20110731-History of the World Petroleum Industry

环境保护类Passage 1 〔2011•广东卷•D〕In a world with limited land, water and other natural resources (资源), the harm from the traditional business model is on the rise. Actually, the past decade has seen more and more forests disappearing and globe becoming increasingly warm. People now realize that this unhealthy situation must be changed, and that we must be able to develop in sustainable (可持续的) ways. That means growth with low carbon or development of sustainable products. In other words, we should keep the earth healthy while using its supply of natural resources.Today, sustainable development is a proper trend in many countries. According to a recent study, the global market for low-carbon energy will become three times bigger over the next decade. China, for example, has set its mind on leading that market, hoping to seize chances in the new round of the global energy revolution. It is now trying hard to make full use of wind and solar energy, and is spending a huge amount of money making electric cars and high-speed trains. In addition, we are also seeing great growth in the global markets for sustainable products such as palm oil (棕榈油), which is produced without cutting down valuable rainforest. In recent years the markets for sustainable products have grown by more than 50%. Governments can fully develop the potential of these new markets. First, they can set high targets for reducing carbon emissions (排放) and targets for saving and reusing energy. Besides, stronger management of public resources like forests can also help to speed up the development. Finally, governments can avoid the huge public expenses that are taking us in the wrong direction, and redirecting some of those expenses can accelerate the change from traditional model to a sustainable one.The major challenge of this century is to find ways to meet the needs of a growingpopulation within the limits of this single planet. That is no small task, but it offers abundant new chances for sustainable product industries.41. The traditional business model is harmful because of all the following EXCEPT that ______.A. it makes the world warmerB. it consumes natural resourcesC. it brings severe damage to forestsD. it makes growth hard to continue42. What can we infer from Paragraph 2?A. China lacks wind and solar energy.B. China is the leader of the low-carbon market.C. High-speed trains are a low-carbon development.D. Palm oil is made at the cost of valuable forests.43. To fully develop the low-carbon markets, government can ______.A. cut public expensesB. forbid carbon emissionC. develop public resourcesD. encourage energy conservation44. We can learn from the last paragraph that businesses have many chances to ______.A. develop sustainable productsB. explore new natural resourcesC. make full use of natural resourcesD. deal with the major challenge45. What is the main purpose of the passage?A. To introduce a new business model.B. To compare two business models.C. To predict a change of the global market.D. To advocate sustainable development.【文章大意】人类传统的产业开展模式对地球的环境造成了严重的危害，森林减少、全球变暖等环境问题愈发严重。

2013年11月2日托福阅读真题解析第一篇TOPIC The Disappearance Of D People第一段讲因为a cool trend，该地能够适应寒冷的人留下来，演变成了D人。

第二段讲然后拿他们和pre-D的人做了比较。

有一题问的是哪些不是pre-D的characteristic。

第三段讲有两个原因导致了D人的disappearance。

一个是climate change。

因为Arctic 气候变暖，然后冰川融化，一部分（Dozen）人原来已经adapt to climate，并且有了在寒冷气候下的生存方式，现在不能适应这种气候，然后就搬走了，另一部分人为了适应这种气候，抛弃tundra，而他们的祖先留下来的以前的捕猎技巧等绝大多数适用于陆地上捕猎，而天气便暖导致冰川暖化，他们也不得不放弃这些技巧，转而去适应捕猎海中的mammals。

第四段讲又有一个人种T，起源于Greenland的某个地方，然后气温升高导致冰川融化，他们也捕猎海中大型mammal，但以前捕猎范围有限，因为被冰限制住了，后来冰川融化，圈子open，然后他们就追赶这些动物到加拿大北极圈的那些居民住的地方，后来又把那里的原著居民赶走了。

然后在这个文化逐渐消亡，但还有些残存。

解析：本文属历史类话题，讲述北美大陆早期居民历史，原文中两个民族经分析，应为Dorset 多西特族和Thule图勒族。

本文结构应属于描述类和因果类结合，开篇介绍Dorset族，后文重点谈及Dorset族消失的原因，主要原因为气候变化。

气候变化在托福阅读文章当中出现的次数不胜枚举，几乎所有历史现象、生物特征等分析原因时，都会从气候变化出发。

下文为关于Dorset民族的介绍。

Dorset cultureThe Dorset culture (also called the Dorset Tradition) was a Paleo-Eskimo culture (500 BCE–1500 CE) that preceded the Inuit culture in Arctic North America. It is named after Cape Dorset in Nunavut, Canada where the first the evidence of its existence was found. The culture has been defined as having four phases due to the distinct differences in the technologies relating to hunting and tool making. Artefacts include distinctive triangular end-blades, soapstone lamps, and burins.The Dorset were first identified as a separate culture in 1925. Archaeology has been critical to adding to knowledge about them because the Dorset were essentially extinct by 1500 due to difficulties in adapting to the Medieval Warm Period. The Thule, who began migrating east from Alaska in the 1000s, began the displacement of the Dorset. However a small, isolated community of people known as the Sadlermiut survived until 1902-1903 at Hudson Bay on Coats, Walrus, and Southampton islands. DNA testing has confirmed these people were directly related to the Dorset culture.Dorset culture and history is divided into four periods: the Early (which began around 500 BCE), Middle, Late (starting around CE 800), and Terminal (CE 1000 to 1500) phases. The Terminal phase was already in progress when the Thule entered the Canadian Arctic, migrating east from Alaska. It is probably closely related to theonset of the Medieval Warm Period, which started to warm the Arctic considerably around AD 800. With the warmer climates, the sea ice became less predictable and was isolated from the High Arctic.The Dorset were highly adapted to living in a very cold climate, and much of their food came from hunting sea mammals through holes in the ice. The massive decline in sea-ice which the Medieval Warm Period produced would have had a devastating impact upon their way of life. They seem to have had great difficulty adapting to this change. They apparently followed the ice north. During the Late and Terminal periods, they concentrated their settlements in the High Arctic.[citation needed] As mentioned below, an isolated remnant of the Dorset may have survived on a few small Hudson Bay islands until 1902. Most of the evidence demonstrates that by 1500 they had essentially disappeared.There appears to have been minimal (if any) genetic connection between the Dorset and the Thule.[citation needed] Archaeological, cultural and legendary evidence supports Thule-Dorset interaction. For instance, the Thule engaged in seal-hole hunting, which was not known from their culture in Alaska. The Dorset extensively used this hunting technique, likely a form of technology that they could teach the Thule.Further, the speed and direction of the Thule migration may imply Dorset-Thuleconnections. The Thule made an almost direct migration from Alaska, across the continent through foreign lands all the way to Greenland, in the span of a few centuries. For the Thule to have accomplished this, they likely required directions and assistance, which the Dorset may have provided. The details of Thule/Dorset interactions are mostly unknown and generate questions: did the Thule carry new diseases, how much direct conflict was there between the two peoples, and what was the nature of their social interactions?Much can be inferred from Inuit legends, archaeology and the genetic studies mentioned above. The Thule were a strong people with a history of warfare, and they had better weapons than the Dorset. The process of "driving off" the Dorset, which is recounted in their legends, would likely have involved direct conflict. As there was almost no interbreeding between them, social interactions did not appear to go much beyond trading. Although archaeological evidence indicates that the Dorset were in steep decline when the Thule arrived,[citation needed] conflicts with the Inuit would have hastened that decline.第二篇TOPIC Overhunting对Large mammal灭绝影响开始讲虽然climate change对动物灭绝有影响，但是human act也有很大关系，然后下面开始讲人类活动的影响。

2011年考研英语(一)阅读真题全文翻译及答案（七绝俗手版）2011-01-1621-25 CBDBA26-30 BDCAC31-35 DCBAA36-40 CDADB41-45 BDACFSection IIReading ComprehensionPart A Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], , [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic。

2009年纽约交响乐团突然宣布聘用艾伦·吉尔伯特为下一位乐曲指挥，从那时起一直到现在，这次任命都成为古典音乐界的话题。

退一步说，从总体上看，反应还是不错的。

如冷静的古典音乐评论家安东尼·托姆西尼就这样写：从长时间来看，这次委命是英明的。

One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician wi th no air of the formidable conductor about him。

2011年全国卷I 阅读APet owners are being encouraged to take their animals to work, a move scientists say can be good for productivity, workplace morale (士气), and the well-being of animals.A study found that 25% of Australian women would like to keep an office pet. Sue Chaseling of Petcare Information Service said the practice of keeping office pets was good b oth for the people and the pets. “On the pets’ side, they are not left on their own and won’t feel lonely and unhappy,” she said. A study of major US companies showed that 73% found office pets beneficial, while 27% experienced a drop in absenteeism (缺勤).Xarni Riggs has two cats walking around her Global Hair Salon in Paddington. “My customers love them. They are their favorites,” she said. “They are not troublesome. They know when to go and have a sleep in the sun.”Little black BJ has spent nearly a ll his two years “working” at Punch Gallery in Balmain. Owner Iain Powell said he had had cats at the gallery for 15 years. “BJ often lies in the shop window and people walking past tap on the glass,” he said.Ms Chaseling said cats were popular in service industries because they enabled a point of conversation. But she said owners had to make sure both their co-workers and the cats were comfortable.56. The percentage of American companies that are in favor of keeping office pets is ______.A. 73%B. 27%C. 25%D. 15%57. We know from the text that “BJ” ______.A. works in the Global Hair SalonB. often greets the passers-byC. likes to sleep in the sunD. is a two-year-old cat58. The best title for this text would be ______.A. Pets Help Attract CustomersB. Y our Favorite Office PetsC. Pets Join the WorkforceD. Busy Life for PetsBMONTREAL (Reuters) --- Crossing the US-Canada border to go to church on a Sunday cost a US citizen ＄10,000 for breaking Washington’s strict new security rules.The expensive trip to church was a surprise for Richard Albert, who lives right on the Canadian border. Like the other half-dozen people of Township 15, crossing the border is a daily occurrence for Albert. The nearby Quebec village of St. Pamphile is where they shop, eat and go to church.There are many such situations in these areas along the largely unguarded 5, 530-mile border between Canada and the US- which in some cases actually runs down the middle of streets or through buildings.As a result, Albert says he did not expect any problems three weeks ago when he returned home to the US after attending church in Canada, as usual. The US customs station in this area is closed on Sundays, so he just drove around the locked gate, as he had done every weekend since the gate appeared last May, following a tightening of border security. Two days later, Albert was told to go to the customs office, where an officer told him he had been caught on camera crossing the border illegally.Ottawa has given out special passes to some 300 US citizens in that area so they can enter the country when Canadian customs stations are closed, but the US stopped a similar program last May. That forces the people to a 200-mile detour along hill roads to get home country through another border checkpoint.Albert has requested that the customs office change their decisions on the fine, but he has not attended a Sunday church since. “I feel like I’m living in a prison,” he said.59. We learn from the text that Richard Albert is ______.A. an American living in Township 15B. a Canadian living in a Quebec villageC. a Canadian working in a customs stationD. an American working in a Canadian church60. Albert was fined because he ______.A. failed to obey traffic rulesB. broke the American security rulesC. worked in St. Pamphile without a passD. damaged the gate of the customs office61. The underlined word “detour” in paragraph 5 means ______.A. a drive through the townB. a race across the fieldsC. a roundabout way of travellingD. a journey in the mountain area62. What would be the best title for the text?A. A Cross-country TripB. A Special Border PassC. An Unguarded BorderD. An Expensive Church V isitCWelcome to Adventureland!Everyone loves Adventureland! The Parks and Exhibitions were built for you to explore, enjoy, and admire their wonders. Every visit will be an unforgettable experience. Y ou will go away enriched, longing to come back. What are you going to do this time?The T ravel PavillonExplore places you have never been to before, and experience different ways of life.Visit the Amazon jungle village, the Turkish market, the Tai floating market, the Berber mountain house and others. Talk to the people there who will tell you about their lives, and things they make. Y ou can try making a carpet, making nets, fishing…The Future T owerThis exhibition shows how progress will touch our lives. It allows us to look into the future and explore the cities of the next century and the way we’ll be living then. Spend some time in our space station and climb into our simulator（模拟装置）for the Journey to Mars!The Nature ParkThis is not really one park but several.In the Safari Park you can drive among African animals in one of our Range Cruisers: see lions, giraffes, elephants in the wild. Move on to the Ocean Park to watch the dolphins and whales. And then there is still the A viary to see…The PyramidThis is the center of Adventureland. Run out of film, need some postcards and stamps? For all these things and many more, visit our underground shopping center. Come here for information and ideas too.63. The Travel Pavilion is built to help visitors ______.A. realize the importance of travellingB. become familiar with mountain countriesC. learn how to make things such as fishing netsD. learn something about different places in the world64. If you are interested in knowing about what people’s life will be, you may visit ______.A. the Travel PavilionB. the Future TowerC. the Safari ParkD. the Pyramid65. If you want to get a toy lion to take home, where will you most likely go?A. The Pyramid.B. The Nature Park.C. The Future Tower.D. The Travel Pavilion.DAs any homemaker who has tried to keep order at the dinner table knows, there is far more to a family meal than food. Sociologist Michael Lewis has been studying 50 families to find out just how much more.Lewis and his co-workers carried out their study by videotaping the families while they ate ordinary meals in their own homes. They found that parents with small families talk actively with each other and their children. But as the number of children gets larger, conversation gives way to the parent s’efforts to control the loud noise they make. That can have an important effect on the children. “In general, the more question-asking the parents do, the higher the children’s IQ scores,”Lewis says. “And the more children there are, the less question-asking there is.”The study also provides an explanation for why middle children often seem to have a harder time in life than their siblings (兄弟姐妹). Lewis found that in families with three or four children, dinner conversation is likely to center on the oldest child, who has the most to talk about, and the youngest, who needs the most attention. “Middle children are invisible,” says Lewis. “When you see someone get up from the table and walk around during dinner, chances are it’s the middle child.”There is, however, one thing that stops all conversation and prevents anyone from having attention: “When the TV is on,” Lewis says, “dinner is a non-event.”66. The writer’s purpose in writing the text is to ______.A. show the relationship between parents and childrenB. teach parents ways to keep order at the dinner tableC. report on the findings of a studyD. give information about family problems67. Parents with large families ask fewer questions at dinner because ______.A. they are busy serving food to their childrenB. they are busy keeping order at the dinner tableC. they have to pay more attention to younger childrenD. they are tired out having prepared food for the whole family68. By saying “Middle children are invisible” in paragraph 3, Lewis means that middle children ______.A. have to help their parents to serve dinnerB. get the least attention from the familyC. are often kept away from the dinner tableD. find it hard to keep up with other children69. Lewis’ research provides an answer to the question ______.A. why TV is important in family lifeB. why parents should keep good orderC. why children in small families seem to be quieterD. why middle children seem to have more difficulties in life70. Which of the following statements would the writer agree to?A. It is important to have the right food for children.B. It is a good idea to have the TV on during dinner.C. Parents should talk to each of their children frequently.D. Elder children should help the younger ones at dinnerE“Soon, you’re going to have to move out!” cried my neighbor upon seeing the largest tomato plant known to mankind, or at least known in my neighborhood.One tiny 9-inch plant, bought for $1.25 in the spring, has already taken over much of my rose bed, covering much of other plants, and is well on its way to the front door.Roses require a good deal of care, and if it weren’t for the pleasure they give, it wouldn’t be worth the work. As it is, I have a garden full of sweet-smelling roses for most of the year. Bushes must be pruned (剪枝) in early spring, leaving ugly woody branches until the new growth appears a few weeks later. It was the space available in the garden that led me into planting just one little tomato plant. A big mistake.Soil conditions made just perfect for roses turn out be even more perfect for tomatoes. The daily watering coupled with full sun and regular fertilizing (施肥) have turned the little plant into a tall bush. The cage I placed around it as the plant grew has long since disappeared under the thick leaves.Now the task I face in harvesting the fruit is twofold; First, I have to find the red ones among the leaves, which means I almost have to stand on my head, and once found I have to reach down and under, pick the tomatoes and withdraw my full fist without dropping the prize so dearly won. I found two full-blown white roses completely hidden as I picked tomatoes in June. But they were weak and the leaves already yellow for lack of light.Here I am faced with a painful small decision: To tear up a wonderful and productive tomato plant that offers up between ten and twenty ripe sweet tomatoes each day or say goodbye to several expensive and treasured roses. Like Scarlett in Gone With the Wind, I’ll think about that tomorrow.71. What are the requirements for the healthy growth of rose?A. A lot of care and the right soil.B. Frequent pruning and fertilizing.C. Tomato plants grown alongside.D. Cages placed around the roots.72. The writer planted the tomato because ______.A. it cost only $1.25B. the soil was just right for itC. there was room for it in the gardenD. the roses’ branches needed to be covered73. This year the writer’s roses were ______.A. removed from the rose bedB. picked along with the tomatoesC. mostly damaged by too much sunlightD. largely hidden under the tomato plant74. By saying “the prize so dearly won” in paragraph 5, the writer wants to ______.A. show the difficulty in picking the tomatoesB. show the hardship of growing the rosesC. express her liking for the rosesD. express her care for the tomatoes75. In the situation described in the text, one good thing is that ______.A. the roses cost the writer little moneyB. the writer has a daily harvest of tomatoesC. someone will help the writer make the decisionD. the writer can now enjoy both the roses and tomatoesKeysA篇ADCB篇ABCDC篇DBAD篇CBBDCE篇ACDAB。

全国2011年4月自学考试英语国家概况试题及答案全国2011年4月自学考试英语国家概况试题课程代码：00522I. Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished statement or question, four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D are given. Choose the one that you think best completes the statement or answers the question. Write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. (50 points, 1 point for each)1._______ is NOT a political division on the island of Great Britain.A. IrelandB. WalesC. EnglandD. Scotland2._______ , King of Wessex, is known as “the father of British Navy” who founded a strong fleet which first beat the Danes at sea.A. AlfredB. HenryC. EdwardD. William3. The _______ Conquest in 1066 is perhaps the best known event in English history.第 2 页A. RomanB. VikingC. Anglo-SaxonD. Norman4. _______was the modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas in the 14th century.A. CholeraB. MalariaC. Black DeathD. Yellow Fever5. The name Wars of Roses was, in fact, coined by the great 19th century novelist_______.A. Walter ScottB. Ben JohnsonC. Francis BaconD. Edmund Spenser6. Winston Churchill was heavily defeated at the general election of 1945 because _______.A. he did not act as a great war leaderB. he failed to lead his country to victoryC. people wanted Britain to return to the politics of the 1920s and 30sD. the Conservative Party’s traditional principles seemed old-fashioned7._______ overthrew the feudal system in England and is 第 3 页generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.A. Puritan RevolutionB. The War of RosesC. The English Civil WarD. The Glorious Revolution8. The British Monarchy has been in existence for more than 1,000 years going back to at least the _______ century.A. 8thB. 9thC. 10thD. 11th9. In the line of succession to the throne, _______ have precedence over other candidates (heirs).A. the monarch’s sonsB. the queen’s sistersC. the monarch’s brothersD. the queen’s daughters10._______ is NOT a constitutional part of the British Parliament.A. The CabinetB. The SovereignC. The House of LordsD. The House of Commons11. Each session of the British Parliament usually lasts for_______.A. one yearB. two yearsC. four yearsD. half a year12. In the general election, an MP candidate must deposit 500 pounds, which is returned if he or she receives _______ or第 4 页more of the vote cast.A. 5%B. 10%C. 15%D. 20%13. Only in _______ are police officers allowed to carry firearms for personal protection and for duty purposes.A. WalesB. EnglandC. ScotlandD. Northern Ireland14. In Great Britain, almost _______of medical prescription items are supplied free.A. 50%B. 60%C. 70%D. 80%15. The two established churches in Britain are_______.A. Church of England and Church of WalesB. Church of Ireland and Church of EnglandC. Church of Ireland and Church of ScotlandD. Church of England and Church of Scotland16. Full time first-degree university courses usually last _______ in England.A. 2 yearsB. 3 yearsC. 4 yearsD. 5 years17. _______ is a “quality” newspaper in Britain.第 5 页A. The SunB. The TimesC. The Daily StarD. The Daily Mirror18. The home of golf is_______.A. WalesB. EnglandC. ScotlandD. Northern Ireland19. In the United Kingdom, ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of_______.A. the Prime MinisterB. the Lord ChancellorC. the Duke of EdinburghD. the Speaker of the House of Commons20. _______was the British Prime Minister who adopted appeasement policy to Nazi Germany during the Second World War.A. Tony BlairB. Margaret ThatcherC. Winston ChurchillD. Neville Chamberlain21. The percentage of immigrants in the United States varies greatly from region to region with the _______United States accounting for 14.8% of foreign-born population in the 1980s.A. SouthernB. Northern第 6 页C. WesternD. Eastern22. In the U.S. the high birth rate during the “baby boom” mainly refers to the period _______.A. 1920—1930B. 1946—1964C. 1972—1982D. 1980—199023. In 1607 the first English colony in America was founded at Jamestown,_______.A. MaineB. VirginiaC. MassachusettsD. New Hampshire24. After the United States bought the _______ for only $15 million, its territory almost doubled.A. Ohio TerritoryB. Gadsden TerritoryC. Louisiana TerritoryD. New Mexico Territory25. When Abraham Lincoln was elected president, the southern states broke away and formed a new nation called_______.A. the Confederate UnionsB. the Federal States of AmericaC. the Federal Union of AmericaD. the Confederate States of America26. The Civil War ended with the passing of the _______to 第 7 页the Constitution, which banned slavery in the United States.A. Tenth AmendmentB. Eleventh AmendmentC. Twelfth AmendmentD. Thirteenth Amendment27. Which of the following statements is NOT a reason to explain the rapid growth of capitalism after the Civil War?A. The U.S. federal government put low taxes on foreign imports.B. There was enough labor supply for the development of American industries.C. Science and invention played a key role in accelerating America’s industrial development.D. With the war over, both foreign and domestic capital became available for investment.28. The Peace Conference after World War I in 1918 was dominated by the Big Four, that is _______.A. the United States, Britain, Japan and ItalyB. the United States, Russia, France and ItalyC. the United States, Britain, France and ItalyD. the United States, Britain, France and China29. Which of the following statements about Franklin Roosevelt is NOT true?第 8 页A. He was a great communicator.B. He had a sure sense of what seemed practical or possible.C. He called out the army to drive out the World War I veterans.D. His fireside chats over the radio were listened to by millions of people.30. The incident that made the United States formally declare war against the Axis Powers was _______.A. the Great DepressionB. the attack on the Soviet UnionC. the Japanese invasion of ChinaD. the bombing of Pearl Harbor in 194131. During the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962, President _______finally decided to use naval force to prevent military material and arms from going into Cuba.A. NixonB. JohnsonC. KennedyD. Eisenhower32. After the Geneva Conference on Indochina in 1954, the United States replaced _______as the main force in providing aid for South Vietnam.A. JapanB. Britain第 9 页C. FranceD. Turkey33. In the United States, amendments must have the approval of _______of the states before they enter into force.A. one-thirdB. two-thirdsC. two-fifthsD. three-fourths34. The U.S. Constitution provides that the _______shall be President of Senate.A. PresidentB. Chief JusticeC. Vice PresidentD. Attorney General35. In the United States, _______period of the party system arose in the last years of the 18th century over the debate on the ratification of the Constitution.A. the firstB. the secondC. the thirdD. the fourth36. Under the Constitution, _______is the federal official primarily responsible for the relations with foreign nations.A. the presidentB. the federal chief justiceC. the Speaker of the HouseD. the Senate Majority Leader37. In the U.S., the revenues for public schools primarily come from_______.A. states and localitiesB. religious communities第 10 页C. state boards of educationD. federal government and states38. American higher education began with the founding of _______in 1636.A. Yale UniversityB. Harvard CollegeC. University of VirginiaD. Princeton University39. Rip Van Winkle is a character from the famous book _______written by Washington Irving.A. The Sketch BookB. The Scarlet LetterC. A History of New YorkD. Poor Richard’s Almanac40. Which of the following statements about New Year’s Day is NOT true?A. In the U.S. it is a nationally observed holiday.B. It is thought of as a good time to make the New Year decisions.C. Most people like to hold big parties and make pumpkin lanterns on that day.D. The celebration of this holiday begins the night before—on New Year’s Eve.41. The Irish lowland _______.A. is a rocky area第 11 页B. has many high mountainsC. is covered by green forestsD. has different landscapes from place to place42. Which of the following statements about the weather of Ireland is true?A. It has a lot of rainfall.B. It often snows in winter.C. It is a country of sunshine.D. It is quite windy throughout the year.43. Today, Ireland is _______.A. a colony of Great BritainB. a free state within Great BritainC. an independent and sovereign stateD. a member of the British commonwealth44. The city that has an ice-free harbor as Canada’s major outlet to the Pacific Ocean is_______.A. OttawaB. QuebecC. TorontoD. Vancouver45. Nowadays, _______are the natives in Canada.A. French-speaking peopleB. English-speaking people第 12 页C. the Canadian Indians and InuitD. the early immigrants from Europe46. Politically Australia is divided into six states and Sydney is the capital of_______.A. VictoriaB. QueenslandC. South AustraliaD. New South Wales47. In Australia, about a quarter of the national income is from the _______ of Western Australia.A. lumberingB. agricultureC. shipbuildingD. mineral export48. Earthquakes in New Zealand do not cause many deaths because of _______.A. the dormant volcanoesB. the concrete building materialsC. the small population in many areasD. the mild magnitude of the earthquakes49. New Zealand remains green all year round because_______.A. there is enough bushesB. the trees are deciduousC. its native trees are evergreen第 13 页D. the trees can receive enough sunshine50. The reason why Maori workers moved to the cities to make a living after World War II is that_______.A. they lost their landB. they learned skills during the warC. they lost their social and cultural linksD. they regained their identity as the native peopleII. Give a one-sentence answer to each of the following questions. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. (30 points, 3 points for each)51. On which day does Easter fall?52. What are the four Scottish universities established in the 14th and 15th centuries?53. What kinds of courses require five-year study in British universities?54. What was King Edward (1042-1066) known as?55. Give an example to illustrate the highly aggressive and intolerant nationalism in 1919 and 1920 in the United States.56. What was the key problem that affected the progress in U.S.-China relations from 1972 to 1979?57. What are the most memorable words Lincoln said in a 第 14 页short speech on the occasion of dedicating the national cemetery at Gettysburg in 1863?58. What is the American tradition of laissez faire?59. What explains the absence of large forests in Australia?60. Who is the head of the Australian government?III. Explain each of the following terms in English. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the answer sheet in around 40 words. (20 points, 5 points for each)61. Industrial Revolution62. Bank Holiday63. Amerigo Vespucci64. Research universities第 15 页2011年4月全国自考英语国家概况参考答案第 16 页第 17 页。

备战 2021 高考英语原汁原味外刊热点话题阅读特辑day9: The Marine plastic problem is bound to get worse海洋塑料问题注定会越来越严重课前导读： 《科学》杂志上发表的一项新研究表明，流入世界海洋的塑料数量将急剧上升，对于这一趋势，那些试图减少塑料垃圾的努力将无济于事。

精彩英文 The annual inflow of plastic could nearly triple from 2016 to 2040, the study found, and even if companies and governments meet all their commitments to tackle plastic waste, it would reduce the projection for 2040 by only 7%, still a more-than twofold increase in volume. The study’s authors, the nonprofit Pew Charitable Trust and sustainability consulting firm Systemiq Ltd., set out a range of measures to stem the flow and called on businesses and governments to do more to reduce the use of plastic. They developed what they say is a first-of-its-kind model of the global plastics-supply chain—from production to consumption to disposal—using data and input from 17 experts from various regions. Consumer and regulatory pressure has prompted many of the world’s biggest consumer-goods companies to commit to making all their packaging reusable, recyclable or compostable within the next five years. Businesses have also pledged to use more recycled content in their packaging, often touting suchpromises to woo shoppers. Waste-reduction advocates say those commitments aren’t enough because they focus on recycling plastic, rather than making and using less of it. Companies like Walmart Inc.,Nestle and Procter & GambleCo. say they plan to eliminate unnecessary packaging and use more refillable containers, but few have set measurable targets for doing so. 【报刊词汇预习】 1. annual 每年的 adj 2. triple 三倍的 adj. 3. inflow 流入 n. 4. commitment 承诺 n. 5. tackle 处理 vt. 6. projection 投影 n. 7. volume 体积 n. 8. twofold 双重的 adj. 9. nonprofit 非营利性 adj. 10. sustainability 持续性/səˌsteɪnəˈbɪləti/ 11. consulting 咨询的 adj. 12. stem 阻止 vt 13. a first-of-its-kind 首创的 adj. 14. plastics-supply 塑料供应的 adj. 15. disposal 处置 n 16. data 数据 n 17. input~ (into/to sth)~ (of sth)投入资源（指时间、知识、思想等）；投入；输入 vt/nHer specialist input to the discussions has been very useful. 她在这些讨论中提供的专家建议很有 助益。

The SpectacularEruptionofMou ntSt. HelensA The eruption in May 1980 of Mount St. Helens, Washington State, astounded the world with its violence. A gigantic explosion tore much of the volcano's summit to fragments; the energy released was equal to that of 500 of the nuclear bombs that destroyed Hiroshima in 1945.B The event occurred along the boundary of two of the moving plates that make up the Earth'scrust. They meet at the junction of the North American continent and the Pacific Ocean. Oneedge of the continental North American plate over-rides the oceanic Juan de Fuca micro-plate,producing the volcanic Cascade range that includes Mounts Baker, Rainier and Hood, and LassenPeak as well as Mount St. Helens.C Until Mount St. Helens began to stir, only Mount Baker and Lassen Peak had shown signs oflife during the 20th century. According to geological evidence found by the United StatesGeological Survey, there had been two major eruptions of Mount St. Helens in the recent (geologically speaking)past: around 1900 B.C., and about A.D. 1500. Since the arrival of Europeans in the region, it had experienced a single period of spasmodic activity, between 1831and 1857. Then, for more than a century, Mount St. Helens lay dormant.D By 1979, the Geological Survey, alerted bysigns of renewed activity, had been monitoringthe volcano for 18 months. It warned the local population against being deceived by the mountain's outward calm, and forecast that an eruption would take place before the end of thecentury. The inhabitants of the area did not have to wait that long. On March 27, 1980,a fewclouds of smoke formed above the summit , and slight tremors were felt. On the 28th, larger anddarker clouds,. consisting of gas and ashes,. emerged and climbed as high as 20,000 feet. In Aprila slight lull ensued, but the volcanologists remained pessimistic. The, in early May, the northernflank of the mountain bulged, and the summit rose by 500 feet.E Steps were taken to evacuate the population. Most- campers, hikers, timbercuttersleft theslopes of the mountain. Eighty-four-year-old Harry Truman, a holiday lodge owner who had livedthere for more than 50 years, refused to be evacuated, in spite of official and public, including anentire class of school children, wrote to him, begging him to leave. He never did.F On May 18, at 8.32 in the morning, Mount St. Helens blew its top. literally. Suddenly, it was 1300 feet shorter than it had been before its growth had begun. Over half a cubic mile of rock haddisintegrated . At the same moment, an earthquake with an intensity of 5 on the Richter scale wasrecorded. It triggered an avalanche of snow and ice. mixed with hot rock-the entire northface ofthe mountain had fallen away. A wave of scorching volcanic gas and rock fragments shothorizontally from the volcano's riven flank, at an inescapable 200 miles per hour. As the slidingice and snow melted, it touched off devastating torrents of mud and debris, which destroyed alllife in their path. Pulverised, which destroyed all life in their path. Pulverised rock climbed as adust cloud into the atmosphere. Finally, viscous lava, accompanied by burning clouds of ash andgas, welled out of volcano's new crater, and from lesser vents and cracks in its flanks.G Afterwards, scientists were able to analyse the sequence of events. First, magmamolten rock-at temperatures above 2000oF. hadsurged into the volcano from the Earth's mantle. Thebuild-up was accompanied by an accumulation of gas, which increased as the mass of magmagrew. It was the pressure inside the mountain that made it swell. Next, the rise in gas pressurecaused a violent decompression. Which ejected the shattered summit like a cork from a shakensoda bottle. With the summit gone, the molten rock within was released in a jet of gas and fragmented magma, and lava welled from the crater.H The effects of the Mount St. Helens eruption were catastrophic. Almost all the trees of the surrounding forest, mainly Douglas firs. were flattened. and their branches and bark ripped off bythe shock wave of the explosion. Ash andmud spread over nearly 200 square miles of country. Allthe towns and settlements in the area were smothered in an even coating of ash. Volcanic ash siltedup the Columbia River 35 miles away, reducing the debris that accumulated at the foot of thevolcano reached a depth. in places, of 200 feet.I The eruption of Mount St. Helens was one of the most closely observed and analysed in history. Because geologists had been expecting the event, they were able to amass vast amounts oftechnical data when it happened. Study of atmospheric particles formed as a result of the explosion showed that droplets of sulphuric acid, acting as a screen between the Sun and theEarth's surface, caused a distinct drop intemperature. There is no doubt that the activity of MountSt. Helens and other volcanoes since 1980 has influenced our climate . Even so, it has been calculated that the quantity of dust ejected by Mount St. Helens - a quarter of a cubic mile- wasnegligible in comparison with that thrown out by earlier eruptions, such as that of Mount Katmaiin Alaska in 1912 (three cubic miles). The volcano is still active. Lava domes have formed insidethe new crater, and have periodically burst. The threat of Mount St Helens lives on..Questions 1 and 2Answer questions 1 and 2 by writing the appropriate letter A-I inboxes 1 and 2 on your answersheet.Example AnswerWhich paragraph compares the eruption to the energy Areleased by nuclear bomb?1. Which paragraph describes the evacuation of the mountain?2. Which paragraph describes the moment of the explosion of Mount St. Helens? Questions 3 and 43. What are the dates of the TWO major eruptions of Mount St. Helens before 1980? Write TWO dates in box 3 on your answer sheet.4 How do scientists know that the volcano exploded around the two dates above? Using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS , write your answer in box 4 on your answersheetQuestions 5-8Complete the summary of events below leading up to the eruption of Mount St. Helens. ChooseNO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.W rite your answers in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet.In 1979 the Geological Survey warned ... (5) ... to expect a violent eruption before the end of thecentury. The forecast was soon proved accurate. At the end of March there were tremors andclouds formed above the mountain. This was followed by a lull, but in early May the top of themountain rose by ... (6)... . People were ...(7) ... from around the mountain. Finally, on May 18that ...(8) ..., Mount St. Helens exploded. Question 9 and 10Complete the table below giving evidence for the power of the Mount St. Helens eruption. Write your answers in boxes 9 and 10 on youranswer sheet.Item Equivalent toExampleThe energy released by the explosion of Mount St. HelensAnswer500 nuclear bombsThe area of land covered in mud or ash ...(9)... The quantity of dust ejected ...(10)... Question 11Choose the appropriate letter A-D and write it in box 11 one your answer sheet.11. According to the text the eruption of Mount St. Helens and other volcanoes has influenced ourclimate by ...A increasing the amount of rainfall.B heating the atmosphere.C cooling the air temperature.D causing atmospheric storms.READING PASSAGE 2Questions 12-16Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs A-G.Choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs B-E and G from the list of heading below.Write the appropriate numbers (i-x) in boxes 12-16 on your answer sheet.NB There are more headings than paragraphs so you will not use all of them.You may use any of the headings more than once.List of Headings(i) The effect of changing demographics on organisations(ii) Future changes in the European workforce (iii) The unstructured interview and its validity (iv) The person-skills match approach to selection(v) The implications of a poor person-environment fit(vi) Some poor selection decisions(vii) The validity of selection procedures (viii) The person-environment fit(ix) Past and future demographic changes in Europe(x) Adequate and inadequate explanations of organisational failureExample Paragraph A Answer (x)12. Paragraph B13. Paragraph C14. Paragraph D15. Paragraph E16. Paragraph GPEOPLE AND ORGANISATIONS: THE SELECTION ISSUEA In 1991, according to the Department of Trade and Industry, a record 48,000 British companies went out of business. When businesses fail, the post-mortem analysis is traditionallyundertaken by accountants and marketstrategists. Unarguably organisations do fail because ofundercapitalisation, poor financial management, adverse market conditions etc. Yet, conversely,organisations with sound financial backing, good product ideas and market acumen oftenunderperform and fail to meet shareholders' expectations. The complexity, degree and sustainmentof organisational performance requires an explanation which goes beyond the balance sheet andthe "paper conversion" of financial inputs into profit making outputs. A more complete explanation of "what went wrong" necessarily must consider the essence of what an organisationactually is and that one of the financial inputs, the most important and often the mostexpensive, ispeople.B An organisation is only as good as the people it employs. Selecting the right person for thejob involves more than identifying the essential or desirable range of skills, educational andprofessional qualifications necessary to perform the job and then recruiting the candidate who ismost likely to possess these skills or at least is perceived to have the ability and predisposition toacquire them. This is a purely person/skills match approach to selection.C Work invariably takes place in the presence and/or under the direction of others, in a particular organisational setting. The individual has to "fit" in with the work environment, with other employees, with the organisationalclimate, style or work, organisation and culture of theorganisation. Different organisations have different cultures (Cartwright & Cooper, 1991; 1992).Working as an engineer at British Aerospace will not necessarily be a similar experience to working in the same capacity at GEC or Plessey.D Poor selection decisions are expensive. For example, the costs of training a policeman areabout £ 20,000 (approx. US$ 30,000). The costs of employing an unsuitable technician on an oilrig or in a nuclear plant could, in an emergency, result in millions of pounds of damage or loss oflife. The disharmony of a poor person-environment fit (PE-fit) is likely to result in low jobsatisfaction, lack of organisational commitment and employee stress, which affect organisationaloutcomes i.e. productivity, high labour turnover and absenteeism, and individual outcomes i.e.physical, psychological and mental well-being.E However, despite the importance of the recruitment decision and the range of sophisticatedand more objective selection techniques available, including the use of psychometric tests,assessment centres etc., many organisations are still prepared to make this decision on the basis ofa single 30 to 45 minute unstructured interview. Indeed, research has demonstrated that a selectiondecision is often made within the first fourminutes of the interview. In the remaining time, theinterviewer then attends exclusively to information that reinforces the initial "accept" or "reject"decision. Research into the validity of selection methods has consistently demonstrated that theunstructured interview, where the interviewer asks any questions he or she likes, is a poor predictor of future job performance and fares little better that more controversial methods likegraphology and astrology. In times of high unemployment,! recruitment becomes a "buyer'smarket" and this was the case in Britain during the 1980s.F The future, we are told, is likely to be different. Detailed surveys of social and economic trends in the European community show thatEurope's population is falling and getting older, Thebirth rate in the Community is now only three-quarters of the level needed to ensure replacementof the existing population. By the year 2020, it is predicted that more than one in four Europeanswill be aged 60 or more and barely one in five will be under 20. In a five-year period between1983 and 1988 the Community's female workforce grew by almost six million. As a result, 51% ofall women aged 14 to 64 are now economically active in the labour market compared with 78% ofmen.G The changing demographics will not only affect selection ratios. They will also make it increasingly important for organisationswishing to mainta in their competitive edge to be moreresponsive and accommodating to the changing needs of their workforce if they are to retain anddevelop their human resources. More flexible working hours, the opportunity of work from homeor job share, the provision of childcare facilities etc., will play a major role in attracting andretaining staff in the future.Questions 17-22Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 17-22 on your answer sheet write YES if the statement agrees with the writerNO if the statement does not agree with the writerNOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage17. Organisations should recognise that their employees are a significant part of their financial assets.18. Open-structured 45 minute interviews are the best method to identify suitable employees.19. The rise in the female workforce in the European Community is a positive trend.20. Graphology is a good predictor of future fob performance.21. In the future, the number of people in employable age groups will decline.22. In 2020, the percentage of the population under 20 will be smaller than now. Questions 23-25Complete the notes below with words taken from Reading Passage 2. Use NO MORE THAN ONE or TWO WORDS for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 23-25 on your answer sheet.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 26-38 which are based on Reading Passage 3on pages 9 and 10."The Rollfilm Revolution"The introduction of the dry plate process brought with it many advantages. Not only was it muchmore convenient, so that the photographer no longer needed to prepare his material in advance,but its much greater sensitivity made possible a new generation of cameras. Instantaneous exposures had been possible before, but only with some difficulty and with special equipment andconditions. Now, exposures short enough to permit the camera to the held in the hand were easilyachieved. As well as fitting shutters and viewfinders to their conventional standcameras,manufacturers began to construct smaller cameras in tended specifically for hand use. One of the first designs to be published was Thomas Bolas' s 'Detective' camera of 1881. Externally a plain box, quite unlike the folding bellows camera typical of the period, it could beused unobtrusively. The name caught on, and for the next decade or so almost all hand cameralwere called ' Detectives', Many. of the new designs in the 1880s were for magazine cameras, inwhich a number of dry plates could be pre-loaded and changed one after another followingexposure. Although much more convenient than stand cameras, still used by most serious workers,magazine plate cameras were heavy, andrequired access to a darkroom for loading andprocessing the plates. This was all changed by a young American bank clerk turned photographicmanufacturer, George Eastman, from Rochester, New York.Eastman had begun to manufacture gelatine dry plates in 1880. being one of the first to do so inAmerica. He soon looked for ways of simplifying photography, believing that many people wereput off by the complication and messiness. His first step was to develop, wih the camera manufacturer William H. Walker, a holder for a long roll of paper negative 'film'. This could be fitted to a standard plate camera and up to forty-eight exposures made before reloading. Thecombined weight of the paper roll and theholder was far less than the same number of glassplates in their ling-tight wooden holders. Although roll-holders had been made as early as the1850s, none had been very successful be cause of the limitations of the photographic materialsthen available. Eastman's rollable paper film was sensitive and gave negatives of good quality;the Eastman-Walker roll-holder was a great success.The next step was to combine the roll-holder with a small hand camera; Eastman's first designwas patented with an employee, F. M. Cossitt, in 1886. It was not a success. Only fifty Eastmandetective cameras were made, and they were sold as a lot to a dealer in 1887; the costwas toohigh and the design too complicated. Eastman set about developing a new model, which waslaunched in June 1888. It was a small box, containing a roll of paperbased stripping film sufficient for 100 circular exposures 6 cm in diameter. Its operation was simple: set the shutter bypulling a wire string; aim the camera using the V line impression in the camera top; press the release botton to activate the exposure; and turn a special key to wind to the film. A hundredexposures had to be made, so it was important to record each picture in the memorandum bookprovided, since there was no exposure counter. Eastman gave his camera the invented name'Kodak'-which was easily pronounceable inmost languages. and had two Ks which Eastman feltwas a firm, uncompromising kind of letter. The importance of Eastman's new roll-film camera was not that it was the first. There had beenseveral earlier cameras, notably the Stirn 'America', first demonstrated in the spring of 1887 andon sale from early 1888. This also used a roll of negative paper, and had such refinements as areflecting viewfinder and an ingenious exposure marker. The real significance of the first Kodakcamera was that it was backed up by a developing and printing service. Hitherto ,virtually allphotographers developed and printed their own pictures. This required that facilities of a darkroom and the time and inclination tohandle the necessary chemicals, make the prints and soon. Eastman recognized that not everyone had the resources or the desire to do this. When acustomer had made a hundred exposures in the Kodak camera, he sent it to Eastman's factory inRochester (or later in Harrow in England) where the film was unloaded, processed and printed,the camera reloaded and returned to the owner. "You Press the Button, We Do the Rest" ranEastman's classic marketing slogan; photography had been brought to everyone. Everyone, that is,who could afford $ 25 or five guineas for the camera and $ 10 or two guineas for the developingand printing . A guinea ( $ 5 ) was a week'swages for many at the time, so this simple camera costthe equivalent of hundreds of dollars today.In 1889 an improved model with a new shutter design was introduced, and it was called the No. 2Kodak camera. The paper-based stripping film was complicated to manipulate, since theprocessed negative image had to be stripped from the paper base for printing. At the end of 1889Eastman launched a new roll film on a celluloid base. Clear, tough, transparent and flexible, thenew film not only made the rollfilm camera fully practical, but provided the raw material for theintroduction of cinematography a few years later. Other, larger models were introduced, includingseveral folding versions, one of which took pictures 21.6 cm x 16.5 cm in size. Other manufacturers in America and Europe introduced cameras to take the Kodak roll-films, and otherfirms began to offer developing and printing services for the benefit of the new breed of Photographers.By September 1889 , over 5,000 Kodak cameras had been sold in the USA, and the company wasdaily printing 6-7,000 negatives, Holidays and special events created enormous surges in demandfor processing: 900 Kodak users returned their cameras for processing and reloading in the weekafter the New York centennial celebration. Questions 26-29Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 26-29 on your answer sheet write YES if the statement agrees with the writerNO if the statement does agree with the writer NOTGIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage26. Before the dry plate process short exposures could only b achieved with cameras held inthe hand.27. Stirn's America' camera lacked Kodak's developing service.28. The first Kodak film cost the equivalent of a week's wages to develop.29. Some of Eastman's 1891 range of cameras could be loaded in daylight.Questions 30-34Complete the diagram below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage foreach answer.Write your answers in boxes 30-34 on youranswer sheet.Questions 35-38Complete the table below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 35-38 on your answer sheet.。

2017雅思英语阅读临考冲刺试题附答案Make yourself a better person and know who you are before you try and know someone else and expect them to know you.以下是小编为大家搜索整理的2017雅思英语阅读临考冲刺试题附答案，希望能给大家带来帮助!更多精彩内容请及时关注我们应届毕业生考试网!New Ways of Teaching HistoryIn a technology and media-driven world, it's becoming increasingly difficult to get our students’ attentions and keep them absorbed in classroom discussions. This generation, in particular, has brought a unique set of challenges to the educational table. Whereas youth are easily enraptured by high-definition television, computers, iPods, video games and cell phones, they are less than enthralled by what to them are obsolete textbooks and boring classroom lectures. The question of how to teach history in a digital age is often contentious. On the one side, the old guard thinks the professional standards history is in mortal danger from flash-in-the-pan challenges by the distal that are all show and no substance. On the other Side, the self-styled “disruptors” offer over-blown rhetoric about how digital technology has changed everything while the moribund profession obstructs all progress in the name of outdated ideals. At least, that's a parody (maybe not much of one) of how the debate proceeds. Both supporters and opponents of the digital share more disciplinary common ground than either admits.When provided with merely a textbook as a supplemental learning tool, test results have revealed that most students fail to pinpoint the significance of historical events and individuals. Fewer still are able to cite and substantiate primary historical sources. What does this say about the way our educators are presenting information? The quotation comes from a report of a 1917 test of 668 Texas students. Less than 10 percent of school-age children attended high school in 1917; today, enrollments are nearly universal. The whole world has turned on its head during the last century but one thing has stayed the same: Young people remain woefully ignorant about history reflected from their history tests. Guess what? Historians are ignorant too, especially when we equate historical knowledge with the "Jeopardy" Daily Double. In a test, those specializing in American history did just fine. But those with specialties in medieval, European and African history failed miserably when confronted by items about Fort Ticonderoga, the Olive Branch Petition, or the Quebec Act — all taken from a typical textbook. According to the testers, the results from the recent National Assessment in History, like scores from earlier tests, show that young people are "abysmally ignorant" of their own history. Invoking the tragedy of last September, historian Diane Ravitch hitched her worries about our future to the idea that our nation's strength is endangered by youth who do poorly on such tests. But if she were correct, we could have gone down the tubes in 1917!There is a huge difference between saying "Kids don’t know the history we want then to know" and saying "Kids don't know history at all." Historical knowledge burrows itself into our cultural pores even if young people can't marshal it when faced by a multiple choice test. If we weren’t such hypocrites (or maybe if we were better historians) we'd have to admit that today's students follow in our own footsteps. For too long we've fantasized that by rewriting textbooks we could change how history is learned. The problem, however, is not the content of textbooks but the very idea of them. No human mind could retain the information crammed into these books in 1917, and it can do no better now. If we have learned anything from history that can be applied to every time period, it is that the only constant is change. The teaching of history, or anysubject for that matter, is no exception. The question is no longer whether to bring new technologies into everyday education; now, the question is which There is a huge difference between saying "Kids don’t know the history we want then to know" and saying "Kids don't know history at all." Historical knowledge burrows itself into our cultural pores even if young people can't marshal it when faced by a multiple choice test. If we weren’t such hypocrites (or maybe if we were better historians) we'd have to admit that today's students follow in our own footsteps. For too long we've fantasized that by rewriting textbooks we could change how history is learned. The problem, however, is not the content of textbooks but the very idea of them. No human mind could retain the information crammed into these books in 1917, and it can do no better now. If we have learned anything from history that can be applied to every time period, it is that the only constant is change. The teaching of history, or any subject for that matter, is no exception. The question is no longer whether to bring new technologies into everyday education; now, the question is which technologies are most suitable for the range of topics covered in junior high and high school history classrooms. Fortunately, technology has provided us with opportunities to present our Civil War lesson plans or our American Revolution lesson plans in a variety of new ways.Teachers can easily target and engage the learners of this generation by effectively combining the study of history with innovative multimedia-PowerPoint and presentations in particular can expand the scope of traditional classroom discussion by helping teachers to explain abstract concepts while accommodating students* unique learning styles. PowerPoint study units that have been pre-made for history classrooms include all manner of photos, prints, maps, audio clips, video clips and primary sources which help to make learning interactive and stimulating. Presenting lessons in these enticing formats helps technology-driven students retain the historical information they'll need to know for standard exams.Whether you are covering Revolutionary War lesson plans or World War II lesson plans, PowerPoint study units are available in formats to suit the needs of your classroom. Multimedia teaching instruments like PowerPoint software are getting positive results the world over, framing conventional lectures with captivating written, auditory and visual content that helps students recall names, dates and causal relationships within a historical context.History continues to show us that new times bring new realities. Education is no exception to the rule. The question is not whether to bring technology into the educational environment. Rather, the question is which technologies are suitable for U.S. and world history subjects, from Civil War lesson plans to World War II lesson plans. Whether you’re covering your American Revolution lesson plans or your Cold War lesson plans, PowerPoint presentations are available in pre-packaged formats to suit your classroom's needs.Meanwhile, some academic historians hold a different view on the use of technology in teaching history. One reason they hold is that not all facts can be recorded by film or videos and literature is relatively feasible in this case .Another challenge they have to be faced with is the painful process to learn new technology like the making of PowerPoint and the editing of audio and video clips which is also reasonable especially to some elderly historians.QuestionsReading this passage has eight paragraphs, A- GChoosing the correct heading for paragraphs A- G from the list of heading belowWrite the appropriate number, i- x, in boxes 28-34 on your answer sheetList of Headingsi unavoidable changing facts to be considered when picking up technology meansii A debatable place where the new technologies stand in for history teachingiii Hard to attract students in traditional ways of teaching historyiv Display of the use of emerging multimedia as leaching toolsv Both students and professionals as candidates did not produce decent resultsvi A good concrete example illustrated to show how multimedia animates the history class vii The comparisons of the new technologies applied in history classviii Enormous breakthroughs in new technologiesix Resistance of using new technologies from certain historianx Decisions needed on which technique to be used for history teaching instead of improvement in the textbooks28 Paragraph A29 Paragraph B30 Paragraph C31 Paragraph D32 Paragraph E33 Paragraph F34 Paragraph GQuestion 35-37Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?In boxes 35-37 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement is trueNO if the statement is falseNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage35 Modem people are belter at memorizing historical information compared with their ancestors.36 New technologies applied in history- teaching are more vivid for students to memorize the details of historical events.37 Conventional ways like literature arc gradually out of fashion as time goes by.Question 38-40Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using more than three words from the Reading Passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.Contemporary students can be aimed at without many difficulties by integrating studying history with novel. ..38.... Conventional classroom discussion is specially extended by two ways to assist the teachers to interpret ...39... and at the same time retain students' distinct learning modes. PowerPoint study units prepared beforehand comprising a wide variety of elements make ...40.... learning feasible. Combined classes like this can also be helpful in taking required tests.文章题目：历史教学的科技篇章结构：体裁：论述文题目：历史教学的科技结构：(一句话概括每段大意)A 关于科技在历史教学中的使用引起争议。

TPO-1GroundwaterGroundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again. At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.The necessary space is there, however, in many forms. The commonest spaces are those among the particles—sand grains and tiny pebbles—of loose, unconsolidated sand and gravel. Beds of this material, out of sight beneath the soil, are common. They are found wherever fast rivers carrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed. For example, as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them. The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow slowed down.The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope. Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea, the deposited sedimentsare on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick.In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie what was once the bed of a river that has since become buried by soil; if they are now below the water’s upper surface (the water table), the gravels and sands of the former riverbed, and its sandbars, will be saturated with groundwater.So much for unconsolidated sediments. Consolidated (or cemented) sediments, too, contain millions of minute water-holding pores. This is because the gaps among the original grains are often not totally plugged with cementing chemicals; also, parts of the original grains may become dissolved by percolating groundwater, either while consolidation is taking place or at any time afterwards. The result is that sandstone, for example, can be as porous as the loose sand from which it was formed.Thus a proportion of the total volume of any sediment, loose or cemented, consists of empty space. Most crystalline rocks are much more solid; a common exception is basalt, a form of solidified volcanic lava, which is sometimes full of tiny bubbles that make it very porous.The proportion of empty space in a rock is known as its porosity. But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them.Much of the water in a sample of water-saturated sediment or rock will drain from it if the sample isput in a suitable dry place. A But some will remain, clinging to all solid surfaces. B It is held there by the force of surface tension without which water would drain instantly from any wet surface, leaving it totally dry. C The total volume of water in the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that cannot, drain away. DThe relative amount of these two kinds of water varies greatly from one kind of rock or sediment to another, even though their porosities may be the same. What happens depends on pore size. If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.1. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on?○It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time.○It prevents most groundwater from circulating.○It has the capacity to store large amounts of water.○It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers.○confusing○comforting○unbelievable○interesting○far away○hidden○partly visible○discovered4. According to paragraph 2, where is groundwater usually found?○Inside pieces of sand and gravel○On top of beds of rock○In fast rivers that are flowin g beneath the soil○In spaces between pieces of sediment○fast rivers○glaciers○the huge volumes of water created by glacial melting○the particles carried in water from melting glaciers6. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 3 as places that sediment-laden rivers can deposit their sediments EXCEPT○A mountain valley○Flat land○A lake floor○The seafloor○ cover○ change○ separate○ surround○that is enough about○now let us turn to○of greater concern are○this is related to○dragged○filled up○soaked through10. According to paragraphs 6 and 7, why is basalt unlike most crystalline forms of rock?○It is unusually solid.○It often has high porosity.○It has a low proportion of empty space.○It is highly permeable.11. What is the main purpose of paragraph 7?○To explain why water can flow through rock○To emphasize the large amount of empty space in all rock○To point out that a rock cannot be both porous and permeable○To distinguish between two related proper ties of rock12. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information ininformation.○Surface tension is not strong enough to retain drops of water in rocks with large pores but it strong enough to hold on to thin films of water in rocks with small pores.○Water in rocks is held in place by large pores and drains away from small size pores through surface tension.○Sma ll pores and large pores both interact with surface tension to determine whether a rock will hold water as heavy drops or as a thin film.○If the force of surface tension is too weak to hold water in place as heavy drops, the water will continue to be held firmly in place as a thin film when large pores exist.13. Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.What, then, determines what proportion of the water stays and what proportion drains away?Where would the sentence best fit?14. Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Much of the ground is actually saturated with water.●●●Answer choices○Sediments that hold water were spread by glaciers and are still spread by rivers and streams.○Water is stored underground in beds of loose sand and gravel or in cemented sediment.○The size of a saturated rock’s pores determines how much water it will retain when the rock is put in a dry place.○Groundwater often remains underground for a long time before it emerges again.○Like sandstone, basalt is a crystalline rock that is very p orous.○Beds of unconsolidated sediments are typically located at inland sites that were once underwater.参考答案：1. C2. C3. B4. D5. D6. A7. A8. A9. C 10. B 11. D 12. A 13. D14. Sediments that hold water…Water is stored underground…The size of a saturated rock’s…参考译文：地下水地下水是指渗入到地下并将所有岩石孔隙填满的水。