专八改错 ppt课件

It is difficult to think of a nation as an abstract collection of people living on a patch of territory. It is easier to think of as a person. This is why we sometimes call Great Britain __1__ "Britannia" and the United States "Columbia", and think of it as stately women. We also use masculine symbols in our __2__ personification of nations. In 1712 John Arbuthont, a Scot,wrote a political satire in that the characters were supposed __3__ to be typical members of different nationalities. The Englishman was John Bull. This name, which was sufficient flattering to be__4__ adopted generally, combined the most common English first name with a last name indicated strength. John Bull is usually __5__ pictured as a partly businessman with a Union Jack on his hatband.After the American War of Independence began in 1783, the United __6__States was knownfor "Brother Jonathan". Jonathan was a biblical __7__ name associated with simple people from rural areas, and it seemed fitting since the United States is rural and unsophiscated, and since __8__American considered their type of simplicity a virtue compared to __9__ the wickedness of European cities. It is possible, however, that the name was originated with President George Washington, who would __10__often say, when faced with a hard problem, "Let us consult Brother Jonathan", referring to his secrectary, Johnathan Trumbull.英语专业八级（1）答案和解析:1. of和as之间加上it.代替前文的a nation2. it—both.指代上文的US和Great Britain3. that—which4.sufficient—sufficiently.修饰形容词用副词5. indicated—indicating来源：考试大6. began—ended.根据历史知识，美国独立战争开始于1776年7月4日(《独立宣言》发表)，直到1783年英国正式承认美国独立才结束。

改错与校对练习PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTIONPassage OneIt is very difficult imagine an educational system which transmits values1.______seriously in conflict with that of the government and the state, or which 2.______contributes nothing to training young people for their future adult work-roles. However, educational systems are often only partial successful. This is partly3.______because people have different views of what elements of culture ( norms andvalues) should be stressed on, and what skills are useful. Such disagreement has4.______a fundamental basis in social structure of modem Britain because there is often 5.______a contradiction among the two functions of socialization and training. This is 6.______because the two functions are not easily separate in practice. The norms and 7.______values transmitted to any group of children have to be somehow relating to the 8.______kinds of skills they taught. The culture of the aristocracy is not the same as 9. ______that of working-class neighborhoods in the inner cities. Similarly, training fordifferent sorts of work need to be different: to be proficient in Latin is not10.______useful to the shop assistant, just as expertise in woodwork is irrelevant to a university teacher.Passage TwoAs people live in a fast-moving world where tensions build up,die effects of long-distance miming are uplifting.Each hill is approached as a positive challenge, causing the runnerto grow strongly with each stride and leading him to tranquility and harmony. 1.______Long-distance running that helps a person to forget pressure on family 2. ______ problems as well as job related annoyances. An example comes quickly in 3. ______ mind. One day I had a really terrible fight with my landlady over some foolishincident. I screamed and yelled at her but she very nearly threw me out. A few4.______minutes later, I set for my daily run. By the end of the first mile, the argument 5. ______seemed like the bad dream. At the end of the fourth mile, I was 6. ______ full with feelings of remorse and forgiveness towards the landlady. I saw how 7.______ unreasonable I have been, I stopped at the local flower shop and bought my8.______landlady a beautiful rose. which I immediately gave her I stepped inside the 9.______house. Running has that kind of effect on most runners. It makes us feelpositive and serene. Incorporating long-distance running into a daily routinewill significantly change a runner's life. I do not know whether it comes fromfollowing a strict routine the improved physical condition of the runner. 10._____But I do know that people quickly become addicted to the sport.Passage ThreeWhat is drug? Most of people probably think there’s a perfect simple 1._____answer to this question. In fact, if one carries a quick survey on any street corner,one finds (hat, according to vast majority of people, there are two groups 2. _____ of drugs: those prescribed by doctors, and those people take for non-medicaluse. As medicine and medical profession are generally self-respectful, there 3.______aren't any objections to the use of prescribed drugs. What moat people don’trealize is (hat when prescribed drugs are usually beneficial, they can also 4.______present a serious problem. There were many people addicted by tranquillizers 5.______before doctors began to prescribe them: now there being literally millions who 6.______depend on (hem. An acceptance of the use of drugs for non-medical reasons islargely a matter of a culture. Some Eastern people think the use of alcohol with7.______horror, mainly as a result of religious upbringing. However, these similar 8. ______ people freely use marijuana without a second thought, and this, in turn, isn’taccepted in Western culture which accepts alcohol. In most Western societies, the 9.______tea- or coffee-break' s now a part of the life, And huge quantities of these drinks10. _______are consumed daily.Passage FourIn a competitive and fast-paced modem society, busy businessexecutives are so engrossing in (heir work that they hardly know what 1.______the word 'leisure" means. The higher an executive’s position is on thebusiness ladder, the more hours he spends on his work. With a view togaining greater corporate standing or a big pay rise, he, as a rule, far 2. _____exceeds over the 40-hour working week. 3. _____ The additional stress and tension as well as the shortage of suitable 4._____rest and recreation very often have a disastrous effect on his health. Fewsuch executives realize that unless they learn how to relax, they will soonrun of steam before they get to the top of the executive ladder. A noted 5.______American authority on leisure has said that “The key to relaxation to busy 6.______executives is to avoid the types of activities that are part and parcel oftheir daily work and to devote themselves totally to have recreational 7.______pursuits for at least a part of each day, even it is only for half an hour. 8. _____Those jobs require a great deal of contact with others can engage in activities 9. ____that are quiet and peaceful ― far from the madding crowd, far from client 10. _____ and business associates.”Passage FiveAir quality in Britain has improved considerably in the last 30 years.Total emissions of smoke in the air have risen by over 85 per cent since 1._____1950. The domestic smoking control program has been particularly 2. _____ important in achieving this result. London and other major cities nolonger have the dense smoke-laden “smogs” of the 1950s but in central 3.______London winter sunshine has increased by about 70 per cent since 1958.Since 1990, everyday air pollution data from the British Monitoringnetwork has made available to the public by the Department of theEnvironment’s Air Quantity Bulletins. These concentrated three main 4. ______ pollutants-ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide — end gradeair quality on a scale between “very weak” and “very good”. The 5.______information features in television and radio weather reports appears 6.______in many national and Local newspapers. Therefore, 7. ______the data are also available on the special free telephone number and on 8. ______ video text Systems. A comprehensive review of the issue of urbanized air 9. ______ quality was announced in January 1992, Three independent committees ofexperts have been established to advise on different aspects of the problem,and will set guidelines and targets for air quality. The network will also being10. ______extended and upgraded at a cost of million.Passage sixThe amazing success of humans as a species is the resultof the evolutionary development of our brains which hastened totool-using, tool-making, the ability to solve problems by logicalreasoning, thoughtful cooperation, and language. One of the moststriking ways in that chimpanzees biologically resemble humans 1. _____ lies in the structure of their trains. The chimpanzee, with thecapacity for primitive reasoning, exhibits a type of intelligence like2. _____that of humans than does any, other mammal living today. The brainof the modem chimpanzee is probably not too dissimilar to the brainthat so many millions of years ago direct the behavior of the first ape3. _____man.In a long time, the fact that prehistoric people made tools was 4._____considered to be one of the major criterion distinguishing them from 5._____other creatures. It is true that the chimpanzee does not fashion tools to“a regular and set pattern” but then, prehistoric people, after their6. _____development of stone tools.Undoubtedly poked around with sticks and straws, at whichstage it seems unlikely that they made tools to a set pattern too. 7._____It is because the close association in most people’s minds of 8._____tools with humans that special attention has always been focused uponany animal able to use an objective as a tool; but it is important to realize9. _____that this ability, on its own, does not necessarily indicate any special intelligence in the creature concerning. 10._____Passage sevenDuring the traditional wedding ceremony, the bridal couplepromises each other lifelong devotion. Yet, about one out of four 1. _____ American marriages ends in divorce. Since 1940, the divorce ratehas more than doubled, and experts predict that, of all marriagesthat occured in the 1970s, about 50% will end in divorce, The USA 2. _____ is one of the highest divorce rates in the world, perhaps even the highest.3. _____What goes wrong? That fact that divorce is so common in theUnited States does not mean that Americans consider marriage a casual, unimportant relationship. Just opposite is true. Americans expect a 4._____great deal from marriage. They seek physical, emotional, andintellectual compatibility. They want to be loved deep and understood. 5.______It is because Americans expect so much from marriage that so manyget divorce. They prefer no marriage at all to a marriage without love 6. ______and understanding. With typical American optimist, they end one 7.______marriage in the hope of that the next will be happier. With no-fault 8. ______divorce laws in many states, It is easier than never to get a divorce.9. ______Some American Women stay in unhappy marriages because they donot have the education or job experience to support themselves andtheir children. But most American women believe that, if necessary,they can make it lonely without a husband. All things considered, 10. _____Americans have little reason to continue an unhappy marriage.Passage eightThe world is in a self-destruction mode. By this statementI mean that the people of the world are bent on making this planet inhabitable in three distinct ways. Furthermore, these three ways 1.______are all interrelated and related directly to industrialization.The first of three is through pollution to the air, the water, 2. ______or the soil. Industrialization has meant toxic fumes in the atmo- 3. ______sphere and poisonous substances in the water and in the soil.Industry has also been responsible to noise and visual pollution:the roar of machinery and the ugliness of factories and cheap housing developments ... these factors take the joy outside of natural4. ______surroundings for human beings.However, the balance of nature has been upset. To feed the 5.______hungry factories, huge forests have been leveled, mountains havestripped of their protection ... The results are farther-reaching 6. ______as we can know. 7. ______ The third and the most acute of the problem is the psycho- 8.logical effect on people of increased competition and hard economictimes. The reasons that people give for political unrest might be reasonsof belief or religion, but I believe that it is the desire of people to improve their standard of life that ultimately causes was. Because of the 9.______industrialization, much of the beauty and the simplicity of life is away. 10._____Passage nineThe ordinary family in colonial North America was primarilyconcerned with sheer physical survival and beyond that, its owneconomic prosperity. Thus, Children were valued in the terms of 1.______their productivity, and they assumed the role of producer quite early.Until they fulfilled this role, his position in the structure of the family2. ______was one of subordination, and their psychological needs andcapacities received much consideration. 3. ______ As the society became more complex, the status of childrenin the family and in the society become, each member must fulfill the 4.______number of personal and occupational role and be in constant contact 5.______with a great many other members. Consequently, viewing childrenpotentially acceptable and necessarily multifaceted members of society 6.______means that they are regarded more as people in their own right so as 7.______utilitarian organisms. This acceptance of children as equal participantsin the contemporary family is reflected in the variety of statutesprotecting the rights of children and in the social and public welfare programs devoted exclusively in their well-being. 8.______This new view of children and the increasing contact betweenthe members of society has also resulted in a surge of interest inchild-rearing technique. People today spend a considerable portion oftheir time discussing the proper way to bring about children, It is now 9.possible to influence the details of the socialization of another person'schild in spreading the gospel of current and fashionable theories and10. _____methods of child rearing.Passage tenAdvertising is a form of mass selling, and it is employed whenthe use of direct, person-to-person selling is practical, impossible, or1.simply inefficient. It is to be distinguished from other activities andits aim intended to persuade the public. Advertising techniques ranges 2. complexly from the publishing of simple, straightforward noticesin the classified-advertising columns of newspapers to the concerted use 3. newspapers, magazines, television, radio, direct mail, and othercommunications media in the course of a single advertising campaign.From its simple beginnings in ancient times, advertising have turned 4. into a worldwide industry. In the U.S. alone in the late 1980s,approximately $120 billion was spent in a single year to advertising 5. to influence the purchase of commodities and services.Advertising falls into two main categories; consumer advertising,directed to the final purchaser, and trade advertising, in which theappeal is made to dealers on through trade journals and other media. 6.Both consumer and trade advertising employ many specializedtypes of commercial persuasion. A relatively minor, except important, 7. form of advertising is institutional advertising, which is designed mainlyto build prestige and public respect for particular business concerns asimportant institutions. Each year millions of dollars is spent on 8. institutional advertising.Another minor, but increasingly popular, form of advertising iscooperation advertising. For example, makers of milk, of pie, and of 9. sausages sometime jointly advertise this combination as an ideal 10. cold-weather breakfast.Passage elevenLike all animal species, plant species must spread their offspringto suitable areas where they can grow and pass on their parent's genes. 1. Young animals generally spread by walking or flying. Because plantsdon't have that ability, they may somehow hitchhike. Some plant seeds 2.scatter by blowing in the wind or floating on water. Many other plantspecies, though, trick an animal into carrying their seeds. How do theydo? They enclose them within a tasty fruit and advertise the fruit'sripeness by its color or smell. The hungry animal collects and swallowsthe fruit, walks or flies off, but later spits out the seeds somewhere far3.from its parent tree. Seeds can thereby be carried thousands of miles.4.It may surprise you to learn that plant seeds can resist digestion. In fact,some seeds actually require passage through an animal's body beforethey can grow.Wild strawberries offer a good example of hitchhiking tactic. 5. When strawberry seeds arc still young and not yet ready to be planted,the surrounding fruit is green, sour, and hard. When the seeds final 6. mature, the berries turn red, sweet, and tender, The change in the berries'color serves as a signal to birds which then eat the strawberries, fly off,and eventually spit out the seeds.Naturally, strawberry plants doesn't set out with a conscious 7. intent of attracting birds only when their seeds were ready to bedispersed away. Nor did birds set out with the intent of plant straw- 8. berries. Rather, strawberry plants evolved through natural selection.The sweeter and reder the final strawberry, the more birds spread 9. its ripe seeds; the greener and more sour the young strawberry, thebirds destroyed the seeds by eating berries before the seeds were ready. 10.Passage TwelveCheese, nutritious food made from the milk of cows and othermammals, including sheeps, goats, buffalo, reindeer, camels, and mares. 1. Cheese is one of the world's oldest food products ― for thousands ofyears, people have been raised animals for milk, turning their surplus2.milk into cheese. More than 400 varieties of cheese existing, making it 3. one of the most general foods in the world. Cheese comes in hundredsof different shapes, sizes, flavors, and is used in as many different ways.Enjoyed with bread, crackers, and fruit, used as an ingredient in cookedfoods, and mixed with salads and flour, cheese is a healthy food all over 4. the world. Cheese is a concentrated resource of almost all the valuable 5. nutrients found in milk, such as protein, vitamins, and minerals, as wellas the less desirable fat and cholesterol, substances that may lead tohealth problems when consumed in excess. The fat content in cheesevaries depending the milk used. Cheese made with whole milk, or milk 6. enriched with cream, has the lowest amount of fat, cholesterol, and 7. calories. Cheese made with skim milk has the lowest. Because its high 8. protein and calcium content, cheese in moderation is an importantcomponent of a balanced diet It is an especially good source of proteinfor children, which growing bodies require higher amounts of protein 9. than adults. Many vegetarians, who do not eat meat, rely to cheese as a 10. source of protein in their diets.Passage thirteenBegun in the late 1960s by Pentagon weapons researches as asystem for easing communication between computers in disparateelectric networks, the Internet has evolved into a popular vehicle for1.scientific research, communication, entertainment, and more. It linkstogether thousands of computer networks such as those belonging tocorporations, commercial services, universities, and research centers,joining them as branches on a tree to larger networks known as 2. backbones. Once a computer is on-line, that is, connected by modemor networking equipment of the Internet, the user can search through 3. data banks for documents, chat with other computer users, or instant 4. send opinions and observations to the likes of President Bill Clinton,film critic Roger Ebert, or rocker Billy Idol (just to name a few).No central governing body runs the Internet, and nobody hasan exact census of users. But estimates of the number already range 5. from around 10 million to as high as 5 million. Well over 10,000separated computer networks are connected by the Internet, and 6. total traffic was expected to double during 1993.Today, the Internet is free resources and commercial servicesthat provide databases and computer files with a fee. Publishers are 7. seeking to make books and periodicals available on the Internet as aprofit-making adventure. Meanwhile, works in the public domain 8. have begun appearing on the Internet for users to “upload” to their9.computers virtually free of charge. With electronic access to data fromall over the world, scholarly research that in the past would haverequired months of travel could now be done at one's desk. 10.Passage fourteenWater is the oldest form of transport. The original sailed vessels 1. were replaced by steamboats in the early 1800s and by diesel power inthe 1920s. A distinct is generally made between deep-water and navigable 2. inland water transport-Domestic commerce center on the Great Lakes, 3. canals, and navigable rivers.The exact miles of improved waterways in operation dependin partly on whether coastwise and intercoastal shipping are included 4.The main advantage of water transport is capacity to move 5. extremely large shipments. Deep-water vessels are restricted inoperation, but diesel-towing barges have a fair-degree of flexibility.6.In comparison to rail and highway, water transport ranks in the middlewith respect to fixed cost. The fixed cost of operation is more greater 7. than that of motor carriers but less than that of railroads. The maindisadvantage of water is the unlimited degree of flexibility and the 8. low speeds of transport. Although the source and destination of the 9. movement are adjacent to a waterway, supplemental haul by rail ortruck is required. The capability of water to transport large tonnageat low various cost places this mode of transport in demand when 10. low freight rates are desired and speed of transit is a secondary consideration.Passage fifteenBefore considering this question it is interesting to reviewbriefly the evolution of the mind as the instrument. The commonest 1.way that has been used to find out the relative intellectual level ofcreatures at different stage of evolutionary complexity has been to study2.the way they behave when giving different kinds of puzzles. For example, 3. an ant possesses a complex routine of behavior, but can it think?The answer is what if an ant is forced to go through a maze of 4. passages, many of which are dead ends, on its way to its nestle, it starts5.by making a lot of mistakes and taking a great many wrong turnings.In the end, however, after it has to worry its way through often enough, 6. it does learn to get to its nest without going into any of the blind alleys.As one moves up the evolutionary scale the test of mind-power 7.exemplified by solving the problem of getting through a maze becomesvery simple. Among mammals, for example, the maze is an inadequate 8. test. The learning problem does not tax enough attributes of the mind.In this sort of learning, as a matter of fact, rats can hit university9.undergraduates and have, in fact, repeatedly done so. The next, moresubtle test of mental ability is to see what level an animal can think10.about something when it is not there.Passage sixteenIf it were only necessary to decide whether to teach elementaryscience to everyone on a mess basis or to find the gifted few and take 1. them as far as they can go, our task would be fairly simple. The publicschool system, moreover, has no such choice, for the two jobs must be 2. carried on at the same time. Because we depend so heavily upon scienceand technology for our progress, we must produce specialist in many 3. fields. Because we live in a democratic nation, whose citizens make thepolicies for the country, large numbers of us must be educated to 4. understand, to support, and when necessary, judge the work of experts. 5. The public school must educate for both producers and users of scientificservices. In education there should be a good balance among the branchesof knowledge that attribute to effective thinking and wise judgment such 6. balance is defeated by too much emphasis on any one field. This questionof balance involves not only the relation of the natural sciences, the social sciences, and the arts but also relative emphases between the natural7.sciences themselves. By contrast, we must have a balance between the 8. current and classical knowledge. The attention of the public iscontinuously drawn to new possibilities in scientific fields and the 9. discovery of new knowledge; these should not be allowed to turn ourattention from the sound, established materials that form the basis of10.courses for beginners.Passage seventeenThe world’s population continues to grow. There now are about4 billion of us on earth. That could reach 6 billion by the end of thecentury and 11 billion in a farther 75 years. 1.Experts have long been concerned about such a growth.Where will we find the food, water, works, houses, schools and 2. health care for all these people?A major new study shows that the situation may be changing.A large and rapid drop in the world’s birth rate have taken place3.during the past 10 years. Families generally are smaller now thanthey were a few years ago. It is happened in both developing and 4. industrial nations.Researchers said they found a number of reasons for this,More men and women are waiting more longer to get married and 5.are using birth control devices and methods to prevent and delay 6. pregnancy. More women are going to school or working at jobsaway from home instead having children. 7.And more governments, especially in developing nations, nowsupport family planned programs to reduce population growth, China 8.is one of the nations that has made great program in reducing its 9. population growth. China has already cut off its rate of population 10. growth by about one half since 1970.Passage eighteenBeyond puppyhood, retraining an aggressive dog often is atough job, and it doesn’t always work. You may need professionaladvice. Contract your veterinarian, who might refer you to a trainer 1. or behaviorist. If after retraining, your dog continues to scare people,considering whether the kindest and safest action is to put the dog to2.sleep.Every pet owner, and every family with children, need to take 3. seriously of the risk of dog bites. Ask the Bogers. It's been more than4.one year since five-year-old Megan began to raise her pet. The scars 5. around her eye and the wound on one side of her mouth have fadedalmost to nothing, and the memory of the attack by her pet lingers. 6. “She’s very hesitant around all dogs,” reports her mom, “I’m more so.”They have taught Megan and their another children to approach dogs 7. slowly, and hold up a hand to be sniffed before getting closer. 8.The family was requiring by law to keep the dog contained for 9.d ten days, to be sure it didn't carry rabies. Then the Bogers gave it toa family friend ― one with children. Now they have it back, but 10.he's carefully supervised.Passage nineteenWhen I was about 11, I inherited my older brother's paper route.It was a good job, though it means waking up at the crack of dawn 1.and hopping on my bike in Rockford, to deliver papers.Punctuality was critic. People expected the paper on their front 2. porch by 6 a.m. If I ran late, they would be standing in their doorwaysand I would infinitely hear about it. On the other hand, doing the job3.professionally often resulted in much-appreciated tips.Ever since then, I have tried to do as professional a job as 4. possible-whether it be bagging groceries, painting houses or tarringroofs. Acting is not different. I believe if you work hard and behavelike a pro, it will pay back, and you will be offered more and better roles. 5.This means giving your all. If a scene requires another characterto react to jumping into the water, I will jump in as many times as it6.takes to help him and the director get the shot. Several years ago,while filmed a movie in the mountains of Brazil, my fellow actors 7.and I all pitched in to help the screw move heavy equipment through 8. rugged jungle. Acting is a job like any other, and you can't let it go toyour head. The thing that made a difference delivering papers 9.being thorough, punctual, doing your best-also count on the movie set.And I still have to woken up at the crack of dawn. 10.Passage twentyJimmy Lee was executed in Parchment, Miss. He was amurder. In Mississippi, killers are executed by strapping them 1.______into a chair and dropped cyanide crystals into a pan of water. 2.______This is supposed to do the job quickly and with a maximum 3. ______of suffering. However, this was not the case of Jimmy Lee. He 4.______moaned and convulsed and thrashed about everywhere for several 5.。

专八改错讲义专业八级改错讲义主讲教师：袁丹2012年专业八级改错部分The central problem of translating has always been whether to translate literally or freely．The argument has been going since at least the first (1) ______century B.C．Up to the beginning of the 19th century, many writersfavoured certain kind of ―free‖ translation: the spirit, not the letter; the (2) _______sense not the word; the message rather the form; the matter not (3) _______the manner．This is the often revolutionary slogan of writers who (4) _______wanted the truth to be read and understood．Then in the turn of 19th (5) _______century, when the study of cultural anthropology suggested thatthe linguistic barriers were insuperable and that the language (6) _______was entirely the product of culture, the view translation was impossible (7) _______gained some currency, and with it that, if was attempted at all, it must be as (8) _______literal as possible．This view culminated the statement of the (9) _______extreme ―literalists‖ Walter Benjamin a nd Vladimir Nobokov.The argument was theoretical: the purpose of the translation, thenature of the readership, the type of the text, was not discussed．Toooften, writer, translator and reader were implicitly identified witheach other．Now, the context has changed, and the basic problem remains．(10) _____能力I. 语法知识1. 原句中的定语从句不要轻易放开1) As we know, life would only be possible on the face of a __________planet had temperatures somewhere within this range. __________2) the key to relaxation to busy executives I to avoid the types of _____activities that are part and parcel of their daily work and to devote themselves totally to have_____ recreational pursuits for at least a part of each day,even it is only for half an hour, ______those job s require a great deal of contact with others can engage in …_____3) …amount and variety of fields of discoursein where we feel at home. _____2. 两个副词通常去一个，两个形容词通常把前一个改成副词1）the earth‘s supply of water probably remains quite fairly constant _____2) that is to say, they consider the human infant to be genetic programmed_____3) but the process he has succeeded in laying wasteful vast expanses of forests and croplands ______3. until, and, but, or, while, whereas, as, if , even if 等连词，起语义作用的副词，如however, therefore，moreover1）the rest is fresh, but three quarter of this is in the form of ice at ______the Poles and on mountains, and cannot be used by living systems when melted._____2) overall, two-thirds and more of the hunt-gatherer‘s calories come from plants _____3) an hour of hunt yields in average about 100 edible calories_____as an hour of gathering produces 240______4) 同1-2)5) much of the land we see is covered up with sidewalks, streets and building,and this does not mean we…______6) this has been a frustration in government officials trying to develop local _____leadership among the Eskimos, however a blessing to other department______7) more recently, therefore, the educated Eskimos have been voicing_____over the interests of those in rural areas.8) everyone knows that human language can be a superb means of communication,therefore, it can be damnably misleading. _______4. 有些错误犯得很明显，也很荒唐，稍微有些智商的人就能挑出1）同3-1）2) his urge to go is held in check by his desire not be rude to his guests_____3) far from the madding crowd, far from client, and business associates ______4) continuing change is inevitable but future development policy must realize that most Eskimos remain much of its_____ traditional outlook on life.5. 情态动词的考点相对来说不是很多1）host and guest have been talking for sometime, but now the host has an appointment to keep and can go away _____6. 不定式to的改法只有―增‖和―删‖，只有作为介词时才有改1）if he did not care of his guest‘s feelings he would singly get up out of ______ his chair and to announce his departure2) 同4-2）3）the helplessness of human infants is in marked contrast with the capacity of many new born animals to get on their feet ______within minutes birth.7. 看到the, a 不要轻易放手1）it would only cast a fraction of the second______2) man has woefully misused the earth‘s resources down through the ages_____3) this doesn‘t mean we are not directly effected by what hap pened to _____the water, and atmosphere of our country. ____4) new highways creates a better access to the suburbs____5) we apt to imply and to believe that each adjective tell us ____more about the person in the question. _______8. –ing形式和-ed形式的互改1) the hunter-gatherer tribes that today live as our prehistoric human ancestors consume primarilya vegetable diet supplementing with animal foods. _____2)in competitive and fast-paced modern society, busyexecutives are so engrossing in their work____that they hardly know what the word ―leisure‖ means.3) developing in the 1930s, it was not widely marketed ____until after the war.11. 介词短语的误用1) 同3-3）2）plant foods provide for 60 percent to 80 percent of the diet. _____3) in 1946 the country had about fewer than 17,000 TV sets _____4. because his work will thereby reach for a wider public. ____12. 有些词长得很像，不得不注意它们1）therefore his politeness glues his body to the chair and refused to let him raise. ___2) if our extending population is not to suffer from shortages and pollution in the future.___3）同7-3）13. 反身代词1）for weeks or even months after birth, compared with the humaninfant they very quickly develop the capacity to fend for them. ____14. 主谓一致1）The president of the company, together with the workers, are planning to solve these problem 能力II: 词汇与搭配1.the first act he would make if he were ri sing…___2.He holds his ‘readiness-to-rise‘ post and keeps on holding it…______3. the helplessness of human infants is in marked contrast with the capacity of many new born animals to get on their feet______能力III: 句际错误1.连词部分2.篇章理解，例如把一个词改成它的反义词句法与重点语法一、三大句式句式一：____________________, S+V+O1.主语的同位语2.从句（状）3.介词短语、副词（做全句状语）4.不定式5.分词句式二：S+__________, +V+O1.主语的同位语2.非限定性定于从句3.形容词短语4.分词句式三：S+V+O,___________1.非限定性定语从句2.宾语（表语）的同位语3.分词（多表结果）4.状语从句二、从句1．定语从句与同位语从句的不同：关系词在从句中是否做主要成分（主语和宾语）2．What, who, which, whom, that, 在从句中必作一主要成分3．Although, if, until, why, since, even though, how, when, where, prep.+which, while, after, because, as soon as, that(名词性从句) 后面SVO结构完整4．从句中不可有引导词重复5．n.+what 错6．that & which 的区别a. 在定从中，通常可以互换b. 在定从中，that 前不可有介词，which 可以c. that 不可以引导非限定性定从，which 可以d. that 引导名词性从句和定语从句，which 只可以引导定从A differsB in thatA is different fromB in thatA is distinguished fromB in that7．定语从句引导词省略the way, the reason, the time, the day三、倒装1．否定词用于句首never, not until, not only…but also, neither, nor, seldom, hardly, rarely, scarcely, in no way, on no account, under no circumstances, no sooner…than,2. onlyOnly+adv.Only+prep.phrase+can/shall/do +S+VOnly+adv.clause3. 介词短语作表语，置于句首，完全倒装Among the students enrolled in Beijing University was my brother.4. soSo beautiful are the flowers in the part that many people go there for a walk after dinner.四、最高级1. adj. 最高级前用the, adv.则可有可无例外：at least/best/worstfrom earliest youth/timesthe world‘s longest riverthe second largest city2. most 用法a. 大多数，前面没有themost+nmost of+限定词+n.b. Rice is a most popular crop. (X)五、名词A. 名词复数特殊变法larvae/larva, spectra/ spectrum, data/datum, media/medium, fungi/fungus, stimuli/stimulus, bases/basis, analyses/analysisB. 单复数同形词salmon(s), series, species, means, aircraft(s), fish(es)C. 单复数名词意义有差异mean 中庸，均值means 方法，手段，财富water 水waters 水域part 部分parts 部分，才能good 好goods 货物force 力量forces 武装部队custom 风俗习惯customs 风俗习惯，海关spectacle 光景spectacles 眼镜arm 手臂arms 武器D. 既可数又不可数的名词area 面积，不可数；地区，区域，可数time 时间，不可数；次数，倍数，可数抽象，不可数；具体，可数advertising /u/advertisement /c/the meaning of life /u/their lives /c/experiment /c/experimentation /u/E. 名词作定语的单复数问题1．n1 修饰n2, n1 为单数a twenty-four hour period例外：a communications satellitea sports cara sales girla systems engineering2. man, woman 修饰名词，单复数与后面的名词单复数一致例如：women boxers3. 当表示某一学科的教授、学生、教科书、实验室、系等教学要素，应该用名词修饰，而不是形容词例如：the highest scientific lab Xa chemical lab Xa biological textbook Xa mathematics professor √a physics student √the scientific and technica l fie ld √ (用形容词因为field 不是教学要素)F. 限定词与名词单复数1．some/any/all 单复数均可，可数不可数均可some kind 某一种some kinds 某些种some time, some money2. many, much数字、度量衡用muchas much as 2,000 kms √as many as 50 percent of the income Xas much as 50 percent of the income √3. everyevery ten boys4. first/only/ single 单复数均可the first schoolthe first schoolsthe only universitythe only universitiesa single roomno single roomstwo single rooms5. hundred/ thousand/ million/ billion一亿本书：hundred millions bookshundreds million bookshundreds millions books(a) hundred million books六、to 是介词：be subject to; be resistant to; be similar to; be equal to; belong to; lead to; refer to; relate to; prefer to do; prefer A to B；dedicate to; devote to; commit to; be close to; compared to; native to; adapt to; adjust to; owe…to七、as & like 的区别1．作介词时，as 作为，like 像We should do it as Lei Feng. XAs an inventor, he is very creative. √We should do it like Lei Feng. √2. 作连词时，无区别，但like 为口语用法八、主谓一致1．单数/不可数名词sl.2. n1 and n2 pl.Every girl and every boy sl. 有every例外3. 分词\to do sl.4. one of + n.(pl) sl. （定从例外）5. 主从sl.6. a number of / the number of7. 临近原则：there be, neither…nor, either…or, not only…but also8. 视n 而定：besides, as well as, in addition to, together with, accompanied by, 同位语九、同源近形形容词的区别respective/ respected/ respectable/ respectful satisfied/satisfactory/satisfying desirable/ desirous considerable/considerate credible/credulous tired/ tiresome troubled/ troublesome, imaginary/ imaginative industrial/ industriouseconomic/ economical long/lengthy distinct/distinctive alive/living/livelike-dislike/alike/ like-unlike literal/literate/literary hard/hardly/hardylate/latter/lately bank/banking reason/reasoning poem/poet/poetryproduce/product/production/ productivity critic/critical/criticize1. 1997年真题In social situations, the classic Intention Movement is ?the chair-grasp‘. Host and guest have been talking for some time, but now the host has an appointment to keep and can get away.1.___His urge to go is held in cheek by his desire not be rude to his 2.___guest, if he did not care of his guest‘s feelings he would simply 3.___get up out of his chair and to announce his departure. This is 4.___what his body wants to do, therefore his politeness glues his body 5.___to the chair and refuses to let him rise. It is at this point that he 6.___performs the chair-grasp Intention Movement. He continues to talk to the guest and listen to him, but leans forward and grasps the arms of the chair as about to push him upwards. This is 7.___ the first act he would make if he were rising. If he were not 8.___hesitating, it would only last a fraction of the second. He would 9.___lean, push, rise, and be up. But now, instead, it lasts much longer. He holds his ‘readiness-to-rise‘ post and kee ps on holding it. It is 10.___as if his body had frozen at the get-ready moment.2. 1998年真题When a human infant is born into any community in any part of the world it has two things in common with any infant, provided (1)_____neither of them have been damaged in any way either before (2)_____or during birth. Firstly, and most obviously, new born childrenare completely helpless. Apart from a powerful capacity topay attention to their helplessness lay using sound, there is nothing (3)_____the new born child can do to ensure his own survival. Withoutcare from some other human being or beings, be it mother, grandmother, or human group, a child is very unlikely to survive.This helplessness of human infants is in marked contrastwith the capacity of many new born animals to get on their feet (4)______within minutes of birth and run with the herd within a few hours. Although young animals are certainly in risk, sometimes (5)______for weeks or even months after birth, compared with the humaninfant they very quickly develop the capacity to fend for them. (6)______It is during this very long period in which the human infant is totally dependent on the others that it reveals the second feature (7) ______which it shares with all other undamaged human infants, a capacity to learn language. For this reason, biologists now suggestthat language be "species specific" to the human race, that is (8) ______to say, they consider the human infant to be genetic programmed (9) ______in such way that it can acquire language. This suggestion implies (10) ______that just as human beings are designed to see three-dimensionally and incolour, and just as they are designed to stand upright rather than to moveon all fours, so they are designed to learn and use language as part of their normal developments as well-formed human beings.3.1999年真题The hunter-gatherer tribes that today live as our prehistoric 1.___human ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplementing 2.___ with animal foods. An analysis of 58 societies of modem hunter- gatherers, including the Kung of southern Africa, revealed that onehalf emphasize gathering plant foods, one-third concentrate on fishing and only one-sixth are primarily hunters. Overall, two-thirdsand more of the hunter-gatherer‘s ca lories come from plants. Detailed 3.___ studies of the Kung by the food scientists at the University ofLondon, showed that gathering is a more productive source of foodthan is hunting. An hour of hunting yields in average about 100 4.___ edible calories, as an hour of gathering produces 240.5.___Plant foods provide for 60 percent to 80 percent of the Kung 6.___diet, and no one goes hungry when the hunt fails. Interestingly, ifthey escape fatal infections or accidents, these contemporaryaborigines live to old ages despite of the absence of medical care. 7.___ They experience no obesity, no middle-aged spread, little dentaldecay, no high blood pressure, on heart disease, and their blood cholesterol levels are very low ( about half of the average American 8.___ adult), if no one is suggesting what we return to an aboriginal life 9.___ style, we certainly could use their eating habits as a model for 10.___ healthier diet.4.2000年真题The grammatical words which play so large a part in English grammar are for the most part sharply and obviously different 1.___from the lexical words. A rough and ready difference which mayseem the most obvious is that grammatical words have― less meaning‖, but in fact some grammarians have called them 2.___―empty‖ words as opposed in the ―full‖ words of vocabulary.3.___But this is a rather misled way of expressing the distinction.4.___Although a word like the is not the name of something as man is,it is very far away from being meaningless; there is a sharp 5.___diff erence in meaning between ―man is vile and‖ ―the man is vile‖, yet the is the single vehicle of this difference in meaning. 6.___ Moreover, grammatical words differ considerably amongthemselves as the amount of meaning they have, even in the7.___lexical sense. Another name for the grammatical words has been―little words‖. But size is by no mean a good criterion for8.___ distinguishing the grammatical words of English, when we consider that we have lexical words as go, man, say, car. Apart 9.___from this, however, there is a good deal of truth in what some people say: we certainly do create a great number of obscurity 10.___ when we omit them. This is illustrated not only in the poetry ofRobert Browning but in the prose of telegrams and newspaper headlines.5. 2001年真题During the early years of this century, wheat was seen as the very lifeblood of Western Canada. People on city streets watchedthe yields and the price of wheat in almost as much feeling as if 1.___they were growers. The marketing of wheat became an increasing 2.___ favorite topic of conversation.War set the stage for the most dramatic events in marketing the western crop. For years, farmers mistrusted speculative grainselling as carried on through the Winnipeg Grain Exchange.Wheat prices were generally low in the autumn, so farmers could 3.___not wait for markets to improve. It had happened too often thatthey sold their wheat soon shortly after harvest when farmdebts 4.___ were coming due, just to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. 5.___ On various occasions, producer groups, asked firmer control, 6.___but the government had no wish to become involving, at 7.___least not until wartime when wheat prices threatened to run wild.Anxious to check inflation and rising life costs, the federal 8.___ government appointed a board of grain supervisors to deal withdeliveries from the crops of 1917 and 1918. Grain Exchange trading was suspended, and farmers sold at prices fixed by theboard. To handle with the crop of 1919, the government 9.___ appointed the first Canadian Wheat Board, with total authority to 10.___ buy, sell, and set prices.7. 2003年真题Demographic indicators show that Americans in the postwar period were more eager than ever to establish families. They quicklybrought down the age at marriage for both men and women and broughtthe birth rate to a twentieth century height after more than a hundred (1)__ years of a steady decline, producing the ―baby boom.‖ These young (2)__ adults established a trend of early marriage and relatively largefamilies that Went for more than two decades and caused a major (3)__but temporary reversal of long-term demographic patterns.Fromthe 1940S through the early 1960s, Americans married at a high rate (4)__ and at a younger age than their Europe counterparts.(5)__Less noted but equally more significant, the men and women on who (6)__ formed families between 1940 and 1960 nevertheless reduced the (7)__divorce rate after a postwar peak; their marriages remained intact toa greater extent than did that of couples who married in earlier as well (8)__as later decades. Since the United States maintained its dubious (9)__distinction of having the highest divorce rate in the world, thetemporary decline in divorce did not occur in the same extent in (10)__Europe. Contrary to fears of the experts, the role of breadwinner andhomemaker was not abandoned.One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S Congressis the power to investigate. This power is usually delegated to committees - either standing committees, special committees set for a specific (1)____ purpose, or joint committees consisted of members of both houses. (2)____ Investigations are held to gather information on the need forfuture legislation, to test the effectiveness of laws already passed,to inquire into the qualifications and performance ofmembers andofficials of the other branches, and in rare occasions, to lay the (3)____ groundwork for impeachment proceedings. Frequently, committeesrely outside experts to assist in conducting investigative hearings (4)____ and to make out detailed studies of issues. (5)____ There are important corollaries to the investigative power. Oneis the power to publicize investigations and its results. Most(6)____ committee hearings are open to public and are reported(7)____ widely in the mass media. Congressional investigationsnevertheless represent one important tool available to lawmakers (8)____ to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interests in national issues. (9)____ Congressional committees also have the power to compeltestimony from unwilling witnesses, and to cite for contempt of Congress witnesses who refuse to testify and for perjury these who give false testimony. (10)____11.2007年真题From what has been said, it must be clear that no one canmake very positive statements about how language originated.There is no material in any language today and in the earliest (1) _______ records of ancient languages show us language in a new and (2) _______ emerging state. It is often said, of course, that the language (3) _______ originated in cries of anger, fear, pain and pleasure, and the (4) _______ necessary evidence is entirely lacking: there are no remotetribes, no ancient records, providing evidence ofa language with a large proportion of such cries (5) _______than we find in English. it is true that the absenceof such evidence does not disprove the theory, but in (6) _______other grounds too the theory is not very attractive.People of all races and languages make rather similarnoises in return to pain or pleasure. The fact that(7) _______ such noises are similar on the lips of Frenchmenand Malaysians whose languages are utterly different,serves to emphasize on the fundamental difference（8）_______between these noises and language proper. We maysay that the cries of pain or chortles of amusementare largely reflex actions, instinctive to large extent, (9) _______ whereas language proper does not consist of signs but of these that have to be learnt and that are (10) _______12. 2008年真题13. 2009年真题The previous section has shown how quickly a rhyme passes from one schoolchild to the next and illustrates the further difference ____1____ between school lore and nursery lore. In nursery lore a verse, learntin early childhood, is not usually passed on again when the little listener ____2____ has grown up, and has children of their own, or even grandchildren. ____3_____ The period between learning a nursery rhyme and transmittingit may be something from 20 to 70 years. With the playground ____4____lore, therefore, a rhyme may be excitedly passed on within the very hour ____5____ it is learnt; and, in the general, it passes between children of the ____6____same age, or nearly so, since it is uncommon for the difference in agebetween playmates to be more than five years. If, therefore, a playgroundrhyme can be shown to have been currently for a hundred years, or ____7____ even just for fifty, it follows that it has been retransmitted overand over, very possibly it has passed along a chain of two or three ____8____ hundred young hearers and tellers, and the wonder is that it remains live ____9____ after so much handling, to let alone that it bears resemblance to the ____10____ original wording.14. 2010年真题So far as we can tell, all human languages are equally complete and perfectas instruments of communication: that is, every language appears to be well equipped as any other to say the things their speakers want to say.There may or may not be appropriate to talk about primitive peoples or cultures, but that is another matter. Certainly, not all groups of people are equally competent in nuclear physics or psychology or the cultivation of rice or the engraving of Benares brass. Whereas this is not the fault of their language. The Eskimos can speak about snow with a great deal more precision and subtlety than we can in English, but this is not because the Eskimo language (one of those sometimes miscalled 'primitive') is inherently more precise and subtle than English. This exampledoes not come to light a defect in English, a show of unexpected 'primitiveness'. The position is simply and obviously that the Eskimos and the English live in similar environments. The English language will be just as rich in terms for similar kinds of snow, presumably, if the environments in which English was habitually used made such distinction as important.Similarly, we have no reason to doubt that the Eskimo language could be as precise and subtle on the subject of motor manufacture or cricket if these topics formed the part of the Eskimos' life. For obvious historical reasons, Englishmen in the nineteenth century could not talk about motorcars with the minute 1 2 345 6 7 8 910discrimination which is possible today: cars were not a part of their culture. But they had a host of terms for horse-drawn vehicles which send us, puzzled, to a historical dictionary when we are reading Scott or Dickens. How many of us could distinguish between a chaise, a landau, a victoria, a brougham, a coupe, a gig, a diligence, a whisky, a calash, a tilbury, a carriole, a phaeton, and a clarence ?15. 2011年真题16. 模拟题一Ancient man attempted to change the weather by usingmagic．While experience taught him this was impossible, __1__he tried to forecast weather conditions．Even earlier in __2__ 1000 B．C．there were weather seers in Babylon----andpriests clever enough to denounce as frauds those predicted __3__the weather a year in the advance．Some forecasters used __4__methods that seemed to take no connection with the actual __5__factors controlled the weather．Chickens and other animals __6__were sacrificed and their intestines poked to find signsindicating rain and drought．Somewhat more scientific were __7__predictions based on vegetation:" Onion's skin very thin ,mild weather coming in．Onion's skin thick and tough, coming weather is cold and rough．" Insects and animals were also __8__favorite weather clues: "Before the glowworm lights his __9__ lamp，then the air is always damp ．" "If spiders their cobwebsforsake，the weather will for certain break ．" "If frogs remainedin pools，the weather will be fine ．If they were seen on rocks, __10__rain and cold were due．" It's difficult to say whether this rhymeshould be taken seriously : " Hark，I hear the asses bray ．Me thinkswe'll have some rain today ．"17. 模拟题二Planning is a very important activity in our lives. It can give pleasure, even excitement, and it can cause quite severeheadaches. __1__The most significant the task ahead, the more careful the planning __2__required. Getting to school or to work on time is a task requiring few __3__or no planning, it is almost routine. A month‘s touring holiday abroad,or better still, getting married, is a different matter altogether. If thematter involve a church wedding, a reception, a honeymoon in Venice, __4__and returning a new home, this requires even more planning to make __5__sure that it is successful. Planning is our way of trying to ensure successand of avoiding costly failures we can not suffer. It is equally essential __6__to individual nations and families; the scale may be vary, but the degree __7__of importance does not. In the essence, a nation planning its resources __8__and needs do not differ from the familiar weekly shopping or monthly __9__household budget. Both are designed to ensure an adequate supply ofessentials, and if improperly carried out, will avoid shortages, wastage __10__and over-expenditure.18. 模拟题三For some of us，tending to the comfort of guests meansbucking the tradition of the "good enough" guest room we recall as kids．This is a room thrown together by our parents，_1_。