speaking, __45__ that he should be able to speak the language he is dealing with. If he does speak them, it is an advantage __46__ a hindrance（妨碍，阻碍）, but this skill is in many ways a luxury that he can do away with. It is __47___, desirable that he should have an approximate idea about the pronunciation of his source languages even if this is restricted to __48___how proper names and place names are pronounced. The same __49__ to an ability to write his source languages. If he can, well and good; if he cannot, it does not matter. There are many other skills and qualities that are desirable in a translator.III. Reading Comprehension : (50%)Section A: (15%)Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Dae Jang Geum (《大长今》) is a hot new Korean TV series. Because of this series, my personal status and living standard have been greatly degraded. My girlfriend used to cook every evening. Well, now she does nothing but _50_ in front of the TV when she’s not at work, and commands me, “You — go to make some instant noodles.Come and watch the play and just imagine we are enjoying Korean _51_.”She also swears to learn all Korean dishes in Dae Jang Geum. So she orders me to _52_ the TV and record any details of Jang Geum’s cooking. But when she presented her version of Korean food, it is like the dog-meal. “You can _53_ get things done if you find the right tools”, my girlfriend blamed her clumsy (笨拙的) kitchen performances on _54_. So I decided to _55_ her a new kitchen knife. In a store, she became unusually patient when making her selection. She finally picked one that was _56_ Jang Geum’s. To prove that he r slow knife skill was due to the blunt (钝的) knives, she _57_ her cutting. As a result, she hurt her fingers three times. Fortunately the knife is not _58_ the salesman boasts.My girlfriend is a fan of Jang Geum’s Korean _59_. Not only did she talk about the dress every day, she also threatened to change my tie into a butterfly knot like the one on Jang Geum’s dress. Finally, I lost my patience and took her to a maternity shop (孕妇专卖店) where I recommend one suit to her, “Do you think it looks like a Korean dress?” _60_, my future parents-in-law just happened to be shopping at the time. They were _61_ when they saw what we were doing.The Dae Jang Geum series _62_ realizing the ambition of the youth. However, it fails to realize my girlfriend’s. _63_ being engaged in her work or study, she simply sits on the sofa every night, staring at the TV, a bag of chips in her hand. This situation has _64_ even though the series is now over.50. A. stand B. lie C. seat D. sit51. A. fruit B. vegetables C. dishes D. cakes52. A. stand for B. go by C. pass by D. stand by53. A. easily B. hardly C. difficultly D. carefully54. A. her forks B. her spoons C. her knives D. her pans55. A. buy B. borrow C. lend D. fetch56. A. better than B. the closest shape of C. sharper than D. taken from57. A. speeded up B. slowed down C. brought down D. improved58. A. as fast as B. as dull as C. as slow as D. as sharp as59. A. diet style B. dish flavor C. dressing style D. cooking style60. A. Coincidently B. Disappointedly C. Fortunately D. Excitedly61. A. very puzzled B. pretty satisfied C. very pleased D. pretty shocked62. A. shoots at B. aims at C. directs at D. works at63. A. In spite of B. Because of C. Instead of D. In case of64. A. changed little B. turned a lot C. developed a little D. improved a lotSection B (35%)Directions: Read the following four passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.( A )Tight-lipped elders used to say, “It’s not what you want in this world, but what you get.”Psychology teaches that you do get what you want if you know what you want and want the right things.You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living. If we intend to have friends to dinner, we plan the menu, make a shopping list, decide which food to cook first, and such planning is an essential for any type of meal to be served.Likewise, if you want to find a job, take a sheet of paper, and write a brief account of yourself. In making a blueprint for a job, begin with yourself, for when you know exactly what you have to offer, you can intelligently plan where to sell your services.This account of yourself is actually a sketch of your working life and should include education, experience and references. Such an account is valuable. It can be referred to in filling out standard application blanks and is extremely helpful in personal interviews. While talking to you, you could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications, will pay him to employ you and your “wares” and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something tangible to sell. Then you are ready to hunt for a job. Get all the possible information about your could-be job. Make inquiries as to the details regarding the job and the firm. Keep your eyes and ears open, and use your own judgment. Spend a certain amount of time each day seeking the employment you wish for, and keep in mind: Securing a job is your job now.65. Wha t do the elders mean when they say, “It’s not what you want in this world, but what you get.”?A. You’ll certainly get what you want.B. It’s no use dreaming.C. You should be dissatisfied with what you have.D. It’s essential to set a goal for yours elf.66. A blueprint made before inviting a friend to dinner is used in this passage as ________.A. an illustration of how to write an application for a jobB. an indication of how to secure a good jobC. a guideline for job descriptionD. a principle for job evaluation67. According to the passage, one must write an account of himself before starting to find a job because ________.A. that is the first step to please the employerB. that is the requirement of the employerC. it enables him to know when to sell his servicesD. it forces him to become clearly aware of himself(B)Birds that are literally half asleep--with one brain hemisphere alert and the other sleeping--control which side of the brain remains awake, according to a new study of sleeping ducks. Earlier studies have documented half brain sleep in a wide range of birds. The brain hemispheres take turns sinking into the sleep stage characterized by slow brain waves. The eye controlled by the sleeping hemisphere keeps shut, while the wakeful hemisphere's eyestays open and alert. Birds also can sleep with both hemispheres resting at once.Decades of studies of bird flocks led researchers to predict extra alertness in the more vulnerable, end of the row sleepers. Sure enough, in the end birds tended to watch carefully on the side away from their companions.Ducks in the inner spots showed no preference for gaze direction.Also, birds dozing(打盹) at the end of the line resorted to single hemisphere sleep, rather than total relaxation, more often than inner ducks did. Rotating 16 birds through the positions in a four duck row, the researchers found outer birds half asleep during some 32 percent of dozing time versus about 12 percent for birds in internal spots."We believe this is the first evidence for an animal behaviorally controlling sleep and wakefulness simultaneously in different regions of the brain，"the researchers say.The results provide the best evidence for a long standing supposition that single hemisphere sleep evolved as creatures scanned for enemies. The preference for opening an eye on the lookout side could be widespread, he predicts. He's seen it in a pair of birds dozing side by side in the zoo and in a single pet bird sleeping by a mirror. The mirror side eye closed as if the reflection were companion and the other eye stayed open.Useful as half sleeping might be, it's only been found in birds and such water mammals(哺乳动物) asdolphins, whales, and seals. Perhaps keeping one side of the brain awake allows a sleeping animal to surfaceoccasionally to avoid drowning.Studies of birds may offer unique insights into sleep. Jerome M. Siegel of the UCLA says he wonders if birds' half brain sleep "is just the tip of the iceberg (冰山)" He speculates that more examples may turn up whenwe take a closer look at other species.68. A new study on birds' sleep has revealed that ________ .A. half brain sleep is found in a wide variety of birdsB. half brain sleep is characterized by slow brain wavesC. birds can control their half brain sleep consciouslyD. birds seldom sleep with the whole of their brain at rest69. According to the passage, birds often half sleep because ________ .A. they have to watch out for possible attacksB. their brain hemispheres take turns to restC. the two halves of their brain are differently structuredD. they have to constantly keep an eye on their companions70. The example of a bird sleeping in front of a mirror indicates that ________.A. the phenomenon of birds dozing in pairs is widespreadB. birds prefer to sleep in pairs for the sake of securityC. even an imagined companion gives the bird a sense of securityD. a single pet bird enjoys seeing its own reflection in the mirror71. While sleeping, some water mammals tend to keep half awake in order to ________ .A. alert themselves to the approaching enemyB. emerge from water now and then to breatheC. be sensitive to the ever-changing environmentD. avoid being swept away by rapid currents(C)A nine year old schoolgirl single handedly cooks up a science fair experiment that ends up debunking(揭穿……的真相) a widely practiced medical treatment. Emily Rosa's target was a practice known as therapeutic(治疗的) touch (TT for short), whose advocates manipulate pati ents' "energy field” to make them feel better and even, say some, to cure them of various ills. Yet Emily's test shows that these energy fields can't be detected, even by trained TT practitioners (行医者). Obviously mindful of the publicity value of the situation, Journal editor GeorgeLundberg appeared on TV to declare, "Age doesn't matter. It's good science that matters, and this is good science."Emily's mother Linda Rosa, a registered nurse, has been campaigning against TT for nearly a decade. Linda first thought about TT in the late '80s, when she learned it was on the approved list for continuing nursing education in Colorado. Its 100,000 trained practitioners (48,000 in the U. S.) don't even touch their patients. Instead, they waved their hands a few i nches from the patient's body, pushing energy fields around until they’re in "balance." TT advocates say these manipulations can help heal wounds, relieve Pain and reduce fever. The claims are taken seriously enough that TT therapists are frequently hired by leading hospitals, at up to $ 70 an hour, to smooth patients' energy, sometimes during surgery. Yet Rosa could not find any evidence that it works. To provide such proof, TT therapists would have to sit down for independent testing--something they haven't been eager to do, even though James Randi has offered more than $1 million to anyone who can demonstrate the existence of a human energy field. (He's had one taker so far. She failed.) A skeptic might conclude that TT practitioners are afraid to lay the ir beliefs on the line. But who could turn down an innocent fourth grader? Says Emily: “I think they didn't take me very seriously because I'm a kid."The experiment was straight forward: 21 TT therapists stuck their hands, palms up, through a screen. Emily held her own hand over one of theirs left or right and the practitioners had to say which hand it was. When the results were recorded, they'd done no better than they would have by simply guessing. If there was an energy field,they couldn't feel it.72. Which of the following is evidence that TT is widely practiced?A. TT has been in existence for decades.B. Many patients were cured by therapeutic touch.C. TT therapists are often employed by leading hospitals.D. More than 100,000 people are undergoing TT treatment.73. Very few TT practitioners responded to the $1 million offer because ________.A. they didn't take the offer seriouslyB. they didn't want to risk their careerC. they were unwilling to reveal their secretD. they thought it was not in line with their practice74. The purpose of Emily Rosa's experiment was ________.A. to see why TT could work the way it didB. to find out how TT cured patients' illnessesC. to test whether she could sense the human energy fieldD. to test whether a human energy field really existed75. Why did some TT practitioners agree to be the subjects of Emil's experiment?A. It involved nothing more than mere guessing.B. They thought it was going to be a lot of fun.C. It was more straightforward than other experiments.D. They sensed no harm in a little girl's experiment.(D)What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America -- breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country’s excellent elementary schools: a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, “spatial” thinking about things technological.Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational-advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, “With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman.”A further stimulus to invention came from the “premium” system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives.In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, “A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions: they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process... The designer and the inventor... are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist.”This nonverbal “spatial” thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, consid ering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.”When all these shaping forces -- schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking -- interacted with one another on the rich U.S. mainland, they produced that American characteristic, emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.76. According to the author, the great outburst of major inventions in early America was in a large part due to ________.A. elementary schoolsB. enthusiastic workersC. the attractive premium systemD. a special way of thinking77. It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics ________.A. benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledgeB. shed light on disciplined school managementC. was brought about by privileged home trainingD. owed a lot to the technological development78. A technologist can be compared to an artist because ________.A. they are both winners of awardsB. they are both experts in spatial thinkingC. they both abandon verbal descriptionD. they both use various instruments79. The best title for this passage might be ________.A. Inventive MindB. Effective SchoolingC. Ways of ThinkingD. Outpouring of Inventions(E)Directions: Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from A-F for each paragraph. There is one extra heading which you do not need.F=A+E80. _________Turning off the monitor and removing the mouse soon makes a web developer aware of the problems that arise when browsing web pages without vision. Speech output is essential (and/or Braille) in order for those who cannot see the text and pictures to be able to access the content.81. __________Screen readers use synthesized（合成的）speech and Braille is provided through a series of pins that move up and down (refreshable) as part of a Braille device which sit alongside a keyboard. Screen readers tell the user about all aspects of the page and all navigational links as well as menu items.82. _________They are verbose（冗长的）and tiring to listen to. A new user may only be able to cope with speeds of around 150 words per minute but an accomplished user has the speed set at around 250 - 300 words per minute, this is similar to average reading speeds. However, we do not read all that is on a web page and scanning or skipping items is the norm but with a screen reader thisis not always possible unless the site has been regularly visited. Too many navigational elements, often repeated on all pages can be very time consuming.83. _________Multimedia is often a problem but for example, if there are accessible MP3 players available, new versions of screen readers will often re-format the web pages to make them readable, and provide separate lists for links and other navigational aids to speed the process. They cope better with frames and tables but only if they are written correctly.84. _________People with weak eyesight may have a restricted field of view, problems with reading small or moving elements, and recognizing text with poor contrast or color choices. They may require screen magnification, better color contrast or glare filters. Screen magnification programs are used to enlarge text and pictures and can also provide focus within a small area with an enlarged cursor or pointer.第II 卷(共45分)I. Translation: (Directions: Translation the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1. 这个主意听起来很好，可是做起来行得通吗？(sound)2. 如果你怀疑有煤气泄漏，请不要开电灯。

2018-2019年最新交大附中自主招生考试英语模拟精品试卷（第一套）考试时间：120分钟总分：150分第I卷（选择题，共100分）第一节：单项填空（共25小题，每小题1分，满分25分）1. —When did the terrible earthquake in YaNan happen?—It happened ________ the morning of April 20, 2013.A. onB. atC. inD. /2. Our teacher told us ________ too much noise in class.A. to makeB. makeC. not to makeD. not make3. Here is your hat. Don’t forget______ when you __________.A. to put it on, leaveB. to wear it, leaveC. to wear it, will leaveD. putting it on, will leave4. The baby is sleeping. You _____ make so much noise.A. won’tB. mustn’tC. may notD. needn’t5. Since you are _____ trouble, why not ask _________ help?A. in, forB. in, toC. with, forD. with, to6. It’s about___________kilometers from Nanchong to Chengdu.A. two hundredsB. two hundreds ofC. two hundredD. two hundred of7. It is six years since my dear uncle ________China.A. leftB. has leftC. is leftD. had left8. —How long _______ you _______ the bicycle?—About two weeks.A. have, hadB. have, boughtC. did, buyD. have, have9. The Yellow River is not so ________ as the Yangtze River.A. longerB. longC. longestD. a long10. Mrs.Green usually goes shopping with ________ umbrella in ________ summer. A. a；theB. an； /C. the； aD. /；/11. At first, I was not too sure if he could answer the question. However, ____,he worked it out at last with the help of his friend.A. to my angerB. to my surpriseC. in other wordsD. in a word12. —Must I stay here with you?—No, you ______.You may go home, but you _____ go to the net bar (网吧).A. mustn't; needn'tB. needn't; mustn'tC. must; needD. need; must13. I ______ the newspaper while my mother _____TV plays yesterday evening.A. was reading; was watchingB. was reading; watchedC. read; was watchingD. read; would watch14. It's a rule in my class that our classroom ________ before 6：00 p. m.every day.A. be able to cleanB. should be cleaningC. must cleanD. must be cleaned15. —Tom wants to know if you ________ a picnic next Sunday.—Yes. But if it ________， we'll visit the museum instead.A. will have; will rainB. have; rainsC. have; will rainD. will have; rains16.—Would you mind looking after my dog while I'm on holiday?—________.A. Of course notB. Yes. I'd be happy toC. Not at all. I've no timeD. Yes, please17. Many students didn’t realize the importance of study _______they left school.A. whenB. untilC. afterD. unless18. My father _______ to Shanghai. He _______ for over 2 months.A. has been, has leftB. has gone, has goneC. has gone, has been awayD. has been, has gone19. They are your skirts. Please __________.A. put it awayB. put out itC. put them awayD. put them out20. —Please read every sentence carefully. you are, mistakes you’ll make.—Thank you for your advice.A. The more carefully; the fewerB. The more careful; the lessC. The more carefully; the lessD. The more careful; the fewer21. My friend is coming today but he didn’t tell me _______.A. when did the train arriveB. how did the train arriveC. when the train arrivedD. how the train arrived22. I felt it hard to keep up with my classmate s. But whenever Iwant to _______, my teacher always encourages me to work harder.A. go onB. give upC. run awayD. give back23. —________ fine weather it is today!—Let's go for a picnic.A. WhatB. HowC. What aD. How a24. — Mary, you’re going to buy an apartment here, aren’t you?—Yes, but I can’t_______an expensive one.A. spendB. costC. payD. afford25. —Would you like to drink coffee or milk?—_________. Please give me some tea.A. NeitherB. BothC. EitherD. None第二节：完形填空（共20小题，每小题1分，满分20分）(A)Big schoolbags have been a serious problem for students for a long time.Maybe your schoolbag is too __26__ to carry, and it troubles you a lot __27__ you want to find a book out to read. Now an e­textbook will __28__ you.It is said that e­textbooks are going to be __29__ in Chinese middle schools.An e­textbook, in fact, is a small __30__ for students.It is much __31__ than a usual schoolbag and easy to carry. Though it is as small as a book, it can __32__ all the materials (材料) for study.The students can read the text page by page on the __33__， take notes with the pointer (屏写笔). Or even “__34__” their homework to their teachers by sending e­mails. All they have to do is to press a button.Some people say e­textbooks are good, but some say they may be __35__ for the students' eyes. What do you think of it?26.A.light B. heavy C. useful D. comfortable27.A.till B. after C. before D. when28.A.trouble B. prevent C. help D. understanded B. kept C. invented D. lent B. radio C. pen D. computer31.A.heavier B. lighter C. cheaper D. brighter32.A.hold B. build C. discover D. practice33.A.blackboard B. desk C. screen D. card34.A.find out B. hand in C. get back D. give back35.A.helpful B. famous C. good D. bad(B)。

上海市交通大学附属中学2018-2019学年英语高二下学期期末模拟试卷第二部分：英语知识运用(共两节，满分35分)第一节：单项选择（共15 小题，每小题1分，满分15分）21. Although living on a ine, the Smiths lead a happy life.A. modestB. mildC. evidentD. acute22. Try to prepare the cake yourself, as nothing can ________ the feeling of a homemade cakebaked with love.A. live up toB. match up toC. e up toD. look up to23.With the number of migrants rising sharply, Europe’s leaders have struggled to find a solutionthat can ______ both domestic political pressures and their legal and moral duties to shelter those migrants.A. influenceB. guaranteeC. acmodateD. convince24. Drugs like upper may increase the heart rate of users and create an artificial sense ofpleasure, but they can unconsciously suck life right out of a person______.A. eitherB. regardlessC. meanwhileD. therefore25. —How about your new business?—We’re drawing up our plans ______ experiences of other factories.A. in the charge ofB. in the light ofC. in the event ofD. in the name of26. Do you believe that ______ economic development and pollution are beyond control, it canbe concluded that the latter is purely due to the former?A. whereB. even thoughC. unlessD. while27. The President Xi took office several years ago , ______ great changes have been witnessedin the so-called “Hunting Tigers” against corrupt officials.A. whenB. during whichC. since whenD. since then28. In his weekly______ to the nation, Trump said the joint effort was showing results and thatLibyan civilians had expressed their support to the military operation.A. assignmentB. addressC. appointmentD. arrangement29. At the mountaintop_______, where five ancient statues stand.A. does stand a templeB. a temple standsC. stands a templeD. does a temple stand30. —Why didn’t you turn up at the opening ceremony? I w as waiting for you all the time.—I ____________. But I had some urgent business to deal with then.A. would like toB. would like to haveC. would like to beD. would like to have attended31. His former teacher’s letter can act as a _________ for him in his application for the degreein physics from Oxford.A. deadlineB. plotC. referenceD. conference32. As we know, attitude is altitude. Our attitude is ______ has changed everything in our life.A. it is what thatB. what is it thatC. what it is thatD. it is that what33．—e on, Peter. I want to show you something．—Oh, how nice of you! I________ you _______to bring me a gift.A．never think；are going B．never thought；were goingC．didn’t think；were going D．hadn’t thought；were going34. Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work ______, we refusedhis offer.A. not finishedB. had not been finishedC. not finishingD. not having finished35. —With the booming housing price, more investors tend to spend all they have buying one.—That’s really risky. Never should we ________.A. boil an eggB. have egg on our faceC. walk on eggshellsD. put all your eggs in one basket第二节完形填空（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）请认真阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

2018-2019学年上海交通大学第二附属中学高三英语模拟试题含解析一、选择题1. _________ into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.A.TranslatingB.TranslatedC.To translateD.Having translated参考答案：B2. His devotion to the work _____ him respect and admiration.A. employedB. performedC. madeD. earned参考答案：D3. I _____ thank you too much for all your help to my son while we were away from home.A. won’tB. can’tC. canD. will参考答案：B【详解】考查固定短语。

句意：对于我们不在家时你对我儿子的帮助，我再感激你都不为过。

can’t…too much意为“再……也不为过”，固定短语。

故选B。

4. I like to have my photos taken _______ there are mountains and rivers.A．there B．in which C．when D．where参考答案：D5. —Could you give any suggestion about the furnishing in my house?— Let me see．．． Oh everything is nice except that the painting seems a littlebit ．A．out of reach B．out of place C．out oftouch D． out of order参考答案：B6. My mother's birthday is on Friday this year．A．不填 B．a C．an D．the参考答案：B略7. The driver said that he _______ pick _______ a passenger at the west street.A. will; upB. would; upC. will; outD. would; out参考答案：B8. With so many noises from the streets, I can’t ______ and go on doing my research work.A. feel downB. turn downC. settle downD. set down参考答案：C9. This picture was taken a long time ago ．I wonder if you can __________my father．A．pick up B．pick out C．pick over D．pick off参考答案：B10. Nelson Mandela’s fellow campaigner, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, said Mr. Mandela was “not only an amazing gift to humankind, but he also made South Africans and Africans feel goodabout being _______ we are. He made us walk tall.”A. whatB. whereC. whenD. who参考答案：D考查名词性从句。

上海交通大学附属中学2007-2008学年度第一学期高三英语摸底试卷（满分150分，120分钟完成。

答案一律写在答题卡、答题纸上。

）第I卷I Listening ComprehensionPart A Short ConversationsDirections: In part A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. T the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversation and the question will be read only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers in your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. Five years old. B. Four years old.C. Six years old.D. It is quite new.2. A. At a bus stop. B. At the airport.C. In the taxi.D. At home.3. A. He watched television with his friend.B. He stayed at home talking with his friend.C. He went to see a film with his friend.D. He discussed school work with his college classmate.4. A. A doctor. B. A teacher. C. A psychologist. D. A scientist.5. A. At 2:30 B. At 2:35 C. At 2:45 D. At 3:206. A. The woman bought too many things.B. The woman became the owner of the supermarket.C. There weren’t many things in the supermarket.D. The woman has bought everything in the supermarket.7. A. In a hotel. B. At a dinner table.C. In a restaurant.D. At the man’s house.8. A. The car’s extremely nice. B. The price is reasonable.C. He likes expensive cars.D. His old car is better.9. A. In the kitchen. B. In a department store.C. In a big restaurant.D. In the McDonald’s.10. A. Their spoken English. B. The spelling of English words.C. How to use a dictionary.D. How to write man’s name.Part B PassagesDirections: In part B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers in your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.Question 11through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. It really works. B. It doesn’t work at all.C. They have divided opinions.D. Most of them are in favour of it.12. A. To guide Mr. Gray to the company. B. To guide against criminals.C. To be a doorkeeper of Mr. Gray’s home.D. To look after his children.13. A. The effect may be against one’s expectation.B. It works out nothing.C. It doesn’t work with dogs.D. It is just wonderful.Question 14through 16 are based on the following passage.14. A. To open a camera shop. B. To open a movie theatre.C. To open a news stand.D. To open a candy store.15. A. The rent is very cheap. B. It is across the park.C. It is next to the movie theatre.D. It is on the third floor.16. A. The first place, Mckinley St. B. The second place, Anderson Rd.C. The third place, Main St.D. The fourth place, Benefit St.Part C Longer ConversationsDirections: In part C, you will hear two longer conversations. The conversation will be read twice. After you hear the conversation, you are required to fulfil the task by filling in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.Blanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.II Grammar and VocabularyDirections: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.25.An accident happened at ________ crossroads a few metres away from ________ bank.A. a…aB. /…aC. /…theD. the…/26.No teacher and no student ________ to leave before the crisis is over.A. are allowedB. allowsC. allowD. is allowed27.Peter as well as his classmates disliked that film, ________?A. did heB. didn’t heC. did theyD. didn’t they28.You can kill time by reading online in the cyber café or by simply sitting in the library.________ way, it is a good idea to do something meaningful.A. AnyB. EachC. EveryD. Either29.We had hoped ________ the game, but the other team played very well.A. our school to winB. that our school winC. that our school would winD. our school winningrmation ________ with the electronic address of its destination computer.A. is delivered to be labeledB. to be delivered is labeledC. delivered to be labeledD. delivering is labeled31.We agreed to accept ________ they thought was the best tourist guide.A. whateverB. whomeverC. whicheverD. whoever32.________, he still failed in the exam.A. As he might tryB. Try although he mightC. As try he mightD. Try as he might33.He is a strange fellow. There is ________ what he will do next.A. no knowingB. not knowingC. no knowledgeD. not to know34.Today Americans eat ________ they did in 1910.A. more than twice vegetablesB. as twice vegetables asC. twice as many vegetables asD. more than twice vegetables as35.The only one of the advanced workers ________ in a ________ factory is blind in the lefteye.A. works…leather madeB. working…leather madeC. working…leather-makingD. works…leather-making36.________ the bad weather, I would have gone camping last Sunday.A. In spite ofB. But forC. Because ofD. As for37.The Prime Minister of France stresses that the quality of goods, ________ the quantity ofproduction, is the key to improving the nation’s economy.A. other thanB. rather thanC. more thanD. better than38.________, the climbers, who had already conquered many high mountains before,determined to reach the top of the mountain.A. However it was highB. However high it wasC. How high it wasD. However high was it39.How do you think ________ without being noticed?A. did the thief enter the roomB. the thief manage to enterC. could the thief enter the roomD. the thief could enter the room40.Those scientists are the people ________.A. whom the state dinner was given in honourB. for whom the state dinner was given honourC. whose honour the state dinner was givenD. in whose honour the state dinner was given41.Our customers will ________ from our new credit card.A. protectB. benefitC. defendD. recover42.The lost car of the Lees was found ________ in the woods off the highway.A. vanishedB. abandonedC. scatteredD. rejected43.With numerous scientists’ contribution, the last 20 years have seen enormous ________ incommunications technology.A. directionsB. tendenciesC. phenomenaD. advances44.We are considering the ________ of providing a new class for advanced students.A. possibilityB. credibilityC. capabilityD. responsibilityIII ClozeDirections: For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.(A)A higher reading rate, with no loss of comprehension, will help you in other subjects as well as in English. And the general principles ____45____ to any language. Naturally, you will not read every book at the same ____46____. You would expect to read a newspaper, ____47____, much more rapidly than a physics or economics textbook—but you can raise you average reading speed over the whole ____48____ of materials you wish to ____49____ so that the percentage gained will be the same whatever kind of reading you are concerned with.The reading passages which follow are all of an average level of ____50____ for your stage of instruction. They are all about five hundred words long. They are about topics of general ____51____ which do not require a great deal of specialized knowledge. Thus they ____52____ between the kind of reading you might find in your textbooks and the much less demanding kind you will find in a newspaper or light novel. If you read this kind of English, ____53____ at four hundred words per minute, you might skim through a newspaper at perhaps 650-700, while witha difficult textbook you might ____54____ to two hundred or two hundred fifty.45. A. refer B. apply C. adjust D. accustom46. A. level B. time C. speed D. subject47. A. in case B. on the contrary C. in particular D. for example48. A. content B. range C. stock D. aspect49. A. cover B. view C. involve D. accomplish50. A. intellect B. difficulty C. information D. progress51. A. problem B. value C. situation D. interest52. A. fall B. end C. result D. keep53. A. with understanding B. in difficultyC. for convenienceD. without comment54. A. limit B. lead C. drop D. shorten(B)By the year 1850, there were seven permanent residences on Absecon Island, on which Atlantic city rested. Dr. Jonathan Pitney, a prominent physician who lived in Absecon, felt that the island had much to offer, and even had ideas of ____55____ the island a health resort but access to the island had to be ____56____. Pitney, along with a civil engineer from Philadelphia, Richard Osborne, had the idea to bring the ____57____ to the island. In 1852, construction began on the Camden-Atlantic City Railroad. On July 5, 1854, the first train arrived from Camden after an exhausting trip, and the invasion of the ____58____ had begun.Visitors to Atlantic City didn't only arrive by train. Atlantic City was becoming a busy____59____. But along with the increasing number of sailing vessels, came an increasing number of tragic ____60____ off the coast. One of the most tragic was the sinking of the Powhattan, a vessel carrying 311 German immigrants, ____61____ sank on April 16, 1854. For days, bodies washed up on the shoreline. Because it was ____62____ to identify the dead, 54 bodies were buried in a mass grave in the cemetery at the Smithville Methodist Church, and 45 bodies were buried in Absecon. At the urging of Dr. Pitney, a lighthouse was ____63____ in 1854, and turned on one year later. The lighthouse, in the Inlet section of the city, was originally at the ____64____ of the ocean, but it now stands over 1/2 mile from the beach.55. A. causing B. making C. turning D. becoming56. A. increased B. raised C. enhanced D. improved57. A. railroad B. bus service C. ships D. airliners58. A. tourists B. immigrants C. foreigners D. citizens59. A. metropolis B. inland city C. seaport D. airport60. A. drainings B. wrecks C. crashes D. drownings61. A. that B. where C. which D. who62. A. likely B. possible C. probable D. impossible63. A. set B. established C. elected D. found64. A. middle B. edge C. back D. frontIV Reading ComprehensionDirections:Read the following passages. Each passage is followed by several questions orunfinished sentences. For each of them, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Researchers believe that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive (认知的) such as attention and memory. This is true and has nothing to do with age.People will be watchful and receptive if they are faced with information that gets them to think about things they are interested in. and someone with a history of doing more rather than less will go into old age more cognitively healthy than someone who has not had an active mind.Many experts are so sure of the benefits of challenging the brain that they are putting the theory to work in their own lives. “The idea is not necessarily to learn to memorize large amounts of information,” says James Fozard, associate director of the National Institute on Aging. “Most of us don’t need that kind of skill. Such special training is of less interest than being able to keep mental watchfulness.”Fozard and others say they challenge their brains with different mental skills, both because they enjoy them and because they are sure that the different kinds of activities will help the way their brains work.Gene Cohen, acting director of the same institute, suggests that people in their old age should engage in mental and physical activities individually as well as in groups. Cohen says that we are frequently advised to keep physically active as we age, but older people need to keep mentally active as well. Those who do are more likely to keep their intellectual abilities and to be generally happier and better adjusted. “The point is, you need to do both,”Cohen says. “Intellectual activity has effect on brain-cell health and size.”65.According to the passage, the cognitively healthy people are those ________.A.who are highly intellectualB.Who are watchful and receptiveC.Who can memorized large amounts of informationD.Who are old enough to know things better66.Fozard and other experts think that people can make their brains work more efficiently by________.A.regularly doing memory workB. going through special trainingC. engaging in physical activitiesD. taking part in mental activities67.According to Gene Cohen, older people should keep ________.A.mentally activeB.physically activeC. a balance between individual and group activitiesD.both mentally and physically active68.The best title of this passage might be ________.A. Challenge Your BrainB. Keep Your Intellectual AbilitiesC. Take Part in More Physical ActivitiesD. Be Happier and Better Adjusted(B)Your interaction with other people is part of your college life in the United States. To make the most of it, get ready to introduce yourself in a positive way to fellow students, professors, and other people both on- and off-campus.One of your first introductions to social life on a U.S. campus will most likely be “The International Student Orientation Program,” traditionally coordinated by the Admissions Office or the Office of International Programs. Orientation varies greatly from school to school, though the objectives are similar: to introduce the new non-U.S. students to each other, and to prepare you for campus life. Many times, topics include immigration, academic advisors, computer and library resources, telephone services, public safety, medical services, banking options and department store shuttles, so students can purchase items they need. During orientation, students often learn of upcoming activities such as trips to local points of attraction.U.S. college and university campuses are full of activities designed to develop friendships. Many schools have a “Student Activities Center” where you may learn of many different things, such as student government, the newspaper staff, outdoor club, chorus, dance, and a number of athletic teams. Explore which ones may suit you best.One international student describes his experiences this way: “I’ve made some great American friends on-and off-campus, as well as friends from all over the world; they have taught me a lot. For example, last December, some American friends invited me out into the woods to help cut down their Christmas tree. I had never done anything like that before!”“When I meet new people, they’re always interested to know what it’s really like in Jamaica. That has made me think about my own country, so I could share more information with them. If I never left home, I would not need to consider these things. So in many ways, a U.S. education means much more than sitting in a classroom and studying for a degree.”69.The International Student Orientation Program helps ________.A.to introduce students to people both on-and off-campusB.to introduce new international students to each other.C.To get new students prepared for campus lifeD.Both B and C70.From the passage we may infer that ________.A.U. S. college students usually spend too much time on social activitiesB.Non-U.S. students are interested in taking a trip to local points of attractionC.International students in the U.S. like to make friends on- and off-campusD.American students are not so friendly to people from other parts of the world71.Which of the following may be the best title of the passage?A. What Does a U.S. Education Mean?B. College Life in the United States.C. The International Student Orientation Program.D. Introduce Yourself in a Positive Way.(C)Exchange a glance with someone, then look away. Do you realize that you have made a statement? Hold the glance for a second longer, and you have made a different statement. Hold it for 3 seconds, and the meaning has changed again. For every social situation, there is a permissible time that you can hold a person’s gaze without being intimate, rude, or aggressive. If you are on an elevator, what gaze-time are you permitted? To answer this question, consider what you typically do. You very likely give other passengers a quick glance to size them up(打量) and to assure them that you mean no threat. Since being close to another person signals the possibility of interaction, you need to emit a signal telling others you want to be left alone. So you cut off eye contact, what sociologist Erving Goffman (1963) calls a “dimming of the lights.” You look down at the floor, at the indicator lights, anywhere but into another passenger’s eyes. Should you break the rule against staring at a stranger on an elevator, you will make the other person exceedingly uncomfortable, and you are likely to feel a bit strange yourself.If you hold eye contact for more than 3 seconds, what are you telling another person? Much depends on the person and the situation. For instance, a man and a woman communicate interest in this manner. They typically gaze at each other for about 3 seconds at a time, then drop their eyes down for 3 seconds, before letting their eyes meet again. But if one man gives another man a 3-second-plus stare, he signals, “I know you”, “I am interested in you,” or “You look peculiar and I am curious about you.” This type of stare often produces hostile feelings.72. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that ______.A every glance has its significanceB staring at a person is an expression of interestC a gaze longer than 3 seconds is unacceptableD a glance conveys more meaning than words73. By “a dimming of the lights” (Line 9 , Para.1) Erving Goffman means ______.A closing one’s eyesB turning off the lightsC ceasing to glance at othersD reducing gaze-time to the minimum74. If one is looked at by a stranger for too long, he tends too feel ______.A depressedB uneasyC curiousD amused75. The passage mainly discusses ______.A the limitations of eye contactB the exchange of ideas through eye contactC proper behavior in different situationsD the role of eye contact in interpersonal communication(D)"Congratulations. Mr. Jones, it's a girl"Fatherhood is going to have a different meaning and bring forth a different response from every man who hears these words. Some feel pride while they receive the news, while othersworry, wondering whether they will be good fathers. Although there are some men who like children and may have had considerable experience with them, others do not particularly care for children and spend little time with them. Many fathers and mothers have been planning and looking forward to children for some time. For other coup1es, pregnancy(怀孕）was an accident that both husband and wife have accepted wi1lingly or unwil1ingly.Whatever the reaction to the birth of a child, it is obvious that the shift from the role of husband to that of father is a difficult task. Yet, unfortunately, few attempts have been made to educate fathers in this resocia1ization process. Although numerous books have been written about American mothers, only recently has literature focused on the role of a father.It is argued by some writers that the transition to the father's role, a1though difficult, is not nearly as great as the transition the wife must make to the mother's role. The mother's role seems to require a complete transformation in daily routine and highly innovative(创新的) adaptation. On the other hand, the father's ro1e is 1ess demanding and immediate. However, even though we mentioned the fact that growing numbers of women are working outside the home, the father is sti1l thought by many as the breadwinner in the household.76. According to the author, being a father______.A brings a feeling of excitement to menB brings a feeling of worry to menC makes some men feel proud and others uneasyD has a different meaning for those who have daughters77. In the second paragraph, the author ______.A criticizes fathers for not taking enough responsibi1ities in bringing up their children.B excuses the American writers for ignoring the difficulties of being a fatherC supports the idea that the chief role of a father is to earn money for the familyD complains about the lack of social programs to help husbands adjust themselves to being a father78. The transition to the mother's role requires that the wife ______.A change her life style in a highly innovative wayB make a complete change in her everyday life to deal with the new situationC support the idea to take care of the babyD help her husband in his resocialization process79. Some writers argue that with respect to the change of roles, fathers, compared with mothers, ________.A have to shoulder more burdensB have to make more difficult adaptationsC have an easier job to doD can usually do a better jobEDirections: Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from A-F for each80.The “me generation” is coming to a close. Americans are becoming more self sacrificing and likely to see themselves as responsible to a community, says trend watcher Daniel Yankelovich. 81.Individualism has always been deeply rooted in American culture. However, “after more than three of radical experimentations of individualism-evolving,” says Yankelovich, the ideals of self-expression, started in the 1960s and peaking in the 1980s, “will still be important to Americans”. But the “new individuals”of the next decades will try to achieve those ideals in different ways. People are increasingly realizing that there is more to life than fulfilling personal needs.82.Americans are realizing that they can no longer “have it all”, that they have to choose among career, family, and other desires. People will define themselves as much by what they give up as by what they have. Yankelovich adds, “the moral disciplining of giving up possible satisfactions reverse the conception of filling all the little pots of needs that people assume to be their collective ‘selves’”.83.Americans will also seek satisfaction through relationships with others and connecting to a community. “People are realizing that the self, considered apart from family, friends, community, country, tribe, society, and civilization, is a meaningless abstraction.”84.The emphasis on “me”-centered victimhood is also on the wane. Americans are accepting greater personal responsibility for their problems and for their actions, and they increasingly expect others to do the same. This new attitude may further affect social programs, as people question the assumption that unequal distribution of wealth is always society’s fault. “We are now mobbing back toward the traditional American value that people are responsible for their own lives, and that the reality of the life is such that there will inevitably be both winners andlosers,” says Yankelovich.第II卷I TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words or phrases given in the brackets.1.我觉得他减肥失败的原因是缺乏毅力。

2018-2019高中英语上海高三专题试卷联考模拟试卷一含答案考点及解析班级:___________ 姓名：___________ 分数：___________1．答题前填写好自己的姓名、班级、考号等信息2．请将答案正确填写在答题卡上一、单项选择1.________ all of them are strong candidates，only one will be chosen for the post. (2011·陕西，19)A．Since B．WhileC．If D．As【答案】【解析】B解析句意为：尽管他们都是很有实力的求职者，但是只有一个人会被选中担任这一职位。

since因为，既然；while尽管；if如果；as因为。

根据句意选while。

二、完形填空2.第二部分：英语知识及运用（共两节，满分35分）第一节：完形填空（共10小题；每小题2分, 满分20分）阅读下面短文，从短文后所给各题的四个选项A、B、C和D中选出能填入相应空白处的最佳选项。

Rubber ducks are being used to help scientists understand global warming and melting glaciers. NASA researchers have 21 90 ducks into holes in Greenland's fastest moving glacier, the Jakobshavn Glacier between Greenland and Canada. The 22 have each been marked with the words "science experiment" along with an e-mail address. If they are found scientists will be able to 23 how the water moves through the ice and provide information about the 24 of glaciers. Scientists are still 25 about why glaciers speed up in summer and head towards the sea. One theory is that as the summer sun melts ice on top of the glacier's surface, the water moves to the bottom of the glacier, where it helps to 26 the movement of ice toward the coast. The Jakobshavn Glacier is believed to be the 27 of the iceberg that sank the Titanic in 1912. RobertJones, the experiment organizer, said none of the ducks had been 28 yet. "We haven't heard back but it may take some time until somebody actually finds it and decides to send usa/an 29 that they have found it," he said. "These are places that are 30 so there aren't people walking around."21. A. flown B. buried C. hidden D. dropped22. A. results B. toys C. glaciers D. scientists23. A. remember B. invent C. learn D. control24. A. development B. movement C. growth D. travels25. A. unsure B. excited C. concerned D. ignorant26. A. reduce B. control C. speed D. stop27. A. position B. source C. reason D. result28. A. hurt B. eaten C. missing D. reported29. A. email B. card C. fax D. sign30. A. hidden B. lost C. remote D. quiet【答案】21—25 DBCBA 26—30 CBDAC【解析】略三、阅读理解For many parents, raising a teenager is like fighting a long war, but years go by without any clear winner. Like a border conflict between neighboring countries, the parent-teen war is about boundaries: Where is the line between what I control and what you do?Both sides want peace, but neither feels it has any power to stop the conflict. In part, this is because neither is willing to admit any responsibility for starting it. From the parents’ point of view, the only cause of their fight is their adolescent s’ complete unreasonableness. And of course, the teens see it in exactly the same way, except oppositely. Both feel trapped.In this article, I’ll describe three no-win situations that commonly arise between teens and parents and then suggest some ways out of the trap. The first no-win situation is quarrelsover unimportant things. Examples include the color of the teen’s hair, the cleanliness of the bedroom, the preferred style of clothing, the child’s failure to eat a good breakfast before school or his tendency to sleep until noon on the weekends. Second, blaming. The goal of a blaming battle is to make the other admit that his bad attitude is the reason why everything goes wrong. Third, needing to be right. It doesn’t matter what the topic is—politics, the laws of physics, or the proper way to break an egg—the point of these arguments is to prove that you are right and the other person is wrong, for both wish to be considered an authority—someone who actually knows something—and therefore to command respect. Unfortunately, as long as parents and teens continue to assume that they know more than the other, they’ll continue to fight these battles forever and never make any real progress.3.Why does the author compare the parent-teen war to a border conflict?A．Both can continue for generations.B．Both are about where to draw the line.C．Neither has any clear winner.D．Neither can be put to an end.4.What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 mean?A．The teens blame their parents for starting the conflict.B．The teens agree with their parents on the cause of the conflict.C．The teens accuse their parents of misleading them.D．The teens tend to have a full understanding of their parents.5.Parents and teens want to be right because they want to ______.A．give orders to the otherB．know more than the otherC．gain respect from the otherD．get the other to behave properly6.What will the author most probably discuss in the paragraph that follows?A．Causes for the parent –teen conflicts.B．Examples of the parent –teen war.C．Solutions for the parent –teen problems.D．Future of the parent-teen relationship.【答案】3.B4.A5.C6.C【解析】试题分析：对许多父母来说，抚养孩子就像打一场持久战，但经过长年累月的战斗，依然分不出胜负。

上海中学高三英语练习II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: Read the following passage. Fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word. For the other blanks, fill in each blank with one proper word. Make sure that your answers are grammatically correct.Of the many factors that contribute to poor performance on standardized tests like the SAT, nerves and exhaustion, surprisingly, (21) ______ not rank very high. In fact, according to a new paper published in Journal of Experimental Psychology, a little anxiety – not to mention fatigue –might actually be a very good thing.The study was conducted by psychology professors Phillip Ackerman and Ruth Kanfer. They recruited 239 college freshmen, each (22) ______ (agree) to take three different versions of the SAT reasoning test (23) ______ (give) on three consecutive Saturday mornings. The tests would take three-and-a-half hours, four-and-a-half hours and five-and-a-half-hours, and would be administered in a random order to each of the students. (24) ______ (boost) the stress level in the students –who had already taken the SAT in the past and gotten into college – Ackerman and Kanfer offered a cash bonus to any volunteers who (25) ______ (beat) their high-school score.(26) ______ the test began on each of the three Saturdays, the students filled out a questionnaire that asked them about their fatigue level, mood and confidence. They completed the questionnaire again at a break in the middle of the test and once more at the end. Together, all of these provided a sort of fever chart of the students’ energy and anxiety (27) ______ the experience.When the researchers scored the results, it came as no surprise that volunteers’ fatigue and stress rose steadily (28) ______ the test got longer. (29) ______ was unexpected was their corresponding performance: as the length of the test increased, so (30) ______ the students’ scores. The average score on the three-and-a-half-hour test was 1209 out of 1600. On the four-and-a-half-hour version it was 1222; on the five-and-a-half-hour test it was 1237.Section BDirection: Complete the following passages by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Germany became the latest defending champion to crash out of the World Cup at the first hurdle, part of a trend but definitely not part of the plan when Germany arrived here.A smooth-running ___31___ machine when it won the Cup in 2014, Germany now appears in need of a reform after losing, 2-0, to South Korea here on Wednesday and saying goodbye to Russia about three weeks earlier than many expected.It has been the earliest exit for a German team at the World Cup since 1938, which seems even more ___32___ when you consider Hitler was then the country’s leader and only 15 teamsparticipated.With stars like Kroos, Mesut Özil and Mats Hummels, Germany won every match in ___33___ for this World Cup, the first German team to do so. But it could not even ___34___ it out of the group phase in Russia.There seems to be a World Cup curse at ___35___. Since the 1998 edition, the defending champion has been eliminated in the group phase on four occasions: France in 2002, Italy in 2010, Spain in 2014 and now Germany.But this team’s early exit was still a(n) ___36___ shock, and Joachim Löw, the German coach since 2006, used that same word —“schock,” in his own language —to describe the experience on Wednesday.“The ___37___ of being eliminated is just huge,” said Löw, who added that the team deserved to go out early. “It turned ___38___. I must take responsibility for this.”A four-time World Cup winner, Germany was a finalist in 2002, third in 2006 and 2010 and the champion in 2014 after dealing the host nation of Brazil a 7-1 defeat in the semifinals, the ___39___ of which still leaves many Brazilians in pain.The Germans certainly have historical company, however. The list of defending champions to lose very early shows how ___40___ it is to maintain momentum and focus with national teams whose players practice and play together much less frequently than they do with their clubs.The New York subway system is one of the largest in the world, ferrying nearly eight and a half million people around the city every week. Riders find more than ___41___ below the streets; among the dirt and the screech of the trains, there is also music. The subway system is like a free ___42___ hall, offering almost every kind of music.You never know what you might ___43___, depending on the day of the week and the particular station. At a subway platform below Pennsylvania station one afternoon recently, Rawl Mitchell, an immigrant from Trinidad and Tobago, was playing the steel drums. H e said he’s been performing in the subway since the mid-1990s. “The people do ___44___ the music,” he said. “They stand around listening and if it pleases them, they applaud and put their money in the case or whatever. They ___45___ clap and say things lik e ‘It’s nice.’ They offer me some positive feedback.”Singer-songwriter Rosateresa, who often sings on a station at 14th Street, has been at it almost as long. She moved from Puerto Rico to study classical voice several decades ago. “My ___46___ is to sing like the jilguero, a Puerto Rican bird, which wakes up the sun,” said Rosateresa.Mitchell and Rosateresa both perform ___47___, outside the transit authority’s official “Music Under New York” program, which sponsor 150 performances each week, by more tha n 200 individuals and groups.Like Rosateresa and Mitchell, Musicians who participate in “Music Under New York” ___48___ only whatever people choose to give. Opera singers Tom McNichols and Patricia Vital, part of a group called “Opera Collective”, said th ey ___49___ performing in the subways, thoughit isn’t lucrative. “Music in general is not about money, and ‘Music Under New York’ is definitely more about making opera ___50___ than it is about making a living,” McNichols said.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirection: For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.(A)You can actually catch a good mood or a bad mood from your friends, according to a recent study in the journal Royal Society Open Science. But that shouldn’t stop you from ___51___ with pals who are down in the dumps, say the study authors: ___52___, the effect isn’t large enough to push you into depression.The new study adds to a growing body of research suggesting that happiness and sadness—as well as lifestyle and behavioral factors like smoking, drinking, obesity, fitness habits and even the ability to concentrate—can ___53___ across social networks, both online and in real life. But while many ___54___ studies have only looked at friendship data at one point in time, this is one of the few that measured social and mood changes over time.The new research involved groups of junior-high and high-school students who took part in ___55___ screenings（筛查）and answered questions about their best friends, many of whom were also enrolled in the study. In total, 2,194 students were included in the ___56___, which used a mathematical model to look for connections among friend networks.Overall, kids whose friends suffered from bad moods were more ___57___ to report bad moods themselves—and they were less likely to have improved when they were screened again six months to a year later. When people had more happy friends, ___58___, their moods were more likely to improve over time.Some symptoms related to depression—like helplessness, tiredness and loss of interest—also seemed to follow this ___59___, which scientists call “social contagion.” But this isn’t something that peopl e need to ___60___, says lead author Robert Eyre, a doctoral student at the University of Warwick. Rather, it’s likely just a “___61___ empathetic response that we’re all familiar with, and something we recognize by common sense,” he says. In other words, when a friend is going through a rough patch, it makes sense that you’ll feel some of their ___62___, and it’s certainly not a reason to stay away.The study also found that having friends who were clinically depressed did not ___63___ participants’ risk of becoming depressed themselves. “Your friends do not put you at risk of illness,” says Eyre, “so a good course of action is simply to ___64___ them.” To boost both of your moods, he suggests doing things together that you both ___65___—and taking other friends along to further spread those good feelings, too.”51. A. keeping up B. making off C. hanging out D. getting away52. A. Thankfully B. Particularly C. Hopefully D. Totally53. A. increase B. generate C. delay D. spread54. A. growing B. previous C. real D. large-scale55. A. depression B. anxiety C. anger D. friendship56. A. assessment B. examination C. analysis D. exercise57. A. willing B. reluctant C. able D. likely58. A. what’s worse B. as a result C. on the other hand D. in one word59. A. prediction B. pattern C. report D. improvement60. A. worry about B. look for C. rely on D. put forward61. A. social B. normal C. rough D. certain62. A. symptoms B. responses C. recognition D. pain63. A. eliminate B. conceal C. increase D. sugarcoat64. A. enlighten B. entertain C. empower D. support65. A. enjoy B. understand C. advise D. permit(B)Many of China’s ancient architectural treasures crumbled to dust before Lin Huiyin and Liang Sicheng began documenting them in the 1930s. The husband and wife team were by far the best-known ___66___ to operate in China. Their ___67___ have since inspired generations of people to speak out for architecture threatened by the rush toward development.Becoming China’s first architectural historian s was no easy ___68___. The buildings they wanted to ___69___ were centuries old, often in shambles and located in distant parts of the country. In many cases, they had to journey through ___70___ conditions in the Chinese countryside to reach them.___71___ China’s outlying areas during the 1930s meant traveling muddy, poorly maintained roads by mule, or on foot. This was a(n) ___72___ undertaking both for Liang, who walked with a bad limp（跛）after a motorcycle accident as a young man, and Lin, who had a lung disease for years. Inns were often unimaginably dirty, food could be tainted（污染的）, and there was always ___73___ of violence from rebels, soldiers and bandits.Their greatest discovery came on an expedition in 1937 when they dated and extremely ___74___ catalogued Foguang Si, or the Temple of Buddha’s Light, in Wutai County, Shanxi Province. The breathtaking wooden temple was ___75___ in 857 A.D., making it the oldest building known in China at the time. (It is now the fourth-oldest known).Liang and Lin crawled into the temple’s most ___76___ areas to determine its age, including one aerie inhabited by thousands of bats and millions of bedbugs, covered in dust and littered with dead bats. Liang wrote of the ___77___ in an account included in “Lia ng and Lin: Partners in Exploring China’s Architectural Past,” the English-language story of their lives written by Wilma Fairbank, their close friend and correspondent.“In complete darkness and amid the ___78___ smell, hardly breathing, with thick masks covering our noses and mouths, we measured, drew, and photographed with flashlights for several hours,” Liang wrote. “When ___79___ we came out to take a breath of fresh air, we found hundreds of bedbugs in our backpack. We ourselves had been badly bitten. Yet the ___80___ and unexpectedness of our find made those the happiest hours of my years hunting for ancient architecture.”66. A. architects B. historians C. preservationists D. travellers67. A. documents B. efforts C. operations D. encouragements68. A. achievement B. dream C. determination D. breakthrough69. A. construct B. develop C. announce D. save70. A. opposing B. unexpected C. unfamiliar D. dangerous71. A. Exploring B. Touring C. Developing D. Overlooking72. A. unadvisable B. priceless C. demanding D. worthless73. A. tolerance B. accusation C. suspicion D. risk74. A. efficiently B. carefully C. merrily D. creatively75. A. built B. ruined C. discovered D. recorded76. A. untidy B. ancient C. forgotten D. important77. A. crawl B. experience C. prospection D. exploitation78. A. unknown B. disgusting C. hard D. thick79. A. at last B. in contrast C. in result D. with effort80. A. misery B. result C. reflection D. importanceSection BDirection: Read the following passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them in passage A, B and C, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Sandra Bo ynton, a children’s author, has in more recent years branched out into kids music. Her most recent album Hog Wild!, for example, features Samuel L. Jackson as a Tyrannosaurus Rex. She talked in an interview about how to tap into kids' imaginations and how to make scary things less threatening for them.In your years of writing and illustrating children’s books, have you noticed anything that really sparks a child’s imagination?I think maybe there’s no basic difference between what fascinates a child and w hat fascinates the rest of us. We’re all drawn to things that wake us up, things that grab our attention through our hearing or our sight or our sense of touch. We’re curious about the world as it is, and we’re curious about what could be. Imagination foll ows curiosity pretty naturally.It doesn’t feel to me like it’s been a long time that I’ve been drawing and writing things. It doesn’t feel like a short time, either. It just feels like what I do. I make things. I’m a permanent Kindergartner, I guess.You often take a threatening figure like a Tyrannosaurus Rex or a monster and make him cute. Do you have any suggestions for how to make children less afraid of things?Actually, I think kids kind of like being afraid of things, as long as someone calm is right there with reassurance. Hugging helps.What have you learned about childhood from writing kids’ books?Accessing childhood has actually never been that hard. It’s adulthood that’s still perplexing.I would guess that most children’s book writers are that way. I’m really writing books and making music for my own child-self. But I’m certainly delighted and grateful that my books work for people other than just me. It keeps me from having to find an actual job.A lot of authors are worried that children spend too much time on digital devices rather than with books, but you seem to have embraced it. Why?When the interactive book app universe was new, I was, as a creator of things, curious. My background is theater, and I thought it could be interesting to try to figure out how to createcontent that’s both theater-like and book-like. I found a superb partner in this, the insanely ingenious Loud Crow Interactive in Vancouver. We worked intensively together for a couple of years and made five very cool apps. I’m proud of them. But now, having too often seen very young kids sitting idly, staring at screens, I have my doubts.81.What does Sandra Boynton think about imagination?A. It fascinates both adults and children.B. It can be waken up by attention to senses.C. It can be naturally aroused out of curiosity.D. It lasts for long in a permanent kindergartner.82.When writing children’s books, Sandra ______.A. finds herself confused about remembering childhoodB. agrees with other book writers that writing is hardC. puts herself in a child’s place and thinks like a childD. is delighted that she doesn’t need to find another job83.Sandra thinks the apps she made with her partner were cool because they were ______.A. new ways to increase interactions between usersB. interactive by combining theatre and bookC. beneficial with the content both theatre-like and book-likeD. created by an insanely ingenious expert and friend84.We can conclude from the interview that ______.A. Sandra is good at making a threatening figure cuteB. kids are always calm instead of being afraid of thingsC. digital devices have been embraced by most of the authorsD. there were no interactive book apps before Sandra’s appsCaroline LeavittCruel Beautiful WorldSteven PriceBy GaslightGeFeiThe Invisibility CloakTim HarfordMessy85.Which author does NOT tell a story in his / her work listed above?A. Caroline LeavittB. Steven PriceC. GeFeiD. Tim Harford86.Jack is an American who would like everything to be neat and tidy. He loves reading novelswith ironic humor and detective stories. He is going to work and live in Beijing for the next three years, and he is very curious about the place he is soon heading to. Which book will he most likely choose to read now?A. Cruel Beautiful WorldB. By GaslightC. The Invisibility CloakD. Messy87.This page is intended for people who want to ______.A. buy newly-published books at a discountB. recommend books to friends and familyC. know what books are worthwhile to readD. understand the current trend in literature(C)To be really happy and really safe, one ought to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real. It is no use starting late in life to say “I will take an interest in this or that.” Such an attempt only aggravates the strain of mental effort. A man may acquire great knowledge of topics unconnected with his daily work, and yet hardly get any benefit or relief. It is no use doing what you like; you have got to like what you do.Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death and those who are bored to death. It is no use offering the manual labourer, tired out with a hard week’s sweat and effort, the chance of playing a game of football or baseball on Saturday afternoon. It is no use inviting the politician or the professional or business man, who has been working or worrying about serious things for six days, to work or worry about trifling things at the weekend. As for the unfortunate people who can command everything they want, who can gratify every caprice and lay their hands on almost every object of desire — for them a new pleasure, a new excitement is only an additional satiation. In vain they rush frantically round from place to place, trying to escape from the avenging boredom by mere clatter and motion. For them discipline in one form or another is the most hopeful path.It may also be said that rational, industrious, useful human beings are divided into two classes: first, those whose work is work and whose pleasure is pleasure; and secondly, those whose work and pleasure are one. Of these the former are the majority. They have their compensations. The long hours in the office or the factory bring with them as their reward, not only the means of sustenance, but a keen appetite for pleasure even in its simplest and most modest forms. But Fortune’s favoured children belong to the second class. Their life is a natural harmony. For them the working hours are never long enough. Each day is a holiday, and ordinary holidays when they come are grudged as enforced interruptions in an absorbing vocation. Yet to both classes the need of an alternative outlook, of a change of atmosphere, of a diversion of effort, is essential. Indeed, it may well be that those whose work is their pleasure are those who most need the means of banishing it at intervals from their mind.88.What does “are toiled” in the 2nd paragraph mean?A. have hobbiesB. feel pleasedC. work very hardD. are busy89.Which is NOT true based on the first two paragraphs?A. Being late in life to attempt to cultivate hobbies adds to mental stress.B. Great knowledge irrelevant to the daily work can’t guarantee benefit.C. Those tired out for a week’s labour are reluctant to play football on weekends.D. Unfortunate people need discipline to help them build up hope.90.For those whose work is work and whose pleasure is pleasure, they ______.A. are very willing to work long hours in the office or the factoryB. earn a large amount of money due to their hard work for a long timeC. are keen to enjoy the pleasure when they are off dutyD. usually enjoy themselves in the simplest and most modest forms91.Which statement will the author agree with according to the 3rd paragraph?A. The first class are lazy and the second class are bound to succeed.B. The second class never need holidays because their life is harmonious.C. The minority are more favoured by fortune because they never stop working.D. One really needs alternation for a change in order to work better.(D)Ladies and gentlemen,I feel that this award was not made to me as a man, but to my work - a life's work in the agony（痛苦）and sweat of the human spirit. But I would like to use this moment as a climax from which I might be listened to by the young men and women already dedicated to the same agony and sweat, among whom is already that one who will someday stand here where I am standing.Our tragedy today is a general and universal physical fear so long sustained by now that we can even bear it. Because of this, the young man or woman writing today has forgotten the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself which alone can make good writing because only that is worth writing about, worth the agony and the sweat.He, the writer, must learn them again. He must teach himself that the worst of all things is to be afraid; and, teaching himself that, forget it forever, leaving no room in his workshop for anything but the old truths of the heart, the old universal truths lacking which any story is short-lived and doomed - love and honor and pity and pride and sympathy and sacrifice. Until he does so, he labors under a curse（诅咒）. He writes not of love but of desire, of defeats in which nobody loses anything of value, of victories without hope and, worst of all, without pity or sympathy. His griefs grieve on no universal bones, leaving no scars. He writes not of the heart but of the glands（腺体）.Until he relearns these things, he will write as though he stood among and watched the end of man. I decline to accept the end of man. It is easy enough to say that man is immortal simply because he will endure. I refuse to accept this. I believe that man will not merely endure: he will prevail. He is immortal, not because he alone among creatures has an inexhaustible voice, but because he has a soul, a spirit capable of sympathy and sacrifice and endurance. The poet's, the writer's, duty is to write about these things. It is his privilege to help man endure by lifting his heart, by reminding him of the courage and honor and hope and pride and sympathy and pity and sacrifice which have been the glory of his past. The poet's voice need not merely be the record of man, it can be one of the pillars to help him endure and prevail.92.The word “that” in the 2nd paragraph probably means ______.A. the agony and sweat of the human spiritB. the general and universal physical fearC. the sustenance and endurance for a long timeD. the human heart in conflict with itself93.According to the speaker, the old truths of the heart are so important that ______.A. they are love, honor, pity, pride, sympathy and sacrificeB. they prolong a writer’s life and protect him from cursesC. they are the soul of a real and powerful piece of writingD. they can effectively stop the trend towards the end of man94.How can poets / writers help man endure and prevail?A. By inspiring man with his past glories through words.B. By helping man endure the end through endless voices.C. By recording sympathy, sacrifice and endurance in his soul.D. By building spiritual pillars through immortal hearts.95.The speaker may probably agree that ______.A. the award was not fair because his life was too painfulB. young writers now are too fearful to bear the agony and sweatC. the biggest obstacle to good writing is the writer’s fearD. writing about man’s soul signals his final prevalence(E)By now you’ve probably heard about the “you’re not special” speech, when English teacher David McCullough told graduating seniors at Wellesley High School: “Do not get the idea you’re anything special, because you’re not.” Mothers and fathers present a t the ceremony —and a whole lot of other parents across the Internet —took issue with McCullough’s ego-puncturing words. But lost in the uproar was something we really should be taking to heart: our young people actually have no idea whether they’re part icularly talented or accomplished or not. In our eagerness to elevate their self-esteem, we forgot to teach them how to realistically assess their own abilities, a crucial requirement for getting better at anything from math to music to sports. In fact, it’s not just privileged high-school students: we all tend to view ourselves as above average.Such inflated self-judgments have been found in study after study, and it’s often exactly when we’re least competent at a given task that we rate our performance m ost generously. In a 2006 study published in the journal Medical Education, for example, medical students who scored the lowest on an essay test were the most charitable in their self-evaluations, while high-scoring students judged themselves much more stringently. Poor students, the authors note, “lack insight” into their own inadequacy. Why should this be? Another study, led by Cornell University psychologist David Dunning, offers an enlightening explanation. People who are incompetent, he writes with coa uthor Justin Kruger, suffer from a “dual burden”: they’re not good at what they do, and their very ineptness prevents them from recognizing how bad they are.In Dunning and Kruger’s study, subjects scoring at the bottom of the heap on tests of logic, gramm ar and humor “extremely overestimated” their talents. Although their test scores put them in the 12th percentile, they guessed they were in the 62nd. What these individuals lacked (in addition to clear logic, proper grammar and a sense of humor) was “metacognitive skill”: the capacity to monitor how well they’re performing. In the absence of that capacity, the subjects arrived at an overly hopeful view of their own abilities. There’s a paradox here, the authors note: “The skills that engender competence in a particular domain are often the very same skills necessary to evaluate competence in that domain.” In other words, to get better at judging how well we’re doing at an activity, we have to get better at the activity itself.There are a couple of ways out of this double bind. First, we can learn to make honest comparisons with others. Train yourself to recognize excellence, even when you yourself don’t possess it, and compare what you can do against what truly excellent individuals are able to accomplish. Second, seek out feedback that is frequent, accurate and specific. Find a critic who will tell you not only how poorly you’re doing, but just what it is that you’re doing wrong. As Dunning and Kruger note, success indicates to us that everything went right, but failure is more。

2018-2019学年上海中学⾼三上英语摸底考上海中学⾼三英语练习II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: Read the following passage. Fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word. For the other blanks, fill in each blank with one proper word. Make sure that your answers are grammatically correct.Of the many factors that contribute to poor performance on standardized tests like the SAT, nerves and exhaustion, surprisingly, (21) ______ not rank very high. In fact, according to a new paper published in Journal of Experimental Psychology, a little anxiety – not to mention fatigue –might actually be a very good thing.The study was conducted by psychology professors Phillip Ackerman and Ruth Kanfer. They recruited 239 college freshmen, each (22) ______ (agree) to take three different versions of the SAT reasoning test (23) ______ (give) on three consecutive Saturday mornings. The tests would take three-and-a-half hours, four-and-a-half hours and five-and-a-half-hours, and would be administered in a random order to each of the students. (24) ______ (boost) the stress level in the students –who had already taken the SAT in the past and gotten into college – Ackerman and Kanfer offered a cash bonus to any volunteers who (25) ______ (beat) their high-school score.(26) ______ the test began on each of the three Saturdays, the students filled out a questionnaire that asked them about their fatigue level, mood and confidence. They completed the questionnaire again at a break in the middle of the test and once more at the end. Together, all of these provided a sort of fever chart of the students’ energy and anxiety (27) ______ the experience.When the researchers scored the results, it came as no surprise that volunteers’ fatigue and stress rose steadily (28) ______ the test got longer. (29) ______ was unexpected was their corresponding performance: as the length of the test increased, so (30) ______ the students’ scores. The average score on the three-and-a-half-hour test was 1209 out of 1600. On the four-and-a-half-hour version it was 1222; on the five-and-a-half-hour test it was 1237.Section BDirection: Complete the following passages by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Germany became the latest defending champion to crash out of the World Cup at the first hurdle, part of a trend but definitely not part of the plan when Germany arrived here.A smooth-running ___31___ machine when it won the Cup in 2014, Germany now appears in need of a reform after losing, 2-0, to South Korea here on Wednesday and saying goodbye to Russia about three weeks earlier than many expected.It has been the earliest exit for a German team at the World Cup since 1938, which seems even more ___32___ when you consider Hitler was then the country’s leader and only 15 teamsparticipated.With stars like Kroos, Mesut ?zil and Mats Hummels, Germany won every match in ___33___ for this World Cup, the first German team to do so. But it could not even ___34___ it out of the group phase in Russia.There seems to be a World Cup curse at ___35___. Since the 1998 edition, the defending champion has been eliminated in the group phase on four occasions: France in 2002, Italy in 2010, Spain in 2014 and now Germany.But this team’s early exit was still a(n) ___36___ shock, and Joachim L?w, the German coach since 2006, used that same word —“schock,” in his own language —to describe the experience on Wednesday.“The ___37___ of being eliminated is just huge,” said L?w, who added that the team deserved to go out early. “It turned___38___. I must take responsibility for this.”A four-time World Cup winner, Germany was a finalist in 2002, third in 2006 and 2010 and the champion in 2014 after dealing the host nation of Brazil a 7-1 defeat in the semifinals, the ___39___ of which still leaves many Brazilians in pain.The Germans certainly have historical company, however. The list of defending champions to lose very early shows how___40___ it is to maintain momentum and focus with national teams whose players practice and play together much less frequently than they do with their clubs.The New York subway system is one of the largest in the world, ferrying nearly eight and a half million people around the city every week. Riders find more than ___41___ below the streets; among the dirt and the screech of the trains, there is also music. The subway system is like a free ___42___ hall, offering almost every kind of music.You never know what you might ___43___, depending on the day of the week and the particular station. At a subway platform below Pennsylvania station one afternoon recently, Rawl Mitchell, an immigrant from Trinidad and Tobago, was playing the steel drums. H e said he’s been performing in the subway since the mid-1990s. “The people do ___44___ the music,” he said. “They stand around listening and if it pleases them, they applaud and put their money in the case or whatever. They ___45___ clap and say things lik e ‘It’s nice.’ They offer me some positive feedback.”Singer-songwriter Rosateresa, who often sings on a station at 14th Street, has been at it almost as long. She moved from Puerto Rico to study classical voice several decades ago. “My ___46___ is to sing like the jilguero, a Puerto Rican bird, which wakes up the sun,” said Rosateresa.Mitchell and Rosateresa both perform ___47___, outside the transit authority’s official “Music Under New York” program, which sponsor 150 performances each week, by more tha n 200 individuals and groups.Like Rosateresa and Mitchell, Musicians who participate in “Music Under New York” ___48___ only whatever people choose to give. Opera singers Tom McNichols and Patricia Vital, part of a group called “Opera Collective”, said th ey___49___ performing in the subways, thoughit isn’t lucrative. “Music in general is not about money, and ‘Music Under New York’ is definitely more about making opera___50___ than it is about making a living,” McNichols said.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirection: For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.(A)You can actually catch a good mood or a bad mood from your friends, according to a recent study in the journal Royal Society Open Science. But that shouldn’t stop you from ___51___ with pals who are down in the dumps, say the study authors: ___52___, the effect isn’t large enough to push you into depression.The new study adds to a growing body of research suggesting that happiness and sadness—as well as lifestyle and behavioral factors like smoking, drinking, obesity, fitness habits and even the ability to concentrate—can ___53___ across social networks, both online and in real life. But while many ___54___ studies have only looked at friendship data at one point in time, this is one of the few that measured social and mood changes over time.The new research involved groups of junior-high and high-school students who took part in ___55___ screenings（筛查）and answered questions about their best friends, many of whom were also enrolled in the study. In total, 2,194 students were included in the ___56___, which used a mathematical model to look for connections among friend networks.Overall, kids whose friends suffered from bad moods were more ___57___ to report bad moods themselves—and they were less likely to have improved when they were screened again six months to a year later. When people had more happy friends, ___58___, their moods were more likely to improve over time.Some symptoms related to depression—like helplessness, tiredness and loss of interest—also seemed to follow this___59___, which scientists call “social contagion.” But this isn’t something that peopl e need to ___60___, says lead author Robert Eyre, a doctoral student at the University of Warwick. Rather, it’s likely just a “___61___ empathetic response that we’re all familiar with, and something we recognize by common sense,” he says. In other words, when a friend is going through a rough patch, it makes sense that you’ll feel some of their ___62___, and it’s certainly not a reason to stay away. The study also found that having friends who were clinically depressed did not ___63___ participants’ risk of becoming depressed themselves. “Your friends do not put you at risk of illness,” says Eyre, “so a good course of action is simply to___64___ them.” To boost both of your moods, he suggests doing things together that you both ___65___—and taking other friends along to further spread those good feelings, too.”51. A. keeping up B. making off C. hanging out D. getting away52. A. Thankfully B. Particularly C. Hopefully D. Totally53. A. increase B. generate C. delay D. spread54. A. growing B. previous C. real D. large-scale55. A. depression B. anxiety C. anger D. friendship56. A. assessment B. examination C. analysis D. exercise57. A. willing B. reluctant C. able D. likely58. A. what’s worse B. as a result C. on the other hand D. in one word59. A. prediction B. pattern C. report D. improvement60. A. worry about B. look for C. rely on D. put forward61. A. social B. normal C. rough D. certain62. A. symptoms B. responses C. recognition D. pain63. A. eliminate B. conceal C. increase D. sugarcoat64. A. enlighten B. entertain C. empower D. support65. A. enjoy B. understand C. advise D. permit(B)Many of China’s ancient architectural treasures crumbled to dust before Lin Huiyin and Liang Sicheng began documenting them in the 1930s. The husband and wife team were by far the best-known ___66___ to operate in China. Their ___67___ have since inspired generations of people to speak out for architecture threatened by the rush toward development. Becoming China’s first architectural historian s was no easy ___68___. The buildings they wanted to ___69___ were centuries old, often in shambles and located in distant parts of the country. In many cases, they had to journey through___70___ conditions in the Chinese countryside to reach them.___71___ China’s outlying areas during the 1930s meant traveling muddy, poorly maintained roads by mule, or on foot. This was a(n) ___72___ undertaking both for Liang, who walked with a bad limp（跛）after a motorcycle accident as a young man, and Lin, who had a lung disease for years. Inns were often unimaginably dirty, food could be tainted（污染的）, and there was always ___73___ of violence from rebels, soldiers and bandits.Their greatest discovery came on an expedition in 1937 when they dated and extremely ___74___ catalogued Foguang Si, or the Temple of Buddha’s Light, in Wutai County, Shanxi Province. The breathtaking wooden temple was ___75___ in 857 A.D., making it the oldest building known in China at the time. (It is now the fourth-oldest known).Liang and Lin crawled into the temple’s most ___76___ areas to determine its age, including one aerie inhabited by thousands of bats and millions of bedbugs, covered in dust and littered with dead bats. Liang wrote of the ___77___ in an account included in “Lia ng and Lin: Partners in Exploring China’s Architectural Past,” the English-language story of their lives written by Wilma Fairbank, their close friend and correspondent.“In complete darkness and amid the ___78___ smell, hardly breathing, with thick masks covering our noses and mouths, we measured, drew, and photographed with flashlights for several hours,” Liang wrote. “When ___79___ we came out to take a breath of fresh air, we found hundreds of bedbugs in our backpack. We ourselves had been badly bitten. Yet the ___80___ and unexpectedness of our find made those the happiest hours of my years hunting for ancient architecture.”66. A. architects B. historians C. preservationists D. travellers67. A. documents B. efforts C. operations D. encouragements68. A. achievement B. dream C. determination D. breakthrough69. A. construct B. develop C. announce D. save70. A. opposing B. unexpected C. unfamiliar D. dangerous71. A. Exploring B. Touring C. Developing D. Overlooking72. A. unadvisable B. priceless C. demanding D. worthless73. A. tolerance B. accusation C. suspicion D. risk74. A. efficiently B. carefully C. merrily D. creatively75. A. built B. ruined C. discovered D. recorded76. A. untidy B. ancient C. forgotten D. important77. A. crawl B. experience C. prospection D. exploitation78. A. unknown B. disgusting C. hard D. thick79. A. at last B. in contrast C. in result D. with effort80. A. misery B. result C. reflection D. importanceSection BDirection: Read the following passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them in passage A, B and C, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Sandra Bo ynton, a children’s author, has in more recent years branched out into kids music. Her most recent album Hog Wild!, for example, features Samuel L. Jackson as a Tyrannosaurus Rex. She talked in an interview about how to tap into kids' imaginations and how to make scary things less threatening for them.In your years of writing and illustrating children’s books, have you noticed anything that really sparks a child’s imagination?I think maybe there’s no basic difference between what fascinates a child and w hat fascinates the rest of us. We’re all drawn to things that wake us up, things that grab our attention through our hearing or our sight or our sense of touch. We’re curious about the world as it is, and we’re curious about what could be. Imagination foll ows curiosity pretty naturally.It doesn’t feel to me like it’s been a long time that I’ve been drawing and writing things. It doesn’t feel like a short time, either. It just feels like what I do. I make things. I’m a permanent Kindergartner, I guess.You often take a threatening figure like a Tyrannosaurus Rex or a monster and make him cute. Do you have any suggestions for how to make children less afraid of things?Actually, I think kids kind of like being afraid of things, as long as someone calm is right there with reassurance. Hugging helps.What have you learned about childhood from writing kids’ books?Accessing childhood has actually never been that hard. It’s adulthood that’s still perplexing.I would guess that most children’s book writers are that way. I’m really writing books and making music for my own child-self. But I’m certainly delighted and grateful that my books work for people other than just me. It keeps me from having to find an actual job.A lot of authors are worried that children spend too much time on digital devices rather than with books, but you seem to have embraced it. Why?When the interactive book app universe was new, I was, as a creator of things, curious. My background is theater, and I thought it could be interesting to try to figure out how to create。

上海交通大学附属中学2018-2019学年高三第一学期摸底考试英语试卷（考试时间120分钟；满分140分）第I卷Ⅰ. VocabularyDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.(A)1-5 BD A BC ABC D 6-10 B AB CB AC CTeenagers seem more likely to give in to peer influence than adults, but that may not be because teens are less 1 of making rational decisions themselves, studies on peer pressure suggest.Research finds people are strikingly susceptible to influences teenagers, but to what degree varies widely. In a growing body of work, scientists suggest that teens are more 2 to peer pressure than adults because they get greater pleasure from behavior they experience as rewarding. They tend to find being liked by other people very pleasing.Peer influence during adolescence is normal. During that time, people experience an increase in novelty-seeking, 3 by interest in exploring a new environment. This peer influence tends to 4 around age 15 and then decline. Teens get better at setting boundaries with peers by age 18, according to Laurence Steinberg, a psychology professor at Temple University.In years past, people thought teens didn’t have fully 5 frontal lobes (额叶), the part of the brain critical for decision-making and other more complex cognitive tasks. But an increasing amount of research seems to show that teens are able to make decisions as well as adults when they are not overwhelmed 6 with emotions.Peer pressure is often seen as negative, and indeed it can 7 teens into unhealthy behavior like smoking or speeding. But it can also lead to 8 in more useful social behavior. If peers value doing well in school or excelling at sports, for instance, it might encourage kids to study or train harder. And both peer pressure and learning to 9 it are important developmental steps to self-reliance, experts say.Facing the influence of friends represents an important developmental step for teens on their way to becoming independent-thinking adults, scientists say.In order for kids to develop the ability to stand up to peer pressure, parents have to let their children stand up to them, too, according to Dr. Steinberg. “If you’re the kind of parent that raises your children with the ‘do it because I said so’ 10 , you’re raising a child who’s going to be more susceptible to others saying, ‘Do this,’” he says.(B)1-5 CD C A D AC 6-10 ABC BC AB B BDStudents Honor 9/11 Through VolunteeringIn the days after Sept. 11, 2001, thousands poured into Ground Zero to lend their hands in one of the largest recovery efforts(恢复经济) in American history. Now, 12 years later, colleges are finding ways to channel（疏通）the same 1 into service projects in their own communities on September 11th."9/11 is such a(n) __2__ touchstone（试金石）for our country, I think people want to find ways to do something, and students as well," says Kevin Kruger, president of the student affairs group. "The idea of giving something back to the __3__ ties in well to（密切配合）the emotional significance of that."Though no corner of the country was untouched by the terrorist attacks, they especially rocked （晃动）New York University on 9/11. Less than two miles from Ground Zero, students__4__ the plane-on-tower impact from their dorm rooms. The university coordinated（协调）shelters and counseling（提供建议）in the days afterward.Because of this, NYU public affairs director Philip Lentz says the volunteer work the students do this week has a "special relevance（关联）." Students today __5__ at a rescue mission, wrote cards for soldiers and veterans（老兵）and made donations for the families of victims and first responders （现场目击者）on 9/11."NYU feels it has a special __6__ to offer this service opportunity to students that are here so they can give back to the community that was so devastated（毁灭）by the attacks," Lentz says.Similar deeds have been taking place in George Washington University in Washington, D.C. "For the past five years at GW, freshmen have boarded buses immediately after their official welcome __7__ in early September to head for the nation's financial capital and volunteer in __8__ that aid the environment, education, veterans and community organizations," says Amy Cohen, theuniversity's director for civic engagement and public service."We hope that students will learn that community __9__ is part of how we build strong communities and a vibrant __10__ society," Cohen wrote in an e-mail to USA TODAY. "We ask students to reflect on the tragedy of 9/11 and to use this day as a way to show civic engagement and community building."Ⅰ. Reading comprehension.Section ADirections:For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C, D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.(A)Harvard LibraryIf we compare professors and students to the host of a university, then the library of a university can be compared to the hallway. The quality of a university, 1 , is in direct proportion to that of its library. At Harvard，the library is an essential part of everybody's life. Both the quantity and the 2 of the library make study a pleasant process.Harvard Library is not only the most ancient library in the United States, but the largest university library with the largest scale. In 1638 John Harvard 3 his whole library to the then Harvard College. After 300 years of development, the library now holds 10 million books and 4 more than 100 branch libraries. In addition to the libraries owned by each school, there are some branch libraries that are 5 in some aspects. While most of the branch libraries are on Harvard campus, some are as far as in Washington, D.C., or even in Florence of Italy. Yenching Library is famous for its 6 of East Asian literature. Lamont Library is the first library in the world that is 7 for undergraduates. Widener Library is the largest library in Harvard, only second to Library of Congress.What 8 to be mentioned is the system or rather theservice of the libraries. Usually the libraries are open from 9 a.m. to 5p.m.. The main libraries are open until 10 p.m.. The libraries forundergraduates will even be open all night during the 9period. The libraries also provide with students the service of 10 reading materials for all courses. At the beginning of a semester, each teacher will give a list of books to the librarians. The librarians are 11 to find out these books and put them at the places where students can easily find them.There is no limitation for the number of books that students can borrow. As the space for thelibrary is limited, many books are 12 in suburban library. Despite this, students can go to fetch the book at the 13 library within 24 hours after they submit request for that book. Even if there is only one book to be fetched from the suburban library, the libraries on campus will send someone to do the job. This kind of 14 which put readers in the first place is rare even in Ivy League. Therefore, study at Harvard will be a(n) 15 experience.A）1-5 BCADB 6-10 ACDAB 11-15 DCABD1. A. as a result B. to some extent C. on the contrary D. at all times2. A. influence B. discipline C. quality D. prospect3. A. donated B. assigned C. adapted D. distributed4. A. contains B. composes C. involves D. includes5. A. informative B. different C. secure D. peculiar6. A. collections B. documents C. phenomena D. exhibitions7. A. unusually B. formally C. specially D. especially8. A. remains B. happens C. appears D. deserves9. A. examination B. experiment C. vacation D. graduation10. A. confirming B. preparing C. selecting D. designing11. A. desperate B. willing C. reluctant D. responsible12. A. exhibited B. reserved C. stored D. classified13. A. appointed B. accepted C. expected D. restricted14. A. performance B. service C. activity D. response15. A. fortunate B. creative C. positive D. enjoyable(B)Instead of cruising in on a hoverboard, I rode my bike to the office today. The bicycle was invented in the 19th century. Instead of taking a pill for breakfast, I had a bacon roll, cooked using gas. Science fiction has 1 to us.Making predictions is tricky, especially about the future, as physicist Niels Bohr joked. In science fiction, you can't escape that 2 though. Since its birth in the 19th century, writers have 3 imagined the things to come: devices that humankind will invent to make life easier. But in so many instances, those promises have not come to pass. The biggest 4 are in travel--jet packs, hoverboards and flying cars are yet to fill the skies. Air travel has become significantly cheaper and wide-reaching, but only using distinctly 20th-century technology: commercial aero planes are much the same as they were 50 years ago.5 is what science fiction frequently delivers, but its arrival in the real world has been unpredictable. Domestic robots with a degree of intelligence are yet to6 , though robotic vacuum cleaners are commercially available--even if they are fairly hopeless. Video calls have now arrived--sort of--but conferencing on Skype is still dissatisfying. In mobiles, video call technology is now available, so when your dad rings to update you on his vegetable patch, he'll be able to7 your look of boredom.The truth is that we quickly 8 the astonishment of invention: our wonderment is soon replaced with the feeling of nothing new. We should ty to stay in that period of 9 . It is astonishing that the contents of every book ever written can be stored in a small box. Or that you can carry 10,000 albums on an object kept in your pocket. Or that almost all the information in the world can be accessed almost anywhere at any time. All these 10 are dependent on the emergence of the microchip and its place in computers. Yet sci-fi didn’t 11 the dominance of the computer in running our lives.But the real area where 12 far outstrips predictions is medicine. Sure, fiction would describe humans as ‘disease-free’ but without going into detail. “Disease-fee” humans are still absent, but the progress made in 13 life is breathtaking. With relative ease, we can sequence anyone's genome (基因组), giving a read-out of our entire genetic code. This means we can find out the underlying genetic cause of thousands of diseases in minutes.Photosensitive implants now exist that can replace damaged cells in the retina (视网膜) and can thus 14 sight to the blind. While the inventions of science fiction can show great ideas we’d like to happen, nothing 15 the inventiveness of people in the real world.B）1-5 BBDAC 6-10 ACCBD 11-15 ADACD1. A. tuned B. lied C. objected D. talked2. A. opportunity B. challenge C. Imagination D. conflict3. A. hesitantly B. critically C. temporarily D. tirelessly4. A. disappointments B. advancements C. enjoyments D. experiments5. A. Modernization B. Exploration C. Automation D. Transportation6. A. materialize B. identify C. honour D. liberate7. A. imagine B. feel C. see D. ignore8. A. arouse B. discover C. forget D. evaluate9. A. frustration B. amazement C. boredom D. limitation10. A. modes B. worries C. potentials D. actions11. A. predict B. overlook C. motivate D. prevent12. A. quality B. obstacle C. passion D. reality13. A. maintaining B. creating C. researching D. encountering14. A. show B. lend C. restore D. label15. A. guarantees B. overestimates C. releases D. OutperformsSection BDirections:Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)In his book The Tipping Point Canadian author Malcolm Gladwell explains how a trend can take many forms. It can be a general change in social behaviour, an idea or a fashion. However, why do some trends catch on and others not? What makes one particular brand of training shoe suddenly become the must-have product? How do people find out about trends and what makes people want to buy into them? Is it simply a question of keeping up with other people?In his new work, Gladwell explores the moment when something becomes common and how products, ideas messages and forms of behaviour spread. He looks at the reasons why trends are similar in the way they develop to outbreaks of disease, or medical epidemics.Epidemics, like trends, start in a very small way, maybe from a single person with a virus, then spread very quickly until they take over the population and appear to be everywhere. Eventually, they will slowdown gradually or die out suddenly. Gladwell shows how these changes happen not gradually but at one dramatic moment.Gladwell identifies three types of people who are influential in the development of these kinds of social epidemics.Connectors are people in a community who have wide social circles. They know a lot of people and like to introduce people to catch other. The people they know also tend to come from a variety of social, cultural professional and economic circles.Mavens are people with a lot of knowledge or experts in a particular field. They wish to pass on their knowledge to others. Mavens collect and gather information so are the first to pick up on new trends.Salesmen are people with charisma and powerful negotiation skills. They have a soft influence over people rather than actual power. This means they are influential because people want to imitate them.Overall, Gladwell's book is a thought-provoking read for anyone interested in the origins oftrends. What's more, he writes in a clear style so even the most difficult ideas are easy to understand.71.According to Gladwell, which of the following is a similarity between trends and epidemics?A. Both of them start from nowhereB. Both of them die out in a short timeC. Both of them become popular overnightD. Both of them change he way people think72. What can be concluded from the passage about The Tipping Point?A. It is the writers first book to touch on social phenomenaB. It is intended to introduce the trends that once took overC. It deals with the ideas that most people identify withD. It explores How a trend originates and spreads73. The passage is most likely to beA. an adver sementB. a reviewC. a news reportD. a feature story74. Salesmen work in the development of trends by means ofA people intention to follow themB the way they gather informationD. their influence on the trendsC. their professional knowledge（B）(*Please purchase a ticket before boarding the coach75. On December 25th, 2014, the first coach from, Heathrow Terminal I to Reading departs at____.A.7:15B.7:00C.6:50D.6:3576. If you are to reach Terminal 2 of the Heathrow Airport before 10: 00 a.m., you need to get to Reading Station not later than____.A $. 30am B.8:45am C.9:00a,m. D.9:15a.m77. The information leaflet is produced by____.A. ReadingB. IntercityC. Railair LinkD. Heathrow Airport(C)As students are discussing their favorite colleges, there’s one characteristic they can’t control their race. That’s one reason voters, courts and politicians in six states have outlawed racial preferences in college admissions, while other colleges, fearful-of lawsuits, play down their affirmative action efforts these days. But make no mistake race still matters. How much depends on the school and the state.In: Texas, public universities have managed to reduce the effect of racial-preference bans by automatically admitting the top 10% of the graduating class of every high school, including those schools where most students are minorities. But Rice University in Houston, private and highly selective, has had to reinvent its admissions strategies to maintain the schools minority enrollment. Each February, 80 to 90 black, Hispanic(西班牙裔) and Native American kids visit Rice on an expenses-paid trip. Rice urges headmasters from high schools with large minority populations to recommend qualified students. And in the fall, Rice sends two recruiters on the road to find minority applicants; each recruiter visits about 80 mainly black or Hispanic high schools. Two weeks ago, Rice recruiter Tamara Siler dropped in on Westlake High in Atlanta, where 99% of the 1296 students are black. Siler went hearing literature and advice, and though only two kids showed up, she said: "Tm pleased I got two."Rice has also turned to some almost comical end-runs around the spirit of the law. The university used to award a yearly scholarship to a Mexican-American student; now it goes to a student who speaks Spanish really well. Admissions officers no longer know an applicant’s race. But a new essay question asks about each student "background" and "cultural traditions". When Rice officials read applications, they look for "diverse life experiences and what they awkwardly call "overcome students", who have triumphed over hardship.Last spring, admissions readers came across a student whose SAT score was lower than 1,200 and who did not rank in the top 10% of her class. Numerically speaking, she was far behind mostaccepted applicants: But her essay and recommendations indicated a strong interest in civil rights and personal experience with racial discrimination. She was admitted. All the newspapers say affirmative action is done, “says an experienced adviser at a large New York City high school. But nothing has changed. I have a(minority)kid at Yale with an SAT score in the high 900s.78. What does the word outlaw"(in Para. 1)most probably mean?A. supportB. consider D. hateC. ban79. What can we infer from the passage about affirmative action?A. It guarantees students, of different races to be admitted equally.B It discriminates against minority students in college admissions.C. It gives preference to minority students in college admissions.D. It is popular with American colleges but not with the American public80. Why does Rice University send two recruiters to find minority applicants?A. Rice has a large minority populationB: Rice wants to maintain its minority enrollmentC Minority students do not favor Rice very muchD. Minority students have better school performance81. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A: Here Comes Equality at LastB. Yes. Your Race Still MattersC. Well Done. Affirmative ActionD. Minorities Are Still a Minority in Universities(D)Direction: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box.Sleep in a BoxHaving a newborn can be discouraging and troublesome. What do you need to buy? How will you get the baby to sleep? And how will you pay for everything? Could the answers to these worries lie in a “baby box"?The baby box has taken the world by storm, but what is it? Well, it originated in Finland in thel930s as a kind of basic items for parents-to-be. The box, provided by the government, contains supplies, such as bibs, nappies, and teething toys. It also comes with a small mattress, which is placed in the bottom of the box to create the baby’s first small bed. Now, the idea of putting a child to sleep inbox may shock some. 82_______ the box has been a huge success and is said to be one of the main reasons why the death rate of infants in Finland is so low.A few years ago, stories of the Finnish baby box went relating to viruses. Other countries around the world have since caught onto the idea and adapted it to suit local needs. For example, in South Africa, the box is made of plastic and can be used as a bath rather than a bed. A(83* The version tested in India includes other appropriate supplies, such as a mosquito het to protect babies from malaria(疟疾).In Canada, additions to the baby box include a bed-side assistance booklet “to help fathers connect with their babies, Written in the style of a car-repair manual, the booklet offers first-time dads helpful advice on matters such as how to burp(使打嗝)their child. 84________ I wanted to make that moment available to all parents,” said Morris, a father of a two-month baby boy.85_________ Many believe governments should focus on providing parents with adequate maternity and paternity Leaves(父母产假) and improving health care and education．Good things cone in small packages, though, and for such a simple idea the baby box really does do a lot of things!第II卷Ⅰ.GrammarDirections:After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.(A)E-cigarettes, widely prompted as an alternative (1)_____to smoking, are actually attractingyoung people who might not otherwise (2)_____(smoke) tobacco products, a new US study suggested Monday.E-cigarettes (3)_____(think) by some to be responsible for a decline in American youth cigarette smoking, but researchers from the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) indicated the reality is the opposite.The USCF researchers concluded that many kids who went on (4)_____(smoke) regular cigarettes may not have used nicotine(尼古丁) at all if e-cigarettes did not exist. "We didn't find any evidence that e-cigarettes are causing youth smoking to decline," said lead author Lauren Dutra of the UCSF.(5)_____ some of the kids using e-cigarettes were also smoking cigarettes, we found that kids who were at low risk of starting nicotine with cigarettes were using e-cigarettes," Dutra said. "Recent declines in youth smoking are likely (6)_____ tobacco control efforts, not to e-cigarettes."The findings, published in U.S. journal Pediatrics, built on a growing body of evidence that adolescents who start with e-cigarettes are (7)_____(likely) to subsequently smoke traditional cigarettes.They found that cigarette smoking among U.S. adolescents declined during that decade, but did not decline faster (8)_____ the advent of e-cigarettes in the U.S. between 2007 and 2009."E-cigarettes are encouraging -- not discouraging -- youth to smoke and to consume nicotine, and (9)_____(expend) the tobacco market," said senior author Stanton Glantz, UCSF professor of medicine and director of the UCSF Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education.In August 2016, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration restricted e-cigarette purchases to adults ages 18 and older. The FDA will also require a warning label on e-cigarettes, starting August 2018, regarding the addictive nature of nicotine. However, the FDA's (10)_____(rule) does not regulate advertising or flavors, and e-cigarettes continue to be sold in flavors that appeal to youth, the UCSF researchers said.(B)There seems never (11)______(be) a civilization without toys, but when and how they developed is unknown. They probably came about just to give children something to do.In the ancient world, (12)______is today, most boys played with some kinds of toys and most girls with another. In societies (13)______ social roles are rigidly determined, boys pattern their play after the activities of their fathers and girls are (14)______ the tasks of their mothers. This is true because boys and girls are being prepared, even in play, (15)______(step) into the roles and responsibilities of the adult world.What is remarkable about the history of toys is not so much (16)______ they changed over the centuries but how much they (17)______(remain) the same.The changes have been mostly in terms of craftsmanship, mechanics, and technology. It is the universality of toys with regard to their development in all parts of the world and (18)______ persistence to the present that is amazing. In Egypt, America, China, Japan and among the Arctic people, generally the same kinds of toys (19)______(appear). Variations depended on local customs and ways of life (20)______ toys imitate their surroundings. Nearly every civilization had dolls, little weapons, toy soldiers, tiny animals and vehicles.(C)In a shocking turn of events, the Academy Award for Best Picture was mistakenly awarded to "La La Land," (21)______ cast(剧组演员) and crew took the stage and began giving speeches－until a moment later the producers realized actually the award (22)_______(mean) for "Moonlight”.Presenter Warren Beatty explained afterwards that he was handed the wrong envelope, which contained the winner for best actress Emma Stone (23)______(star) in " La la land” After staring at the card for several moments, in (24)______ appeared to be an attempt to build suspense, his co-presenter Faye Dunaway announced that “La La Land" had won best picture.Realizing the mistake, representatives of Price Waterhouse Coopers raced onstage to stop the acceptance speeches from the "La La Land” team, and called the "Moonlight" cast and crew to the stage. Barry Jenkins’ "Moonlight" had actually won best picture in a historic Oscar upset."La La land" came in with 14 nominations, a record that tied (25)_____with “Titanic” and “All About Eve”. Barry Jenkins tender, coming-of-age drama, made for just $1.5 million, is an unusually small Oscar winner. "Even in my wildest dreams this cannot be true, " said the astonished Jenkins once he reached the stage.Host Jimmy Kimmel had come forward(26)______(inform) the cast that "Moonlight" had indeed won, showing the inside of the envelope(27)_______ proof. And Producer Jordan Horwitz then graciously passed his statue to the "Moonlight" producers.Barry Jenkins, the writer-director of "Moonlight" and Tare Alvin McCraney, whose play it was based on, won for(28)_______(adapt) screenplay. “For all you people out there (29)_______feel like there isn’t a mirror out there for you, the academy has your back, the ACLU has your back and for the next four years we will not leave you alone, we will not forget you, " said Jenkins.Backstage, Oscar winner Emma Stone said, "I think everyone’s in a state of confusion still. Later the actress, who pledged her deep love of "Moonlight" added, "Is that(30)______(crazy)Oscar moment of all time? Cool!Ⅰ.Translation1．你是否具备了成为一名演员的必要素质？(take)2．不可否认的是均衡的饮食是保持健康的关键之一。

假设你校即将召开艺术节，作为学校电影社团的团长，你将在艺术节开幕式上介绍一部电影，写一份发言稿，内容包括：1.你介绍的电影名称及内容简介；2.你为什么要选择介绍这部电影。

【范文1】Good morning, everyone,I’m the head of the school’s Film Club. It is my honor to make a speech at this opening ceremony of the school’s Art Festival. Today, I’d like to share with you my favorite film: The King’s Speech. It is an Oscar-winning film. I love this film not because it is an Oscar-winner, but because it tells an inspiring story of a true man.The film centers on the battle of King George VI to overcome a stammer as Britain faces the imminent prospect of war with Nazi Germany. Being a stammer sufferer, King George VI has to broadcast to the whole nation on the radio. Despite a lot of frustration and failure, he finally successfully challenges his physical disadvantage and makes a nearly perfect public speech.The great success of the film lies, in my opinion, in the terrific and emotional story more than anything else. Audiences can identify with this heir to the throne because this admired and respected person suffers like anyone else from a stammer. It is a film worth watching a second time. I hope everyone present will love this film too.【范文2】Dear fellow students,It’s my great honor to be here as the chairman of the school Film Society to recommend you a movie. As far as I am concerned, I do appreciate the movie named “The Green Book” which was just recently released and won the latest Oscar Award.The reason of my recommendation is not only for its fame but also for its contents which were vividly portrayed and carefully played. The most touching scene was that the major character Don won every white’s applause after he played beautiful music for th em. However, things began to change when the poor black wanted to use the bathroom the butler just showed him that he should go to the tiny cabin in the garden. Don has no choice but to go to the hotel which he lived in to use the bathroom. Though this is just the very little thing happened in the film, it does touchme deeply. Don showed his patience and courage during his performance tour. This scene also reflects how hard the life for the black was during that time, which also proves the pursuit of freedom of the black was a long and hard journey.The second reason I want to recommend it is that the precious friendship between the major character Don and his chauffeur, the white man, who had discriminated against the blacks. However, when he met with Don, and accompany him to the South, he helped Don a lot, especially when Don was punched and he used the White only bar to ave a drink. The both show their kindness to each other by doing daily tiny things. Which reflects that people do have different background and and belief, however, they could reach a mutual understanding by showing their kindness to each other.In a nutshell, I do firmly recommend all of you to watch it. It teaches me a lot and I really want all of you to spare time to watch it from your own angle. Wish you have a joyful watching.【范文3】Hello everyoneToday I am here to recommend a film which I like best recently, the name of the film is CoCo.Miguel, the main character of the film, is a 12-year-old boy who is from a family of shoemakers. Miguel has a dream of becoming a singer, but music is strictly forbidden by his family. When Miguel secretly pursues his dream, he sets feet on the dead land because of touching a guitar. Every year, the local residents hold a festival to memorize their ancestors and the ancestors will come back to visit their family members. Miguel is shocked by the colorful soul’s world and he meet all his ancestors there. He meets his grandfather in souls’ world by accident and helps his grandfather to realize his dreams. After experiencing all kinds of adventures with the help of his grandfather, Miguel comes back to his home and his family members finally accept his music dream.After watching this film, I have realized that family is the most important treasure in this world. When we are trying to chase our dreams, we should never forget to cherish our family members. When we feel tired, our family is our warm harbor which always gives us love and hope.I hope you can enjoy this great movie!【范文4】Dear Schoolmates, teachers and distinguished guests,I am the head of the school’s Film Club . It’s my honor to be here and introduce to you one of my favorite movies, Gone with the Wind, which is about a woman, Scarlett O’ Hara, who became more and more strong and independent during the American Civil War.Gone with the Wind has won my heart several years ago because it taught me that a girl could do all the things she wants for the first time. Scarlett was a baby daughter of a rich farm owner. Boiled by bot h her parents, Scarlett enjoyed balls and men’s flattering only, but lost everything she had during and after the war, including her parents. The fragile-looking lady learnt to take care of everybody around her, killed a soldier to protect her family, do farm work in burning sunshine and trid every means to protect her father’s farm. From her story, I feel the power inside my body and my heart and come to realize that a girl should be strong inside and independent of anyone else. Only by exploring our potential and never giving up can we accomplish what we want.Thank you for your listening.。

2018-2019学年交大附中高三英语第一学期摸底考试卷I.Listening Comprehension(略)II.Grammar and Vocabulary(20分)Section ADirections:After reading the passage below,fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct.For the blanks with a given word,fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word;for the other blanks,use one word that best fits each blank.(A)Space is a dangerous place,not only because of meteors(流星)but also because of rays from the sun and other stars.The atmosphere again acts(21)our protective blanket on earth.Light gets through,and this is essential for plants(22)(make)the food which we eat.Heat,too,makes our environment endurable. Various kinds of rays come through the air from outer space,but enormous quantities of radiation from the sun(23) (screen)off.As soon as men leave the atmosphere,they are exposed to this radiation but their spacesuit or the walls of their spacecraft,(24)they are inside,do prevent a lot of radiation damage.Radiation is(25)(great)known danger to explorers in space.The unit of radiation is called"rem". Scientists have reason to think that a man can put up with far more than0.1rem without(26)(damage); the figure of60rems has been agreed on.The trouble is(27)it is extremely difficult to be sure about radiation damage-a person may feel perfectly well,but the cells of his or her sex organs may be damaged,and this will not be discovered(28)the birth of deformed children or even grandchildren.Missions of the Apollo flights have had to cross belts of high radiation and,during the outward and return journeys,the Apollo crew accumulated(积累)a large amount of rems.So far,no dangerous amounts of radiation have been reported,but the Apollo missions have been quite short.We simply don't know yet(29)men are going to get on when they spent weeks and months outside the protection of the atmosphere,working in a space laboratory.Drugs might help to decrease the damage(30)(do)by radiation,but no really effective ones have been found so far.(B)Living JewelsBefore I went to the British Koi Keepers Annual Show,I didn’t understand(31)people could take fish so seriously.However,the more I learned about koi,the more interested I became.As one expert told me, "Collecting koi is far more addictive than you might think.They’re as beautiful as butterflies and very calming to watch."Freddie Mercury,the lead singer of Queen,would have agreed the pool in his specially-built Japanese garden was home to89koi,(32)cost up to$10,000each.At the show I met koi enthusiast Jean Kelly.“Koi are getting more and more expensive,”she told me.“One recently sold for$250,000.”I was shocked that's almost as much as I paid for my house.Well,that was a record,(33)(admit)Jean.The normal price is nowhere near as high as that.Nevertheless,serious collectors can pay up to$15,000for a fully(34)(grow)koi,which is nearly as expensive as a new luxurious car,and the bigger they are,the more they cost.The cheapest I(35)find was$75each,but they were only about twice as big as my goldfish.Jean wasn’t impressed by one of the koi on sale either.“Actually,these koi aren’t any nicer than (36),”she commented.“(37)they are slightly bigger than the ones I’ve got,I paid considerable less than this.”I wasn’t quite as enthusiastic as Jean,but I did consider(38)(buy)one.Then I remembered that all but5of Freddie Mercury's koi died when someone accidentally turned off the electricity supply to their pool.Jean assured me that with all the new equipment available the survival rate was getting better and better,and that looking(39)koi was no harder than taking care of any other pet.However,in the end I decided to stick with my goldfish.They’re not nearly as beautiful as koi——but they’re a great deal cheaper(40) (replace)!Section B(10分)Directions:Complete the passage with the words in the box.Each word can only be used once.Note that there is one word more than you need.A.associatedB.likelyC.decreasesD.abstractE.limitF.funG.contributes H.consistently I.favorably J.reasoned K.averageThe Beatles sang that money can't buy you love.But what about happiness?Research(41)_____shows that the more money people have,the more likely they are to report being satisfied with their lives.And that makes sense:money buys you things that make life easier and more satisfying;the easier your life, the happier you tend to be.That relationship isn't entirely linear,since there's a(n)(42)_____to how much wealth can please you;the happiness benefit of an increasing income is especially powerful among people who don't have much money to start with,and(43)_____as wealth increases.But studies also reveal that as(44)_____income levels have risen over time—in the U.S.and European nations,for example—residents of those countries have not reported being any happier than people were30or40years ago.It's a paradox that while income and happiness may be(45)_____within a population at any given moment,overall economic growth does not appear to correspond to a boost in national satisfaction over time.(See a gallery of things money can buy.) To understand why,researchers at the University of Warwick and Cardiff University decided to break down how individual people evaluate their income.What does wealth mean to people?Previous work has suggested that people tend to value their own wealth more—and are happier—when it compares(46)_____to everyone else's. The so-called reference-income hypothesis holds that it's not simply how much money you make that(47)_____to satisfaction,but how much more money you make than,say,the national average.The higher your salary than the norm,the happier you tend to be.That could explain in part why populations as a whole do not experience sunnierdispositions with economic growth,since a majority of individuals may not fall above the national income average.But the reference-income hypothesis is rather(48)_____.The researchers wondered whether there was a more nuanced way to capture how people valued their income.They(49)_____that people tend to make specific comparisons of personal wealth,not only with the average income of the larger population,but with the individual incomes of their neighbors,colleagues at work or friends from college.And the higher their rank,the greater their sense of happiness and self-worth would(50)_____be."For example,people might care about whether they are the second most highly paid person,or the eighth most highly paid person,in their comparison set,"write the authors, Chris Boyce,a psychologist at the University of Warwick,and Simon Moore,a psychologist at Cardiff University.III.Reading Comprehension(45分）Section ADirections:For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Fill in each blank with the word of phrase that best fits the context.The beauty,majesty,and timelessness of a primary rainforest are indescribable.It is impossible to(51)______ on film,to describe in words,or to explain to those who have never had the awe-inspiring experience of standing in the heart of a primary rainforest.Rainforests have(52)______over millions of years to turn into the incredibly complex environments they are today.Rainforests represent a store of living and(53)______renewable natural resources that for eons,by virtue of their richness in both animal and plant species,have(54)______a wealth of resources for the survival and well-being of humankind.These resources have included basic food supplies,clothing,shelter,fuel,spices, industrial raw materials,and medicine for all those who have lived in the majesty of the forest.(55)______,the inner dynamics of a tropical rainforest is an intricate and fragile system.Everything is so(56)______that upsetting one part can lead to unknown damage or even destruction of the whole.Sadly,it has taken only a century of human intervention to destroy what nature designed to(57)______forever.The scale of human(58)______on ecosystems everywhere has increased enormously in the last few decades. Since1980the global economy has tripled in size and the world population has increased by30percent. Consumption of everything on the planet has risen——at a cost to our(59)______.In2001,the World Resources Institute estimated that the demand for rice,wheat,and corn is expected to grow by40%by2020,increasing irrigation water demands by50%or more.They further reported that the demand for wood could double by the year2050;(60)______,it is still the tropical forests of the world that supply the bulk of the world's demand for wood.In1950,about15percent of the Earth's land surface was covered by rainforest.Today,more than half has already gone up in(61)______.In fewer than fifty years,more than half of the world's tropical rainforests have fallen(62)______to fire and the chain saw,and the rate of destruction is still accelerating.Unbelievably,more than 200,000acres of rainforest are burned every day.That is more than150acres lost every minute of every day,and 78million acres lost every year!More than20percent of the Amazon rainforest is already gone,and much more is severely threatened as the destruction continues.It is estimated that the Amazon alone is vanishing at a rate of 20,000square miles a year.If nothing is done to curb this(63)______,the entire Amazon could well be gone withinfifty years.Massive(64)______brings with it many ugly consequences-air and water pollution,soil erosion,malaria epidemics,the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and the(65)______of biodiversity through extinction of plants and animals.Fewer rainforests mean less rain,less oxygen for us to breathe,and an increased threat from global warming.51.A.present B.capture C.claim D.prove52.A.changed B.evolved C.expanded D.existed53.A.energizing B.healing C.isolating D.breathing54.A.contributed B.stored C.reduced D.affected55.A.However B.Furthermore C.Therefore D.Otherwise56.A.active B.sensitive C.interdependent D.delicate57.A.restore B.support C.revive st58.A.pressure B.power C.concern D.strength59.A.existence B.ecosystem C.planet D.survival60.A.unfortunately B.consequently C.naturally D.similarly61.A.store B.food C.smoke D.wealth62.A.subject B.down C.apart D.victim63.A.trend B.practice C.decrease D.attitude64.A.destruction B.industrialization C.modernization D.deforestation65.A.appearance B.explosion C.loss D.increaseSection BDirections:Read the following three passages.Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)The definition of the standard kilogram is fundamentally imperfect.Getting the definition right is a challenge that has tried the patience and intelligence of scientists for decades.Scientists use just seven basic units to define all the other quantities we use---quantities such as speed, density,or electric power.All of those basic units except the kilogram are themselves defined in terms of natural properties that are beyond human control.For example,the standard second(time)is defined as a specific number of vibration of a type of radiation released by atoms of a special metal.The standard meter(length),in turn,is defined as the length of the path light travels in a vacuum during a specific fraction of a second.Not so the kilogram.This orphan of the basic unit family is simply the mass of a small platinum-iridium alloy cylinder(铂-铱合金筒)locked away by the international Bureau of Weighs&Measures in France.Embarrassingly,the last time the copies were brought for a checkup in the1980s,officials found that some copies had gained about20parts per billion in weight compared to the master cylinder since the previous checkup in the1940s.This implies that the master cylinder itself may be an inconstant standard.No one knows what causes the weight changes.But the uncertainty can’t be tolerated when precision(精密度) in research and some manufacturing now demands accuracy to a few parts per billion.Several efforts in several different countries are under way to redefine the kilogram in terms of basic physical quantities such as counting the actual number of atoms of a specific substance in a kilogram or the electromagnetic force that balances a kilogram mass against gravity.A project of the latter type at the NIST laboratories in Gaithersburg hopes eventually to define mass in terms of electrical units.So far,none of these redefinition projects has borne fruit.They require precision of measurement and control of experimental conditions.The slightest pollution,tiny vibrations,or other influences---even changes in weather---can ruin results.You’ve got to hand it to scientists who are willing to devote many years to such painstaking but fundamentally important research.66.Which of the following best paraphrases the sentence“Not so the kilogram.”In paragraph4?A.The kilogram is not as accurate as the standard second.B.The kilogram is not universally accepted in the world.C.The kilogram is not defined in terms of natural properties.D.The kilogram is not well defined as time and length.67.Which of the following can NOT be concluded from the passage?A.Experiments are being carried out to redefine the kilogram.B.The uncertainty in the standard kilogram can seriously affect some research.C.The redefinition of the standard kilogram is quite complicated.D.Scientists will achieve success in redefining the kilogram in the near future.68.According to the passage,to define the weight of mass in terms of electrical units_______.A.is one of the best methods to redefine the kilogramB.has been accepted as the only possible redefinition projectC.is not as simple as what people can understandD.has been considered by some scientists as a better approach69.We can know from the passage that the redefinition of the kilogram is_________.A.more important in keeping market honestyB.worth years of scientists’painstaking researchC.the urgent requirement of business and manufacturing.D.bring about important and fruitful results(B)Stewart Island Ferry ServicesWhile most visitors spend at least one night on Stewart Island,it is also readily accessible by ferry as a day excursion from Invercargill and Bluff.Experience Foveaux Strait in comfort and style on board our express catamarans.During the one-hour crossing between Bluff and Stewart Island keep a lookout for wildlife,especially seabirds.Watching mollymawks (albatross)soaring behind the ferry is a fantastic sight.Interesting landmarks commonly seen include Dog Island Lighthouse,Ruapuke Island,Titi Islands and Mt Anglem-Stewart Island’s highest point.●Free tea and coffee on board●Interpretation handouts are available(English only).●Wheelchair access available●Personal baggage is carried free on the ferries-max.two bags per person(one stowed and onesmall carry-on).Additional baggage is by prior arrangement.●Vehicle parking available at Bluff(extra cost-reservations recommended)FERRY TO STEWART ISLAND Depart BluffAll year9:30amSep-May5:00pmOct–Apr11:00amJun–Aug4:30pmLate Dec–mid Jan8:00am FERRY TO BLUFF Depart Stewart IslandAll year8:00amSep–May3:30pmOct–Mar6:00pmApr5:00pmJun-Aug3:00pmLate Dec–mid Jan9:30amOther departures as locally advertisedDuration1hrCheck-in30minutes prior to the scheduleddeparture time.(Check-in and boarding gates are closed10minutes prior to times stated above.)“20%Multi-Purchase REWARD”on Return Ferry ServicesBuy2or more different excursions and SAVE20%off all lower priced!Kids Go FREE on selected departures during NZ School Holidays!Kids Go FREE for travel20April-5May2013.70.If a traveler plans to leave a car at Bluff,he had better________.A.refer to the handouts firste wheelchair accessC.make a reservationD.park it30minutes before departure time71.John,who went to Stewart Island on Dec.28th,got to the ferry dock at7:55am.When did he most probably leave Bluff？A.At8:00a.m.B.At9:30a.m.C.At11:00a.m.D.At3:00p.m.72.Which of the following is false about the ferry services？A.Tea and coffee are free for passengers.B.Children go free for travel for about15days.C.Travelers are sure to see some seabirds during the crossing.D.Passengers have to pay extra cost for extra pieces of luggage.（C）Like every dog,every disease now seems to have its day.World Tuberculosis(infections disease in which growths appear on the lungs)Day is on Saturday March24th.Tuberculosis was once terribly fashionable.Dying of"consumption"seems to have been a favorite activity of garret-dwelling19th-century artists,h has,however,been neglected of late.Researchers in the field never tire of pointing out that TB kills a lot of people.According to figures released earlier this week by the World Health Organization,1.6million people died of the disease in2005,compared with about3m for AIDS and l m for malaria. But it receives only a fraction of the research budget devoted to AIDS.America’s National Institutes of Health,for example,spends20times as much on AIDS as on TB.Nevertheless,everyone seems to getting in on the TB-day act this year.The Global Fund an international organization responsible fur fighting all three diseases but best known for its work on AIDS,has used the occasion to trumpet its tuberculosis projects.The fund claims that its anti-TB activities since it opened for business in2002have saved the lives of over1m people.The World Health Organization has issued a report that contains some good news.Although the number of TB cases is still rising,the rate of illness seems to have stabilized;the caseload,in other words,is growing only because the population itself is going up.Even drug companies are involved.In the nm-up to the day itself,Eli Lilly announced a$50m boost to its MDRTB Global Partnership.MDR stands for multi-drug resistance,and it is one of the reasons why TB is back in the limelight.Careless treatment has caused drug-resistant strains to evolve all over the world.The course of drugs needed to clear the disease completely takes six mouths,anti persuading people lo stay that course once their symptoms have gone is hard.Unfortunately,those infected with MDR have to be treated with less effective,more poisonous and more costly drugs.Naturally,these provoke still more.non-compliance and thus still more evolution.The other reason TB is back is its relationship to AIDS.The Global Fund’s joint responsibility for the diseases is no coincidence.AIDS does not kill directly.Rather,HIV,the virus that causes it,weakens the body’s immune system and exposes the sufferer to secondary infections.Of these,TB is one of the most serious.It kills200000 AIDS patients a year.However,some anti-TB drugs interfere with the effect of some anti-HIV drugs.Conversely, in about20%of cases where a patient has both diseases,anti-HIV drugs make the tuberculosis worse.The upshot is that125years after human beings worked out what caused TB,it is still a serious threat.73.The first sentence“Like every dog,every disease now seems to have its day.”means______.A.every dog enjoys good luck or success sooner or laterB.human beings can deal with problems caused by diseaseC.Tuberculosis becomes a serious infectious diseaseD.people attach importance to Tuberculosis recently74.By referring to AIDS in Paragraph2,the author intends to show______.A.the US government is reluctant to spend millions of dollars on TuberculosisB.the death rate of AIDS is higher than that of TuberculosisC.the officials did not pay much attention to the research of Tuberculosis in the pastpared with AIDS,Tuberculosis can be cured effectively75.Which of the following best defines the word“upshot”(Line6,Para5)?A.Outcome.B.Uphold.C.Achievement.D.Project76.Which of the following proverbs is closest in meaning to the message the passage tries to convey?A.Forgive and forget.B.Forgotten,but not gone.C.When the wound is healed,the pain is forgotten.D.Every dog is brave at his own door.Section CDirections:Read the passage carefully.Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once.Note that there are two more sentences than you need.A.The critical abilities are beginning to develop in adolescence.B.Their view on life usually falls in two extremes.C.Of all periods of life,this is what may best be called the plastic age.D.They are basically timid or self-conscious.E.Despite that,it is also in this period that strong ties between teachers and students develop.F.Fundamentally they want to be kept-busy but they refuse to admit it.Adolescents generally refer to boys and girls on the high-school level-more specifically,the second,third, and the fourth years of high school.In dealing with students at this level,we must bear in mind that to some degree they are at a difficult stage,generally called adolescence.Students at this level are likely to be confused mentally.They usually find it hard to concentrate on what they intend to do and often have romantic dreams.(77)They lack frankness and are usually very easily affected by their own emotions but hate to admit it.They are driven either by greater ambition,probably beyond their capability,or by extreme laziness caused by the fear of not succeeding or achieving their objectives.(78)They are willing to work,but they hate to work without obtaining the results they think they should obtain.Regarding school issues,although they seldom say so,they really want to be consulted and given an opportunity to direct their own affairs,but they need a good amount of guidance.They seldom admit that they need this guidance and they frequently rebel against it,but if it is intelligently offered they accept it with enthusiasm.As to persona]beliefs,most of adolescents are trying to form political ideas and they have a tendency to be sometimesextremely idealistic,and at other times conventional,blindly accepting what their fathers and grandfathers believed in.(79)On the one hand they are too modest,and on the other hand unreasonably boastful.They tend to be influenced more by a strong character than by great intelligence.(80)Having a better understanding of the characteristics and needs of young people at this age is a task that falls on both educators and the other people involved.It may also help the young go through this difficult and critical stage of life in a more constructive manner.【答案】77-80DFBC【解析】青春期的孩子要谨慎对待第一段引出话题，青春期是一个困难的时期to some degree...at a difficult stage...第二段描述了青春期的孩子们的各种纠结和扭吧77题的提示在后面，他们不愿坦诚，易受情绪影响又羞于承认，与这些描述相关就是they basically timid and self-conscious78题的提示也是在后面,they are willing to work,和前面的they want to be kept busy呼应第三段描述了青春期的孩子们还是很希望能参与到学校生活中并起主导作用，尽管他们不承认，他们需要良好的引导，需要一位强有力的人物的影响。

2019-2020学年上海交通大学附属中学高三英语模拟试题及参考答案第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项AOne day when I was 5, my mother blamed me for not finishing my rice and I got angry. I wanted to play outside and not to be made to finish eating my old rice. When angrily opening the screen door (纱门) with my foot, I kicked back about a 12-inch part of the lower left hand corner of the new screen door. But I had no regret, for I was happy to be playing in the backyard with my toys.Today, I know if my child had done what I did, I would have blamed my child, and told him about how expensive this new screen door was, and I would have delivered a spanking (打屁股) for it. However, my parents never said a word. They left the corner of the screen door pushed out, creating an opening, in the defense against unwanted insects.For years, every time I saw that corner of the screen, it would constantly make me think about my mistake. For years, I knew that everyone in my family would see that hole and remember who did it. For years, every time I saw a fly buzzing (嗡嗡) in the kitchen, I would wonder if it came in through the hole that I had created with my angry foot. Iwould wonder if my family members were thinking the same thing, silently blaming me every time a flying insect entered our home, making life more terrible for us all. My parents taught me a valuable lesson, one that a spanking or stern (严厉的) words perhapscould not deliver. Their silent punishment for what I had done delivered a hundred stern messages to me. Above all, it has helped me become a more patient person and not burst out so easily.1. When the author damaged the door, his parents _______.A. gave him a spankingB. left the door unrepairedC. told him how expensive it wasD. blamed him for what he had done2. The experience may cause the author _______.A. not to go against his parents’ willB. to have a better control of himselfC. not to make mistakes in the futureD. to hide his anger away from others3. What is the main idea of this text?A. Parents is the best way to solve problems.B. Parents are the best teachers of their children.C. Adults should ignore their children’s bad behavior.D. Silent punishment may have a better effect on educating people.BWhat do you think of 80s pop music? Do the names George Michael, Madonna and Michael Jackson sound familiar? Well, these are just some of the names that were well-known in the music scene of the 80s and early 90s. The 80s pop musicscene was an important step to the popularity (普及) of present-day music. A new wave in the music scene was introduced, which made such music styles as punk rock, rap music and the MTV popular. Although it was an end to the old 60s and 70s styles, it was also the beginning of something big. The popularity of music videos meant that artists now replaced their guitar-based music with visual displays. A new wave of artists came on the scene and the entire industry developed quickly.The most famous 80s pop music video is Michael Jackson’s Thriller. Introduced in 1982, few people can forget the video not only because of its never-be-foreseen images, but also because of the popularity it received. Think of how 80s pop music changed the lives of people who grew up in the 80s. Ask a young man today to tell you the names of the “New Kids on the Block” and he will start talking about the neighbor kids who just moved in. These are not the answers you might have heard in the 80s. Though today’s young men do not recognize how cool 80s pop music was, most people will always remember it for what it was and these are happy memories they will always love.Some of the 80s pop music legends (传奇人物) include Madonna, U2, AeroSmith and of course the King of Pop Michael Jackson. Let’s not forget Prince, Tina Turner, Phil Collins and Motown’s Lionel Ritchie. Some of these musicians played music that has stood the test of time. Undoubtedly, the 80s pop music scene will live on for many more years to come.4. What is the text mainly about?A. The characters of 80s pop music.B. What made 80s pop music popular.C. 80s pop music’s steps to popularity.D. The effects of 80s pop music.5. 80s pop music mainly includes the following styles EXCEPT ________.A. guitar-based musicB. the MTVC. rap musicD. punk rock6. Michael Jackson’s Thriller impressed people so deeply mainly because ________.A. it changed the lives of peopleB. he sang it in a special styleC. it was made into a music videoD. it left people with happy memories7. The purpose of the last paragraph is to tell readers that ________.A. 80s pop music is and will remain popularB. 80s pop music has many faultsC. 80s pop music is now out of dateD. we shouldn’t forget the great musicians of the 80sCThe regular world presented to us by our five senses — you could call it reality 1.0 — is not always the most user-friendly. We get lost in unfamiliar cities; we meet people whose language we don’t understand. So why not try the improved version: augmented reality（AR）or reality 2.0 ? AR technology adds computer-produced images on the real world via a mobile phone camera or special video glasses.Early forms of AR are already here — smart phones can deliver information about nearby ATMs and restaurants and other points of interest. But that’s just the beginning. A few years from now the quantity of information available will have increased hugely. You will not only see that there’s a Chinese restaurant on the next block, but you will be able to see the menu and read reviews of it.This is where the next revolution in computing will take place: in the interface（界面）between the real world and the information brought to us via the Internet. Imagine bubbles floating before your eyes, filled with cool information about anything and everything that you see in front of you.Let’s jump ahead to ten years from now. A person trying to fix a car won’t be reading a book with pictures; he will be wearing a device that projects animated 3D computer graphics onto the equipment under repair, labelling parts and giving step-by-step guidance.The window onto the AR world can be a smart phone or special video glasses. But in ten years’ time these will have been replaced by contact lenses(隐形眼镜) with tiny LEDs, which present something at a readable distance in front of eyes. So a deaf person wearing these lenses will be able to see what people are saying.The question is, while we are all absorbed in our new augmented reality world, how willwe be communicating with each other?8. What is the text mainly about?A. The relationship between reality 1.0 and reality 2.0.B. Different forms of the AR technology.C. The next information technology revolution.D. The popularity of the AR technology.9. Which of the following will AR technology support according to the text?A. To pay for things online conveniently.B. To play online games merrily.C. To offer information efficiently.D. To communicate with others socially.10. What are Contact lenses with tiny LEDs used for?A. Show texts and images.B. Protect people’s eyes.C. Help deaf people communicate.D. Replace smart phone.11. What’s the author’s attitude towards the AR technology?A. Indifferent.B. Critical.C. Concerned.D. Favourable.D“Heavy hearts, like heavy clouds in the sky, are best relieved by the letting of a little water, the French writer Antoine de Rivarol wrote. This love letter to the cleansing beauty of a good cry is a comforting thought at atime when the continuing stress of the COVID-19 has added heaviness to each of our lives.Scientifically, de Rivarol's poetic image doesn't, if you'll forgive the words used in the poem, hold water. There's limited research on crying, partly because of the difficulty of copying the behavior of real crying in a lab. But even within the previous studies, there's little evidence to suggest that crying provides a physiological cleansing of poisons in people's body.Psychologists believe the relief of a good cry connects with a different emotional process. “It seems that crying occurs just after the peak of the emotional experience, and crying is associated with this return to homeostasis: the process of maintaining a stable psychological state,” said Lauren Bylsma. He also said holding back tears can have negative physical consequences, including headaches and muscle tension. Such restriction can also limit our experiences of joy, gratitude and other positive emotions if we avoid acknowledging our feelings.For me crying has been easier said than done during the COVID-19. Psychologists say it's normal to feel stopped up by the stresses of the past year. We should find opportunities to release and process our emotions.Watching a tear-jerking movie, having an emotional conversation with a close friend, and writing in a journal are healthy ways toelicita cry. Physical activity like light-footed walking or even dancing can also signal our bodies to release some emotional tightness. We can then open up to the flow of feelings that leave us feeling lighter and refreshed—like a clear sky after a soaking rain.12. What is the weakness of the studies ever clone on crying?A. They were clone in a laboratory setting.B. They cared little about different forms of crying.C. They were always concentrated on people's daily life.D. They showed little about the positive physical effect of crying.13. What is the function of crying according to Lauren Bylsma?A. Curing people of their diseases.B. Keeping emotionally balanced.C. Producing negative mental results.D. Expanding people's experience of joy.14. What does the underlined word “elicit” in the last paragraph mean?A. Produce.B. Postpone.C. Control.D. Repeat.15. What are people advised to do according to the text?A. Learn to hold back their tears wisely.B. Share their emotion with their colleagues.C. Have a good cry when necessary.D. Try to avoid admitting our feelings.第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

上海交通大学附属中学2022-2023学年度第一学期高三英语摸底测试（本试卷满分150分，120分钟完成。

）第Ⅰ卷（80’）Ⅰ. Listening Comprehension (25’)Section A (10’)Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper; and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. The seats there are uncomfortable.B. There are more than enough seals.C. It is popular with customers.D. It provides customers with reading materials.2. A. Give his neighbor a spare key.B. Get his key from his neighbor.C. Study in his neighbor’s apartment.D. Borrow some books from his neighbor.3. A. Hand in their financial plan later.B. Leave their financial plan unfinished.C. Seek more information for their financial plan.D. Finish their financial plan with what they have.4. A. He failed in Dr. Parker’s test.B. Leave their financial plan unfinished.C. Dr. Parker’s tests were not difficult.D. The man’s parents stopped boasting about his scholarship.5. A. The man should be recognized by his parents.B. The man’s parents helped him get the scholarship.C. The man should be praised for his accomplishment.D. The man’s parents stopped boasting about his scholarship.6. A. She didn’t work hard on it.B. She made many persuasive claims in it.C. It wasn’t as good as expected.D. Her professor was satisfied with it.7. A. Serve the dish as it is.B. Taste the dish first.C. Put some salt in the dish.D. Ask mum about the fish.8. A. She’ll call Julia next week.B. She wonders if she’ll see Julia.C. Julia doesn’t want others to see her.D. Julia won’t be able to help the man.9. A. It is a big deal.B. It needs a new engine.C. It doesn’t deserve repairing.D. It is in better condition than hers.10. A. He has a lot of experience as a skier.B. He hasn’t ever been to central mountains.C. He plans to go skiing during his spring break.D. He doesn’t recommend going to central mountains.Section B (15’)Directions:In Section B, you will hear two short passages and a longer conversation, and you will be asked some questions on the passages and the conversation. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide whichone is the best answer to the question you have heard. Question 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. It’s no use dreaming.B. What you get is just what you want.C. You are not satisfied with what you have.D. You are not clearly aware of what you want.12. A. As a principle for cooking.B. As a guideline for applying for a job.C. As an explanation of how to get a good job.D. As an example of a blueprint.13. A. It is required by the employer.B. It enables him to sell his abilities.C. It helps him to get connected with the employer.D. It forces him to become clearly aware of himself. Question 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14. A. More frequent.B. More attractive.C. More successful.D. More straightforward.15. A. Too few managers ever do it.B. It can be useful in certain circumstances.C. Experts are sometimes unwilling to give opinions.D. It can help to have a whole grasp of the complex system.16. A. They may rely too much on details.B. They may ignore some necessary information.C. They can’t get in touch with employees.D. They may not have access to the whole thing.Question 17 to 20 are based on the following conversation.17. A. A writer. B. A journalist. C. A story-teller. D. A photographer.18. A. The ability to judge whether a story is true to the fact.B. The ability to keep in mind the importance of a deadline.C. The ability to research the sense of smell professionally.D. The ability to inform people of the missing parts of the story.19. A. The might fail to be capable note-takers.B. The might concentrate too much on details.C. They might be lacking in the trick of the trade.D. They might have no idea what to ask later.20. A. To promote the process of interviews.B. To keep the evidence.C. To challenge the content of recordings.D. To assess the information journalists need to know.Ⅱ. Vocabulary (10’)Directions:Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one more word than you need.Welcome to the YOLO EconomySomething strange is happening to the exhausted, type-A millennial workers of America. After a year spent hunched (弯腰驼背) over their MacBooks, 21 back-to-back Zooms, they are deciding to risk it all. Some are 22 stable jobs to start a new business, and others are stepping off the career treadmill altogether.If this movement has a rallying cry, it’s “YOLO”—“you only live once,” an acronym (首字母缩略词) 23 by the rapper Drake a decade ago and used by cheerful risk-takers ever since. It has come to characterize the attitude that has 24 a certain type of bored office worker in recent months.To be clear: The pandemic is not over, and millions of Americans are still experiencing 25 for the loss of jobs and loved ones. Not everyone can afford to throw 26 to the wind. But for a growing number of people with financial cushions and in-demand skills, the dread and anxiety of the past year are giving way to a new kind ofprofessional fearlessness.“It feels like we’ve been so 27 into careers for the past decade, and this is our opportunity to switch it up.” said Nate Moseley, 29, a buyer at a major clothing retailer. “The idea of going right back to the pre-Covid setup sounds so unappealing after this past year,” he said. “If not now, when will I ever do this?” If “l anguishing (受煎熬)” is 2021’s 28 emotion, YOLOing may be the year’s defining work force trend. A recent Microsoft survey found that more than 40 percent of workers globally were considering leaving their jobs this year.29 of employees’ quitting jobs, bosses are trying to boost morale (士气) and prevent burnout. LinkedIn recently gave the majority of its employees a paid week off.Raises and time off may persuade some employees to stay put. But for others, stasis (停滞) is the problem, and the only solution is 30 change.Ⅲ. Reading Comprehension (45’)Section ADirections:For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.America’s eating habits have changed radically over the past 40 years. We consume more and more food of less and less nutritional value. The nation’s adult obesity rate is now 42.4%.Why have our habits changed? Part of the reason is demographic (人口学的). When women moved into the workplace, 31 , there was less time at home to devote to cooking. The result has been more eating out or store-bought prepared meals. 32 has played a role, too: The microwave oven 33 an industry of highly processed fools larded with fats and oils.In Hooked, Michael Moss, a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist, raises a question—What if the foods we’re swallowing have been designed and marked to become addictive? While presenting his case, Mr. Moss offers an appealing tour of America’s food 34 , taking side trips into biology and psychology and, not least, into the world of food compounds.Mr. Moss begins with the science of addition. The definition of addiction he likes best—“a repetitive behavior that some people find difficult to quit”—comes from a one-time chief executive of Philip Morris.As for the 35 that affects our food choices, Mr. Moss notes that, while it takes 10 seconds for the brain to feel the effects of cigarettes, sugar’s effects are felt 20 times faster—and salt and fat don’t take much longer than that. The difference 36 nicotine (尼古丁) needing to enter the bloodstream to reach the brain, while sugar and salt take a 37 through the taste buds (味蕾). But the tongue is 38 by the nose when it comes to driving our eating decisions. While presenting his case, Mr. Moss offers and appealing tour of America’s food 34 , taking side trips into biology and psychology and, not least, into the world of food compounds.Mr. Moss begin with the science of addition. The definition of addition he likes best—“a repetitive behavior thatsome people find difficult to quit”—comes from a one-time chief executive of Philip Morris.As for the 35 that affects our food choices, Mr. Moss notes that, while it takes l0 seconds for the brain to feel the effects of cigarettes, sugar’s effects are felt 20 times faster—and salt and fat don’t take much longer than that. The difference 36 nicotine (尼古丁) needing to enter the bloodstream to reach the brain. while sugar and salt take a 37 through the taste buds (味蕾). But the tongue is 38 by the nose when it comes to driving our eating decisions. While there are 10,000 taste buds, there are 10 million olfactory receptors (嗅觉受体), and they can detect hundreds of scents. “Flavor is the combination of taste and smell,” writes Mr. Moss, “and the lion’s share of the 39 in this goes to smell.”Or all the substances that can get us hooked, Mr. Moss says, “nothing is faster than food when it comes to 40 the brain chemistry. Certain kinds of food, that is.” The consumption of the highly processed and sweetened concoctions (调制品) that dominate the American diet: cereals, sodas, fruit juices, cookies, packaged meats, as well as salad dressing and pasta sauces delivers intense and immediate pleasure and creates a need that fits Mr. Moss’s broad definition of addiction.Why are we only now seeing the harmful effects of the food-induced brain chemistry? Mr. Moss summarizes the thinking of one of the scientists be profiles: “We simply haven’t had the 41 we would need, in relation to evolution, to catch up with the dramatic changes in food production and our eating habits of the past forty years.”One major theme of “Hooked” is that the food industry exploits this 42 —even creates it. Mr. Moss argues that the industry’s growth has been enabled by its “manipulation of our 43 desires,” not least through marketing and sales strategies. He describes companies super-sizing their products (such as the “Double Stuf” Oreo) and creating packaging that can remain 44 (thus casing consumption while, say, driving). One byproduct of these strategies, observes Mr. Moss, is that snacks—often processed products with high convenience but low nutritional value—now account for about 25% of daily calorie consumption. Social norms have adjusted themselves 45 : It has become “socially acceptable to cat anything, anywhere, anytime,” Mr. Moss writes.31. A. for instance B. after all C. vice versa D. in addition32. A. Marketing B. Service C. Technology D. Efficiency33. A. made up for B. cast light on C. gave birth to D. went in for34. A. industry B. landscape C. market D. production35. A. biology B. psychology C. mindset D. mentality36. A. hides from B. stems from C. shifts from D. emerges from37. A. shortcut B. bow C. twist D. chance38. A. compared B. paralleled C. leveled D. overtaken39. A. decision B. route C. credit D. benefit40. A. checking out B. stirring up C. paying off D. responding to41. A. temper B. limit C. gap D. time42. A. mismatch B. consumption C. rate D. pride43. A. intellectual B. rebellious C. instinctual D. conditional44. A. distinctive B. stylish C. upright D. appetizing45. A. positively B. progressively C. unexpectedly D. accordinglySection BDirections:Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)How do you teach a monkey new tricks? Labs have proved difficult places to train monkeys to respond to different sounds, but in the forests of Senegal’s Niokolo-Koba National Park, researchers were astonished how quickly one species of monkey adapted its behavior to a new sound.Julia Fischer at the German Primate Center in Gottingen and her team flew drones over a community of green monkeys in the area, to see what they made of a new flying object in their environment. They responded instantly, making alarm calls to warn one another of the potential new threat.The vocalizations were distant from the ones they made in response to models of leopards and snakes, but almost identical to calls made by a related species of monkey about eagles. The results suggest a hardwired response to the perception of an aerial threat and the use of that specific call.They monkeys adapted so quickly to the mechanical noise that they began scanning the skies and making the calls even when the sound of the drone was played from the ground. The monkeys were never seen issuing alarm calls in response to birds of prey in the area, suggesting that the birds they usually see aren’t considered a threat. The drones, however, seemed to be perceived as dangerous. “It’s certainly disconnecting, unpredictable, something they’ve not seen before, so it makes sense to alert everybody,” say Fischer. She says she was “blown away” by how rapidly the monkeys appeared to learn. “The listeners are smart. It’s almost impossible to get a monkey in a lab to do an audio task. It isn’t clear why such learning is harder in a lab environment,” she says.The study involved a year’s worth of fieldwork by a team of eight, who flew the drone about 60 meters above the monkeys. The research wasn’t without incident. Fisher had to duck inside a shelter made of palm leaves at one point, after a baboon ran to attack the leopard model she was holding.Vervet monkeys in East Africa are related to green monkeys. They have been closely studied for the different calls they make in response to a variety of predators, including pythons, leopards, baboons and martial eagles.The expectation for the green monkey study was that they would stay silent. come up with a new alarm call or produce one similar to the velvet monkeys’ eagle call. Fischer’s bet was on the eagle call option, and she was proved right. The vocalization appears to be highly conserved by evolution. “It teaches us about how different their vocal communication system is from ours,” says Fischer. “There is a very limited level of flexibility.”46. What can be learned about green monkeys’ behavioral adaptability to a new sound?A. They made sounds similar to a new flying object.B. They alerted each other to possible danger.C. They responded as though they had seen eagles.D. They scanned the sky for the source of the sound.47. In paragraph 4, the writer mentions “birds of prey in the area” in order to ______.A. compare the different sounds made by the monkeysB. specify the monkeys’ extraordinary adaptabilityC. illustrate these birds pose no threat to the monkeysD. prove drones are more appealing to the monkeys48. What can be inferred from the passage?A. The study conducted by Fischer and her team was painstaking.B. Monkeys differ greatly in their ability to adapt to a new sound.C. Researchers have unlocked why monkeys learn quickly in nature.D. Monkeys turn out to be quite flexible in their vocal communication.49. Which of the following might be the best title for the passage?A. Unbelievable—Monkeys Should Make Different Sound!B. How Do Monkeys Get New Tricks?C. Monkeys See Drones...D. Vervet Monkeys vs Green Monkeys(B)Getting to know Peru is to admire its churches, archaeological (考古的) sites, and houses with balconies, who are witnesses to the rich history and guardians of the cultural treasures of Peru. We invite you to discover the top 5 most representative collections.Royal Tombs of SipanThis is an exceptional exhibition of the Lord of Sipan, one of the most powerful men of ancient Peru, ruler of the Mochica Culture which dominated the Peruvian northern coast between 100 and 800 A.D. The Complex features the artifacts found within its tomb. The tour includes a visit to the archaeological site, which gives you a complete view of this magnificent discovery.Lima Art MuseumAlso known as MALI, the museum is home to a collection of more than 17,000 works exhibited in its permanent galleries including art, textiles and silverware from the first Andean civilizations to our days. In addition, the museum’s temporary galleries highlight local and international exhibitions. The building that houses the Museum is located at the entrance of Lima’s historic downtown next to a beautiful public park and is one of the most beautiful examples of architecture in Lima.MATEPeru’s most recognized photographer. Mario Testino, has gained a place as one of the most influential fashion and portrait photographers of our times. Here in Peru, he has written a new chapter in art’s history by restoring a beautiful 19th Century mansion to its former glory to home a non-profit museum that brings Peruvian artists and culture to worldwide attention. The museum offers the best of international contemporary art and photography through a program of exhibitions, residencies, and events, alongside a permanent display of his work.Santa Catalina ConventThis is not just another religious building—the 20,000-sq-meter complex is almost a castle within the Arequipa City. Occupying a whole block and guarded by imposing high walls, it is one of the most fascinating religious buildings in Peru. Its main attraction is the mix of Spanish an native elements in the architectural style and the splendid works of art, such as the art gallery containing pieces of the Cusco School of paintings showing the life of St. Catherine of Siena, and the murals (壁画) that can be seen all over the place.50. The passage is mainly intended to ______.A. highlight Peru’s rich history and well-known artifactsB. recommend some of Peru’s places that are worth visitingC. explain why Peru has protected its cultural treasures wellD. introduce most representative collections in Peru’s museums51. The building of ______ has a foreign touch.A. Royal Tombs of SipanB. Lima Art MuseumC. MATED. Santa Catalina Convent52. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. The Mochica Culture spread across Peru around 800 A.D.B. Lima Art Museum is located on the outskirts of Lima.C. Mario Testino plays a part in publicizing Peruvian culture.D. Santa Catalina Convent is no longer used for religious purposes.(C)Some years ago a young man applied to a large United States optical (光学的) firm for a job as a lens designer. He apologized for his lack of training. However, on announcing that he owned two copies of the classic Applied Optics and Optical Design, he was hired on the spot. Perhaps the story will be repeated someday with Buchdahl’s Introduction to Hamiltonian Optics as a similar certificate of qualification.Hamiltonian theory describes the overall properties of optical systems considered as “black boxes,” although it does not describe the detailed structure needed to construct the systems and achieve these properties. Buchdahl’s book is therefore on the subject of geometrical optics, but it is not about how to design lenses. It is, however, a comprehensive account of the fundamentals of the theory written with the lens designer’s needs very much in mind. Every lens designer worth his salt (称职的) has, at some point in his career, attempted to apply the broad concepts of Hamiltonian optics to the solutions of practical problems. Success has been rare. Therefore, the theory has made little direct contribution to techniques for optical instrument design. The failures have been frustrating because of the obvious fundamental power of the theory and because of its conceptual elegance. The indirect effects have been large, however, both in contributing to an understanding of fundamental principles that govern how optical systems work and in pointing the way to other, more practical, theoretical approaches.Buchdahl approaches the subject not only as a capable physicist, but as one who, with a knowledge of practical optics, has made a significant contribution to geometrical optical theory. Buchdahl’s approach has, over the last decade, had a major impact on modern lens design with computers. Thus, he brings to this exposition of Hamiltonian optics a familiarity with practical optics not usually found in authors on this subject.The author claims his book to be nonmathematical, and indeed it might be so viewed by a professional mathematician. From the point of view of many physicists and engineers, it will appear to be quite mathematical. Moreover, this is a tightly written book. The subject matter is developed with precision, and the author expects the reader, at every point, to be master of the preceding exposition.53. Hamiltonian theory has been met with failure as a result of ______.A. newer finding related to the wave particle nature of lightB. concepts too difficult for most lens designers to understandC. too much mathematical detail in the theoryD. not enough practical information offered by the theory to allow for use by lens crafters54. The author of this passage implies that Introduction to Hamiltonian Optics is ______.A. valuable only to those beginning to study opticsB. necessary to those interested in developing new optical systemsC. useless to those interested in practical opticsD. valuable to any student of optics55. The article points out that the great benefits of Hamiltonian optics have been found in ______.A. indirect waysB. a fundamental power within the theoryC. the conceptual elegance of the theoryD. the practical applications of the theory in finding new approaches to old problems56. This passage is probably taken from ______.A. a book reviewB. a chemistry textbookC. an optician’s journalD. a general science textSection CDirections:Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Living off gridWhen you need electricity, you just plug in the machine and switch it on. If you need water. you turn on the tap.57 For many people, these facilities are the basics of civilized society and the idea of living without them seems risky. Yet for a growing number of people, the idea of living off grid—without electricity, water or sewage—is an increasingly attractive lifestyle.Off-gridders do not have to give up electricity or a modern lifestyle—some choose to, but most use small hydrolectric power systems, solar panels or windmills to generate enough power for their needs. Heating and cooking needs are met by solar energy or wood burning systems, and toilet facilities range from non-water toilets to outside compost toilets. 58 It ranges from additional yurts (a type of tent) to luxury house with high-speed internet and central heating. Whether they live in simple homes or luxury houses, what they all have in common is that their lifestyles do not create any pollution or carbon emissions—the ultimate goal for off-gridders.Around 100,000 people are thought to be living off grid in the UK now. 59 They grow their own foo, home-school their children and provide their own medical care. They are people who have been priced out of the housing market or who have grown disillusioned with what modern society can offer and who decides that an alternative lifestyle isn’t a pipe dream, but a viable option.A part from living an alternative lifestyle, cost is a big factor in choosing to live off-grid. Off-grid houses are far cheaper to build than ordinary homes since they don’t need to be connected to the electricity or water supplies and even road access is not necessary. Materials tend to be cheaper, too. Popular options include straw or old tyres and cement.Surprisingly, the biggest problem off-gridders face is not building their homes or becoming self-sufficient but getting permission to build. Rural areas away from town are the perfect choice but these are often protected by law from construction of any kind or have building restrictions. There are now several websites dedicated to land-sharing so that the costs of buying land and getting permission can be shared, and there are increasing numbers of off-grid communities.60 Off-gridding could soon be common all over Europe and America.第Ⅱ卷（70’）Ⅳ. Grammar (20’)Directions:After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each other.(A)Elon Musk Tweets an Ancient Chinese Poem. Here’s What It MeansThe world’s richest man caught up in Twitter spats (小争吵), now wants some peace. In a Monday tweet, Elon Musk wrote “humankined,” followed by the Chinese poem The Quatrain of Seven Steps, a widely known classical poem used 1__________ (describe) infighting between closely-related people. Here is the poem 2__________ (translate) into English by Moss Roberts:Beans a simmer on a beanstalk flameFrom inside the pot expressed their ire:“Alive we sprouted on a single root—What’s your rush to cook us on the fire?”The verses were attributed to Cao Zhi, the son of famous warlord Cao Cao, 3__________ lived between 192 and 232 during the Three Kingdoms period. What exactly happened in history is contested. But the popular tale goes 4__________ after Cao Cao’s death, his oldes son Cao Pi succeeded him to become an emperor. Cao Pi was jealous of his younger brother Cao Zhi’s literary talent and wanted to find an excuse to kill him. One day, Cao Pi ordered Cao Zhi to make a poem about their fraternal (兄弟间的) relationship within seven paces, and swore to have the younger brother executed 5__________ he failed.Cao Zhi then made the bean-themed verses 6__________ the spot, alluding (影射) to Cao Pi’s cruel attempt to murder his own sibling. 7__________ (feel) ashamed, Cao Pi eventually let Cao Zhi go.In China, the poem is taught to primary school students and is often quoted by people to describe unnecessary rivalries. Interest users, including people in China, are confused over what Musk 8__________ (refer) to. Musk later liked a reply to his post that translated the verses as “Humans are fro the same ancestor, why are we so eager to destroy each other?” He 9__________ be talking bout a recent argument with the United Nations’ World Food Program. After the program’s director David Beaslety challenged the ultra-rich to provide $6 billion to help 42 million people, Musk over the weekend said he would sell his Tesla shares if the program could show on Twitter exactly 10__________ $6 billion could solve world hunger. Beasley invited Musk to talk, but Musk demanded open books (一目了然的事物) fro the organization.(B)Fun Facts about PigeonsPigeons are the most misunderstood of all creatures. Upon seeing a flock of pigeons, many people want 11__________ more than to run a mile in the other direction. Pigeons are commonly viewed as carriers and spreaders of disease, but that’s actually not true. People may be surprised to learn that these creatures have a number of 12__________ (fascinate) characteristics that should not be overlooked.First, pigeons are highly skilled navigators (领航员). A pigeon can find its way back to its nest after 13__________ (transport) more than a thousand miles away from it! Because of this ability, humans 14__________ (use) pigeons to their advantage for centuries.Another interesting yet not so admirable quality of pigeons is that they appear to be master procrastinators (拖延者). Scientific studies have shown that pigeons often delay the completion of a dull or troublesome task when an immediately 15__________ (convenient) alternative is available. Maybe pigeons could “give humans a run for their money” when it comes to putting off work!Next, we come to the unpleasant topic of pigeon droppings. Urban dwellers are used to seeing streets 16__________ (litter) with these droppings. Although pigeon poo is seen as a problem in modern times, several centuries ago, it was actually considered a valuable commodity 17__________ its usefulness as a fertilizer.Finally, it cannot be denied 18__________ intelligent creatures pigeons are. In addition to their navigation skills and excellent sense of hearing, they can distinguish between the letters of the Roman alphabet and differentiate between。