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The development of Japanese goods in futureSince ancient times, the relationship of China and Japan has been in a state of tension. Nowadays, the dispute issue of the Diaoyu Islands has become another conflict between China and Japan. In order to dampen to the arrogance of Japan, many patriots have made a proposal to refuse to buy Japanese goods. However, Chinese boycotts of Japanese goods are good or not. Different people have different ideas.As we all know, China is Japan's biggest consumer. Therefore, many ignorant people think that not buying Japanese products can damage its economy so that it can knuckle down under the economic pressure. Statistics show that if all Chinese do not buy any Japanese products in two months, its economy will collapse. But in fact, it is impossible for Chinese not buying Japanese brands because Japanese products have been deep in our lives which can not completely refuse. Moreover, in the era of economic globalization, damaging any countries will affect the economic interests of ours own. So some rational people think it harms others without benefiting ourselves and people should not treat political issues and economic issues in the same attitude. But can the economy and politic really separate from each other?From another perspective, there are more and more peoplesupporting the purchase of domestic products. A lot of people believe that domestic products are cheaper than foreign goods and their technique is also advanced. On the contrary, people who are near to xenophilia (the love of anyone but us) firmly believe that the quality of foreign products is always better. Although Japan has some of the famous old brands, one after another accident like Siemens event has occurred in China which greatly has a bad influence on Chinese consumers in recent years. All in all, trust in Japanese brand is gradually reduced. Thus should we still buying Japanese products in confidence?Thirdly, there is a view that Japanese products will not only promote the economic development, but also increase the competitiveness of domestic products. Yet many people who have strong national pride, particularly in the period that the relationship between China and Japan is extreme tension, still have very strong resistance to Japanese products. More importantly, in the new high-tech products emerging era, many foreign products really promote the development of China's high-tech industries such as Huawei, Mione. It also makes more people believe that the quality of the state-owned brands can be comparable with the international brands. Consequently, could we buy domestic products instead of Japanese?As far as I’m concerned, we should be rational consumers. In the process of buying goods, if we encounter good domestic goods, we should make a decisive choice, not be xenophilia; in addition, if the Japanese products have a good reputation, high quality and technology, we should not reject them too. We should be patriots in a rational manner which can promote and maintain our market’s economy. Furthermore, as a consumer, I think only the quality and credibility of national industrial truly improve which can reach the ultimate purpose of boycott of Japanese goods.。

(括号里面的内容可能是需要根据具体题目进行变换的)justify nexus leave使得perspicuous pinpoint精确地描出或描述precarious 根据不足的。

Efficacy 功效性elaboration详细的细节exhaustive 彻底的 liaison联系Dear Coder: Hello!I am Julie. I have some little English writings within this E-mail .It is a Model in the GRE Argument, which means I prepare the frameworks for the Arguments before the test, then I can make use of them appropriately when I take the test.So I need your help to modify them, ~~~only 2-3 pages.Since GRE is a high-level test for the postgraduate degree, I write them in very formal words, some of which may often be used in academic discourses, and the sentences I made are very directed (?) .(Please help me to know whether I use the words and the sentences in a correct way.The black words are my original pattern, and the yellow words are the first modifications by Alvin. His English improved very fast.The words or the sentence in the brackets are the substitutions for the content nearby.)My ultimate goal is to make the argument very cogent with a clear and logical framework.Thanks for helping me with them it you have the time.Have a nice day!Your sincere friend,Julie[Note that all punctuation is placed next to the last letter, with no space separating the last letter and punctuation.]1 时序因果分析 (concurrence)First, the author’s reasoning is a classic instance of “after this, therefor e, because of this” reasoning. The only reason put forward to support the claim is the mere fact that the former preceded the latter. However, a mere positional correlation between A and B doesn’t necessarily signify a causal relationship unless other pertinent factors have been considered and rejected. There are many other possible factors that could bring about the same result.For example, perhaps C. Without compelling ○2evidence to clarify the causal connection between these two events, it is premature to conclude that A was the cause of B.2错误类比攻击 (false analogy)Additionally, the reason relies on the assumptions that…is analogous to…However, the author provides no evidence to support this presumption. Differences between these two clearly outweigh the similarities, thus ○3making the analogy highly questionable. For example, A is less likely to have C and D than B(替换problems of XXX all affect A but are virtually absent in B. Problems such as these might present obstacles that prevent doing…in B) On the other hand, there may be relevant disparities) between …and …that preclude them from having a similar effect on …. Therefore,○4 lacking specific information about A and B, it is unlikely that xxx for A will also apply to B.3非此即彼攻击(either-or choice)support this assumption, nor is this crucial assumption very likely to be true.) Moreover, accepting both A and B might produce better results. It is possible that, in the long run, A helping XXX will also result in greater…. (original conclusion of B).Anyway, the author provides○7 no justification for the mutually exclusive choice imposed on the reader.4充分性攻击 (必须证明行动本身就可以得到一起的结果，A 导致不了B)(sufficient) The author’s conclusion alludes to the implicit assumption that A is sufficient to engender B.However, 895 必要性攻击(寻找他因)(necessary)10collection of factors, some of which will remain unpredictable in the future.In the case of XXX, factors such as C, D and E might be instrumental to render the same definitive impact on (B)(for example, B may be due to the fact C, or because it has D).( It is equallyfactors, the author entertains the possibility that A is a prerequisite for B.foreseeable future.In addition, it is possible that this trend may greatly vary according to social change.(in the overall economic status, the nation’s fiscal policies, financial condition, technical renovation, validity of laws and political milieu). Accordingly, any of these factors can influence, to some extent, A1, A2 and A3.7. Survey is doubtful选择性样本攻击A threshold the argument is that the respondent’s necessarily调查对象the questionnaire, ，The example cited, while prefiguring this trend, is insufficient to conclude that the sample is representative of the whole group. Therefore, without engaging in extensive analysis, it is presumptuous for the author to draw any conclusion.样本数量（总数未知）(the size of the sample is unknown)Moreover, the information XX is too vague to be statistically valid in the survey, thereby making the methodology of the analysis ambiguous. Without specific information about the number of XXX surveyed and the number of respondents, it is unacceptable to claim that the survey represents the entire population. For example, if 1000 workers were surveyed but only 10 responded, the result would be highly suspect .…Even if the conclusion from our empirical observations seems to be reasonable, the particular pattern in which XX is involved may not be an appropriate generalization .Unless it can be clarified and juxtaposed with the evidence that….. should appear to support the conclusion, the conclusion is not supported by the evidence. 样本时效性攻击( the time of the survey is flawed )Another innate defect that significantly undermines this argument is that the author overlooks a perennial problem in the survey. As several years elapse, the validity of the sample may vary according to the social upheaval (the overall economic status, the nation’s fiscal policies, financial condition, existence of fledgling industries, technical renovation, validity of laws, and political milieu). Any of these factors may inevitably affect the sample of the current generation or even engender a distortion of the incipient state in….. Until the author assigns a higher priority to the instantaneous investigation in an appropriate time, the conclusion that…..is invalid.Loaded question和诚实性攻击 (loaded question and the honest response)What’s more, the methodology of the survey is problematic for two reasons. For one thing, we are not informed whether the survey provided only 3 alternatives. If it did, the respondents, who might very well prefer another choice not provided in the survey, mightbe forced to give up their preferences. For another thing, we are not informed (it is unknown) whether the survey responses were anonymous or confidential. The respondents might supply responses favored by their superiors who might conduct the survey. Both events would cause this survey to be unreliable, let alone draw the conclusion that…9．Hasty generalization (有个体推广到一般结论)The author’s use of evidence claiming that XX is the basis for a generalization about all XXX introduces a fallacious argument. The underlying assumption operative in this deduction is that one example is indicative of a general conclusion. Unless A is demonstrably representative of all XXX (that….)., the conclusion that all…（conclusion）is completely unjustifiable. Therefore, in the case of such a narrow purview, it is unjustifiable to draw any conclusion in general.10.开头( at the beginning )The author draws the conclusion in this argument that…. Several pertinent reasons are supplied to support the conclusion . Initially, the author points out that….Secondly, the author posits that…(Besides, he also presumes that …)Even if the author’s argument seems to be tempting,exhaustive analysis reveals that the conclusion is based on some dubious assumptions and that the reasoning is biased due to the ambivalence of the evidence. However, without scrupulous justification to support it, the conclusion is problematic for several reasons结尾(at last)To conclude, the author unfairly assumes that……To enhance the argument, the author would have to corroborate that…..What’s more, to further justify the conclusion, the author should provide detailed evidence to demonstrate that….Julie,I’m not certain that I fully understand what you are doing with this collection of discussions of fallacies in reasoning, but I have done what I can to improve the grammar. Note the important comment about placement of punctuation, and also note how I place it in these sentences.You demonstrate a high level of understanding of the English language and logic.Your special friend,Coder。

网上购物英语作文(精选多篇)第一篇：网上购物英语作文online shopping with the development of technology, online shopping has become popular inpeople’s life. as many of us might have witnessed, more people are buying products through the internet. it tends to be a common phenomenon.undoubtedly, online shopping has brought us many conveniences. differentpeople hold the different ideas according to this phenomenon. the majority of people believe that online shopping is not only convenient but also helpful for people as a new shopping way. on the one hand, online shopping doesn’t need you to pour a lot of time and energy into buying things. if you go shopping in this way, you will spend a few minutes choosing the things that you need online instead of going out. moreover, online shopping doesn’t need us to get the things in person. on the other hand, online stores can provide various goods to satisfy our endless need. besides, we can save much money by online shopping.from above, we can know that online shopping has good effect on our life, but every coin has two sides. some people hold the opposite ideas. first, for example, we maybe buy something wrong online because we don’t take much notice of the quality of the goods. second, there are many swindlers who cheat us out of money by opening a fake online store.as far as i am concerned, shopping online is an irreversible trend. more and more people will be accustomed to it. it will be much more popular in the near future. although shopping online is a good way in shopping, we also need to reflect on when we buy things in this way.第二篇：关于网上购物的英语作文nowadays going shopping at internet become a fashion. and more and more people choose to buy what the need at the online shopping site. shopping online as is the case with many issues, has both merits and demerits.when asked about the reason of shopping online most people say that shopping online is more convenient, so they can have more time to complete other things. and we can make a comparison between like products, so we can make our decisions more quickly and intelligent. and shopping online is cheaper, and so on.but shopping online also can be dangerous, many people’s account for shopping online has been hacked by hacker, which leadsto property damage. and there are alsomany phishing site, if we careless, we would be cheat.as far as i am concerned, shopping online is more convenient, but when we go shopping online, we should be more careful, to avoid be cheated.第三篇：关于网上购物的英语作文关于网上购物的英语作文doing shopping onlinewith the help of the internet, shopping is not a difficult job. just click your mouse to choose the article you like, and the shopping is finished. you needn’t step out of the room. it seems easy and quick.but there’s always a t rap online.if you are careless, it will bring you some trouble. you may find the color of the article is different from what you want, or the size is either too small or too big. if you want to be different, you’d better not buy clothes online. once you pu t on the clothes you bought online and go out, you will find many people wear the same clothes in the street.with the development of the internet and the popularization of computers, shopping on the internet has become a commonplace in our life. here consumers can buy almost everything they need.shopping on the internet has a lot of advantages, of which the most important is perhaps its convenience. people don’t have to waste a lot of their energy and precious time to go from one shop to another to choose the commodities they like. this is especially desirable to the old, the sick and the busy people who cannot go to the shops in person. the goods come in all shapes, sizes and colors on the internet. all they need to do is to sit in front of their computers and click the mouses. the commodities they order will be delivered to them promptly.however, shopping on the internet also has its disadvantages. the first disadvantage is that the consumers can’t see the goods or try them on personally. sometime s, the real goods may not be the same as what they have seen on the computer. the second disadvantage is that some shops on the internet are not registered. they will never deliver anything to you after they get the money from you. once cheated, you will find that you have nowhere to go to complain.网上购物随着互联网的帮助，购物是不是一件困难的工作。

一．经不起推敲的类推（f a l s e a n a l o g y）Thisargument relieson whatmightbea falseanalogy betweenAandBC.（开头）InorderforBCto serveasmodels thatAshould emulate,thearguermustassumethatall relevantcircumstances invol vedare essentiallythesame.(环境、背景不同)However,thisassumptionis unwarranted.（过渡）Forexample,theargument overlooks thepossibilitythat…..Perhaps…..（列举各种可能性）Thearguersimplyassumesthat…..buthedoes notprovideanyevidence that……areindeedcomparable. Asweknow,the…and…differconspicuously.Itistruethat both…...butevenhereexist fundamentaldifferences:….（两种东西本身不同）Therefore,eventhoughthe….provedeffectivein…..,thereisno guarantee thatitwill workjustaswellfor…..（结尾）二将因果关系与单纯的关联关系或时间关系混淆起来（confusecausalrelationshipwithcorrelation）Theargumentconcludedbasedona knowncorrelation betweenAandB.Yetthe correlationalone isonlya scantevidence oftheclaimed“cause-and–effect”relationship. Perhaps…..Moreover,theargument overlooks thefactthat….Thearguer hasnotaccountedfor thepossibilitythat….Ifthisisthecase,thantheconclusionwould lackanymeritwh atsoever.三．认为一个群体的特征适用于该群体的所有成员四．认为某条件是某结果的必要和/或充足条件1.要想取得理想的结果就必须按照这种（推荐的）行为去做2.按照这种（推荐的）行为去捉就足以去的理想的结果a)Therecommendationd ependsontheassumption thatno alternative meansof…areavailable.Yetnoevidenceisoffe redtosubstantiatethisassumption.Admitittedly,…..However,itis entirelypossible thatmeansotherthanthiswouldalso achievethedesiredresult.（指出替代选项的存在）Perhapsthedesiredimprovementcouldbe achieved if…..（列举替代选项）Without consideringandrulingout theseandotheralternativemeansof….,thearguer cannotconfidently concludet hat…..mustdo…inordertoachievethegoal.（收尾）b)Therecommendationdependsontheadditional unsubstantiated assumptionthat…..would byitself improve……(指出不一定能达到目标)Absentevidencethatthisisthecase,itis equallypossible that…..Thus,withoutbetterevidencethat……,theargumentremainsunconvincing.（列举可能性一）Evenassumingthat….,thearguerprovides noclearevidence that…..The merefact that….hardlysufficestoprove …….,atleastnotwithoutmoreinformationabout….（让步，列举可能性二）Evenif…..,perhaps additionalmeasures—suchas…..—wouldalsoberequiredinordertoachieve….objectives.(列举可能附加的条件)五．基于可能不具代表性的统计数据Oneproblemwiththeargumentinvolvesthesited statistics about….Itis unreasonable to drawanyconclusions about….basedonstatisticsabout….（指出数据不可依赖）Thearguerfailstomakeclearthe exactnumber of….Ifonly smallportions ofthewholepopulationare…..thenthecasemightbethat…（数据太小）Evenifthe samplesize chosenfrom….islargeenough,thestatisticsmightalsobe incredible. Dependingonthetotalnumberof…..,itis entirelypossible that…..arenotrepresentativeof….Forexample,perhaps…..areparticularly….Without consideringandrulingout theseandotheralternativemeansof….,thearguer cannotconfidently concludet hat…（数据没有代表性）六．基于不准确的调查或民意测验结果。

Arguement通用顺序1The following appeared in a memorandum written by the vice president of Nature's Way, a chain of stores selling health food and other health-related products."Previous experience has shown that our stores are most profitable in areas where residents are highly concerned with leading healthy lives. We should therefore build our next new store in Plainsville, which has many such residents. Plainsville merchants report that sales of running shoes and exercise clothing are at all-time highs. The local health club, which nearly closed five years ago due to lack of business, has more members than ever, and the weight training and aerobics classes are always full. We can even anticipate a new generation of customers: Plainsville's schoolchildren are required to participate in a 'fitness for life' program, which emphasizes the benefits of regular exercise at an early age."------------------------------2The following appeared in a letter sent by a committee of homeowners from the Deerhaven Acres to all homeowners in Deerhaven Acres."Seven years ago, homeowners in nearby Brookville community adopted a set of restrictions on how the community's yards should be landscaped and what colors the exteriors of homes should be painted. Since then, average property values have tripled in Brookville. In order to raise property values in Deerhaven Acres, we should adopt our own set of restrictions on landscaping and housepainting."------------------------------3The following appeared in a newspaper article about law firms in the city of Megalopolis."In Megalopolis, the number of law school graduates who went to work for large, corporate firms declined by 15 percent over the last three years, whereas an increasing number of graduates took jobs at small, general practice firms. Even though large firms usually offer much higher salaries, law school graduates are choosing to work for the smaller firms most likely because they experience greater job satisfaction at smaller firms. In a survey of first-year students at a leading law school, most agreed with the statement that earning a high salary was less important to them than job satisfaction. This finding suggests that the large, corporate firms of Megalopolis will need to offer graduates more benefits and incentives and reduce the number of hours they must work."------------------------------4The following was posted on an Internet real estate discussion site."Of the two leading real estate firms in our town—Adams Realty and Fitch Realty—Adams is clearly superior. Adams has 40 real estate agents. In contrast, Fitch has 25, many of whom work only part-time. Moreover, Adams' revenue last year was twice as high as that of Fitch, and included home sales that averaged $168,000, compared to Fitch's $144,000. Homes listed with Adams sell faster as well: ten years ago, I listed my home with Fitch and it took more than four months to sell; last year, when I sold another home, I listed it with Adams, and it took only one month. Thus, if you want to sell your home quickly and at a good price, you should use Adams."------------------------------5The following appeared in the business section of a newspaper."Given that the number of people in our country with some form of arthritis is expected to rise from 40 million to 60 million over the next twenty years, pharmaceutical companies that produce drugs for the treatment of arthritis should be very profitable. Many analysts believe that in ten years Becton Pharmaceuticals, which makes Xenon, the best-selling drug treatment for arthritis, will be the most profitable pharmaceutical company. But the patent on Xenon expires in three years, and other companies will then be able to produce a cheaper version of the drug. Thus, it is more likely that in ten years the most profitable pharmaceutical company will be Perkins Pharmaceuticals, maker of a new drug called Xylan, which clinical studies show is preferred over Xenon by seven out of ten patients suffering from the most extreme cases of arthritis."------------------------------6The following was written as a part of an application for a small business loan by a group of developers in the city of Monroe."A jazz music club in Monroe would be a tremendously profitable enterprise. Currently, the nearest jazz club is 65 miles away; thus, our proposed club, the C Note, would have the local market all to itself. Plus, jazz is extremely popular in Monroe: over 100,000 people attended Monroe's jazz festival last summer, several well-known jazz musicians live in Monroe, and the highest-rated radio program in Monroe is 'Jazz Nightly,' which airs every weeknight. Finally, a nationwide study indicates that the typical jazz fan spends close to $1,000 per year on jazz entertainment. It is clear that the C Note cannot help but make money."------------------------------7The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Clearview newspaper."In the next mayoral election, residents of Clearview should vote for Ann Green, who is a member of the Good Earth Coalition, rather than for Frank Braun, a member of the Clearview town council, because the current members are not protecting our environment. For example, during the past year the number of factories in Clearview has doubled, air pollution levels have increased, and the local hospital has treated 25 percent more patients with respiratory illnesses. If we elect Ann Green, the environmental problems in Clearview will certainly be solved."------------------------------8The following appeared in a memorandum issued by the strategic planning department at Omni Inc."Mesa Foods, a manufacturer of snack foods that currently markets its products within a relatively small region of the country, has strong growth potential. Mesa enjoyed a 20 percent increase in profits last year, and its best-selling product, Diabolique Salsa, has had increased sales over each of the past three years. Since Omni Inc. is interested in reaching 14-to-25 year olds, the age group that consumes the most snack food, we should buy Mesa Foods, and concentrate in particular on marketing Diabolique Salsa throughout the country."------------------------------9The following appeared in a memorandum from a dean at Omega University."Fifteen years ago, Omega University implemented a new procedure that encouraged students to evaluate the teaching effectiveness of all their professors. Since that time, Omega professors have begun to assign higher grades in their classes, and overall student grade averages at Omega have risen by thirty percent. Potential employers apparently believe the grades at Omega are inflated; this would explain why Omega graduates have not been as successful at getting jobs as have graduates from nearby Alpha University. To enable its graduates to secure better jobs, Omega University should now terminate student evaluation of professors."------------------------------10The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a Batavia newspaper."The department of agriculture in Batavia reports that the number of dairy farms throughout the country is now 25 percent greater than it was 10 years ago. During this same time period, however, the price of milk at the local Excello Food Market has increased from $1.50 to over $3.00 per gallon. To prevent farmers fromcontinuing to receive excessive profits on an apparently increased supply of milk, the Batavia government should begin to regulate retail milk prices. Such regulation is necessary to ensure both lower prices and an adequate supply of milk for consumers."------------------------------11The following appeared in a memo from the mayor of the town of West Egg."Two years ago, our consultants predicted that West Egg's landfill, which is used for garbage disposal, would be completely filled within five years. During the past two years, however, town residents have been recycling twice as much aluminum and paper as they did in previous years. Next month the amount of material recycled should further increase, since charges for garbage pickup will double. Furthermore, over ninety percent of the respondents to a recent survey said that they would do more recycling in the future. Because of our residents' strong commitment to recycling, the available space in our landfill should last for considerably longer than predicted."------------------------------12The following appeared in a memo from a vice president of Alta Manufacturing."During the past year, Alta Manufacturing had thirty percent more on-the-job accidents than nearby Panoply Industries, where the work shifts are one hour shorter than ours. Experts believe that a significant contributing factor in manyon-the-job accidents is fatigue and sleep deprivation among workers. Therefore, to reduce the number of on-the-job accidents at Alta and thereby increase productivity, we should shorten each of our three work shifts by one hour so that our employees will get adequate amounts of sleep."------------------------------13The following appeared in a memo from the chief executive of a video game company."We have recently been offered the opportunity to buy the rights to produce a video game based on the soon-to-be-published children's book "Squirrel Power," by Peter Wood. While the cost of the rights is substantial and will place economic constraints on our company in the short-term, there are two reasons that the purchase of these rights will undoubtedly be a wise investment. First, Wood's last three books have been best sellers and the movie based on his first book was highly profitable. Second, the popular characters and story line in "Squirrel Power" will save us time in developing our video game, thereby reducing our costs."------------------------------14The following appeared in a memo from the owner of Green Thumb Gardening Center, a small business serving a suburban town."There is evidence that consumers are becoming more and more interested in growing their own vegetables. A national survey conducted last month indicated that many consumers were dissatisfied with the quality of fresh vegetables available in supermarkets. And locally, the gardening magazine Great Gardens has sold out at the Village News stand three months in a row. Thus, we at Green Thumb Gardening Center can increase our profits by greatly expanding the variety of vegetable seeds we stock for gardeners this coming spring."------------------------------15The following appeared in a newsletter offering advice to investors."Over 80 percent of the respondents to a recent survey indicated a desire to reduce their intake of foods containing fats and cholesterol, and today low-fat products abound in many food stores. Since many of the food products currently marketed by Old Dairy Industries are high in fat and cholesterol, the company's sales are likely to diminish greatly and their profits will no doubt decrease. We therefore advise Old Dairy stockholders to sell their shares and other investors not to purchase stock in this company."------------------------------16The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a local newspaper from a citizen of the state of Impecunia."Two years ago our neighboring state, Lucria, began a state lottery to supplement tax revenues for education and public health. Today, Lucria spends more per pupil than we do, and Lucria's public health program treats far more people than our state's program does. If we were to establish a state lottery like the one in Lucria, the profits could be used to improve our educational system and public health program. The new lottery would doubtless be successful, because a survey conducted in our capital city concludes that citizens of Impecunia already spend an average of $50 per person per year on gambling."------------------------------17The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Walnut Grove town newspaper."Walnut Grove's town council has advocated switching from EZ Disposal (which hashad the contract for trash collection services in Walnut Grove for the past ten years) to ABC Waste, because EZ recently raised its monthly fee from $2,000 to $2,500 a month, whereas ABC's fee is still $2,000. But the town council is mistaken; we should continue using EZ. EZ collects trash twice a week, while ABC collects only once. Moreover, EZ—which, like ABC, currently has a fleet of 20 trucks—has ordered additional trucks. Finally, EZ provides exceptional service: 80 percent of respondents to last year's town survey agreed that they were 'satisfied' with EZ's performance."------------------------------18The following appeared in an editorial in a Prunty County newspaper."In an attempt to improve highway safety, Prunty County recently lowered its speed limit from 55 miles per hour to 45 on all major county roads. But the 55 mph limit should be restored, because this safety effort has failed. Most drivers are exceeding the new speed limit and the accident rate throughout Prunty County has decreased only slightly. If we want to improve the safety of our roads, we should instead undertake the same kind of road improvement project that Butler County completed five years ago: increasing lane widths and resurfacing rough roads. Today, major Butler County roads still have a 55 mph speed limit, yet there were 25 percent fewer reported accidents in Butler County this past year than there were five years ago."------------------------------19The following appeared in a letter from the manager of a rock band named Double Rice."One year ago, tickets for Double Rice's concerts in stadiums around the country took, on average, at least 24 hours to sell out, if they sold out at all. But the band has been enjoying a surge in nationwide popularity among 14 to 25 year olds, and the 30,000 tickets for a recent concert in Megalopolis sold out in 12 minutes. Clearly the ticket sales in Megalopolis are a result both of the band's increased popularity and of the advertising campaign run in Megalopolis by the Ad Lib advertising agency. Thus, in order to ensure that the band's success in Megalopolis is repeated across the country, the band should hire Ad Lib to duplicate the Megalopolis ad campaign on a nationwide scale."------------------------------20The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Balmer Island Gazette."The population of Balmer Island increases to 100,000 duing the summer months. To reduce the number of accidents involving mopeds and pedestrians, the town council of Balmer Island should limit the number of mopeds rented by each of theisland's six moped and bicycle rental companies from 50 per day to 30 per day during the summer season. By limiting the number of rentals, the town council is sure to attain the 50 percent reduction in moped accidents that was achieved last year in the neighboring island of Torseau, when Torseau's town council enforced similar limits on moped rentals."------------------------------21The following appeared in a memo from the new vice president of Sartorian, a company that manufactures men's clothing."Five years ago, at a time when we had difficulties in obtaining reliable supplies of high-quality wool fabric, we discontinued production of our deluxe alpaca overcoats. Now that we have a new fabric supplier, we should resume production. This coat should sell very well: since we have not offered an alpaca overcoat for five years and since our major competitor no longer makes an alpaca overcoat, there will be pent-up customer demand. Also, since the price of most types of clothing has risen in each of the past five years, customers should be willing to pay significantly higher prices for alpaca overcoats than they did five years ago, and our company profits will increase."------------------------------22The following appeared in a memo from the president of a company that builds and sells new homes in Steel City."Over the past five years, the population of Steel City has increased by more than 20 percent, and family incomes in Steel City have risen much faster than the national average. Nationwide, sales of houses priced above $150,000 have increased more than have sales of lower-priced houses. Such data indicate that we should make changes in our business to increase company profits. First, we should build fewer low-priced houses than we did last year and focus instead on building houses designed to sell at above $150,000. Second, we should hire additional workers so that we can build a larger total number of houses than we did last year."------------------------------23A recent sales study indicated that consumption of seafood dishes in Bay City restaurants has increased by 30 percent over the past five years. Yet there are no currently operating city restaurants that specialize in seafood. Moreover, the majority of families in Bay City are two-income families, and a nationwide study has shown that such families eat significantly fewer home-cooked meals than they did a decade ago but at the same time express more concern about eating healthily. Therefore, a new Bay City restaurant specializing in seafood will be quite popular and profitable.------------------------------24The following appeared in a memo from the president of Viva-Tech, a manufacturer of high-tech medical equipment."In order to reduce costs, we should close some of our existing small assembly plants and build a large central plant. Grandview would be an ideal location for this new plant. First, of the locations that we have considered, Grandview has the largest adult population, so that we will be able to staff our plant quickly and easily. Second, since the average wage earned by workers in Grandview is less than that in the other locations, we should be able to keep production costs low. Last, as an inducement for us to build there, Grandview's town council has offered to allow us to operate for the first three years without paying city taxes."------------------------------25The following appeared in a memo from the mayor of the town of Hopewell."Two years ago, the town of Ocean View built a new municipal golf course and resort hotel. During the past two years, tourism in Ocean View has increased, new businesses have opened there, and Ocean View's tax revenues have risen by 30 percent. The best way to improve Hopewell's economy, and generate additional tax revenues, is to build a golf course and resort hotel similar to those in Ocean View."------------------------------26The following appeared in a memo from the chairperson of the school board in the town of Saluda."For the past five years, Mr. Charles Schade has been the music director at Steel City High School, and during that time the school band from Steel City High has won three regional band competitions. In addition, the quality of the music rehearsal facilities and musical instruments at Steel City High has improved markedly over the past five years. Because of such successes at Steel City High, the Saluda school board should hire Mr. Schade to plan and direct the general music education programs for the entire Saluda school system."------------------------------27The following appeared as part of a memo from the president of Automate, a company that manufactures automobiles."It has come to my attention that Sparks, Inc., the manufacturing company that just moved into our state, is advertising job openings at salaries that are twice ashigh as those paid to our experienced assembly-line workers. Some of our employees have already left to work for Sparks. In order to keep our best staff, we must pay them salaries equal to those Sparks pays its employees. Otherwise we will continue to lose employees in the future, because Sparks must staff the additional new plants that it plans to build in the state."------------------------------28The following is a memo from the superintendent of the Mylar school district."A recent six-month study, in which breakfast was made available at school for 100 schoolchildren ages five to twelve, found that children on the breakfast plan were less likely than other children to be absent from or late for school. Clearly, eating breakfast before school plays a role in reducing student absenteeism and tardiness. It is also well known that children who regularly eat a healthful breakfast tend to perform better in school. Therefore, in order to reduce absenteeism and tardiness and to improve academic performance in all of Mylar's elementary and secondary schools, we should provide breakfasts for all students before each school day."------------------------------29When Ida McAllister ran for mayor of Lake City four years ago, she failed to win even 30 percent of the vote. But since then, McAllister has made public her commitment to environmental causes. She would be wise, therefore, to announce her intention to close all Lake City parks to automobile traffic, thus following the example of the former mayor of Plainsville, Alecia Yu . On the recommendation of a small group of concerned citizens, Mayor Yu prohibited automobile traffic in all Plainsville parks, and therefore was credited with solving the pollution problem and improving the quality of life in Plainsville. This action would have great appeal to the citizens of Lake City, most of whom participate in the community's recycling program, and would guarantee McAllister's success in her current quest to be Lake City's new mayor.------------------------------30According to information recently reported in the Eliottown Gazette, the number of people who travel to Eliottown has increased significantly over the past several years. So far this year over 100,000 people have arrived on flights to Eliottown's airport, compared with only 80,000 last year and 40,000 the year before. Eliottown's train station has received more than 50,000 passengers this year, compared with less than 40,000 last year and 20,000 the year before. Clearly tourism in Eliottown has been increasing, thanks to the new Central Park and Museum of Modern Art that opened last year. Therefore, the funding for the park and museum should be increased significantly.------------------------------31The following appeared in the editorial section of a newsmagazine."Some states are creating new laws that restrict the use of of handheld cell phones by drivers of automobiles. Such legislation, however, is sheer folly. Although some people with cell phones undoubtedly cause problems on the road, including serious accidents, the majority do not. Besides, problems are also caused by drivers who are distracted by any number of other activities, from listening to the radio to disciplining children. Since there is no need to pass legislation restricting these and other such activities, it follows that there is no need to restrict people's freedom to use a device that they find convenient—or helpful in emergencies."------------------------------32Until recently, people in Hiparia did most of their shopping by driving to shopping malls. They are beginning, however, to do more of their shopping by ordering merchandise from mail-order catalogs and the Internet. These purchases are delivered to them by mail or by a delivery service. For many purchases, Hiparians no longer need to drive to and from shopping malls; there will therefore be a resulting reduction in the consumption of vehicle fuel in Hiparia.------------------------------33The following report appeared in an archaeology journal."The discovery of distinctively shaped ceramic pots at various prehistoric sites scattered over a wide area has led archaeologists to ask how the pots were spread. Some believe the pot makers migrated to the various sites and carried the pots along with them; others believe the pots were spread by trade and their makers remained in one place. Now, analysis of the bones of prehistoric human skeletons can settle the debate: high levels of a certain metallic element contained in various foods are strongly associated with people who migrated to a new place after childhood. Many of the bones found near the pots at a few sites showed high levels of the metallic element. Therefore, it must be that the pots were spread by migration, not trade."------------------------------34Milk and dairy products are rich in vitamin D and calcium, substances essential for building and maintaining bones. Many people therefore believe that a diet rich in dairy products can help prevent osteoporosis, a disease in which the bones weaken significantly with age and that is linked to both environmental and genetic factors. But a long-term study of a large number of people has found that those who have consistently consumed dairy products throughout the years of the study have ahigher rate of bone fractures than any other participants in the study. Since bone fractures are a symptom of osteoporosis, this study result shows that a diet rich in dairy products may actually increase, rather than decrease, the risk of osteoporosis.------------------------------35The following appeared in the summary of a study on headaches suffered by the residents of Mentia."Salicylates are members of the same chemical family as aspirin, a medicine used to treat headaches. Although many foods are naturally rich in salicylates, for the past several decades food-processing companies have also been adding salicylates to foods as preservatives. This rise in the commercial use of salicylates has been found to correlate with a steady decline in the average number of headaches reported by participants in our twenty-year study. Recently, food-processing companies have found that salicylates can also be used as flavor additives for foods. With this new use for salicylates, we can expect a continued steady decline in the number of headaches suffered by the average citizen of Mentia."------------------------------36The following appeared in an article written by Dr. Karp, an anthropologist."Twenty years ago Dr. Field, a noted anthropologist, visited the island of Tertia and concluded from his observations that children in Tertia were reared by an entire village rather than by their own biological parents. However, my recent interviews with children living in the group of islands that includes Tertia show that these children spend much more time talking about their biological parents than about other adults in the village. This research proves that Dr. Field's conclusion about Tertian village culture is false, and thus that the observation-centered approach to studying cultures is invalid. Because they are using the interview-centered method, my team of graduate students working in Tertia will establish a much more accurate understanding of child-rearing traditions there and in other island cultures."------------------------------37Woven baskets characterized by a particular distinctive pattern have previously been found only in the immediate vicinity of the prehistoric village of Palea and therefore were believed to have been unique to the Palean people. Recently, however, archaeologists discovered such a "Palean" basket in Lithos, an ancient village across the Brim River from Palea. The Brim River is very deep and broad, and so the ancient Paleans could only have crossed it by boat, but there is no evidence that the Paleans had boats. And boats capable of carrying groups of people and cargo were not developed until thousands of years after the Palean people disappeared. Moreover, Paleans would have had no need to cross the river—the。

Arguement逻辑错误分类1.Loose generalizationsDrawing conclusions about groups of people on the basis of stereotypes. Example: French people are more romantic.2.Hasty generalizationsArriving at a conclusion without enough evidence.Example: Asian-American students are better in math.3.Circular ReasoningRestating in different words what has already been stated.Example: Dieting is hard because it requires consuming fewer calories.4.Single cause-effectClaiming that only one event caused another when there may be no real connection.Example: When I sat down at the computer it stopped working, so I must have done somethingwrong.5.Slippery SlopeAssumes a chain of cause-effect relationships with very suspect connections. Example: Because I failed my exam, my parents were mad, I lost my wallet, my car wouldn't start,and I got fired.6.Non SequiturThe first part of the idea does not relate to the other.Example: I did well in school because I always wore nice clothes.7.Either/OrSuggesting only two alternatives when the issue may be much more complex. Example: America--love it or leave it!8.False AuthorityDraws attention away from the evidence and leans on the popularity of someone who may havelittle knowledge of the issue or product.Example: Kathie Lee Gifford, a popular TV celebrity, says that cruises are wonderful, so theymust be.9.Ad HominemAttacking the person instead of the ideas.Example: Don't vote for Jerry Brown; he's a left-wing fanatic, a throwback to the 60s whomeditates and eats health foods.10.Bandwagon ThinkingClaiming that most people agree so it must be right.Example: I wouldn't have cheated on my income taxes, but everyone else does, so why shouldn't I?11.Stacking the deckGiving a slanted view of the issue by focusing only on one side.Example: I deserve to get an A in the class because I like the teacher, work hard, and attend class.12.Appeal to EmotionExploiting the audience's feeling in order to get them on your side. Example: I believe I deserve a scholarship because I am an orphan who grew up in a dysfunctionalfoster family.13.Ignoring the questionChanging the topic before it is really consideredExample: The criminal won't say where he was on the night of the crime, but he does rememberbeing teased relentlessly as a child.14.Trivial objectionsCan be similar to ad hominem in that it focuses on things unimportant to the issue at hand.Example: I think Ross Perot would make a terrible president. His ears are huge.常见逻辑错误1它因other alternatives2原因本身存在的真实性The reliability of the study is dubious3比较contract4因果关系(无，倒置)correlation for causality5想当然的把两个现象联系在一起A is not the same as B6统计的时间不足(时间攻击)Besides these, there are other kinds such as:7 circular reasoning: unwarranted two things substantiate each other.8 biased sample (representation)9 sufficiency of sample10 Ad hominen: attack one person rather than his/her view.11 Ad populum: What the public say is true or the truth of a thing can be determined by putting it into a votes; the democracy is good but not absolutely right.12 Either-or thinking: There is no room for a middle ground or a thing is either at one point or at the other extremity but not at a mid point (so-called white-or-black fallacy)13 The “all things are equal” fallacy: without considering the change of time, space and other external conditions which may lead to the alteration of evidence, thereby the results of the recommendation or prediction.14 Non sequitor: the premise can’t certai nly lead to the result or in other words the consequence does not entail the premise.15 Straw man: falsify rather than represent the opponent’s view16 “After this, Therefore Because of this”: A happens before B so A must result to B.17 fallacy of equivocation: a word or phrase has been employed in different meanings throughout the argument. So-called the “stolen” transference of a concept in Chinese18 Irrational appeals: accept ideas based on other bases, say authority, other than reasonableness19 mistake the number for the proportion.20 without comparison with others.21 lack of comparison with the overall scenario22 hasty or sweeping conclusion without considering other factors23 inconsistency of concepts (simple identify A with B)。

外国人也容易拼错的10个单词下面是小编整理的一些外国人也容易拼错的单词，希望对大家英语学习有帮助。

NOTE: Any spell-check program ought to catch most of these for you. However, the wisest course is to master them yourself.注意：任何拼写检查程序都应该能发现其中大部分错误。

但最明智的做法是自己掌握它们。

For fun, I did a search for the incorrect version of nine of the ten. I didn’t bother with Number 7 because both its and it’s are valid spellings. The number of hits for the misspellings is shown in parentheses. Some refer to intentional misspellings on English sites like this one, but not all.出于乐趣，我搜索了10个错误拼写中的9个。

我没有搜第7个是因为its和it’s都是正确的拼写。

括号中是错误拼写的搜索结果数。

其中部分错误是像这个网站中出现的那样，属于有目的的拼写错误，但并非所有都如此。

1. argument (“arguement” 730,000)The verb is argue, but the noun is argument.动词是argue，但名词是argument。

2. calendar (“calender” 29,600,000)The register on which you schedule your appointments is spelled calendar. Yes, there is a specialized term spelled calender that refers to paper production, but I doubt that it accounts for millions of uses.用来记录约会的登记簿拼作calendar。

主题：arguement很像的单词1. 概述arguement这个单词在英语中是一个常见的词语，但很多人都容易将其和其他单词混淆，因为arguement和其他单词在拼写和发音上非常相似。

本文将探讨arguement和其他单词的相似之处，并指出它们在意义和用法上的区别。

2. arguement和argument2.1 arguement和argument在拼写上非常相似，但它们在意义上却有着明显的区别。

argument是“争论、论证”的意思，常用于表示双方或多方之间的观点分歧，例如：We had an argument about whether to go on vacation or stay home this summer. 而arguement这个单词实际上并不存在，很多人在拼写时会出现错误，应该使用argument来表示“争论、论证”。

3. 同音异形的单词3.1 除了arguement和argument这两个单词外，还有一些其他单词在发音上和它们非常相似，但在拼写和意义上有着明显的差异。

例如：- Complimentplementpliment是“恭维、赞美”的意思，plement 是“补充、补充物”的意思。

尽管它们的发音相似，但在写作和交流中需要注意其用法的区别。

- Principal和principle：principal可以表示“校长、主要的”等意思，而principle表示“原则、准则”等意思。

尽管这两个单词在发音上很接近，但它们的意义却完全不同。

4. 总结根据以上的讨论，我们可以看到很多单词在拼写和发音上都非常相似，容易让人产生混淆。

然而，通过对这些单词的意义和用法进行充分的了解，我们就能够避免在写作和交流中出现错误。

建议大家在学习英语单词的时候，不仅要注意它们的拼写和发音，还要深入理解它们的意义和用法，以免造成不必要的误解和困惑。

5. 结语本文通过对arguement这个单词和其他单词的比较分析，希望能够帮助读者更好地理解这些常见的英语单词，避免在使用上出现错误。

2016-01-13何绍攀IELTS写作团IELTS写作团IELTSWRITING728天时间，让你对雅思写作充满自信！华山古称"西岳"，山峰像一朵莲花，古时候“华”与“花”通用，正如《水经注》所说：远而望之若花状，故名华山。

华山是道教主流全真派圣地，华山还是神州九大观日处之一。

华山是五岳中我拜访的第一座山峰，这里也是我走遍神州大地三山五岳的起点。

另外推荐大家在电脑上打开这些内容(如何打开请百度)，然后复制下来，打印出来的话，看起来就异常的轻松啦！任务一：句子背诵30. Television programs can be entertaining and enjoyable, bringing the best comedians, and musicians into our homes, and providing viewers with access to a huge variety of entertainment channels.看电视很娱乐和很享受。

电视节目让我们在家就可以看到最好的喜剧演员和音乐家，同时又让我们可以看到很多的娱乐频道。

31. Programs can also be informative and educational because news coverage makes the public aware of events around the world, and documentaries can make learning more interesting.电视节目信息丰富和有教育作用，因为新闻可以让我们了解身边发生的事情，纪录片可以让学习更有趣。

32. The Internet has revolutionized communication because we can keep in touch by email or instant messenger services, and video messaging is becoming common for business meetings.互联网革新了我们的交流方式。