美国文学简答题

美国文学简答题（自己整理归纳的）1. American TranscendentalismNew England Transcendentalism was, in essence, romantic idealism on Puritan soil. It was a system of thought that originated from three sources. First William Ellery Channing (1780---1842) was an American Unitarian clergyman. His Unitarianism represented a thoughtful revolt against orthodox Puritanism. Unitarianism believed God as one being, rejecting the doctrine of trinity, stressing the tolerance of difference in religious opinion, and giving each congregation the free control of its own affairs and its independent authority. It laid the foundation for the central doctrines of transcendentalism. Secondly, the idealistic philosophy from France and Germany exerted enormous impact on American intellectuals. Thirdly, oriental mysticism as revealed in Hindu and Chinese classics reached America in English translations. As a result, New England Transcendentalism blended native American tradition with foreign influences.2. American Realism Realism is the theory of writing in which familiar aspects of contemporary life and everyday scenes are represented in a straightforward or matter-of-fact manner. This is the theory that authors try to use and guide them in their writing. It stresses truthful treatment of material. It is anti-romantic, anti-sentimental, and without abstract interest in nature, death, etc. Mark Twain laughed at people who were caught up in the world of illusions, who were not mature enough to see real situations. This is one example of the truthful treatment of material.3. American RomanticismRomanticism was a rebellion against the objectivity ofrationalism. It was a movement of conscious rebellion against being too objective. The romantic spirit was one of subjectivity of inward feelings that one could trust one?s subjective responses. Romantics placed a high premium upon the creative function of imagination, and saw art as a formulation of intuitive and imaginative perceptions that tend to speak a nobler truth than that of fact.4. Why are naturalists inevitably pessimistic in their view?Please discuss the above question in relation to the basic principles of literary naturalism.A. They accept the negative implication of Darwin?s theory of evolution, and believethat society is a "jungle" where survival struggles go on.B. They believe that man?s instinct, the environment and other social and economicforces play an overwhelming role and man?s fate is "determined" by such forces beyond his control.5. Some of Hemingway?s heroes are regarded as the Hemingway code heroes. Whatever the differences in experience and age，they all have something incommon Which Hemingway V alues．What are the characteristics of the Hemingway Code hero?6. What are the major features of New England Transcendentalism?7. What are the simil arities and differences between Whitman and Dickinson’s poetry?1) Dickinson?s poems are usually based on her own experiences, her sorrows and joys. But within her little lyrics Dickinson addresses those issues that concern the whole human beings, which include religion, death, immortality,love, and nature. (theme) 2) Her masterpiece -----"I heard a Fly buzz---when I died", she looked at death from the point of view of both the living and the dying. She even imagined her own death, the loss of her own body, and the journey of her soul to the unknown.3) The style of Dickinson:A: A particular stress pattern: dash“-------”B: Capital letters as a means of emphasis;C: Language: brief, direct, and plain;D: Poem: short, always on single image or symbol (e.g. "I like to see it lap the miles"---------describe a train in the personification of the literary device)E: Her poems tend to be personal and meditative (e.g. “Because I could not stop for Death”).8. Reality reflected in realistic writingsRealism came a s a reaction against …the lie? of romanticism and sentimentalism. The battle between …idealists? and …realists? provided the major issue of American literary history after the Civil war (1861-1865). Literature began to pay less attention to general ideas and more to the immediate facts of life. As a way of writing, realism has been applied in almost every literature throughout history. But as a literary movement, realism is a period concept and it refers to the approach of realist fiction occurred at the latter part of the 19th century.In part, the rise of realism came as a protest against the falseness and sentimentality seen in romantic literature. The realists were determined to create a new kind of literature that was completely and totally realistic.Major Features1Realism is the theory of writing in which familiar aspects ofcontemporary life and everyday scenes are represented in a straightforward or matter-of-fact manner.This is the theory that authors try to use in their writing. It stresses truthful treatment of material. It is anti-romantic, anti-sentimental, and without abstract interest in nature, death, etc.2In realist fiction characters from all social levels are examined in depth. The realist writers hold on to characters and keep examining how these people relate to each other.3Open ending is also a good example of the truthful treatment of material.4Realism focuses on commonness of the lives of the common people who are customarily ignored by the arts. Realists are interested in commonplace, the everyday, the average, the trivial, and the representative.5Realism emphasizes objectivity and offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience. The realist writers are detached observers of life. They are like scientists, making an investigation.Realism presents moral visions. The author has a purpose for presenting an objective account of real life in order to express his moral sense. Realists are ethical writers, interested in the problems of the individual conscience in conflict with social institutions. Many of their works show the American businessman in the conflict over whether he should accept a bribe, give a bribe, participate in unfair business practices, etc. Generally, these writers show how the individual conscience wins when he opposes social conventions and social practices and they are always interested in focusing on the dilemma. This indicates their disbelief in romantic individualism.10. The difference between Realism and NaturalismThe literary naturalists have a major difference from the realists. The naturalists also describe real life, the way things really are. They do not escape into a world of imagination, but they dismiss the realists as far too …genteel?. The naturalists look at a different spot to find real life. They do not look at the average, but at the violent, sensational, sordid, unpleasant and ugly aspects of life. Instead of going to a middle-class neighborhood and write about middle-class life, the naturalists would go to the slums and write about the life of poverty and crime. This fits their theory that they have adopted by applying Darwinian techniques to the behavior of human. They think that the true reality is not found in the smiling aspects of middle-class life. The true reality is found when forces of Nature are most dominant in stopping human desires, in keeping humans from accomplishing their dreams. They write about war, about prostitution, about criminals which form the aspects of life that are not too pleasant to consider.What distinguishes realist from naturalist texts is restraint, not action itself. After all, naturalist characters act out of a similar set of motives and desires, and they differ from their realist counterparts only in being unable to resist the conditions that press upon them.Realists present their character as a unified self, subjectively whole and self-consistent, but naturalists see this self as no more than an illusion. Characters in naturalist texts are portrayed as more or less combinations of innate traits and socialized habits.11. The influence of TranscendentalismTranscendentalism can be best understood as a late and localized manifestation of romantic movement in literature and philosophy. The triumph of intuition over five senses, theelevation of the individual over society, the critical attitude toward formalized religion, the rejection of any kind of restraint or bondage to custom, the new and thrilling delight in nature --- all these were characteristics of transcendentalism.As formulated by Emerson, transcendentalism became a loud and clear call to action, urging young people to cast off their enslavement to the past, to follow God within, and to live every moment of life with great effort, to regard nature as the great objective lesson proving God?s presence everywhere in His creation.Transcendentalism was also an ethical and moral guide to life for a young nation of America. It preached the positive life and appealed to the best side of human nature. Therefore, it stressed the tolerance of difference in religious opinion and the free control of its own affairs by each congregation, and called to throw off shackles of custom and tradition, and to go forward to the development of a new and distinctlyAmerican culture.Transcendentalism is important to American literature at least for two reasons: 1)It is represented by two major writers of the country, Emerson and Thoreau. Theybecame movers and shakers whose writings have had more and more impact with the passage of time.A new group of writers under the influence of Emerson and Thoreau began to apply transcendental ideas in their works. Hawthorne, Melville, Lowell, Dickinson, and Whitman were all exponents of transcendentalism in one way or another. They created one of the most prolific periods in the history of American literature.12. Why are naturalists inevitably pessimistic in their view?Please discuss the above question in relation to the basic principles of literary naturalism.A. They accept the negative imp lication of Darwin?s theory of evolution, and believe that society is a "jungle" where survival struggles go on.B. They believe that man?s instinct, the environment and other social and economic forces play an overwhelming role and man?s fate is "determin ed" by such forces beyond his control.。

《美国⽂学》题库及答案《美国⽂学》题库及答案I.Multiple Choice1. American literature is only more than ____ years old.A. 500B.400C. 200D.1002. The Puritan values did no include______.A. wastefulnessB. thriftC. pietyD. hard work3. The 18th century was the age of the Enlightenment.______was the dominant spirit.A. HumanismB. RationalismC. RomanticismD. Realism4. Franklin was the epitome of the______.A. American EnlightenmentB. Sugar ActC. Charlist movementD. Romanticism5. _____was the most leading spirit of the Transcendentalism.A. FranklinB. HawthorneC. PaineD. Emerson6. “Moby Dick was written by_____A. Mark TwainB. ThoreauC. MelvilleD. Whitman7. “The Scarlet Letter” is characterized by its______.C. PlatonismD. classicism8. “Huckleberry Finn is the masterpiece of________.A. Henry JamesB. Jack LondonC. Mark TwainD. Stephen Crane9. Choose the novel written by Henry JamesA. The Golden BowlB. The Portrait of a LadyC. Sister CarrieD. Daisy Miller10. Early in the 20th century, _____ published works that would change the nature of American poetry.A. Ezra PoundB. T.S. EliotC. Robert FrostD. both A and B11._____ is the founder of “Imagist” movement.A. Ezra PoundB. HemingwayC. Robert FrostD. Steinbeck12. Mark Twain’s works are characterized by_____A. NaturalismB. TranscendentalismC. Local ColorismD. Imagism13. ________ is said to be the father of American poetryA. T.S. EliotB. E.D. RobinsonC. Philip FreneauD. Dreiser14. Hawthorne is regarded as a _______.C. realistD. romanticist15. ______ represents the most leading spirit of American Transcendentalism.A. EmersonB. FranklinC. Mark TwainD. Whitman16.“The Art of Fiction” was written by_____A. LongfellowB. Henry JamesC. FitzgeraldD. Faulkner17. Imagination plays the most important part in________.A. realismB. romanticismC. naturalismD. classicism18. ______ is considered to be the masterpiece of John Steinbeck.A. Mending WallB. Dry SeptemberC. A Farewell to ArmsD. The Grapes of Wrath19. Uncle Tom in the novel “Uncle Tom’s Cabin was a(n)______A. Negro slaveB. salesmanC. industrialistD. officer20. Mark Twain’s works are characterized by______A. NaturalismB. TranscendentalismC. Local ColorismD. Imagism21. “The Great Gatsby” is the masterpiece of_____C. DickinsonD. Hemingway22. The United States of America was founded in______.A. 1776B. 1876C. 1789D.168923. The ancestors of American Indians were______A. AsiansB. AfricansC. EuropeansD. Australians24. “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” was written by______.A. H.B. Stowe B. John SteinbeckC. HawthorneD. Mark Twain25. ______ does not belong to the lost generation.A. DreiserB. T.S. EliotC. FaulknerD. Hemingway26. ______ was well known for his story “Rip Van Winkle.”A. BryantB. Washington IrvingC. Allan PoeD. Philip Freneau27. “Farewell to Arms” is the master pieced produced by______A. FaulknerB. DreiserC. HemingwayD. Longfellow28. It was ______ who wrote the formal declaration of independence.A. Thomas JeffersonB. Benjamin FranklinC. WashingtonD. Washington Irving29. _____has been exerting a great and enduring influence upon world literature, especially that of France and European symbolism.A. FranklinB. BradstreetC. Edgar Allan PoeD. Philip Freneau30. The masterpiece of Hawthorne is _________.A. The Scarlet LetterB. Sister CarrieC. Richard CoryD. A Psalm of Life31. Engene O’Neill is a _______.A. novelistB. poetC. puritanD. dramatist32.Hemingway’s style of writing is characterized by______.A. high-sounding wordsB. simple dictionC. complicated sentencesD. mix metaphor33. T.S. Eliot is not only a poet but also a ______.A. criticB. statesmanC. churchmanD. novelists34. “Long Day’s Journey Into Night” was written by_____.A. T.S. EliotB. O’NeillC. Stephen CraneD. Saul Bellow35. “The Grape of Wrath” is one of the remarkable novels of_____.A. the Civil WarB. DepressionC. SuppressionD. Aggression36. Theodore Dreiser showed the_____ tendency in his novels.A. PuritanismB. classicismC. romanticismD. naturalism37. Ralph Waldo Emerson was the leading figure of________.A. TranscendentalismB. RomanticismC. RationalismD. Naturalism38. “The Sound and the Fury” was the masterpiece of ______A. Robert Lee FrostB. T.S. EliotC. FaulknerD. Steinbeck39. Emily Dickinson is an American________.A. dramatistB. novelistC. female poetD. male poet40. “Th Emily Dickinson is an American ark Twain’s______A. materialismB. classicismC. socialismD. colorism41. “The Portrait of a Lady” is one of best novels of_________.A. Henry JamesB. John SteinbeckC. William FaulknerD. Walt Whitman42. What Whitman is famous for his_________.A. “Leaves of Grass”B. “Mending Wall”C. “Richard Cory”D. “The Burial of the Dead”43. “Catch-22” is the masterpiece of______A. Saul BellowB. Joseph HellerC. DreiserD. Fitzgerald44. The English settlement in America began in_________A.1507B.1607C.1707D.180745. The first World War broke out in______.A.1614B.1714C.1814D.191446. The jazz age refers to the decade ofA.1950’sB.1980’sC.1920’sD.1820’s47. Franklin was a _____.A. PuritanB. romanticistC. classicistD. imagist48. “Rip Van Winkle” was written by_______.A. FreneauB. Allan PoeC. Washington IrvingD. Thomas Jefferson49.“The Scarlet Letter” is the masterpiece of______.C. BradstreetD. Allan Poe50.It was______who wrote “The Age of Reason”A. WashingtonB. JeffersonC. Benjamin FranklinD. Thomas Paine51.“Song of Myself” is a ______written by Whitman.A. novelB. poemC. dramaD. essay52.Tom in Beecher Stowe’s novel “Uncle Tom’s Cabin is a _____.A. Negro slaveB. American IndianC. School masterD. industrialist53. Mark Twain belongs to the literary school of_____.A. transcendentalismB. realismC. romanticismD. naturalism54._______is a famous American female poet.A. Allan PoeB. FreneauC. Emily DickinsonD. Robinson55. “The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn” is the masterpiece of_____.A. Mark TwainB. Henry JamesC. Stephen CraneD. Robert Lee Frost56. It was____ who wrote the poem “The Road Not Taken.”C. Robert Lee FrostD. T.S.EliotⅡ Define the literary terms briefly in English1. American Transcendentalism2. Romanticism3. The Puritans4. Realism5. Enlightenment6. Transcendentalism7. EnlightenmentIII Explain the following quotations in your own words.1. Success is counted sweetest By those who ne’er succeed.2. Two roads diverged in a wood, and I took the one less traveled by And that has made all the difference.3. Let us, then, be up and doing, With heart for any fate;Still achieving, still pursuing, Learn to labor and to wait.4. And he was always quietly arrayed, And he was always human when he talked.5. Tell me not, in mournful numbers, Life is but an empty dream!_____6. To comprehend a nectar Requires sorest need.7. But still he fluttered pulses when he said,“Good morning”, and he glittered when he walked.8. something there is that doesn’t love a wall,He says again, “Good fences make good neighbors.”9. Fair flower, that dost so comely grow, Hid in this silent, dull retreat10. But to act, that each tomorrow Find us farther than today11. But I have promises to keep, And miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep. Ⅳ Answer the following questions in English1. Why is American literature important for you?2. What is the theme of “The Waste Land”?3. Whose novel (or which novel) do you enjoy most?Why?4. What is the style of Hemingway’s novel?5. What is the significance of American literature?6. Do you like American literature? Why?7. What is the real theme in “Sister Carrie”?8. What is the central subject and primary significance of Hawthorne’s major works?9. Which American writer do you like best? Why?10. What is the theme of “Catch-22”?11. What are the features of Emily Dickinson’s poems?12. Why should we learn American literature?13. Which poem do you enjoy most? Why?《美国⽂学》作业参考答案I.Multiple Choice1.C2.A3.B4.A5.D6.C7.A8.C9.B 10.D11.A 12.C 13.C 14.D 15.A 16.B 17.B 18.D 19.A 20.C21.B 22.C 23.A 24.D 25.A 26.B 27.C 28.A 29.C 30.A31.D 32.B 33.A 34.B 35.B 36.D 37.A 38.C 39.C 40.D41.A 42.A 43.B 44.B 45.D 46.C 47.A 48.B 49. A 50.D51.B 52.A 53.B 54.C 55. A 56. CII.Define the literary terms briefly in English1.American transcendentalism was a philosophical dissent from Unitarianism. Transcendentalists rejected the materialistic psychology in favor of the idealism of Kant who asserted that intuition could surpass reason as a guide to the truth. To transcendentalists, spirit is inherent and pervading and is the only reality in the universe in which nature stood as a symbol of Spirit. Transcendentalismemphasized the divinity of man, the significance and right of the individual, and the possibility of the self-perfection of the individual.2. Romanticism is characterized by the pursuit of freedom, emphasis of individualism, a reliance upon the good of nature and “natural” man, and an abiding faith in the boundless resources of the human spirit and imagination.3.The Puritans were members of the church of England who at first wished to reform or “Purify its doctrines. They kept in common with all advocates o f strict Christian orthodox, insisting on man’s original sin and depravity.4. Realism is a literary school. The American realist William Dean Howells refered to the method of realistic literary creation as “nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material. The realists tended to be highly selective in their choice of material, focusing upon what seemed real to their largely middle-class readers.5. Enlightenment in America was a progressive “intellectual movement which contributed to free the Americans from the limitation of Puritanism which had been prevailing in American society, and stimulate them to strive for the establishment of their independent and democratic nation. The enlighteners were confident in the proqress by education and appealed to Reason.6．American transcendentalism was a political dissent from Unitarianism. Transcendentalists rejected the materialistic psychology in favour of the idealism of kant who asserted that intuition could surpass reason as a guide to the truth. To transcendentalists, spirit is inherent and pervading and is the only reality in the universe in which nature stood as a symbol of Spirit. Transcendentalists emphasized the divinity of man, the significance and right of the individual, and the possibility of the self-perfection of the individual.7. Enlightenment in America was a progressive intellectual movement which contributed to free the Americans fromthe limitations of Purtanism which had been prevailing in American society, and stimulate them to strive for their independent and democratic nation. The enlighteners were confident in the proqress of education and appealed to reason.III Explain the following quotations in your own words.1. Those who have never succeeded before will enjoy the sweetness o success most.2. In my life and literary creation, I did not follow others’ footsteps (or footprints). SometimesI chose a different way. That was the reason why I was unique and different from them both in life and poetic writing.3. Let us rise up and take actionTo meet any challenge in our life.We should learn to work and to be patientAnd persevere in pursuing our goalTill we reap the fruit of achievement one after another.4. He always dressed himself properly and elegantly And he showed his kindness and considerateness when talked with others.5. Don’t tell me in sad voice that life is nothing but an meaningless and empty dream.6. Only when you feel thirstiest and bitterest, can you really understand and enjoy the holy sweet drink.7. He stirred the pulses of the persons he was greeting with “Good morning”. While he was walking, his manners appeared to be so brilliant and attractive that he drow much public attention.8. Wall, as a barrier for communication or mutual understanding, is not good at all. Sometimes, it is necessary to remove the wall.Wall, as a boundary or limitation or border, is needed sometimes, so that good relations can be kept among different strata of people, or different countries.Wall is a paradox, which is both good and bad in haman life9.The honeysuckle qrows so agreeably and beautifully.However the beautiful flower hid its beauty in the quiet and lonely place.10.We had better take action every day, not remain idle and inactive so that we can make progress each day.11.I have a lot of obligations and duties to fulfill, so there is still a long way for me to go beforeI can relax or leave this world.Ⅳ Answer the following questions in English1. Key points:① the significance of American literature in the world literature ② the manifestation of American life and culture③the requirement of improving English2. The theme of the poem is modern spiritual barrenness, the despair and depression that followed the first world war, the sterility and turbulence of the modern world, and the decline and breakdown of Western culture.3. The answer depends on individual student’s inclination.4. His style of writing is characterized by short and terse sentences, simple diction filled with emotion, vivid colloquialisms, and particularly the simplicity of his laconic statements.5. Key points: ① its place in the world literature② the manifestation of American life and culture③ the requirement of professional knowledge and skills as English majon.6. The answer is flexible. It de pends on an individual Student’s inclination.7. The real theme in Sister Carrie is the purposelessness of life. While looking at individuals with warm, human sympathy, he also sees the disorder and cruelty of life in general.8. The central subject of Haw thorne’s major works was the human soul. His exploration of the soul resulted from his skeptical attitude toward the social reality that was characterized by a rapid change in almost all aspects of social life, and from his ambition to probe into the nature of man. The primary significance of his major works dwells in the interect and the consistend vitality of his criticism of life.9. The answer is flexible, depending on students’ inclination, logic and language skills.10. Its real theme is to expose the dehumanization of all contemporary institutions, the absurd and corrupt bureancracy and the alienation of individuals existing in a systemized chaotic condition, such as war.punctuation and capitalization. Her mode of expression is characterized by clear-cut and delicately original imagery, precise diction, and fragmentary and enigmatic metrical pattern.12. Key points: ①the significance of American literature in the world literature ② the manifestation of American life and culture ③ the requirement of improving English.13. The answer is flexible and depends on student’s inclination.。

美国文学试题库
一、选择题
1. 下列哪位作家被誉为“美国短篇小说之父”？
A.马克·吐温
B.爱默生
C.莎士比亚
D.海明威
2. 著名小说《傲慢与偏见》的作者是？
A.查尔斯·狄更斯
B.简·奥斯汀
C.夏洛蒂·勃朗特
D.莫言
3. 哪位作家被称为“美国现代诗歌之母”？
A.西莉亚·普拉斯
B.艾米丽·狄金森
C.露易丝·格莱兹
D.玛丽·奥利弗
4. 林肯总统的“葬礼演说”是由哪位作家完成的？
A.埃德加·爱伦·坡
B.拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生
C.赫尔曼·梅尔维尔
D.爱米莉·狄金森
5. 下列哪部作品是由海明威创作的？
A.《傲慢与偏见》
B.《老人与海》
C.《威尼斯商人》
D.《包法利夫人》
二、简答题
1. 请简要介绍一下美国文学的发展历程以及其代表作品。

2. 谈谈你对马克·吐温作品的理解以及他在美国文学史上的地位。

3. 分析简·奥斯汀小说《傲慢与偏见》中人物形象和情节发展。

4. 通过阅读爱默生的论文，你认为他对美国文学和文化的影响是什么？
5. 谈谈海明威的小说创作风格及其代表作品对世界文学的影响。

三、论述题
请结合你对美国文学史上的经典作品和作家进行深入分析，论述美国文学对世界文学的影响以及其独特之处。

Henry David ThoreauWalden:This book, entitled Walden (1854), explained his ideas about how a person should live, being consciously aware of his or her own nature and of the natural world itself.◆is a great Transcendentalist work超验主义作品that came out of the period under discussion. He took a more than usual interest in the natural world自然世界.and tried to seek a way to unlock the secrets of the spirit.◆it is a faithful record of his reflections when he was in solitary communion with nature, of how he tries to minimize his own needs on Walden Pond. It is an eloquent indication that he not only embraced Emerson’s Transcendentalist philosophy but went further to illustrate the pantheistic quality of nature.梭罗不仅吸收爱默生超验主义哲学，还进一步说明自然的泛神特性◆he was very critical of modern civilization, the book is full of people waking up批评现代文明唤醒人类.“Civilized man is the slave of matter,” As he saw it, modern civilized life has dehumanized man and placed him in a spiritual quandary: by trying to amass material possessions, man is not really living, he is digging his own grave.只是试图积累物质财富，人们不是真正在生活而是在自掘坟墓Nathaniel HawthorneThe Scarlet Letter: Both Hester and Dimmesdale are morally weak and deficient as we all are, according to Hawthorne, then Roger Chillingworth is guilty of the unpardonable sin: the invasion into another person’s soul in order to control the other’s will for a very selfish purpose. To him this is the worst sin and a person guilty of this sin is a completely corrupt.The Scarlet Letter, always regarded as the best of his works, tells a simple but very moving story in which four people living in a Puritan community are involved in and affected by the sin of adultery in different ways. In this novel , Hawthorne focuses his attention on the moral, emotional, and psychological effects or consequences of the sin on the people in general and those main charaters in particular, so as to show us the tension between society and individuals. “The Custom-House”（海关）as an introductory note to The Scarlet Letter proves fruitful to Hawthorne’s imagination. By relating his own experience, Hawthorne succeeds in giving his tale a sense of historical reality. By using Pearl as a thematic symbol, Hawthorne emphasizes the consequence the sin of adultery has brought to the community and the people. With the scarlet letter A as the biggest symbol of all, Hawthorne proves himself to be one of the best symbolists. As a key to the whole novel, the letter A takes on different layers of symbolic meanings as the plot develops.The scarlet letter A is ambiguous. And ambiguity is one of the most important characteristics of Hawthorne’s art.◆symbolism: It is rich in symbolism. The title, itself, keynotes the book.. “A” in the book represents the adultery, also symbolizes Able or Angel or Adamic or prehistoric, an archetypal vice suggestive of “original sin” or any other meaning a creative reader would suggest. Pearl, brilliantly dressed, is a living symbol of Hester’s sin.Herman MelvilleMoby Dick1. Characters:◆Ishmael: schoolteacher and part-time sailor; a Presbyterian, like Melville, he projects Calvinistic thinking tempered by his background in literature and philosophy. He discusses such issues as free will, predestination, necessity, and damnation. He is the sole survivor of the Pequod.◆Captain Ahab:A man who is obsessed with the killing of a white whale that has maimed him. He has a scar which extends from his head to his leg.◆Starbuck:He the first mate, is bold enough to criticize Ahab's vengeance, considers mutiny but fails.◆Stubb:He is the second mate who is carefree, indifferent, and fatalistic.◆Moby Dick:It is the White Whale; the world’s largest creature. It is powerful, legendary image of nature. It swims peacefully in the sea until disturbed by humans, then shows a terrible fury and anger. For Ahab, Moby Dick is the symbol of evil.2. Themes:◆Search for truth:the story deals with the human pursuit of truth and the meaning of existence.◆Conflict between Good and Evil.◆Conflict between Man and Nature.◆Isolation between man and man; man and nature; man and society.3.★Symbols:象征意义★(1)The Pequod: is a symbol of doom. It is painted a gloomy black and covered in whale teeth and bones, literally bristling with the mementos of violent death. It is, in fact, marked for death. Adorned like a primitive coffin, the Pequod becomes one.(2)Moby Dick:Moby Dick possesses various symbolic meanings for various individuals. Symbol of nature for human beings, because it is mysterious, powerful, unknown/ Symbol of evil for the Captain Ahab/ Symbol of good and purity because of its whiteness.自然;邪恶;纯洁.(3)V oyage of the Pequod:Symbol of the pursuit of ideals, adventure, and the hunt in the vast wilderness.Evaluation:(1)Moby Dick is, critics have agreed, one of the world’s greatest masterpieces. To get to know the 19th century American mind and America itself, one has to read this book.想了解19世纪的美国必须读(2)One of the classics of American Literature and even world literature. The main theme of it is about alienation between man and man, man and society, and man and nature人与人，人与社会，人与自然之间的疏远. This work also reveals the basic pattern of nineteenth century American life: loneliness and suicidal individualism in a self-styled democracy. 在自称的民主下的孤独和自杀式的个人主义(3)Moby Dick is an encyclopedia of everything, history, philosophy, religion, etc. in addition to a detailed account of the operations of the whaling industry.百科全书(4)In this work Melville shows that Man in this universe lives a meaningless and futile life, 没有意义无用的meaningless because futile. Man can observe and even manipulate in a prudent way, but he cannot influence and overcome nature at its source. He must, ultimately, place himself at the mercy of nature. Once he attempts to seek power over it he is doomed. It show us the “the absurdity of man’s attempts to attribute meaning and value to a world in wh ich these can have no ground or status.”（the main reason for Melville’s resurrection in the present century.）(5)Symbolism and ambiguity is the major characteristics of writing techniques. 象征主义和模糊是主要的写作技巧Mark TwainHe wrote his masterpiece, Huckleberry Finn, at a time when the light-hearted qualities ofhis earlier days were in balance with his later skepticism, and the novel has come to be recognized as one of the great works of American literature. It displayed the major achievements of his art: the carefully controlled point of view with its implicit ironies expressed through the voice of a semi-literate boy, the masterful use of dialects, the felicitous balancing of nostalgic romanticism and realism, humor and pathos, innocence and evil, all united fo r a journey down a river that serves as the novel’s mythic center.●Through such works as Huckleberry Finn and Life on the Mississippi Twain shaped theworld’s view of America and had a profound impact on the development of American writing.His presentation of native American material, his use of the vernacular idiom, his departures from the traditions of nineteenth-century gentility, and his sense of alienation influenced numerous American writers of the twentieth century, among them Ernest Hemingway, who acknowledged their common debt by writing, “All modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn….”●He developed a clear, vigorous colloquial style which has great influence over later writers. Henry JamesThe Portrait of a LadyIsabel Archer:Intelligent and formidable, energetic, knowledgeable, inexperience, proud, love of independence, with a chance to develop, a girl of many theories,international themeThis novel deals with the author’s international theme. His fame generally rest upon his novels and stories with it. It is about the conflicts between American and European manners and customs, the simple-minded and kind-hearted innocent American individuals and those well-educated sophisticated Europeans with good taste for arts and culture. This novel is also set against a larger international background, in which most of the American characters are expatriates. The typical pattern of the conflict between the two cultures would be that of an American young man or an American girl who goes to Europe and affronts his or her destiny. The unsophisticated boy or girl would be beguiled, betrayed, cruelly wronged at the hands of those who pretend to stand for the highest possible civilization. Marriage and love are used by James as the focal point of the confrontation between the two value systems: American moral innocence and European decadence 衰落. The protagonist usually goes through a painful process of a spiritual growth, gaining knowledge of good and evil from the conflict.了不起的盖茨比The Great GatsbyThe theme of the novel: The Great Gatsby, by summarizing the experiences and attitudes of the glamorous and wild 1920s, deals with the bankruptcy of the American Dream, which is high1ighted by the disillusionment of the protagonist's personal dream due to the clashes between his romantic vision of life and the relentless reality. American Dream is a popular belief that people can achieve success, whether it is wealth, fame or love through honest hard working in a new world of liberty, equality, chances and promises. Yet in the 1920s, the American Dream was bankrupt in the sense that the wealthy people were spiritually disorientated and morally corrupted. The fact that the rich people turned to be more indifferent and careless brought forth the disillusionment of American Dream.The story of The Great Gatsby is a good illustration. At the beginning of the story, Gatsby, apoor young man from the Midwest, is in love with but rejected by an upper-class woman, Daisy. He later attains the wealth by bootlegging and other criminal activities. Yet his fascination with and pursuit of money is but the means of recapturing the past and regaining his lost love. And for him, Daisy is the representation of a kind of idealized happiness. So Gatsby's real dream is that of achieving a new status and a new essence, of rising to a loftier place in the mysterious hierarchy of human worth. That is why Daisy Buchanan seems so charming to Gatsby and that is why Gatsby has directed his who1e life to winning back her love. Yet his dream ended up with Daisy's indifference and carelessness. Under this thematic design, the novel displays some modern motifs like the Waste-land theme as symbolized by the Valley of Ashes and boredom as reflected in Daisy and Tom.Ernest Hemingway➢Works of Hemingway, portraying as they do the dilemma of modern manutterly thrown upon himself for survival in an indifferent world, reveal man'simpotence and his despairing courage to assert himself against overwhelming odds.To Hemingway, man's greatest achievement is to show grace under pressure, whichis a repeated theme in his novels.For him, in a world which is crazy and meaningless,there is nothing one can do but to be tough and fight against fate with dignity andcourage.The Sun Also Rises太阳照常升起The Sun Also Rises is about the disillusionment of the “lost generation”. In the book ,the panorama of the life of Jake Barnes and his group of expatriates in Paris is laid out scene by scene. There are innumerous parties on nearly each of which Hemingway lavishes detailed depiction of the sceneries and the environment, the word-to-word recording of the conversations and, occasionally, exhaustive presentation of people’s behaviors and even actions. By those scenes ful l of drinks, meaningless conversations and libertinism, Hemingway makes their lives smell of a tinge of corruption. This part also introduces the anguish of the main characters. Jake’s affliction explains itself in his sleepless nights, while Ashley tells all her agony in the simple confession: “Oh, darling, I’ve been so miserable.” Behind the faithfully documented facts, the emotions denoting idleness and suffering combine to settle the fundamental key of the book.Theodore Dreiser❖嘉莉妹妹The theme in Sister Carrie, a novel written by Theodore Dreiser, is materialism. The theme is primarily personified through Carrie with her desire for a fine home, clothes and everything else money can buy.❖美国悲剧An American TragedyIt’s a story about the tragic downfall of Clyde Griffiths, the son of poor street evangelist parents. Starting out as a door boy in a hotel later to a worker in a collar factory, Clyde dreamed of wealth and success. Then he met a rich girl Sondra with whom he hoped to marryso as to have a chance to climb into the upper class. For that purpose, he planned to murder his girl friend Roberta but was unable to act. Then by accident, Roberta got drowned and Clyde was sentenced to death.Clyde is a typical example of those who are destroyed by the environment, by the cruelty and callousness of a selfish capitalistic society. He commits his crime more out of a muddled desire to escape from his situation than out of ruthless ambition.。

美国文学试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 马克·吐温的代表作是以下哪一部？A. 《了不起的盖茨比》B. 《哈克贝利·芬历险记》C. 《白鲸》D. 《老人与海》答案：B2. 爱伦·坡的《乌鸦》属于什么文学流派？A. 浪漫主义B. 现实主义C. 哥特式D. 现代主义答案：C3. 《飘》的作者是谁？A. 弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫B. 玛格丽特·米切尔C. 简·奥斯汀D. 乔治·艾略特答案：B4. 以下哪部作品不是亨利·詹姆斯的作品？A. 《贵妇人的画像》B. 《使节》C. 《简·爱》D. 《贵妇人的画像》答案：C5. 以下哪部作品是威廉·福克纳的代表作？A. 《了不起的盖茨比》B. 《喧哗与骚动》C. 《老人与海》D. 《白鲸》答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共10分）1. 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》的作者是________。

答案：哈丽叶特·比彻·斯托2. 《红字》的作者是________。

答案：纳撒尼尔·霍桑3. 《草叶集》的作者是________。

答案：沃尔特·惠特曼4. 《愤怒的葡萄》的作者是________。

答案：约翰·斯坦贝克5. 《太阳照样升起》的作者是________。

答案：欧内斯特·海明威三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. 简述《白鲸》中主人公艾哈布船长的形象。

答案：艾哈布船长是《白鲸》中的主人公，他是一个对捕鲸有着极端执着的船长，他的复仇心理和对白鲸的执念几乎占据了他整个人生。

他的形象代表了人类对自然的挑战和对未知的恐惧。

2. 描述《了不起的盖茨比》中盖茨比的美国梦。

答案：《了不起的盖茨比》中的盖茨比代表了20世纪20年代的美国梦，他通过自己的努力从贫穷中崛起，追求财富和社会地位，但最终因为追求一个无法实现的爱情和对过去的执着而走向悲剧。

问答题3. Why did Mark Twain define the period of the civil war as a “Gilded Age”?4. What is “Naturalism” in literary creation?1)Naturalism a more deliberate kind of realism, usually involves a view of human beings as apassive victims of natural forces and social environment.2)Naturalism a more deliberate kind of realism, usually involves a view of human beings as apassive victims of natural forces and social environment.3)The most significant work of naturalism in English is Theodore Dreiser’s Sister Carrie.4)The first naturalistic writer in America is Stephen Crane (the red badge of courage)5. What is the “lost generation”? Who were the most important writers of the lost generation?The term lost generation was coined by Gertrude Stein to refer to a group of American literary notables who lived in Paris from the time period which saw the end of WWI to the beginning of the Great Depression. Significant members included Earnest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, Thomas Stearns Eliot, and Gertrude himself.6.Puritanism in colonial AmericaPuritanism, in the 16th and 17th cent., a movement for reform in the Church of England that had a profound influence on the social, political, ethical, and theological ideas of England and America.1) Puritanism is a strict religious doctrine.2) Puritanism also has practical aspects. Puritans have to work hard, and prepare for the obstacles they will meet in their life.3)American Puritanism contains original sin, predestination, total depravity，limited atonement of God's grace.7. The founding fathers of America.George Washington Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Franklin8. TranscendentalismAs a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom. They believed in the transcendence of the “Oversoul”, an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part.Representatives: Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau and Nathaniel Hawthorne9. What is the “beat generation” and its writer10. Imagism(意象主义)a literary movement launched by British and American poets early in the 20th century that advocated the use of free verse, common speech patterns, and clear concrete images as a reaction to Victorian sentimentalism.1。

1. Transcendentalism:1. a philosophical and literary movement that flourished in New England from about 1836 to1860. It stood in reaction against the rationalism of the Enlightenment.2. General features(1)Emphasis on the significance of imagination, spirit and individualism, exploring the innermost being of man(2)Opposition against neoclassical conception of formality and order(3)Divinity of man and nature, perception of nature as symbolic of Spirit or God(4) Further search into nature to acquire truth and knowledge than Romanticism3. Major figures of Transcendentalism: Henry David Thoreau, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller.P782. American naturalism：1. Flourished between1880 to 1940. It was a term created by Emile Zola. Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory and French naturalism played an important role in American naturalism.2. General features:(1)A view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment.In naturalistic works, characters were conceived as complex combinations of inherited attributes and habits conditioned by social and economic forces. Naturalism emphasized：the world was around；men had no free will；religious“truth”were illusory；the destiny of human beings was misery in life and oblivion in death.(2)Scientific accuracy and lots of factual details(3)Attempt to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness(4)Tone of such works: ugly side of the society, gloom, hopelessness, despair3. Major figures of naturalism: Stephen crane，Frank Norris, Jack London and Theodore Dreiser. P275-P2773.The lost generation:1. The term came from Gertrude Stein who said in Hemingway's presence that “you are all a lost generation.”2. It refers to the generation after the World War I or the young writers who lived as expatriates in Western Europe for a short time. Most of them were caught in the war and cut from the old value.3. They were disillusioned with capitalist ideals and civilization and sense of loss after the world war.4. These writers adopted unconventional style of writing and reacted against the tendencies of the older writers in the 1920s.P333-3344.Jazz age:1. It refers to the time in 1930s after the World War I when there was a financial boom.2. It is about life and fate of young men who indulged in stimulus and pleasure, and about disillusionment of American dream.3. Fitzgerald was the literary spokesman for the Jazz age.P335, P3695．F ree verse:1. It is a style of poetry that has irregular rhythms and lines and attempts to avoid any predetermined verse structure. Instead, it uses the cadences of natural speech.2. While it alternates stressed and unstressed syllables as stricter verse forms do, free verse does so in a looser way.3. Whitman's poetry is the most impressive example of free verse. Other major figures of free verse include Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot and other major American can poets of the 20th century.6. The iceberg analogy:1. The Iceberg Theory is a writing theory by Ernest Hemingway: "The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one eighth of it being above water.”2. It means that a writer may omit things but the readers will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them if the writer is writing truly enough.3. It was well suited to evoke the stoic courage of his characters who face lonely and thankless tasks. P3431.Poe's Poetic Ideas1. The function of poetry is not to summarize and interpret earthly experience, but to create a mood in which the soul soars toward supernal beauty.2. T he elevation of excitement of the soul should be “the poetic principle” thus poetry must concer n itself only with “supernal beauty”.3. Everything that detains human soul must be excluded from the poetry, including moral sense.4. Poe defines poetry as “the rhythmical creation of beauty”, giving emphasis upon the importance of the rhythmical or musical element in poetry.P1302．Whitman's style1. Transcendentalism: optimism, divinity of man and nature, and emphasis on individualism and exploring the innermost of being of man.2. Democratic thought: celebration of ideal democratic society and attacks against corruption3. The sprawling lines of the poems are often extremely long.4. Parallelism: the parallel lines say the same thing but use different words.5. Envelope structure: the first line begins with the subject, and then more and more lines list modifiers till the verb appears in the last line of the stanza. This is like enclosing a whole list of ideas in an envelope.6. Catalogue technique: means listing. Typical poems by Whitman make long, long lists of images, of sights, sounds, smells, taste, and touch.7. No conventional meters and rhythms8. The verse unit is usually an independent clause.P1753．Formal features of Dickinson's poetry1. Based on her own experience2. Theme: love, nature, friendship, death and immorality3. Peculiar poetic form: abundant dashes, irregular punctuation and capitalization, faulty grammar, no title, no regular line4. Remarkable for its uncommon variety, original subtlety and unusual richness5. Poetic indirection: e.g. “There is certain slant of light” and “Tell all the truth but tell its slant!”6. On the ethical level Dickinson emphasizes free will and human responsibility.4．The theme and techniques in Eliot's "The Waste Land"Theme：1. Modern spiritual barrenness2. Despair and depression that followed the WWI3. Sterility and turbulence of the modern world, and the decline and break-down of western culture4. The search for regeneration by people living in a chaotic world.Technique：1. Varied length and rhythm to harmonize with the changing subject matter2. Unrhymed lines3. Lots of borrowings from different writers5．Analysis of "Richard Cory" by Edwin Arlington RobinsonTheme："Richard Cory" is a short dramatic poem about a man whose outward appearance belies his inner turmoil. The tragedy in the poem reflects in its spirit the tragedies in Edwin Arlington Robinson's own life: Both of his brothers died young, his family suffered financial failures, and Robinson himself endured hardship before his poetry gained recognition2. It seems that Cory’s life is happy and successful, but his inner world is far more complicated than what it appears to be. It tells us that success may be meaningless to some people and cannot reflect the true value of life. It also shows the hollowness and loneliness of modern people.2. TechniqueWording:(1)Lively words: “imperially”; “quietly”; “admirably”(2)Simple words: looked at；clean favored；was arrayed；glittered; was human; put a bullet through his head(3)Simple words to show contrast between the cheering life and the tragic ending(4)Ancient words: ‘clean favored’、‘arrayed’、‘schooled’to correspond the serious topicIt has an unexpected ending, and sharp contrast and mild sarcasm, thus leaving much room for readers to taste the topic.Poetic sounds: Traditional pentameter with a rhyming scheme of“abab, cdcd，elef, ghgh”ment on “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" by Robert FrostSummary and Theme:The speaker is stopping by some woods on a snowy evening. He or she takes in the lovely scene in near-silence, is tempted to stay longer, but acknowledges the obligations and duties yet to be fulfilled before he or she can rest for the night. In this poem, Robert Frost discusses the relation between mortal obligations and the eternal rest.Form:The poem consists of four (almost) identically constructed stanzas. Each line is iambic, with fourstressed syllables. Frost also uses alliteration and repetition in his poems. The rhyme scheme he uses is a-a-b-a.Features of content:1. Plain in words, but profound in meaning. Simple words with far-reaching meanings2. Since it is full of symbolic constructs, it is thought- provoking, and the readers can get great fun in developing the subtext.Detailed analysis:In the first stanza, the poet leads us to a piece of beautiful woods filled up with snow. The poet takes the woods as the eternal life. He is fed up with the routine duties, and wants to rest forever. The piece of woods happens to provide an ideal place.Then it comes to the snowy evening. The snow is cold and the evening dark, all of which indicate that the poet is depressed inside. His subconscious wants him to stop, but his “little horse” with the inspiring bells, which is actually a symbol of vitality, urges him to go. T he poet uses “frozen lake” to denote death. Why he transfers the embodiment of death from the beautiful “woods” to the deadly “frozen lake” is because the point of view has changed from the poet to the litt le horse.In the third stanza, the little horse wonders why the poet stops when he should go on. Only “the easy wind” and “downy flake” answer it with soft sweep. Actually t he poet’s answer is as slight and uncertain as the flakes, because he himself do esn’t know why he stops suddenly in the woods.Toward the end, the poet comes back from the illusion. Though the woods are attractive, he must move on, because he has promise to keep. “The promise” could be an obligation or a goal. One cannot die before fulfilling one’s dream. The poet uses “sleep” to represent death, just as we usually do.7.Theme and technique in The Great Gatsby by FitzgeraldTheme:It resents the decline of the American dream in1920s, the hollowness of the upper class and the falseness of ideals and moves toward disillusion.It also shows that American dream will not lead to a perfect country. Instead, it leads to total depravity. The nationals become hypocritical, indifferent, empty, and cruel, day and night indulged in material pursuing.Technique:1. Development of traditional narrative techniques and first-person narrator: The whole novel proceeded with Nick’s narration.2. Two main clues of the story: The main clue is the imbroglio between Gatsby and the family of Tom, and the minor one is the imbroglio between Tom and the family of Wilson.3. The contrastive techniques endow the novel with artistic glamour and profound connotation.4. Technique of delayed character revelation to emphasize the theatrical quality of Gatsby’s app roach to lifeP369ment on Hemingway's style and Farewell to Arms"Style:1. News reporting style: direct, concise, life-like dialogues, less ornaments2. exercised iceberg theory: omit something but the readers will still have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them thanks to the direct and true description.3. Hemingway’s book paints the image of a whole generation, the Lost generation: people disillusioned after the world war by old values and insensitivity and hollowness of society4. He wrote all his life about one theme, “grace under pressure”, and created one hero who acts that theme out. Hemingway code heroes: (1) physically strong, (2) endowed with certain skills, (3)strong will power(Man can be destroyed, not defeated; Courage=grace under pressure), (4)tested in difficulties。

美国古代文学史名词解释、简答、论述题本文旨在阐述美国古代文学发展史中的重要名词、简述相关内容及针对论述题展开适当讨论。

一、名词解释1. Puritanism（清教主义）：是17世纪时在英格兰和美洲流行的宗教改革运动。

清教徒最初移民纽英格兰是为了逃避英王的压迫。

清教徒的中包括坚信的意志对人的一切事宜具有决定性作用，反对世俗和欲望，鼓励个人的努力，强调个人的责任以及间接地强调了民主的概念。

2. Transcendentalism（超验主义）：是19世纪30年代美国文化中一股对启蒙运动的反动，反对理性主义和经验主义。

超验主义者认为人们应该依靠个人直觉和灵感开启心灵深处的真实，超越感官经验。

超验主义者强调个人的自由发展，自然的神秘和美好。

3. Regionalism（地方主义）：是19世纪晚期至20世纪初美国文学的一种流派。

运动的核心思想是反对现代工业化和全球化，提倡重视地方风景、文化和民俗，关注本土的人、事、物，并以此为原材料创作文学。

二、简答题1. Nathaniel Hawthorne的小说《红字》反映了哪些思想和文化特征？《红字》十分典型地表现了清教徒文化对美国文学的影响，其中包括对罪恶的强烈谴责和对个人自由的崇尚。

小说中的同情感是从人性中萃取出来的，同时还揭示了社会伦理和人性的冲突。

2. 简要说明Mark Twain的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》中的重要主题。

《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》中最为重要的主题之一是反对奴隶制度和种族歧视。

小说通过边缘化非洲裔角色吉姆和他与哈克贝利的冒险来表达这一主题。

通过小说中的观点发表间接批判制奴政策和对黑人的压迫。

三、论述题威廉·福克纳的小说《荒野上的救世主》中如何体现了超验主义思想？《荒野上的救世主》小说通过多个角色的人生经历，呈现出一种东西方的宗教信仰和精神世界上的共性。

超验主义的思想在小说中得到了体现，例如鲍姆对科学和机械世界的愤恨，以及詹妮·霍查神秘的形象等等。

英美文学考试题目及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共10分）1. 英国文学史上被称为“英国诗歌之父”的诗人是：A. 乔叟B. 莎士比亚C. 弥尔顿D. 拜伦答案：A2. 下列哪部作品不是简·奥斯汀的小说？A. 《傲慢与偏见》B. 《理智与情感》C. 《简·爱》D. 《曼斯菲尔德庄园》答案：C3. 美国文学中，被誉为“美国文学之父”的作家是：A. 爱伦·坡B. 马克·吐温C. 华盛顿·欧文D. 亨利·詹姆斯答案：C4. 以下哪位作家是现代主义文学的代表人物？A. 狄更斯B. 哈代C. 弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫D. 简·奥斯汀答案：C5. 美国文学中的“迷惘的一代”是指：A. 第一次世界大战后的作家群体B. 第二次世界大战后的作家群体C. 独立战争后的作家群体D. 内战后的作家群体答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共10分）1. 威廉·莎士比亚的四大悲剧包括《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》、《李尔王》和________。

答案：《麦克白》2. 《了不起的盖茨比》是美国作家________创作的一部以20世纪20年代的纽约为背景的小说。

答案：F·司各特·菲茨杰拉德3. 英国浪漫主义诗人威廉·华兹华斯与________共同发起了浪漫主义诗歌运动。

答案：塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治4. 美国诗人沃尔特·惠特曼的代表作是________，它被认为是美国文学史上的里程碑。

答案：《草叶集》5. 英国现代主义诗人T.S.艾略特的代表作《荒原》是一首________诗。

答案：长三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）1. 简述乔治·奥威尔的《1984》中“老大哥”的象征意义。

答案：在《1984》中，“老大哥”象征着极权主义政权的无所不在和无所不知，代表了对个人自由和思想的全面控制。

他的形象无处不在，监视着社会的每一个角落，象征着对个人隐私的侵犯和对思想自由的压制。