英语专业语言学概论期末考试试卷A卷

外文学院2006—2007学年度第（一）学期期末考试2004级英本《语言学概论》（必）试卷（A）班别姓名学号说明：1、期考分笔试与论文写作（IV）两部分，这仅为笔试部分，占40%。

2、测试形式：开卷。

3、考试时间：90分钟。

Part A (30%; 40 minutes)I. Multiple choice: Choose the best answer to each of the following items. Put your response (the corresponding letter) on the Answer Sheet. (20%, 0.5 x 40 items)1. The sentence "A rose by any other name would smell as sweet." illustrates the _____ nature of language.A. symbolicB. conventionalC. metaphoricalD. flower2. Which of the following is NOT one of the design features of human language?A. double articulationB. creativityC. displacementD. genetics3. Which of the following is a front, close and short vowel?A.[u:]B. [a]C. [i]D. [u]4. Which of the following forms a minimal pair?A.fear, pearB. tip, pitC. food, footD. heat, hit5. In English, if three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, thecombination should obey the following rules except _____:A. The first phoneme must be /s/.B. The second phoneme must be /p/ or /t/ or /k/.C. The third phoneme must be /l/ or /r/ or /w/.D. The phoneme /h/ can replace the second phoneme if it is followed by /w/.6. Which of the following underlined parts is a bound morpheme?A. scholarshipB. classroomC. policemanD. childlike7. Which of the following words does NOT belong to the open classes?A. enjoyB. happyC. asD. beautifully8. The word impossibility consists of _____ syllables as against _____ morphemes.A. six/threeB. five/twoC. six/fourD. five/five9. For the word "to" in "It is necessary to know yourself.", we can say _____.A. it has a lexical meaningB. it is an inflectional morphemeC. it is a derivational morphemeD. it has a grammatical meaning as an infinitive marker10. In TG, 'S-structure' represents _____ structure.A. surfaceB. sentenceC. specifierD. syntactic11. The words “elevator” and “lift” are ______ synonyms.A. nearB. dialectalC. collocationally-restrictedD. stylistic12. The words “literate” and “illiterate” are ______ opposites.A. gradableB. ungradableC. relationalD. complementary13. Whi ch of the following is the correct componential analysis of the word “cake”?A.[+FOOD-SOLID+COUNTABLE]B.[+FOOD+SOLID+COUNTABLE]C.[+DRINKS-LIQUID-COUNTABLE]D.[+DRINKS+LIQUID-COUNTABLE]14. “It‟s foggy today.” is a _____-place predication.A. noB. oneC. twoD. three15. A predication consists of _____.A. argumentsB. predicatesC. argument(s) and predicatesD. argument(s) and predicate16. _____ is often regarded as a high-status marker.A. sociolectB. idiolectC. registerD. accent17. Which of the following best describes the relation between “He is alone” and “He has no oneto talk to”?A. The former is synonymous with the latter.B. The former is inconsistent with the latter.C. The former entails the latter.D. The former presupposes the latter.18. Which of the following best describes the relation between “He paid a visit to Sydney.” and“He paid a visit to Australia.”?A. The former is synonymous with the latter.B. The former is inconsistent with the latter.C. The former entails the latter.D. The former presupposes the latter.19. Which of the following best describes the relation between “Her sister is coming.” and “Shehas a sister.”?A.The former is synonymous with the latter.B.The former is inconsistent with the latter.C.The former entails the latter.D.The former presupposes the latter.20. …Statesman‟ and …politician‟ are ___.A. dialectal synonymsB. collocational synonymsC. stylistic synonymsD. synonyms that differ in their emotive meaning21. The relation between …furniture‟ and …desk‟ is ___.A. homophonyB. homographyC. polysemyD. hyponymy22. …Mother‟ and …daughter‟ are ___.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. ungradable oppositesD. complementary synonyms23. According to Searle, acts bringing about immediate changes by saying something are _____.A. representativesB. directivesC. expressivesD. declarations24. Which of the following is a commissive?A.I‟m really sorry to hear that.B.I will see you without fail.C.You‟d better have dinner at once.D.I now declare the meeting open.25. “Why not offer him a lift?” is an instance of ____.A.representativesB.expressivesC. directivesD. commissives26. Which of the following is a declaration?A. Close the window, please.B. Would you like to go to the movie with me?C. I‟ve never seen him before.D. I appoint you monitor of the class.27. The word “mike” is a(n) ____.A.acronymB. blendC. clipped wordD. coined word28. The pronoun "our" was once spelt as "ure/urum" in Old English and "oure" in Middle English.It is the result of going through _____.A. a change in "agreement" ruleB. a change in negation ruleC. a process of simplificationD. the loss of inflections29. The word “motel” is a(n) ____.A. acronymB. blendC. clipped wordD. coined word30. “Down you come, chaps!” belongs to ____ language.A. intimateB. frozenC. consultativeD. casual31. The linguist____ is the one who distinguishes three social variables (Field, Mode, Tenor) thatdetermine the register.A. ChomskyB. HallidayC. BloomfieldD. Skinner32. The Eiffel Tower belongs to ____ culture.A. spiritualB. materialC. folkD. none of the above33. Langua ge acquisition refers to the child‟s acquisition of his ____.A. second languageB. foreign languageC. target languageD. mother tongue34. The first consonants the child can make are made with the lips and they are ____.A. [p, b, d]B. [t, d, k]C. [t, d, m]D. [p, b, m]35. If the child calls all wo men “Aunt”, then we may say the child has ____ the meaning of theword “Aunt”.A. overgeneralizedB. overextendedC. overusedD. overstressed36. The chief exponent of the behaviorist view of language acquisition is ____.A. BloomfieldB. ChomskyC. FirthD. Skinner37. It has been claimed that the garden path effect results from two principles of parsing: _____.A. minimal attachment and late closureB. word and sentence ambiguityC. selectional restrictions and hierarchical structureD. lateralization and aphasia38. Instances of mother tongue interference can be found at the level of ____.A. pronunciationB. syntaxC. lexisD. all of the above39. Which of the following sentences is an example of overgeneralization?A. Jane told me to give up smoking.B. Jane asked me to give up smoking.C. Jane hoped me to give up smoking.D. Jane advised me to give up smoking.40. Which of the following is an example of overgeneralization?A. sheepB. storiesC. booksD. footsII. True or False: Decide whether the following statements are true or false (A for True, andB for False). Put your response on the Answer Sheet. (10%, 0.5 x 20 items)41. The difference between langue and parole was made in the early 20th century.42. Cultural transmission means that the details of the language system are genetically transmittedfrom generation to generation.43. The transcription normally used in dictionaries and textbooks is narrow transcription.44. Spectrographs are used in acoustic phonetics.45. In English, pronouns belong to open class words.46. Some derivational morphemes do not change the grammatical class of its root.47. Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in aparticular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.48. Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain the elements of head, specifierand complement.49. When a word becomes a new word by means of functional shift, it means that there is noaddition of any affix.50. The word "holiday" we use today has gone through a process of narrowing of meaning.51. One of the most important features of diglossia is the specialization of function of the twovarieties.52. As a result of increasing immigration in the world, bilingualism is spreading.53. Language helps perpetuate the culture, and the changes in language uses reflect the culturalchanges in return.54. Each culture presents to its members the ideas and concepts that culture transmits fromgeneration to generation.55. Not all the children achieve the same level of language development.56. Children tend to learn to acquire the sound of [t] before [p].57. Second language acquisition established itself as a discipline around the 1970s.58. According to the Input Hypothesis, there is a formula: i + 1, where i represents learner'scurrent state of knowledge, and the next stage is "i + 1".59. Language processing involves either bottom-up or top-down processing.60. It is found that left-handers are generally less lateralized for language.班别姓名学号Introduction to Linguistics Final Exam, Jan. 30th, 2007.Part B (10%; 50 minutes)III. Explain each of the following linguistic phenomena, indicating (a) the relevant theory or approach in brackets at the end of the text, (b) your understanding of it, and (c) its implication or your conclusion. Write your response (in English) in the blanks given.(10%, 5x2 items)61. A: Did you ask Uncle and Auntie to come, John?B: I asked Uncle to come, Mum. (Cooperative Principle)62. Alexander Pope puts his poem entitled An Empty House in a form as follows:You beat your pate, and fancy wit willcome:knock as you please, there is nobody athome.(language change)。

《语言学概论》考试卷（A）（5篇模版）第一篇：《语言学概论》考试卷(A)一、单项选择题1、普遍语法的提出者是()A、洪堡特B、索绪尔C、乔姆斯基D、布洛卡2、语言的发展演变是不平衡的，变化最慢的是()A、语音B、词汇C、语法D、修辞3、下列关于“组合规则、聚合规则”的表述不正确的是()A、组合规则关注的是线性搭配问题，聚合规则研究同功能的替换问题B、组合规则是现实的，聚合规则是潜在的C、组合规则和聚合规则是结构主义语法学提出的D、组合规则、聚合规则各自独立4、英语的man—→men采用的语法手段是()A、屈折变化B、变换重音的位置C、变化中缀D、异根5、下面关于语义模糊性的表述不正确的一项是()A、词义反映的对象只有一个大致的范围 B、词义的中心是明确的 C、有不少词的词义是精确的D、模糊性影响了人们的交际，所以要多造一些专有名词6、人类几种古老文字的原始字形，都是()A、象形的B、会意的C、表音的D、假借的7、洋泾浜语和克里奥耳语属于语言的()A、语言的借用和吸收B、语言的转用C、语言的D、双语现象8、关于语言能力，下列表述正确的一项是()A、语言能力指语言表达能力B、语言能力指利用语言进行思考的能力C、语言能力指不同年龄段获得语言的能力D、语言能力指人类的大脑为人类提供了掌握语言的先天基础9、“戏子”、“厨子”等词语在现代汉语中改用“演员”、“炊事员”，这种变化是()。

A、词义的消亡 B．词语的替换 C．词义的演变 D、词语的消亡10、把现代汉语第三人称代词写成“他”、“她”()A、表示性范畴B、表示格范畴C、表示人称范畴D、什么语法范畴都不表示二、多项选择题1、基本词汇的特点是()A、数量最多 B、使用范围广 C、理据性强D、产生历史长E、构词能力强2、一个元音的发音特征取决于()A、起主要作用的部位B、声带是否振动C、唇形的圆展D、舌位的前后E、舌位的高低3、根据字符跟语言单位的语义还是语音相联系的标准可以将文字分为()A、音节文字B、音位文字C、表意文字D、意音文字E、表音文字4、下面提到的研究内容，属于广义的应用语言学范畴的是()A、外语教学的规律B、母语教学规律C、社交称谓语的演变规律D、语言规范化问题E、语言信息处理5、来自原始印欧语的亲属语言有()A、拉丁语B、日耳曼语C、古斯拉夫语D、苗语E、阿尔泰语三、名词解释（本大题共4小题，每小题4分，共16分）每一名词解释都须举例。

英语语言学概论 A卷普通用卷学习方式: 业余时间：无限制考试科目:《英语语言学概论》（总分） 100分一单选题 (共20题，总分值60分 )1. 判断两种话是不同语言还是同一种语言的不同方言应该主要参考__________________ （3 分）A. 相互理解程度B. 语言结构的差异程度C. 共同的历史文化传统和民族认同感D. 地域临近程度2. 关于语言获得的原因，下列学说中偏重于内部条件解释的一项是（3 分）A. 天赋说B. 摹仿说C. 强化说D. 刺激反应说3. 语言符号具有可变性的根本原因在于语言符号的（3分）A. 任意性B. 强制性C. 离散性D. 系统性4. 构形语素属于（3 分）A. 虚词语素B. 词根语素C. 自由语素D. 黏着语素5. 从语音的社会功能角度划分出来的最小语音单位是________________ （3 分）A. 音位B. 音素C. 音节D. 音渡6. 下列各组辅音中,发音部位相同的一组是__________________ （3 分）A. [k, η]B. [m, n]C. [n, η]D. [k,p]7. “汽车”和“卡车”是__________ （3 分）A. 上下位词B. 同义词C. 等义词D. 近义词8. 机器翻译可以分为四个层级，从低到高的排序是（3分）A. 单词、句子、话语、篇章B. 单词、句子、句群、篇章C. 单词、句法、语义、语境D. 语音、语法、语义、语用9. 英语动词“去”的原形是“go”,过去时的形式是“went”,这在语法手段的词形变化中叫作________________ （3 分）A. 附加B. 屈折C. 异根D. 零形式10. 英语“students”中的“-s”是_________ （3 分）A. 虚词语素B. 词根语素C. 构形语素D. 构词语素11. 下列各项中，谓词和变元之间属于动作与结果关系的是（3 分）A. 写黑板B. 打篮球C. 织毛衣D. 寄包裹12. 从词的构造类型上看，汉语“动人”一词属于（3 分）A. 单纯词B. 复合词C. 派生词D. 简缩词13. 首先提出“能指”和“所指”这对概念的语言学家是（3 分）A. 洪堡特B. 索绪尔C. 乔姆斯基D. 萨丕尔14. 最早的表音文字是（3 分）A. 拉丁文字B. 腓尼基文字C. 古希腊文字D. 古埃及文字15. 在语言谱系分类的层级体系中,最大的类别是__________ （3 分）A. 语族B. 语支C. 语系D. 语群16. 根据字符跟什么样的语言单位相联系的标准来分类,已知自源文字都属于_________ （3 分）A. 词文字B. 语素文字C. 音节文字D. 音位文字17. 认为“思维和语言各自发展，二者没有关系”的学者不包括（3 分）A. 古希腊哲学家柏拉图B. 法国哲学家迪卡尔C. 英国哲学家霍布斯D. 苏联语言学家马尔18. 下列各组中,三个复合词构词类型不一致的一组是_________________ （3 分）A. 席卷耳鸣地震B. 打倒切断推翻C. 发光散热出气D. 天地欢乐爱好19. 听觉上最自然、最容易分辨的最小语音单位是（3分）A. 音素B. 重音C. 音位D. 音节20. 关于语音四要素,下列说法不正确的一项是________________ （3 分）A. 音高变化是语调的主要构成要素B. 能起区别语言意义作用的是绝对的音高、音强和音长C. 音长是由发音体振动的持续时间决定的D. 音强是由发音体振动的振幅大小决定的21. 目前对于语言和思维的关系，比较一致的观点是（3分）A. 有什么样的思维，就有什么样的语言B. 有什么样的语言，就有什么样的思维C. 思维对语言有一定影响，但更重要的是语言决定思维D. 语言对思维有一定影响，但更重要的是思维决定语言22. 以下不属于语言学的三大发源地的是________________ （3 分）A. 中国B. 埃及C. 印度D. 希腊-罗马二多选题 (共5题，总分值20分 )1. 对发音器官功能的描述,不正确的是_________________ （4 分）A. 声带在发音中的作用是次要的B. 被动发音器官是不能自主运动的C. 口腔中最为灵活的部位是上腭D. 口腔中最为灵活的部位是上腭2. 下列关于虚词的表述,正确的是_________________（4 分）A. 虚词可以分为辅助词和功能词两个小类B. 虚词包括助动词、介词、连词和语气词等C. 虚词是没有词汇意义只有语法意义的词D. 虚词不稳固,发展变化比较快3. 下列各组词语中，可以构成最小语义场的有（4 分）A. 毛笔电笔眉笔B. 银河黄河海河C. 南瓜黄瓜冬瓜D. 山头线头桥头E. 货车客车军车4. 下列对“你把这本书好好读一遍!”这个句子类型的分析,正确的是_________________ （4 分）A. 主谓句B. 把字句C. 陈述句D. 单句5. 下列关于基本语汇的表述,正确的是__________ （4分）A. 基本语汇是整个语汇系统的核心和基础B. 基本语汇使用范围广、构词能力强C. 基本语汇大部分是相当稳定的D. 基本语汇也包括大部分新造词和古语词6. 下列关于“地域方言”的表述中，正确的有（4 分）A. 地域方言随社群分化而形成B. 地域方言是语言内部的变体C. 地域方言有独立的结构系统D. 语音差异是方言分区的主要依据E. 地域方言间的差异一定小于语言三简答题 (共1题，总分值20分 )1. 举例说明语言符号的任意性表现在哪些方面? （20分）参考答案一单选题 (共20题，总分值60分 ) 1. 答案：C解析过程：2. 答案：A解析过程：3. 答案：A解析过程：4. 答案：D解析过程：5. 答案：B解析过程：6. 答案：A解析过程：7. 答案：A 解析过程：8. 答案：C 解析过程：9. 答案：C 解析过程：10. 答案：C 解析过程：11. 答案：C 解析过程：12. 答案：D 解析过程：13. 答案：B 解析过程：14. 答案：B 解析过程：15. 答案：C 解析过程：16. 答案：A 解析过程：17. 答案：D 解析过程：18. 答案：A 解析过程：19. 答案：D 解析过程：20. 答案：B 解析过程：1 21. 答案：D解析过程：22. 答案：B解析过程：二多选题 (共5题，总分值20分 ) 1. 答案：A,B,C解析过程：2. 答案：A,B,C解析过程：3. 答案：A,C,E解析过程：4. 答案：A,B,D解析过程：5. 答案：A,B,C解析过程：6. 答案：A,B,D,E解析过程：三简答题 (共1题，总分值20分 )1. 答案：答：语言符号的任意性是指语言符号的音义联系并非是本质的，必然的，而是由社会成员共同约定的，一种意义为什么要用这个声音形式，而不用那种声音形式，这中间没有什么道理可言，完全是偶然的、任意的。

英语语言学试题A卷及答案（重庆三峡学院）I. Define the following linguistic terms：（2%×10=20%）1）duality 2）displacement 3）phonology 4）morphology 5）concord6）endocentric construction 7）hyponymy 8）pragmatics9）illocutionary force10) error analysisII. Translation （0.5%×20=10%）Translate the following terms into Chinese：（0.5%×10=5%）1）affricate 2）distinctive feature3）parole 4）generative grammar5）bilingualism 6）felicity condition 7）design feature8）denotation9）labiodental10）linguistic relativityTranslate the following terms into English：（0.5%×10=5%）11）人际功能12）真值条件13）女性语域14）音节划分15）结构主义16）社会语言学17）论元18）单元音19）衔接 20）对比分析III. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the corresponding letter A，B，C or D on the answer sheet. （1%×20=20%）1）. language is a system of arbitrary _________ symbols used for human communication.A. culturalB. conventionalC. decodedD. vocal2）. A word with several meanings is called _________.A. an abnormal wordB. a polysemous wordC. a synonymous wordD. none of the above3）. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed” in the word “learned” is known as a（n）__________.A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form4）. The syntactic rules of any language are ________ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite5）. “I picked some tulips.” __________ “I picked some flowers.”.A. entailsB. presupposesC. is inconsistent withD. is synonymous with6）. Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of __________.X：Who was that you were with last night？Y：Did you know that you were wearing odd socks？A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner7）“Can I borrow your bike？” _____“You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes8）The study of language at one point of time is a _______ study.A. synchronicB. historicC. diachronicD. descriptive9）Which of the following is a typical tone language？A. EnglishB. ChineseC. FrenchD. All of the above10）Two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in ___________.A. phonemic contrastB. complementary distributionC. minimal pairD. none of the above11）In terms of the place of articulation，the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of _________.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental12）Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by _______ in 1957.A. L. BloomfieldB. N. ChomskyC. F. SaussureD. M. A. K. Halliday13）Which of the following is a correct description of reference？A. a relationship between an expression and other expressions which have the same meaningB. the set of all objects which can potentially be referred to by an expressionC. a relationship between a particular object in the world and an expression used in an utterance to pick out that objectD. an intra-linguistic relationship between lexical items14）What is function of the sentence “How do you do’？A. DirectiveB. PhaticC. InformativeD. Evocative15）In the following sounds，________is a central vowel.A. /?/B. /u/C. /æ/D. /з/16）Which of the following languages has the syllabic writing system？A. ChineseB. JapaneseC. EnglishD. French17）Which description of the m eaning components of the word “father” is right？A. [+human，+adult，-male]B. [+human，-adult，+male]C. [–human，+adult，-male]D. [+human，+adult，+male]18）Once the notion of ________ was taken into consideration，semantics spilled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contextC. formD. content19）Black English has a number of distinctive features in its phonological，morphological and syntactic systems which are _______.A. rule-governedB. systematicC. arbitraryD. both A and B20）“Hot dog” with the first syllable stressed means _________.A. an overheated animalB. a kind of foodC. a barking dogD. a dead dogIV. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false：（15 pts，1 point for each）Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false：（1%×15=15%）1) Animal call systems are not genetically transmitted.2) According to N. Chomsky，“competence” is the actual realization of his knowledge in utterance.3) A syllable without a coda is a closed syllable.4) Parole refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.5) Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentences patterns of a language.6) Languages differ in their selection of contrastive sounds.7) The English spelling exactly represents its pronunciation.8) Constituents that can be substituted for one another with loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.9) According to semantic triangle，there is no direct link between a symbol and referent，i.e. between a word and a thing it refers to.10) A referring expression can be used to refer to nonexistent things.11) All the grammatically well-formed sentences are semantically well-formed.12) Pragmatics studies the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.13) An illocutionary act is the consequence of or the change brought about by the utterance.14) Social dialects，or sociolects，are varieties of language used by people belonging to particular social classes.15) The structural tests focus on the communicative and linguistic competence.V. Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word，the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only，and you are not allowed to change the letter given.（1%×10=10%）1) The three branches of phonetics are labeled as a____________ phonetics，auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics respectively.2) One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over w_________.3) S_________ studies the sentence structure of language.4) C____________ analyis is based upon the belief that the mesning of a word can be divided into meaning components.5) The nou n “tear” and the verb “tear” are h_____________.6) H. Sweet made a distinction between narrow and b_________ transcription.7) Lingistics found that it would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the c_________ of langauge use was left unconsidered.8) Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a _______of messages.9) Language may determine our thinking pattern and similarity between languages is relative，the greater their structureal differentiation is，the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be. This has often been called the Sapir-Whorf h___________.10) S______ act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language.VI. The following two sentences are ambiguous in their meanings. Give your understanding of the different meanings of each sentence.（2.5%×2=5%）1) Flying airplanes can be very dangerous.2) The boy saw the man with the telescope.VII. Answer the following questions in English.（4%×5=20%）1) What functions does language have？Give some examples. （5 points）2) State the differences between the sentence meaning and utterance meaning. （5 points）3) Why is Saussure hailed as the father of modern linguistics？（2.5 points）4) What are the seven types of meaning proposed by G. Leech in his Semantics？（3.5 points）5) In what way can linguistics contribute to the research in language learning？（4 points）参考答案I. Define the following linguistic terms：（2%×10=20%）1）duality：The property of having two levels of structures，such that the units of the primary levelare composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.2）displacement：It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects，events and concepts which are not present at the present of communication.3）phonology： A subbranch of linguistics that studies the system and patterns of the speech sounds and how they work and convey meaning in the system of language.4）morphology： A subbranch of linguistics that is concerned with the internal organization of words.5）concord：The requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.6）endocentric construction：A construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent or approaching equivalence to one of its constituents.7）hyponymy：It refers to meaning inclusiveness，that is，the sense relation between a more general，more inclusive word and a more specific word.8）pragmatics：It refers to the study of language in use.9）illocutionary force：It refers to the speaker’s meaning，contextual meaning，or extra meaning.11) error analysis：It is the study and analysis of error and is confined to the language learner.II.Translate the following terms：（0.5%×20=10%）Translate the following terms into Chinese：（0.5%×10=5%）1）塞擦音2）区别性特征3）言语4）生成语法5）双语现象6）适切条件7）结构特征8）外延9）唇齿音10）语言相对论Translate the following terms into English：（0.5%×10=5%）11）interpersonal function 12）truth condition 13）women register 14）syllabification 15）structuralism16）sociolinguistics 17）argument 18）monophthong 19）cohesion 20）contrastive analysisIII. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C or D in the brackets. （1%×20=20%）1-5DBCCA6-10CDABB 11-15 BBCBA16-20 BDBDBIV. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. （1%×15=15%）1-5FFFFF6-10FFFTT11-15 FTFTFV. Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word，the first letter of which is already given as a clue. （1%×10=10%）1）articulatory 2）writing 3）syntax 4）contituent 5）homograph6）broad 7）context 8）receiver9）hypothesis 10）SpeechVI. The following two sentences are ambiguous in their meanings. Give your understanding of the different meanings of each sentence.（2.5%×2=5%）1) The airplane that is flying can be very dangerous.The act of flying the airplane can be very dangerous.2) The boy saw the man who had a telescope.Using the telescope，the boy saw the man.VII. Answer the following questions in English.（4%×5=20%）6) （5 points）Language functions include informative function，interpersonal function，performative function，emotive function，phatic communion，recreational function and metalingual function.Examples：omitted.7) （5 points）The meaning of a sentence is abstract and de-contextualized，while the meaning of an utterance is concrete and context-dependent. Utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning；it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication，or simply in a context.8) （2.5 points）Saussure was the father of modern linguistics and he was the first to notice the complexities of language. He believed that language is a system of sings. To communicate ideas，signs must be part of a system of signs，called conventions. He held that the sign is the union of the signifier and the signified. He made clear the object of study for linguistics as a science. His ideas on the arbitrary nature of sign，on the relational nature of linguistic units，on the distinction of langue and parole and of synchronic and diachronic linguistics，etc. pushed linguistics into a brand new stage.9) （3.5 points）Conceptual meaning；connotative meaning；social meaning；affective meaning；reflected meaning；collocative meaning；thematic meaning；10) （4 points）Linguistics can contribute to the research in language learning by providing more accurate information about what language is in the first place. Language learning researchers are concerned with how teachers should teach and learner should learn. But the questions of “what to teach” and “what to learn” should be answered first. Linguistics certainly has an important role in answering these questions. Besides，applying linguisticanalysis to the description of the language produced by language learners can also facilitate out understanding of how learners actually learn language.。

语言学概论期末试题及答案A卷一、单项选择题（本大题共30小题，每小题1分，共30分）在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。

错选、多选或未选均无分。

1．首先提出“能指”和“所指”这对概念的语言学家是( B )A．洪堡特 B.索绪尔 C．乔姆斯基 D.萨丕尔2．词义的核心部分是指（C ）A．词的附加意义 B．词的色彩意义 C．词的理性意义 D．词的语法意义3．广义地说，汉语动词词尾“着”、“了”、“过”属于语法范畴中的（ C ）Ａ.时范畴Ｂ.态范畴Ｃ.体范畴Ｄ.数范畴4．音素i和u的不同是由（ D ）决定的A．音高 B．音重 C．音长 D．音质5．在语言结构的某一环节上能够互相替换，具有某种相同作用的各个单位之间所形成的关系叫（ D ）Ａ.转换关系Ｂ.组合关系Ｃ.层级关系Ｄ.聚合关系6．听觉上最自然、最容易分辨的最小语音单位是（ D ）A.音素B.音位C.音渡D.音节7．下列各组辅音中，发音部位相同的一组是( B )A.[m，n]B.[k，x]C.[p，d]D.[s, v]8．北京话“慢”单念时读[man]，但“慢慢儿”却有人读做[mai mar]，前一音节的语流音变现象是（ B ）A.同化B.异化C.弱儿D.增音9．关于现代汉语“洗”和“浴”两个语素，下列说法不正确的一项是（C）A．“洗”是成词语素，“浴”是不成词语素B．“洗”是自由语素，“浴”是黏着语素C．“洗”是不定位语素，“浴”是定位语素D．“洗”和“浴”都是实义语素10．下列各组中，三个复合词构词类型不一致的一组是（A ）A．席卷耳鸣地震 B．打倒切断推翻C．发光散热出气 D．天地欢乐爱好11．下列汉语词语中的“儿”不属于词根语素（实义语素）的是（D）A.健儿B.女儿C.少儿D.花儿12．语法规则的“抽象性”是指（A ）A．对语言的结构和成分进行类的概括B．相同规则可在一个结构里重复使用C．语法规则之间可以相互推导和解释D．语法规则的发展变化过程十分缓慢13．语法现象可以分成“核心语法现象”和“外围语法现象”，其中“核心语法现象”主要是指（D）A．词语搭配问题 B．意义表达问题 C．语音实现问题 D．句法结构问题14．主要功能是用来“造句”的同一级语法单位是指（C）A．语素和语素组 B．语素组和词 C．词和词组 D．词组和句子15．汉语中的词类（词的语法分类）可以首先分出的两个大类是（B）A．基本词和非基本词 B．实词和虚词 C．典型词和兼类词 D．体词和谓词16．下列关于“直接组成成分分析法”（层次分析法）的表述，不正确的一项是（D）A．从最大的词组开始逐层切分，一直切分到词为止B．从最小的词开始逐层组合，一直组合到词组为止C．分析时要依据两条原则：“成结构”和“有意义”D．分析时采用的方法是“先分主干”和“后添枝叶”17．“汽车”和“卡车”是（A ）A．上下位词 B．同义词C．等义词 D．近义词18．下列各项中，语义结构属于复合述谓结构的一项是（B）A．这样做不值得 B．他跑过去开门C．我们单位需要增加编制 D．他们正在研究如何筹集资金19．下列各项中，甲和乙是预设关系的一项是（C）A．（甲）他买了一支钢笔//（乙）他买了一支笔B．（甲）老王在小李的左边//（乙）小李在老王的右边C．（甲）他早就不在学校工作了//（乙）他以前在学校工作过D．（甲）什么水果他都吃过//（乙）他吃过苹果20．人类几种古老文字的原始字形，都是( A )A、象形的B、会意的C、表音的D、假借的21．文字最基本的单位是（B）A．笔画 B．字符 C．偏旁 D．部首22．把句子分成“单句”和“复句”，这种分类是（ D ）A.句子的句型类B.句子的句式类C.句子的功能类D.句子的简繁类23．“吓唬”和“恐吓”在非理性意义上的主要差别是（ C ）A.语气意义不同B.感情色彩不同C.语体色彩不同D.形象色彩不同24．下列各项词义引申中，采用比喻方式的一项是（ D ）A.“锁”本指一种器具，后引申指凭借这一器具的行为B.“兵”本指兵器，后引申指使用兵器的人C.“南瓜”本指一种植物，后引申指这种植物的果实D.“后台”本指舞台的后面，后引申指在背后操纵、支持的人或集团25．下列各项中，谓词和变元之间属于动作与结果关系的是( C )A．写黑板 B.打篮球 C．织毛衣 D.寄包裹26．分析性的语法手段是（ B ）Ａ.零形式Ｂ.语序Ｃ.外部附加Ｄ.内部屈折27. “老王说服了小李”中“老王”是行为的施事，“小李”是行为的受事，这种意义是（ B ）A.语汇意义B.语法意义C.语境意义D.蕴含意义28．从词的构造类型上看，汉语“动人”一词属于( B )A．单纯词 B.复合词 C．派生词 D.简缩词29．“老师鼓励我考大学”是( B )A．主谓词组 B.兼语词组 C．连动词组 D.复句词组30. 语言的发展演变是不平衡的，变化最慢的是( C )A.语音B.词汇C.语法D.修辞二、多项选择题（本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分）在每小题列出的五个备选项中有二个至五个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。

《语言学概论》期末试卷1. ( 单选题) 下列关于“语言”的说法,不正确的一项是(D )(本题2.0分)A、语言系统是由多个子系统组合而成的B、语言是一个符号系统C、语言符号具有任意性和线条性特征D、语言符号的音义关系可以任意改变2. ( 单选题) 下列元音音素都是后元音的一组是( B)(本题2.0分)A、[u, ε]B、[α, Λ]C、[α,y]D、[o, a]3. ( 单选题) 下列辅音音素都是塞音的一组是( B)(本题2.0分)A、[k, 1]B、[p, k]C、[p, n]D、[t, v]4. ( 单选题) 从语音的社会功能角度划分出来的最小语音单位是(A)(本题2.0分)A、音位B、音素C、音节D、音渡5. ( 单选题) 汉语普通话中的“我”和助词“的”单念时发音分别为[uo]和[te],而在实际语流中,“我的”发音是[uo de],这是语流音变中的( A)(本题2.0分)A、顺同化现象B、逆同化现象C、弱化现象D、异化现象6. ( 单选题) 语音的本质属性是(C )(本题2.0分)A、物理属性B、生理属性C、社会属性D、心理属性7. ( 单选题) 英语“students”中的“-s”是( C)(本题2.0分)A、虚词语素B、词根语素C、构形语素D、构词语素8. ( 单选题) 从词的构造方式看,下列各项中属于复合词的是( D)(本题2.0分)A、木头B、念头C、苦头D、山头9. ( 单选题) 划分词类的最本质的标准是(A )(本题2.0分)A、分布标准B、意义标准C、形态标准D、逻辑标准10. ( 单选题) 下面词组中,结构类型与其他各组不同的一组是(D)(本题2.0分)A、年轻漂亮/朴素大方B、我们大家/首都北京C、铁路民航/工人农民D、贯彻执行/讨论研究11. ( 单选题) 目前已知的最古老的拼音文字是( C)(本题2.0分)A、古埃及文字B、古希腊文字C、腓尼基文字D、中国的甲骨文12. ( 单选题) 判断两种话是不同语言还是同一种语言的不同方言应该主要参考( C)(本题2.0分)A、相互理解程度B、语言结构的差异程度C、共同的历史文化传统和民族认同感D、地域临近程度13. ( 单选题) 关于语音四要素,下列说法不正确的一项是(B )(本题2.0分)A、音高变化是语调的主要构成要素B、能起区别语言意义作用的是绝对的音高、音强和音长C、音长是由发音体振动的持续时间决定的D、音强是由发音体振动的振幅大小决定的14. ( 单选题) 下列各项中,都是低元音的一组是(D )(本题2.0分)A、[y, ?]B、[a, Λ]C、[u, ε]D、[ Αα, ]15. ( 单选题) 下列各组辅音中,发音部位相同的一组是( A)(本题2.0分)A、[k, η]B、[m, n]C、[n, η]D、[k,p]16. ( 单选题) 北京话“面”单念时读作[mi?n],但“面包”却读作[mi?m pαu],这种语流音变现象是( C)(本题2.0分)A、弱化B、增音C、同化D、异化17. ( 单选题) 下列各组中,三个复合词构词类型不一致的一组是(A)(本题2.0分)A、席卷耳鸣地震B、打倒切断推翻C、发光散热出气D、天地欢乐爱好18. ( 单选题) 语法规则的“抽象性”是指(A )(本题2.0分)A、对语言的结构和成分进行类的概括B、相同规则可在一个结构里重复使用C、语法规则之间可以相互推导和解释D、语法规则的发展变化过程十分缓慢19. ( 单选题) 以下不属于语言学的三大发源地的是( B)(本题2.0分)A、中国B、埃及C、印度D、希腊-罗马20. ( 单选题) 汉语中的词类(词的语法分类)可以首先分出的两个大类是(B )(本题2.0分)A、基本词和非基本词B、实词和虚词C、典型词和兼类词D、体词和谓词21. ( 单选题) “汽车”和“卡车”是( A)(本题2.0分)A、上下位词B、同义词C、等义词D、近义词22. ( 单选题) 根据字符跟什么样的语言单位相联系的标准来分类,已知自源文字都属于( A)(本题2.0分A)A、词文字B、语素文字C、音节文字D、音位文字23. ( 单选题) 在语言谱系分类的层级体系中,最大的类别是( C)(本题2.0分)A、语族B、语支C、语系D、语群24. ( 单选题) 语言符号的任意性是指( B)(本题2.0分)A、语言符号可以任意使用和创造B、绝大多数语言符号的能指和所指之间没有必然的理据关系C、可以任意使用语言符号给事物命名D、语言符号的能指和所指可以任意改变25. ( 单选题) 下列语言学流派中集中研究语言本体的流派是(D)(本题2.0分)A、功能语言学B、社会语言学C、认知语言学D、结构语言学26. ( 单选题) 英语动词“去”的原形是“go”,过去时的形式是“went”,这在语法手段的词形变化中叫作( C)(本题2.0分)A、附加B、屈折C、异根D、零形式27. ( 多选题) 下列关于重音的表述,正确的是( ABC)(本题3.0分)A、有些语言中一个词可以有一个以上的重音B、能够区别不同意义的重音可以看作一个音位C、汉语中有词重音D、重音跟音强的增加有关28. ( 多选题) 对发音器官功能的描述,不正确的是(ABC )(本题3.0分)A、声带在发音中的作用是次要的B、被动发音器官是不能自主运动的。

2003级英语专业（专升本）语言学概论期末试题A卷（请把所有答案写在答题纸上）Ⅰ.Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×15=30%)1．The study of sound systems and patterns is called ( )A. semanticsB. phoneticsC. phonology D syntax2．The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in .A. the place of articulationB. the obstruction of air streamC. the position of the tongueD. the shape of the lips3．The study of how words are combined to form sentences is called ( ).A. syntaxB. morphologyC. phoneticsD. semantics4. “Sweets” and “candy” are used respectively in Britain in and America,but refer to the same thing. The words are synonyms. ( )A. collocationalB. stylisticC. completeD. dialectal5. The word “ smog” is formed through.( ).A. backformationB. blendingC. clippingD. derivation6. Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by in 1957. ( )A. L. BloomfieldB. F. SaussureC. M. A. K. HallidayD. N. Chomsky7．The words that contain only one morpheme are called . （）A. bound morphemesB. affixesC. free morphemesD. roots8．Speech act theory was first proposed by . ( )A. John AustinB. John SearleC. Noam ChomskyD. John Firth9．is the study of language in relation to the mind. ( )A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. LinguisticsD. Semantics10．Which word can be analyzed as +HUMAN-ADULT-MALE （）A．boy B．girlC．man D．woman11．The pair of words "young" and "old" are_______（）.A. gradable oppositesB. converse oppositesC. co-hyponymsD. synonyms12．There are deixis in the sentence she has sold it here yesterday.（）A.3B.4C. 5D.613．The relationship between "fruit" and "apple" is . （）A. polysemyB.hyponymyC. homonymyD. synonymy14. is defined as the study of meaning. （）A. PhoneticsB. MorphologyC. SyntaxD. Semantics 15．.theories hold that experience is of more importance than innate contribution in learning a second language. ( )A.nativistB.environmentalistC.functionalistD.motivationII. Judge if the following statements are true or false. (1%×10=10%)1．Linguistics may be defined as the scientific study of language. ( )2．A syllable is a phonological unit that is composed of one ormore phonemes. ( )3．The smallest meaningful unit of language is called allomorphs. ( )4．There is only one morpheme in the word “went”. ( )5．The sentence “ He is jogging” belongs to material processes. ( )6．Flour/flower, pale/pail, whole/hole are homophones. ( )7．The bachelor is unmarried. This sentence is contradiction. ( )8. Leech proposes the politeness principle. ( )9. The positive role L1 plays is called interference. ( )10. A regional dialect is the form of a language used by the governmentand communication media, taught in schools and universities. ( )Ⅲ.Paraphrase the following ambiguous sentences. (5%×3=15%)1.Flying planes can be dangers.2.Can you see the man with a pair of binoculars?3.Tom hates his boss and so do I.Ⅳ.Explain the following terms。

语言学概论期末考试试卷及答案XXXn One: Fill in the blanks (15 points in total。

1 point for each blank)nguage system has gender and sex.2.Phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that has a n in a specific language or dialect。

divided from a ic perspective.3.XXX can lead to the XXX.4.XXX psycholinguistics are semantics and syntax。

which can also be XXX linguistics.5.XXX.6.XXX。

and can also include XXX。

XXX。

etc.n Two: Multiple Choice ns (10 points in total。

1 point for each n)1.Speech is (B) a system of XXX.2.XXX (B) general linguistics.3.Vowel [o] is (C) a high back XXX.4.The phenomenon of "辛苦" [in k u] in Mandarin being read as [i k u] is (A) n.5."Swimming" is a (D) phrase.6.Among the following grammatical devices。

syntax is (C) n.7.XXX (B) XXX.8.The basic ns for the emergence。

existence and development of language are (C) the need for social n activities.9.XXXXXX (B) XXX.10.XXX of "狗" in Chinese and "dog" in English shows that(A) word meaning reflects the XXX.n Three: ns (16 points in total。

级本、级专升本语言学概论期末考试试卷（卷）答案一、选择填空本题包括个小题，每小题分，错选、多选均不得分.答案：１Ａ２Ｂ３Ｃ４Ｄ５Ｂ６Ｂ７Ａ８Ｂ９Ａ１０Ｂ１１Ｂ１２Ｂ１３Ｃ１４Ｃ１５Ｄ二、分析应用题（分）.说明下面各组音素地区别特征（每小题分，共分）：①[] 不送气，[‘]送气.②[]浊音，[]是清音. ③[]是双唇鼻音，[]是舌尖前鼻音.④[]是双唇音，[]是舌面后音. ⑤[]是清（檫）音，[]是浊（檫）音. ⑥[]是高元音，[]是半高元音. ⑦[]是不送气音，[‘]是送气音. ⑧[]是圆唇元音，[]是不圆唇元音.[]是低元音，[]是半高元音[]是清音，[]是浊音文档来自于网络搜索．分析下面地短语地结构层次（每一步骤分析分，共分）三、简答题（每小题分，共分）.什么是语流音变？举例说明.语流音变是指音位和音位组合时，由于相互影响或说话时快慢、高低、强弱地不同而发生地变化（分），语流音变主要有同化、异化、弱化、脱落四种情况（分）.例如汉语普通话中地轻声，就是一种典型地语流音变，如“花”是阴平调，在棉花中变成了一种轻而短地调子，这是弱化；无论是同化、异化还是弱化、脱落，都是因为前后音位地影响造成地，这就是语流音变（分）.文档来自于网络搜索. 举例说明词汇地发展主要体现在那些方面？第一，新词地产生和旧词地消亡；第二，词语地替换；第三，词义地演变.（每个要点各分，举例每种情况各分）.文档来自于网络搜索. 举例说明词义引申地两种主要途径.词义地引申大体上可以分成隐喻和换喻两种方式（分）.（）隐喻：例如，汉语“入门”地原义是“进门”（而未登堂入室），从这个意义引申出“学习地初步阶段”（还不是深造阶段）地意义，这是因为“读书学习”可以分为若干阶段，这和进入家居地行进阶段有相似地地方.（分）文档来自于网络搜索（）换喻：如用“华盛顿”代替“美政府”或用“剑”代替“军事力量”.（分）.目前汉字能否改为拼音文字？汉字目前还不能改革成为拼音文字，这是因为：（）汉字地语素音节文字体系基本上符合汉语地结构特点（分）；（）汉语语素数量比音节数要多，汉字能区别同音语素（分）；（）目前普通话还不普及，汉字能起到沟通各方言地区交际地重要作用（分）.文档来自于网络搜索. 什么是语言地语法类型分类，按照这种分类方法，世界上地语言主要分哪几类？根据语言地语法结构特点对语言进行分类，就是语法类型分类（分）.按照这种分类方法，可以把世界上地语言分成孤立语、粘着语、屈折语和复综语四类（分）.文档来自于网络搜索四、论述题（分）试论语言发展地原因和特点.（一）社会地发展是语言发展地基本条件语言是人类地最重要地交际工具，语言地这种属性决定了语言人类社会地发展变化必然会促进语言地发展变化（分）.文档来自于网络搜索首先，随着社会地发展，新事物、新概念不断出现，这就要求要有新地词汇来反映这些新出现地事物和概念，这就促进了词汇地发展.（分）文档来自于网络搜索其次，随着人类思维地不断细致复杂，人们对事物地认识也不断深化，从而，语法格式也不断丰富，语言结构日趋严密.例如，在甲骨文中，人称代词还不完备；数词还没有基数词和序数词之分，介词和连词非常少，句子一般是单句，复句很少，且一般都是并列复句，主从复句很少.（分）文档来自于网络搜索第三，随着社会地发展，不同社会、不同民族之间地联系、交往和接触不断增加，语言必定会受到种种影响（分）.文档来自于网络搜索（二）语言系统中各种因素地相互影响与语言地发展社会地发展是促进语言发展地外部条件，但是，语言如何发展，那是由语言系统内部诸要素地相互关系决定地.（分）文档来自于网络搜索（三）语言发展地特点语言地发展呈现出渐变性和不平衡性地特点，这也是语言发展地一般规律.（分）．语言发展地渐变性什么是语言发展地渐变性：语言地发展不是突变地、革命式地，而是一个逐渐变化、潜移默化地过程.（分）．语言发展地不平衡性语言发展地不平衡性表现在三个主要方面，一是语言系统内地各个组成部分地变化速度不同；（分）二是各个组成部分地诸要素之间地变化速度也不同（分）；三是，同一语言现象，在不同地区也表现出不同地发展特点. （分）文档来自于网络搜索总之，语言发展具有渐变性和不平衡性地两个特点，它们都是由语言作为人类社会最重要地交际工具这一功能所决定地. 文档来自于网络搜索级本、级专升本语言学概论期末考试试卷（卷）答案一、选择题本题共小题，每小题分，共分.每小题只选一项，错选、多选不得分.⒈Ａ⒉Ｂ⒊Ｄ⒋Ｃ⒌Ｃ⒍Ｂ⒎Ａ⒏Ｄ⒐⒑Ｃ１１Ｂ１２Ｄ１３Ｃ１４Ｂ１５Ｂ二、分析应用题（分）.①舌面后浊塞音②唇齿浊檫音③舌面后清檫音④双唇送气清塞音⑤双唇清檫音⑥舌尖前送气清塞檫音⑦双唇浊鼻音⑧双唇浊塞音舌尖前边音舌面后送气清塞音文档来自于网络搜索. 分析下面地短语地结构层次（每一步骤分析分，共分）职代会已经批准了改进装配线的方案主谓偏正述宾偏正述宾三、简答题（每小题分，共分）.什么是音素？什么是音位？二者有怎样地关系？音素是从音质角度划分出来地最小语音单位，音位是具体语言中具有区别词地语音形式地作用地最小语音单位（分）.一般地说，音位是在音素地基础上归纳出来地，没有音素，也就谈不上音位了（分）.音位是一般地，音素是个别地，一般总是通过个别来表现.一个音位，在具体地音节中总是表现为具体地一个音素（分）.文档来自于网络搜索. 简述词根、词缀、词尾地区别.词根是词义地核心部分，词地意义主要是又它体现出来，它可以单独构成词，也可以彼此组合成词（分）.词缀是只能粘附在词根上构成新词语素，它本身不能单独成词.粘附在词根前面地词缀叫前缀，粘附在词根后面地词缀叫后缀，插入词根中间地词缀叫中缀（分）.词尾是加在词地末尾，只改变一个词地形式，不构成新词地语素（分）.文档来自于网络搜索.什么是语言地谱系分类，按照这种方法，可以把世界上地语言大致上分为哪些语系？语言地谱系分类就是根据语言地亲属关系对语言所作地分类（分）.按照亲属关系，一般把世界上地语言分分为九大语系：汉藏语系、印欧语系、乌拉尔语系、阿尔泰语系、闪―含语系、高加索语系、达罗毗（）荼语系、马来―玻里尼西亚语系和南亚语系（分，每错两个扣分）.文档来自于网络搜索.什么是文字，其主要作用是什么？文字是记录语言地书写符号系统，是在语言地基础上产生地，书面上代表语言地书写符号.（分）文字最主要地作用是突破了有声语言地时间和空间局限，扩大了有声语言地使用范围（分.在文字产生以前，由于有声语言出口即逝，不能传于异地，更不能留于异时，人类地交际只能面对面地进行，局限在一个很小地时空范围内，这样就限制了人类地认识范围地发展，而文字把有声语言凝固于书面，不受时空限制，彻底克服了语言地局限性，把语言地使用范围扩展到一个非常广阔地范围.（分）文档来自于网络搜索.为什么说社会地发展是语言发展地基本条件？这是由语言作为交际工具这一本质特征决定地（分）.运用中地活地语言是人类组成社会地条件之一，是社会成员之间最重要地联系纽带（分）.第一，社会由低级到高级，由简单到复杂，由落后到先进地发展，自然都会推动语言地发展.随着社会地发展，新事物、新概念层出不穷，人们地思维也愈来愈细致缜密，这些都会向交际提出新地要求，推动语言不断丰富词汇，改进语法，以适应社会交际地需要（分）.第二，社会地分化、统一、互相接触也会相应地引起语言地分化、统一和接触，这也必然要推动语言地进一步发展.（分）文档来自于网络搜索四、论述题（分）试说明语言地层级体系和运转原理语言符号系统是分层级地体系（分）.这个体系地底层是一套音位（分）.语言层级体系地上层是音义结合地符号和符号地序列（分）.这一层又分为三级：第一级是语素，意义和声音在这里结合为最小地语言符号；第二级是语素构成地词.第三级是由词构成地句子.词和句子都是符号地序列（分）.音位>语素→词→句子这就是语言地层级体系.（分）在这个层级体系里，低一层级地单位比高一层级地单位要少得多.高一层级地单位都是低一层级单位按照一定地规则组合而成地（分）.从音位到语素，这是语言分层装置里最关键地接合部，因为音位只能构成符号地形式，语素才是形式和意义结合地符号，因而我们说，从音位到语素有性质上地飞跃（分）.语言里地音位只有几十个，语素地数目则有几千.语素还不能直接用来交际，需要把它们组合成词，结果是产生了数以万计地词，一个词可以有几个意义，这无形中又把符号地数目扩大了几倍.（分）词仅是说话地材料，把词和词组合成句子才能进行交际，句子是根据表达地需要临时组织起来地，语言提供了成万个词和多种灵活地造句规则，自然可以让人们造出无限地句子来.（分）几十>成千→成万→无穷，这就是这个层级装置所提供地效能.这个效能是通过组合与替换而获得地，语言中每个符号或语言单位都处在既可以和别地符号组合，又可以被别地符号替换这样两种关系当中，而替换地材料又是由聚合关系提供地，正是由于语言符号中存在着组合和聚合这两种根本地关系，语言这个层级体系才能以少数有规则地组成多数，一级级翻番增量，从几十扩大到无穷，使说话地人可以纵意驰聘，放手造出符合表达需要地句子来.（分）文档来自于网络搜索。

期末试卷一一、单项选择题（每小题1分，总计20分）1.关于“语言”的定义，下列说法不正确的一项是（）A.语言是一种社会现象B.语言就是人们说出来的话C.语言的客观存在形式首先是有声的口头语言D.语言是一个符号系统2.从音质角度划分出来的最小语音单位是（）A.音渡B.音素C.音位D.音节3.在一种语言内部划脑言时，最主要的依据是（）A.语法B.语义C.语音D.词汇4.从词的构造方式看，汉语“健儿” 一词属于（）A.单纯词B.派生词C.复合词D.简缩词5.下列各个汉语词语中的“子”是词根语素的是（）A.笼子B.鸽子C.瓜子D.日子6.下列关于语法的表述中，不正确的一项是（）A.语法是关于词的构成变化和词构成词组和句子的规则B.语法是说本族语的人的直觉知识和约定习惯C.语法是与语音、语汇等要素互不相关的规则D.语法是与语音、语汇等相比变化较慢的现象7.下列关于词义模糊性的表述中，正确的一项是（）A.词义所指范围边缘区域模糊，中心区域明确B.词义所指范围边缘区域明确，中心区域模糊C.词义所指范围边缘区域、中心区域都模糊D.词义所指范围边缘区域可能模糊8.“哈巴狗”和“狮子狗”指的是同一种狗，二者在词义上的主要差别是（）A.理性意义不同B.语体色彩不同C.形象色彩不同D.语气意义不同9.下列各项中，含有降级述谓结构的是（）A.他申请去北京进修B.你去请他比较好C.他取下了挂在墙上的地图D.他害怕老师批评他10.下列各项中，甲和乙之间是预设关系的是（）A.（甲）他有一件西服（乙）他有一件衣服B.（甲）他的西服破了（乙）他有一件西服C.（甲）那个学生借给他一本《红楼梦》一一（乙）那个人借给他一本《红楼梦》D.（甲）那个学生借给他一本《红楼梦》一一（乙）那个学生借给他一本书11.1956年我国推行汉字简化方案，将繁体字改成简体字，这属于（）A.正字法改革B.字符类型改革C.文字类型改革D.字符类型和文字类型改革12.汉语中的“基因”来自英语的gene,从该词产生的方式看，“基因”属于（A.纯粹音译词B.音译兼意译词C.意译词D.仿译词13.从语言的发展演变来看，语汇系统中最不易发生变化的是（）A.通用语汇B.常用语汇C.基本语汇D.专用语汇14.关于社会方言的形成，下列说法不正确的一项是（）A.社会方言大多是在语言的相互接触中形成的B.社会方言是随着社会的社群分化而产生的C.一种语言的内部有可能形成社会方言D.一种方言的内部有可能形成社会方言15.关于共同语的形成，下列说法不正确的一项是（）A.并不意味着方言分歧已经消失B.并不意味着方言分歧将会扩大C.并不意味着方言最终将被取代D.并不意味着语言已经实现统一16.关于语言规范化的推行，下列说法不正确的一项是（）A.主要由权威机构提出具体的规范意见B.主要由权威机构强制推行C.主要通过教育机构、大众传媒等渠道向社会推行D.主要是一个积极引导社会公众自觉遵守的过程17.关于语言获得的原因，下列学说中偏重于内部条件解释的是（）A.模仿说B.天赋说C.强化说D.刺激反应说18.社会语言学属于（）A.理论语言学B.广义应用语言学C.普通语言学D.狭义应用语言学19.汉语中的：“了、着、过”在古代具有实实在在的词汇意义，到现代变成只表语义的助词，这属于（）A.异化B.类化C.新语法范畴的形成D.实词虚化20.下列语言中属于粘着语的是（）A.苗语B.越南语C.俄语D.日语二、多项选择（每个小题3分，共30分）1.根据舌位的高低，元音可分为（）A.高兀音B.央元音C.半高元音D.半低元音E.低元音2.下列汉字的读音中多包含有辅音［飞］的有（）A.男B.拉C.拿D.拦E.驴3.下列词中带有前缀的是（%1老鼠%1画家%1阿姨%1超越%1超现实主义4.下列词组叫，带双宾语的是（）%1托你一件事%1托你办件事%1请你办这件事%1借你五元钱%1给你一本书5.下列语素中，属于枯着语素的是（）%1宏%1伟%1大%1楼%1机6.卞列语言单位中，属于派生词的是（）%1律师%1鸟儿%1老婆%1苦头%1文学家7.下列词中，处于同一个语义场的词是（）%1桌子%1椅子%1沙发%1柜子%1鞋子8.下列语言属于印欧语系的是（）%1法语%1英语%1德语%1阿拉伯语%1维吾尔语9.汉语属于（）%1汉藏语系%1汉语族%1屈折语%1孤立语%1粘着语10.下列文字中属于表意文字的是（）%1汉字%1中美洲的马雅文字%1古埃及的圣书字%1我国纳西族的东巴文%1古印度的法卢文三、判断题（每题2分，共20分）1.符号有视觉符号、听觉和触觉符号三种，语言是一种视觉符号。