The US Constitution

Constitution的课文及翻译第一部分作为最高法律的宪法美国宪法虽然是一部相对比较简单的文件，但它自我定名为“国家的最高法律”。

制定这一条款意味着，如果各州宪法或者各州立法机关或美国国会通过的法律与联邦宪法相抵触，它们就是无效的。

最高法院在两个多世纪的时间内所作出的各种裁决确认并强化了宪法至上原则。

The U.S. Constitution, a relatively simple document, is the self-designated “supreme law of the land”. This clause is taken to mean that when state constitutions, or laws passed by state legislatures or the national Congress, are found to conflict with the federal Constitution, they have no force. Decisions handed down by the Supreme Court over the course of two centuries have confirmed and strengthened this doctrine of constitutional supremacy.最后的权力归于美国人民，如果他们愿意，可以通过修正宪法或者起草一部新宪法（这至少从理论上来说是可行的）的方式来改变这部基本法。

但是，人民并不直接行使这种权力，他们将日常的管理事务委托给经过选举或者委任的公共官员们。

Final authority is vested in the American people, who can change the fundamental law if they wish, by amending the Constitution, or－in theory, at least－drafting a new one. The people’s authority is not exercised directly, however. The day-to-day business of government is delegated by the people to public officials, both elected and appointed.公共官员的权力是有限的，他们的公务行为必须符合宪法和根据宪法制定的法律。

TEXT1783年和平条约承认美国独立和沿东海岸的大西洋前13个英国殖民地成为13个新的民族国家。

这13个国家是：马萨诸塞州，康涅狄格州，罗得岛州和新罕布什尔州的新英格兰东北部，马里兰州，宾夕法尼亚州，特拉华州，纽约和新泽西州的大西洋中部，和弗吉尼亚州，北卡罗来纳州，南卡罗来纳州和格鲁吉亚南方。

虽然独立宣言，宣布13日联合殖民地“是，和权利应该是自由和独立的国家”，他们并不十分关注未来的政治制度，美国和有关国家之间和政府的关系，明确新国家。

阿宪法迫切需要。

Articles of Confederation当独立战争结束后，美国并没有一个统一的国家，因为它是今天。

每一个新的国家有自己的政府和组织一个独立的国家一样十分。

每个做出了自己的法律和处理其内部事务的。

在战争期间，各国已同意派代表工作的全国代表大会后，一起图案的“代表大会”是与英国进行的战争。

战争结束后获胜，国会将只处理的问题和需要的个别国家不能单独处理。

这将筹集资金，偿还债务的战争，使条约建立货币制度，与外国交易。

该协定，规定这一合作计划被称为的邦联。

邦联的失败，因为国家并没有与国会合作，或与对方。

当国会需要钱支付国家军队或支付所欠法国和其他国家的债务，一些国家拒绝作出贡献。

国会已获得无权迫使任何国家做任何事情。

它不能税务任何公民。

只有国家在公民生活可以这样做。

许多美国人担心未来。

怎么能赢得尊重其他国家，如果国家没有偿还债务？他们怎么能够提高建筑物的道路或运河的国家，如果美国不一起工作？他们认为，国会需要更多的权力。

国会要求每个国家都派代表参加在费城公约，城市的独立宣言签署了，讨论改变，就必须加强对邦联。

最小的州，罗得岛，拒绝，但来自其他12个国家的代表参加了会议。

这次会议后来被制宪会议，已知5月开始的1787年。

乔治华盛顿在独立战争的军事英雄，是主持人。

其他54人出席了会议。

一些想要一个强有力的，新的政府。

有的没有。

Constitution在该公约，设计了政府对美国新形式的代表课程。

英美国情判断题美国部分Unit3 America Beginning1.The question “What is an American?” was first asked by J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur. T2.Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1942. T3.The first English permanent settlement was founded in California. F Virginia4.Massachusetts was established by English puritans who separated themselves from the Roman Catholic Church. F 不是建立，而是founded5.The state of Pennsylvania used to be inhabited by the Quakers. T （基督教）贵格派教徒6.The theory of politics of the American Resolution came from John Locke, a French philosopher in the 17th century. F English7.By the early 1760s, the 13 English colonies in North America were ready to separate themselves from Europe. T8.George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and Abraham Lincoln were regarded as the founding fathers of the United States of America. F John Adams OR Thomas JeffersonUnit 4 The Political System in the United States1.When the War of Independence was over, the United States was one unified nation as it is today. F was not2.The agreement that set this plan of cooperation among different states after the War of American Independence was called the Constitution of the United States. F the Articles of Confederation 联邦条款3.The US Constitution set up a federal system with a strong central government. T 联邦制4.The main duty of the Congress is to make laws, including those which levy taxes that pay for the work of the federal government. T 国会5.Under a Constitutional Amendment passed in 1951, a president can be elected to only one term. F two terms6.The president has the authority to appoint federal judges, and all such court appointments are subject to confirmation by the House of Representatives. 众议院F the Senate 参议院7.The 10 very short paragraphs which guarantee freedom and individual rights and forbid interference with lives of individuals by the government are called the Bill of Rights. T 人权法案8.The idea of checks and balances as a way of restrictinggovernmental power and preventing its abuse was first provided in the Federalist Paper. T制约与平衡9.Today, the United State has two major political parties. One is the Democratic Party, formed before 1800. The other is the Republican Party, formed in the 1850s, by the people i n the states of the North and West. T 民主党，共和党10.Americans have to join a political party in order to vote to bea candidate for public office. F 公职do not have toUnit 5 American Economy1.Alexander Hamilton was the third president of the United Stated. F Thomas Jefferson2.The first factory in the United States was a cotton textile mill. T3.Many people objected to the idea of the corporation because it is less personal than sole proprietorship and partnership. T 所有（权），独资企业；合伙关系4.The United State‟s economy suffered from the two World Wars in the 20th century. F not5.Many people believe that the economic freedom of capitalism is crucial to American‟s economic success. T 决定性的，重要的6.When people buy stocks, they become part owner of the company. T7.The stockholders make profits even when the company loses money. F8.One reason for America‟s affluence is that a lot of people have inherited wealth from their parents, F 富裕9.Strong domestic demand is one factor contributing to America‟s affluence. T 家庭的，国家的10.Many American leaders have extol led the virtues of farmers. T 赞扬Unit 6 Religion in the United States1.During the War of Independence and many years after that the Americans were mostly concerned about religious freedom. F It was politics and not religion that most occupied American s‟minds during the War of Independence and for years afterward.2.According to the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, there would be a state-supported region. F 联邦政府不得给予任何宗教以特殊优惠。

equal的短语equal表相等的，平等的意思，那么你知道equal的短语有哪些吗?接下来小编为大家整理了equal的短语搭配，希望对你有帮助哦!equal的短语：equal in(v.+prep.)比得上,敌得过 reach the same standards as〔说明〕 equal in通常不用于进行体。

She equals him in ability.她在能力方面比得上他。

I can't equal him in strength.我没有他力气大。

on equal terms平等相处; 地位相等 as equal, with no difference in status or rankNow that she has been promoted she is on equal terms with her ex-boss.她既然已升级了,就和原先的上司平起平坐了。

同义词辨析：equal, equivalent这两个形容词均有"相等的"之意equal ：指几个物或事在数目、数量、重量、程度或价值等方面完全相等。

equivalent ：指几个物或事彼此对等，或者具有同等的价值、效果或意义等。

match, equal, rival这些动词均含"相称，比得上，与……相比"之意。

match ：指对手之间力量、强度、性能或利益等的较量或竞争。

equal ：指在数量、价值或程度等方面已完全相等。

rival ：指某人或某物在和对手竞争中，在能力、质量等方面都能与之相匹敌，都能比得上。

same, identical, very, equal, equivalent这些形容词均含"相同的"之意。

same ：可指相同的人或物，也可指在质量、外表或意义等方面相同，但实际上有差别的事物。

identical ：着重指人或物等在每细节上都完全相同。

The Pursuit of HappinessThe right to pursue happiness is promised to Americans by the US Constitution, but no one seems quite sure which way happiness ran. It may be we are issued a hunting license but offered no game. Jonathan Swift conceived of happiness as “the state of being well-deceived” or of being “a fool among idiots,” for Swift saw society as a land of false goals.It is, of course, un-American to think in terms of false goals. We do, however, seem to be dedicated to the idea of buying our way to happiness. We shall all have made it to Heaven when we possess enough.And at the same time the forces of American business are hugely dedicated to making US deliberately unhappy. Advertising is one of our major industries, and advertising exists not to satisfy desires but to create them—and to create them faster than anyone’s budget can satisfy them. For that matter, our whole economy is based on addicting US to greed. We are even told it is our patriotic duty to support the national economy by buying things.Look at any of the magazines that cater to women. There advertising begins as art and slogans in the front pages and ends as pills and therapy in the back pages. The art at the front illustrates the dream of perfect beauty. This is the baby skin that must be hers. This, the perfumed breath she must breathe out. This, the sixteen-year-old figure she must display at forty, at fifty, at sixty, and forever. This is the harness into which Mother must strap herself in order to display that perfect figure. This is the cream that restores skin, these are the tablets that melt away fat around the thighs, and these are the pills of perpetual youth.Obviously no reasonable person can be completely persuaded either by such art or by such pills and devices. Yet someone is obviously trying to buy this dream and spending billions every year in the attempt. Clearly the happiness-market is not running out of customers, but what is it they are trying to buy?Actually, the essence of happiness is in the pursuit itself, in the pursuit of what is engaging and life-changing, which is to say, in the idea of becoming. A nation is not 当幸福来敲门：美国宪法赋予美国人民追求幸福的权利，但是似乎谁也说不清幸福跑到哪里去了。

美国政权制度“三权分立”三权分立, 美国, 制度, 政权The federal government of the United States was established by the US Constitution（宪法）, which is the supreme law of the nation, providing a framework for the US government. The document defines three main branches of government: legislative, executive and judicial（立法，行政，司法）. Through a system of separating the powers of these branches, these three branches form a system of “check and balances”(制衡原则) where each one helps to regulate the others.Let’s get back to the 3 branches of government. The legislative branch has the power to create, amend and change laws. The primary components of any legislature are the chambers, or houses. These chambers/houses are assemblies, a group of people gathered together for a similar purpose, in this case to debate and vote on bills--proposed laws that have not yet been adopted. A legislature with one house is called, unicameral（单院制）, and with two is bicameral（两院制）. The US legislature, known as the US Congress, is a bicameral legislature, with two houses differing in duties, powers, and the methods used to select its members. Our two legislative houses are known as the House of Representatives and the Senate（众议院与参议院）.The House of Representatives is based on each state’s population, although each state has at least one representative.Currently there are 435 voting members of the House, and each representative serves a 2-year term. The head of the House is known as the Speaker. The Senate is different in that every state elects 2 senators, regardless of the state population, to serve 6-year terms. As the US has 50 states, we have a total of 100 senators. Although the two chambers have different duties, the consent of both houses must be obtained to make anylaw.美国三权分立的利弊(英文)？这是一篇有关美国三权分立优缺点的英文短文,应该对您有用.The separation of powers, also known as trias politica, is a model for the governance of democratic states. The model was first developed in ancient Greece and cam e into widespread use by the Roman Republic as part of the uncodified Constitutio n of the Roman Republic. Under this model, the state is divided into branches or estates, each with separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility. Th e normal division of estates is into an executive, a legislature, and a judiciary.Parliamentary democracies do not have distinct separation of powers. The executiv e, which often consists of a prime minister and cabinet ("government"), is drawn fr om the legislature (parliament). This is the principle of responsible government. Ho wever, although the legislative and executive branches are connected, in parliament ary systems there is usually an independent judiciary and the government's role in the parliament does not give them unlimited legislative influence.Advantages and disadvantages the separation of powers, also known as trias politic a, is a model for the governance of democratic states. the model was first develop ed in ancient greece and came into widespread use by the roman republic as part of the uncodified constitution of the roman republic. under this model, the state is divided into branches or estates, each with separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility. the normal division of estates is into an executive, a legisl ature, and a judiciary.parliamentary democracies do not have distinct separation of powers. the executive, which often consists of a prime minister and cabinet ("government"), is drawn fro m the legislature (parliament). this is the principle of responsible government. howe ver, although the legislative and executive branches are connected, in parliamentary systems there is usually an independent judiciary and the government's role in the parliament does not give them unlimited legislative influence。

美利坚合众国宪法（Constitution of the United States），简称美国宪法。

它是美国的根本大法，奠定了美国政治制度的法律基础。

该宪法于1787年9月17日在费城召开的美国制宪会议上获得代表的批准，并在此后不久为当时美国拥有的13个州的特别会议所批准。

根据这部宪法，美国成为一个由各个拥有主权的州所组成的联邦国家，同时也有一个联邦政府来为联邦的运作而服务。

从此联邦体制取代了基于邦联条例而存在的较为松散的邦联体制。

1789年，美国宪法正式生效。

美国宪法是世界上首部成文宪法，该宪法为日后许多国家的成文宪法的制定提供了成功的典范。

历史当年制宪代表在草案上签字时所使用的银制墨水盒日期州名投票结果赞成率同意反对1 1787年12月7日特拉华州30 0 100%2 1787年12月12日宾西法尼亚州46 23 67%3 1787年12月18日新泽西州38 0 100%4 1788年1月2日佐治亚州26 0 100%5 1788年1月9日康涅狄克州128 40 76%6 1788年2月6日马萨诸塞州187 168 53%7 1788年4月28日马里兰州63 11 85%8 1788年5月23日南卡罗来那州149 73 67%9 1788年6月21日新罕布什尔州57 47 55%10 1788年6月25日弗吉尼亚州89 79 53%11 1788年7月26日纽约州30 27 53%12 1789年11月21日北卡罗来那州194 77 72%13 1790年5月29日罗德岛州34 32 52%美国宪法第六条第二款将其本身的地位表述为“国家的最高法律”。

法官们通常将之理解为：当国会或者州的立法机关制定的法律与美国宪法有所冲突的话，这些法律将被宣布无效。

两个多世纪以来，美国联邦最高法院通过众多判例不断地强化美国宪法的权威性。

美国宪法明确了由选举产生的政府具有唯一的合法性。

人民通过选举或者指定产生的政府官员和议员来行使权力。

1. The power to interpret the US Constitution belongs to the _____.A. PresidentB. CongressC. SenateD. Supreme Court2. The _____ in the 1920s was the beginning of a long economic depression in the US.A. stock market crashB. failure of cropsC. political persecutionD. government corruption3. In 1620,_____ sailed to the New World in a ship called “Mayflower".A. the PuritansB. the PilgrimsC. the English noblesD. the English poor4. Louisiana was purchased from .A.the NetherlandsB.SpainC.FranceD.Portugal5. The city where there is the largest Chinese community is .A.Los AngelesB.HonoluluC.NewYourk D.San Francesco6. The Bill of Rights is the term used for ______ to the Constitution of the United States.A．the first ten amendments B．the last ten amendmentsC．the tenth amendment D．the most important amendment7. The Emancipation Proclamation was issued by______during the Civil War.A．George Washington B．Abraham LincolnC．Thomas Jefferson D．Franklin Roosevelt8. Which of the following is NOT associated with Halloween?A．"Trick or treat" B．"eating eggs" C．bonfire D．pumpkin-lanterns9. The first Thanksgiving Day was celebrated by the Puritansin Plymouth, Massachusetts on________,1621.A．January 13 B．April 13C．October 13 D．December 1310. America was named after__________.A. Italian navigator ColumbusB. navigator Amerigo VespucciC. some Indian chieftainD. George Washington，founding father of the United States11.During the War of Independence，America allied with_________.A. SpainB. FranceC. HollandD. Germany12. The Constitutional Convention in America was attended by___________.A. all of the 13 statesB. all of the states except MarylandC. all of the states except Rhode IslandD. all of the states，but later Rhode Island withdrew from the convention13. President Nixon decided to resign because he _____.A. refused to hand over the White House tapes to courtB. was tired of political struggle in Washington D.C.C. came to see that most probably he would be impeachedD. was deserted by the Republican Party14. When the president of the U.S. signs an act passed byCongress into law, it still can be cancelled if _____.A. the lower federal court decides that it goes againstprevious lawsB. the Supreme Court decides that it goes against previouslawsC. the lower federal court decides it is unconstitutionalD. the Supreme Court decides it is unconstitutional15. Rock’n’ roll in the early 1960s in the United States wasmusic for _____.A. teenagersB. black audienceC. white adultaudience D. people of all ages16. Un cle Tom’s Cabin and Roots are two novels which give avivid description of the miserable life of the _____.A. early settlersB. PuritansC. native IndiansD. blackslaves17. The Declaration of Independence was drafted by _____.A. James MadisonB. Thomes JeffersonC. Alexander HamiltonD. GeorgeWashington18. The victory of _____ was the turning point of the War of Independence.A. SaratogaB. GettysburgC. TrentonD. Yorktown19. Martin Luther King, Jr., a young black clergyman,became a national leader of the _______Movement.A. BoycottB. Civil RightsC.Segregation D. Integration.20. The Constitution of the United States provides that _______ shall be President of the Senate.A. the Secretary of StateB. the Chief JusticeC. the PresidentD. the Vice President21. Of all the symbols, _______ , which areconsidered to represent fertility and new life:are those most frequently associated withEaster.A. the pumpkin and the turkeyB. the lamb and the beefC. the spring peas and the potatoesD. the egg and the rabbit22. 17.American presidents are elected _______.[A]every two years [B]every four years[C]every five years [D]every six years23.The goal of Roosevelt’s New Deal was _______.[A]to save the American economic and political system[B]to change the American economic system[C]to weaken monopoly interests in America[D]to nationalize banks and financial institutions in America24.The American policy towards the Soviet Union after the Second World War was ______.[A]cooperation [B]cold war [C]containment[D]impartiality25. The United States went to war with _______ in1812, the last war fought between thesetwo countries.A. BritainB. FranceC. SpainD. Mexico26. The functions of institutions of higher education inthe U.S. are ________.A.research and teachingB.teaching and degree awardingC.professional training, teaching and public serviceD.teaching, research and public service27. The origin of the American party system can betraced to ________.A.the struggle between the Royalists andrevolutionaries in the War of IndependenceB.the constitutional debate between theFederalists and the anti--FederalistsC.the struggle between those who upheld slaveryand those who opposed slaveryD.none of the above28. Among the following authors, the one who wasawarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, is_________.A. T.S.EliotB. Emily DickensonC. Walt WhitmanD. Richard Wright29. The earliest institution of higher learning set upin America was _______.[A]Harvard University[B]Yale University[C]Harvard College[D]Chicago UniversityThe Emancipation Proclamation was issued by _________ during the Civil War.A. George WashingtonB. Abraham LincolnC. Thomas JeffersonD. Franklin RooseveltWhich of the following statements is TRUE?A. The Louisiana was taken from Britain as a result ofthe War of 1812B. The Louisiana Territory was ceded to the UnitedStates by FranceC. The Louisiana Territory was purchased from SpainD. The Louisiana Territory was purchased fromFrance30. _________ is the biggest and best －loved holiday in the United States.A. Independence DayB. Thanksgiving DayC. Christmas DayD. New Year’s DayIn American history, the Americans went to war against the British _______.A. only onceB. on two occasionsC. for three timesD. for four timesThe important decision made at the Second Continental Congress was_______.A. the establishment of a continental army under the command of George WashingtonB. the adoption of the ConstitutionC. an appeal to the British kingD. A and BWhich city is called “ The Big Apple”?A. ChicagoB. New YorkC. Los AngelesD. BostonToday there are altogether（）departments of the U.S. government.A．11 B．13C．15 D．17Ten amendments introduced by James Madison in 1789 were added to the Constitution. They are knows as _ ____.A. the Articles of ConfederationB. the Bill of RightC. the Civil RightsD. Feder alist PapersDuring the WWII, the Axis powers were mainly made u p by __.A. Germany, France and JapanB. France, Japan and BritainC. Germany, Italy and BritainD. German, Italy and JapanIn 1932, in the depth of the depression, the American people chose _______ as their next president who promised a "new deal" to get America out of depression.A. TheodoreB. Franklin D. RooseveltC. Woodrow WilsonD. Herbert Hoover32. The powers of the U.S government divide into threebranches: _________, ________ and the judicial.33.In 1620, the Pilgrims sailed to the New World in a shipcalled ______.34. In 1947, George Marshall announced the ________ to provide economic aid to Western Europe.35.China and the United States established their diplomatic relations in January _________.36. The most important lakes in the United States are the _____ Lakes, they are all located between ______ and the United States except Lake Michigan.37. Formal education in the United States consists of elementary, ________ and _______ education.*The ____ is the symbol of the Democratic party while the _______is the symbol of the Republican party.*The modern American economy is usually described as ___________ system characterized by monopoly.*The most important lakes in the United States are the (21) _____ Lakes, they are all located between (22) ______ and the United States except Lake Michigan.The name of American Indian was given by _______.The system of checks and balanceIndian reservationsWestward movementOpen door policyBig stickMonroe doctrineTrumen doctrineThe constitutional conventionWhat is a nucleus family?Why is the U.S. A called “Melting pot”?What is the popular American belief?Can you name a few social problems in America?what are the three biggest newspapers in U.S.A?How many types of higher educational institutions are there in America?Who is the writer called “Father of American Literature”? How is the American territory on the continent divided? What was the importance of the War of 1812 to 1814?。

人力资源管理-Unit-英文-习题与答案————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：2Chapter 2: Equal Opportunity and the LawMultiple Choice1.Every time you advertise a job opening, interview, test or select a candidate orappraise an employee, you should be aware of:a.equal employment opportunity lawb.anti-discrimination lawc.criminal lawd.both a and be.both a and c(d; moderate)2.The _____ Amendment to the US Constitution states, “no person shall bedeprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of the law.”a.Firstb.Fifthc.Tenthd.Thirteenthe.Fourteenth(b; moderate)3.The _____ Amendment to the US Constitution makes it illegal for any state to“make or enforce any law which shall abridge the pr ivileges and immunities of citizens of the United States.”a.Firstb.Fifthc.Tenthd.Thirteenthe.Fourteenth(e; moderate)4.Which Amendment to the US Constitution is generally viewed as barringdiscrimination based on sex, national origin, or race?a.Firstb.Fifthc.Tenthd.Thirteenthe.Fourteenth(e; moderate)5.In the US, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act prohibits discrimination based onall of the following characteristics except _____.a.raceb.sexual orientationc.colord.religione.national origin(b; moderate)196.In the US, the _____ made it unlawful to discriminate in pay on the basis ofsex when jobs involve equal work, require equivalent skills, effort, and responsibility, and are performed under similar working conditions.a.Title VIIb.Equal Pay Actc.Executive Order (US President)d.Age Discrimination in Employment Acte.13th Amendment to the US Constitution(b; moderate)7.Which of the following factors is not an acceptable basis for different pay forequal work under the US Equal Pay Act?a.genderb.seniority systemc.merit pay systemd.quality of productione.all are unacceptable factors(a; moderate)8.The US EEOC guidelines define sexual harassment as:a.unwelcome sexual advancesb.requests for sexual favorsc.verbal sexual conductd.physical sexual conducte.all the above(e; moderate)9. In the US, when is sexual harassment a violation of sex harassment law?a.when such conduct has the purpose or effect of substantially interferingwith a person’s work performanceb.when such conduct has the purpose or effect of creating an intimidating,hostile, or offensive work environmentc.when a crime of violence is motivated by genderd.both a and be.all of the above(d; moderate)10. In the US, _____ exists when an employer treats an individual differentlybecause that individual is a member of a particular race, religion, gender, or ethnic group.a. Disparate treatmentb. Disparate impactc. Unintentional discriminationd. Adverse impacte. Prima facie(a; easy)2011. In the US, _____ refers to the total employment process that results in asignificantly higher percentage of a protected group in the candidate population being rejected for employment, placement, or promotion.a.disparate treatmentb.disparate impactc.unintentional discriminationd.adverse impacte.prima facie(d; easy)12. In the US, employers primarily use bona fide occupational qualification(BFOQ) as a defense against charges of discrimination based on _____.a.raceb.sexual orientationc.aged.gendere.all of the above(c; easy)13. In the US, religion may be used as a BFOQ if _____.a. a religious organization requires employees to share its religionb.an employer does not want to honor an employee’s religious holidaysc.hiring a person to teach in a nondenominational schoold.all of the abovee.none of the above(a; moderate)14. Which of the following characteristics could serve as a BFOQ depending onthe nature of the job requirements?a.ageb.genderc.national origind.religione.all of the above(e; easy)15. Organizations can measure diversity by using _____.a.equal employment hiring metricsb.employee attitude surveysc.management and employee evaluationsd.focus groupse.all of the above(e; moderate)16. Diversity management includes the following step(s):a.provide strong leadershipb.assess the situationc.provide diversity trainingd. a and be.a, b and c(e; moderate)2117. In providing strong leadership in diversity management, the CEO of acompany musta.take a personal interestb.become the role modelc.talk to every workerd. a and be.a, b and c(d; moderate; )18. In a company, the tools to measuring diversity include the following:a.equal employment hiring and retention metricsb.employee attitude surveyc.employee evaluationd. a and be.a, b and c(e; moderate)19. The objectives of diversity training include the following:a.make employees aware of value differencesb.build self esteem of the different ethnic groupsc.create a friendly atmosphere in the companyd. a and be.a, b and c(e; moderate)20. In Australia, employees are protected against discrimination at the workplaceby laws at the:a.federal levelb.state levelpany leveld. a and be.all of the above(d; moderate)21. In Australia, employees who have been discriminated against by an employermay complain to the:a.Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commissionb.Ministry of Laborc.Prime Ministerd.Parliamente.All of the above(a; easy)22. In Hong Kong, the Sex Discrimination Ordinance covers the following:a.work situationb.non-work situationc.special situationd. a and be.a, b and c(d; easy)2223. In Hong Kong, the Equal Opportunities Commission provides employers witha code of practice on:a.job advertisementsb.job titlespensationd.promotione.all of the above(e; moderate)24. In Indonesia, under the employment law, pregnant women have the followingrights:a.they cannot be dismissedb.they can return to their job after maternity leavec.they can have six months of maternity leaved. a and be.a, b and c(d; moderate)\25. In Japan, the Labor Standards Law prohibits the following:a.discrimination based on nationalityb.discrimination based on creedc.discrimination based on social statusd. a and be.a, b and c(e; easy)26. In Singapore, the Code of Responsible Employment Practices encouragesself-regulation on the part of employers in:a.recruitmentb.selectionc.appraisald.traininge.all of the above(e; easy)27. In Singapore, the Code of Responsible Employment Practices recommendsthat employers should not discriminate employees based on:a. raceb. religionc. aged. gendere. all of the above(e; easy)2328. In Singapore, the Code of Responsible Employment Practices is recommendedby:a. Singapore National Employers Federationb. Singapore Business Federationc. National Trades Union Congressd. The governmente. a, b, and c(e; moderate)29. Candidates for employment should be selected based on the following:a.meritb.experiencec.capabilityd. a and be.a, b, and c(e; easy)30. Selection criteria should be consistently applied to the following aspect(s) ofemployment:a.recruitmentb.trainingc.appraisald. a and be.a, b, and c(e; easy)31. In South Korea, the Labor Standards Act prohibits employers fromdiscrimination against workers by:a.genderb.nationalityc.religiond.social statuse.all of the above(e; easy)32. In South Korea, under the Aged Employment Promotion Act, it isrecommended that companies with over 300 workers should have a minimum ____ percent of their workers in the above-55 age group.a.Threeb.Fivec.Tend.Fifteene.Twenty(a; moderate)2433. In Malaysia, under the Code of Practice for the Prevention and Handling ofSexual Harassment at the Workplace, the Ministry of Manpower has:a.special division to deal with harassment casesb.the power to jail any person accused of sexual harassmentc.the power to fine any person accused of sexual harassmentd.the power to compensate the victim of sexual harassmente.all of the above(a; easy)34. In Thailand, under the Labor Protection Act, women may:a.sue employers for passing sexist remarksb.sue colleagues for passing sexist remarksc.seek compensation from the governmentd. a and be.none of the above(d; easy)True/ False35.Managers in non-U.S. companies must be aware of equal employmentopportunity laws in the US and in countries where they do business. (T; easy) 36.U.S. citizens working overseas for U.S. companies do not have the same equalemployment opportunity protection as those working within U.S. borders. (F;easy)37.In the U.S., equal employment opportunity laws were only introduced a fewyears ago. (F; easy)38.Managing diversity means maximizing diversity’s potential advantages whileminimizing the potential barriers that can undermine the functioning of a diverse workforce. (T; easy)39.Equal employment opportunity practices have become necessary because oflegal requirements. (T; easy)40.Equal employment opportunity practices have become necessary because ofglobalization. (T; moderate)41.Equal employment opportunity practices have become necessary because ofchanges in workforce demographics. (T; moderate)42.In most countries, the workforce consists of people from different ethnic origins.(T; moderate)43.Global companies actively recruit and maintain a diverse workforce to tap thetalents from different ethnic groups (T; moderate)44.Managing diversity implies that companies are exploiting workers fromdifferent ethnic groups (F; difficult)2545.Managing diversity involves only compulsory management action. (F;moderate)46.Managing diversity involves only voluntary management action. (F; moderate)47.Managing diversity involves both compulsory and voluntary management action.(T; moderate)48.Managing diversity involves more than just employing workers of differentethnic origins. (T; difficult)49.In most countries, there are laws to prevent discrimination at the workplace (T;easy)50.Diversity management training should include inter-group conflict managementskills. (T; moderate)51.In diversity management practices, supervisors must be trained to deal withinter-group conflict. (T; moderate)52.Training foreign workers in their own language will help them to be moresensitive to ethnic differences. (T, difficult)53.Teaching foreign workers how to speak English will help them to be moresensitive to other cultures. (T; difficult)54.Having employees from different backgrounds helps the company to understanddifferent customer preferences. (T; moderate)55.Having employees from different ethnic groups helps the company to project amulti-cultural image. (T; moderate)56.It is expensive to maintain a multi-cultural workforce. (F; moderate)57.Workplace diversity makes strategic sense. (T; easy)58.Equal employment opportunity is the same as affirmative action. (F; moderate)59.Equal employment opportunity means giving every person an equal chance toget a job. (T; easy)60.The objective of affirmative action is to eliminate past effects of pastdiscrimination. (T; moderate)61.Affirmative action implies giving privileges to some protected groups. (T;difficult)62.Managing diversity is voluntary. (T; moderate)63.Affirmative action programs are mandatory. (T; moderate)2664.In Australia, there are laws to ensure that only Australians are not discriminatedagainst in the workplace. (F; easy)65.In Australia, employees who have been discriminated against by an employermay complain to the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission. (T;easy)66.In Australia, non-Australian employees are not protected against discrimination.(F; difficult)67.In Hong Kong, advertisements that specify gender or marital status are barred.(T; moderate)68.In Hong Kong, the Sex Discrimination Ordinance deals only with discriminationbased on the grounds of sex. (F; moderate)69.In Hong Kong, the Sex Discrimination Ordinance deals with discriminationbased on the grounds of sex, marital status and pregnancy. (T; moderate)70.In Hong Kong, the Sex Discrimination Ordinance covers only work situations.(F; moderate)71.In Hong Kong, it is illegal to have different titles for men and women doing thesame work. (T; moderate)72.In Hong Kong, the Family Status Ordinance protects persons who areresponsible for taking care of their family members. (T; moderate)73.In Hong Kong, the Equal Employment Commission has to power to investigatenon-compliance with the law. (T; easy)74.In Indonesia, there are no anti-discrimination laws for female employees. (T;easy)75.In Indonesia, as there are no anti-discrimination laws, employers may dismisspregnant workers. (F; moderate)76.In Japan, the Equal Employment Opportunity Law provides equality inopportunities concerning recruitment, payment, promotion and training between male and female workers. (T; easy)77.In Japan, the Labor Standards Law prohibits only discrimination in wages andwork hours. (F; moderate)78.Singapore is a multi-racial, multi-religious and multi-cultural society. (T; easy)79.In Singapore, the Code of Responsible Employment Practices helps employersto promote responsible employment practices. (T; easy)80.In Singapore, the Code of Responsible Employment Practices is issued by thegovernment. (F; moderate)2781.In Singapore, employers may be jailed for not complying with the Code ofResponsible Employment Practices. (F; difficult)82.In Singapore, workers may sue their employers under the Code of ResponsibleEmployment Practices. (F; difficult)83.In South Korea, under the Aged Employment Promotion Act, all companiesmust employ some workers in the above-55 age group. (F; moderate)84.In South Korea, under the Employment Promotion Act for the Handicapped, allcompanies must employ some handicapped workers. (F; moderate)85.In South Korea, the Labor Standard Act prohibits employers fromdiscrimination against workers by gender, nationality, religion or social status.(T; easy)86.In Malaysia, the Code of Practice for the Prevention and Handling of SexualHarassment at the Workplace provides a mechanism for redress. (T; moderate) 87.In Malaysia, the Ministry of Human Resources has a special division to handlesexual harassment cases. (T; moderate)88.In Malaysia, the government encourages trade unions to include sexualharassment clauses in the collective agreements. (T; easy)89.In Thailand, women are protected under the Labor Protection Law. (T;moderate)90.In Thailand, women workers may sue their colleagues for making sexist remarksat the workplace. (T; moderate)91.In order to attract the best candidates, employers should adoptnon-discriminatory HR practices. (T; easy)92.Employers should apply non-discriminatory criteria only for some aspects ofemployment. (F; easy).93.Criteria and terms of employment should be made known to all employees. (T;moderate)94.There are business situations where a person’s race may be a requirement for thejob. (T; difficult)95.There are business situations where a person’s national origin may be arequirement for the job. (T; difficult)28Essay/ Short Answer96.What are the five sets of voluntary organizational activities that support thesuccess of a diversity management program? (moderate)Answer: The activities are to provide strong leadership, assess the situation, provide diversity training and education, change culture and management systems, and evaluate the diversity management program.97.Several Asian countries have introduced anti-discrimination laws that make itunlawful to treat a person unfairly because of certain attributes. Give two examples.Answer: In Japan, the Labor Standards Law prohibits discrimination in wages, work hours and other labor conditions because of nationality, creed or social status. In South Korea, its Labor Standard Act prohibits employers from discrimination against workers by gender, nationality, religion, or social status.98.What is the purpose of introducing the Code of Responsible EmploymentPractices in Singapore?Answer: To help employers promote responsible employment practices regardless of race, religion, age, gender, marital status, disability or factors which are not relevant to the job.99.In some business situations, a person’s race, nationality or religion may be arequirement for a job. Give some examples.Answer: a) When the employee is recruit to deal with clients of a specific language group. b) When the employee has to handle food or products that are not permitted by some religions (e.g. Muslims are not allowed to handle pork;Hindus do not eat beef).29。

The United StatesI. Choose the correct answer.1. In area, the United States is the c largest country in the world.a. 2ndb. 3rdc. 4thd. 5th2. The Midwest in the US refers to the region d .a. west of the Mississippi Valleyb. west of the Appalachian Mountainsc. east of the Rocky Mountainsd. around the Great Lakes and the upper Mississippi Valley.3. The Backbone of North America refers to the b .a. Appalachian Mountainsb. Rocky Mountainsc. the Rocky Mountainsd. Sierra Nevada Mountains4. Death Valley is on the western edge of a .a. the Great Basinb. Californiac. the Rocky Mountainsd. the Sierra Nevada Mountains5. Which region might have a dust storm in summer? ca. The Deep South.b. The Middle West.c. The Great Plainsd. The Central Valley of California.6. Which area has the highest rainfall in the US? ba. The region around the Great Lakes.b. The western part of Washington State.c. The Middle Atlantic states.d. The Central Valley of California.7. The US primary suppliers of foreign oil are the following countries exceptb .a. Canadab. Japanc. Venezuelad. Saudi Arabia8. The US largest open-pit copper-mining center is in b .a. Californiab. Utahc. Montanad. South Dakota9. The over 3 million of early Americans in 1790 were mostly of ancestry. ca. Spanishb. Frenchc. Britishd. Dutch10. How many immigrants were legally received by the US each year during the1980s? ba. About 270,000.b. About 700,000.c. About 675,000.d. About 800,00011. The official racial segregation continued to be the law of the US untild .a. 1860b. 1863c. 1918d. 195412. American Indians now mainly live in the a .a. Southb. Westc. Midwestd. Northeast13. The majority of American Hispanics are from the following countries exceptc .a. Mexicob. Cubac. Spaind. Puerto Rico14. According to the text, which region now leads in percentage increase in population? ca. The Northeast.b. The Great Plains.c. The South.d. The West.15. According to the 1994 US census, the second most populous state in theUS is c .a. Californiab. New Yorkc. Texasd. Washington16. The trend in migration from cities to suburbs now prevailed in all regionb .a. the Northeastb. the Southc. the Midwestd. the West17. According to the text, the ancestors of the present American Indians came from c .a. Europeb. Africac. Asiad. Mongolia18. Which is not correct to explain the reasons for the sudden daring exploration of the unknown in the mid-15th century? aa. The ambition for the cast lands.b. The strong desire for Eastern goods.c. The improvements in navigation and naval architecture.d. The great spirit of adventure started by the Renaissance.19. On his voyage of 1492, Columbus expected to reach c .a. the New worldb. the West Indiesc. Indiad. America20 Among the following navigators who discovered the route to India? ba. Christopher Columbus.b. Vasco da Gama.c. Bartholoneu Diaz.d. Ferdinand Magellan.21. Who was sent by the English King to explore the new way to the East? ba. Jacques Cartier.b. John Cabot.c. Bartholeneu Diaz.d. Ferdinand Magellan.22. Which colony in the following was not founded first by the English? ca. Virginia.b. Massachusetts.c. New Yorkd. Georgia.23. The breadbasket colonies include the following ones exceptd .a. New Yorkb. Pennsylvaniac. Marylandd. Virginia24. The last one fo the 13 colonies was c , which was established in 1733.a. North Carolinab. South Carolinac. Georgiad. Maryland25. There was a great change in British policy towards the 13 colonies after .a. 1760b. 1763c. 1764d. 176726. Which Act first set a large scale of opposition in the colonies? ba. The Sugar Act of 1764.b. The Stamp Act of 1765.c. The Quartering Act of 1765.d. The Tea Act27. The Tea Act of 1773 was passed by the British Parliament in order toc .a. get more money from the coloniesb. provide cheap tea for the American consumersc. help the British East India Companyd. monopolize the American tea business28. The First Continental Congress was attended by the representatives fromall the colonies except d .a. Delawareb. Pennsylvaniac. Massachusettsd, Georgia29. The first shot of the American War of Independence was fired in b .a. Concordb. Lexingtonc. Philadelphiad. Boston30. Thomas Paine’s Common Sense urged the American colonists tod .a. abolish slavery in the coloniesb. continue a shipping trade with Englandc. win independence through peaceful meansd. declare their independence31. The principal author of the Declaration of Independence was b .a. Benjamin Franklinb. Thomas Jeffersonc. George Washingtond. John Adams32. Which victory was considered as the turning point of the War ofIndependence? ca. The victory at Trenton.b. The victory at Boston.c. The victory at Saratoga.d. The victory at Yorktown.33. The Confederation created in 1781 was a a .a. very loose union of statesb. very powerful central governmentc. very firm league of statesd. weak government without the legislative power34. Who was called the Father of the US Constitution? da. George Washington.b. Benjamin Franklin.c. Alexander Hamilton.d. James Madison.35. According to the text, the Constitution was framed on the following ideas except that d .a. there should be three branches of government: one to make laws, anotherto execute them, and a third to settle questions of lawb. the three branches should be able to check and balance the otherc. the national government is a government of the people, and not of states aloned. the new government should impose its authority on the people through states36. Those who supported the Constitution and preferred a strong national government were called c .a. Democratsb. Republicansc. Federalistsd. Antifederalists37. How many states were needed to ratify the Constitution? ba. Eightb. Ninec. Elevend. Thirteen38. Which is incorrect to comment on the Federalist Papers? da. They support the ratification of the Constitutionb. The defend the principles of the Constitutionc. They help dispel the fears of a national authorityd. They spell out the people’s right39. The amendment of the Constitution requires the approval of at least c of the states.a. one-thirdb. two-thirdsc. three-fourthsd. three-fifths40. When the Second War of Independence broke out in 1812, the US president was b .a. Thomas Jeffersonb. James Madisonc. John Adamsd. James Monroe41. The Monroe Doctrine had the following features or ideas exceptd .a. non-colonizationb. America for Americansc. non-interventiond. Latin America for Europeans42. The US continental expansion was almost complete by d .a. 1840b. 1845c. 1846d. 184843. Cotton became the most profitable crop in the South mainly because of the b .a. use of irrigation on plantationb. Whitney’s cotton ginc. slave labourd. improved agricultural techniques44. in 1854, the Republican Party was founded by some b .a. slaveholdersb. abolitionistsc. democratsd. proslavery persons45. In his inaugural address in 1861, Lincoln showed clearly that heb .a. would abolish slavery in the Southb. would not abolish slavery immediately but to preserve the Unionc. would wage a war against slaveryd. had no idea to abolish slavery in the South46. Which of the following statements about the Emancipation Proclamation is not accurate? aa. It immediately freed all slaves living in the United States.b. It freed slaves only in the Confederacy.c. It brought many blacks to serve in the Union Army.d. It gave the North a high moral reason for continuing the war.47. the most important advantage the North had over the South in the Civil War was its d .a. manpowerb. superior military leadershipc. European alliesd. industrial superiority48. An advantage the South had over the North was its d .a. great mineral resourcesb. great number of railroadsc. manpowerd. superior military leadership49. The first US president who faced impeachment proceedings wasb .a. James Buchananb. Andrew Johnsonc. Ulysses S. Grantd. Rutherford B. Hays50. The radical Reconstruction was ended under President d .a. Abraham Lincolnb. Andrew Johnsonc. Ulysses S. Grantd. Rutherford B. Hays51. Gold was discovered in California in c .a. 1828b. 1838c. 1848d. 185852. The first transcontinental railroad in the US was completed in c .a. 1850b. 1859c. 1869d. 189053. Telephone was invented in 1876 by b .a. Thomas B. Edisonb. Alexander D. Bellc. Guglielmo Marconid. George Westinghouse54. According to the text the value of manufactured goods in the US was worthtwice as that of her agricultural products by d .a. 1860b. 1890c. 1894d. 190055. The first imperialist, the US-Spanish War, broke out in c .a. 1886b. 1890c. 1898d. 190056. After US-Spanish War, the US acquired all the following areas exceptd .a. Puerto Ricob. Guamc. the Philippinesd. Cuba57. By the beginning of the 20th century the country that took the first placein economy in Europe was a .a. Germanyb. Francec. Britaind. Russia58. When the First World War began, President Wilson immediately called uponthe American people to b .a. be ready for the warb. observe strict neutralityc. give financial help to the Alliesd. end the trade relations with Germany59. The US joined the First World War in d .a. 1914b. 1915c. 1916d. 191760. Wilson’s Fourteen Points did not include the point of d .a. disarmamentb. creation of an international organization of nationsc. freedom of the seas, in peace and ward. creation of an international peacekeeping force61. Which statement about the US in 1920s is not true? ba. The gross national product rose.b. Only the rich could afford new consumer goods.c. The youth suspected the values of the older generation.d. There was a fast urbanization in the whole country.62. In responding to the Depression, President Hoover thought that the basic role of the Government was to b .a. provide government aid for the poorb. create conditions favorable to the development of private enterprisesc. intervene in the affairs of economyd. take the responsibility for the welfare of the people63. The agricultural Adjustment Act was an attempt to deal with the farmers’problem of d .a. soil erosionb. declining labor supplyc. inflationd. overproduction64. Which one is not right to comment on the New Deal? da. It relieved unemployment through a vast scheme of public works.b. It offered relief to farmers through providing money at low rates of interest.c. It brought in old age and unemployment insurance through providing a system of pension.d. It reduced the commodity prices by limiting production and devaluing the dollar.65. Between 1935 and 1939, American foreign policy included all of the following except d .a. the prohibition of the sale of arms or equipment to nations at warb. the prohibition of loans to belligerent nationsc. cash-and-carry policyd. active intervention to prevent aggression66. The US formerly entered the Second World War in d .a. 1937b. 1939c. 1940d. 194167. Normandy Landing took place on a .a. June 6, 1944b. July 6, 1944c. April 30, 1945d. April 12, 194568. At which conference did Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin agree to calla conference of all the United Nations in San Francisco in April 1945? da. The Conference in Teheran, on Nov. 28, 1943.b. The Conference in Cairo, on Nov. 23, 1943.c. The Conference at Dumbarton Oaks, in the fall of 1944.d. Yalta Conference, in Feb. 1945.69. The post-World War II program of economic assistance to Western Europe was known as c .a. containment policyb. Truman Planc. Marshall Pland. Communist prevention70. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., advocated the philosophy of b .a. economic equalityb. nonviolencec. military protestd. black power71. Thousands of American soldiers were sent to Vietnam under Presidentc .a. Dwight D. Eisenhowerb. John F. Kennedyc. Lyndon B. Johnsond. Richard M. Nixon72. The formal diplomatic relation at the ambassadorial rank between China and the US was established under President b .a. Nixonb. Carterc. Reagand. Bush73. The power of the state in the US is actually from d .a. the central governmentb. the state constitutionc. the US Constitutiond. both b and c74. The supreme law of the United States includes d .a. the US Constitutionb. treaties under the authority of the United Statesc. laws to ensure the constitutional power being practicedd. all the above three75. The terms of the senator and representative are d and years respectively.a. two…fourb. two…threec. two…sixd. six…two76. Which Amendment provided for the direct election of senators? ba. The 16th Amendment (1913)b. The 17th Amendment (1913)c. The 18th Amendment (1919)d. The 19th Amendment (1920)77. Certain presidential appointments must be approved by a majority vote in d .a. Congressb. the Housec. the Supreme Courtd. the Senate78. All revenue or tax bills must be originated in b .a. the Cabinetb. the Housec. the Senated. the Executive Office79. Who is second in line in presidential succession? aa. The Speaker of the House.b. The Vice President.c. The president pro tempore.d. The leader of the majority party in the Senate.80. In the House, the power to decide when the full House will hear the bill is vested in a .a. the Rules Committeeb. the standing committeec. Subcommitteed. the select committee81. Which one in the following limits the President to two successive terms only? ca. The 20th Amendment (1933)b. The 21st Amendment (1933)c. The 22nd Amendment (1951)d. The 23rd Amendment (1961)82. The American President has all the following powers except c .a. deploying armed forcesb. making treatiesc. declaring war on another countryd. granting pardons83. The president’s major appointments should be approved by c .a. Congressb. the Housec. the Senated. the Supreme Court84. Which is not correct to explain the executive agreement? ca. An agreement between the president and another country.b. It has the force of a treaty.c. It requires the approval of Congress.d. It does not require the Senate’s advice and consent.85. the President’s veto can be overridden by two-thirds votes in c .a. the Houseb. the Senatec. both housesd. the Supreme Court86. The federal courts that regularly employ grand and petit juries arec .a. the Supreme Courtb. the courts of appealc, the district courtsd. specialized courts87. The highest authority of the Supreme Court is d .a. to review decisions of the courts of appealb. to review decisions of the federal district courtsc. to try the impeachment cased. to interpret the US Constitution88. The cases involving copyright, trademark, counterfeiting, and bank robbery are usually first tried in c .a. the courts of appealb. the appellate courtc. the federal district courtsd. the state supreme court89. The emblem of the Democratic Party is b .a. elephantb. donkeyc. beard. bull90. The first Democratic President was c .a. George Washingtonb. Abraham Lincolnc. Thomas Jeffersond. Andrew Jackson91. The first Republican President was b .a. George Washingtonb. Abraham Lincolnc. Thomas Jeffersond. Andrew Jackson92. The only Democratic President who served two separate terms between the end of Civil War and 1912 was a .a. Grover Clevelandb. William McKinleyc. Theodore Rooseveltd. Woodrow Wilson93. The presidential candidate of the major party is nominated b .a. at the state conventionb. at the national conventionc. by the leaders from state party organizationsd. by the party’s national committee94. In the presidential election year the American voters vote on thea .a. Tuesday after the first Mondayb. first Tuesdayc. Tuesday after the second Mondayd. Monday after the first Tuesday95. The number of the presidential electors in each state is equal to the number of c .a. its senatorsb. its representativesc. its senators and Representativesd. its counties96. The American President is actually elected by c .a. the Houseb. the Senatec. presidential electorsd. American citizens97. Who is chiefly responsible for education in the US?a. The federal government.b. The state government.c. the county government.d. The local government.98. In the US school system, there are twelve levels called c .a. classesb. divisionsc. gradesd. degrees99. The elementary and secondary education in the US lasts c .a. 8 yearsb. 10 yearsc. 12 yearsd. 14 years100. The average teacher salary in private secondary schools is b that in public schools.a. higher thanb. lower thanc. almost same asd. half of101. A great majority of doctor-level universities in the US are c .a. privateb. supported by religious groupsc. publicd. supported by private funds102. After completing four-year study in a college, the student usually canearn c .a. a university degreeb. graduate degreec. a bachelor’s degreed. a master’s degree103. In order to remain in college the student must maintain at least a average. ba. Bb. Cc. Dd. F104. The first daily newspaper in America was published in c .a. 1690b. 1775c. 1783d. 1800105. Which newspaper first uncovered the Watergate scandal in 1972? ba. New York Times.b. Washington Post.c. New York Daily News.d. Los Angeles Times.106. The world most-read magazine is c .a. TV Guideb. Timec. Reader’s Digestd. People Weekly107. The TV networks in the US are owned b .a. by the federal governmentb. by private companiesc. by state governmentd. by local governments108. Democratic and Republican National Conventions were televised for thefirst time in c .a. 1945b. 1950c. 1952d. 1960109. Which one in the following is not proper to describe the American family values? da. Individual freedom.b. Belief in equality.c. Personal independence.d. Formal and strict relations between parents and children.110. If a junior staff member challenges and argues points with an older executive, the junior is considered being d .a. impoliteb. rudec. immorald. harmless111. To make distinctions between persons, the Americans may use b .a. the family titleb. the occupational titlec. Mr. or Ms.d. Sir or Ma’am112. To Americans, if weaknesses were pointed out by others, it would be c .a. disgracefulb. all rightc. resentfuld. indifferent113. By American standards, which one in the following is not a taboo? da. Financial affairs.b. Person’s age.c. Religion.d. Person’s work.114. According to the text, which word in the following is not proper to describe an American? ca. Optimistic.b. Acquisitive.c. Formal.d. Frank.II. Fill in the blanks:1.“The backbone of the continent” refers to . (theRocky Mountains)2.During Ratification, those who supported the Constitution and preferreda strong national government were called , their opponentswere called . (Federalists, Antifederalists)3.The war of 1812 was also known as for America goteconomically independent after it. (Second War of Independence)4.Washington D. C. is situated on River which is the traditionaldividing line between the South and the North. (the Potomac)5.The United States is the most populous country. (third)6.In his Abraham Lincoln expressed his ideas of a democraticgovernment “of the people, by the people and for the people.”(Gettysburg Address)7.In the year , President Nixon visited China, and later during‘s presidency, formal diplomatic relations between China and the UnitedStates were established. (1972, Jimmy Carter)8.The division of powers by a constitution between the central governmentand state government is called . (Federalism)9.By law any American citizen of and over years of ageand of being a resident within the United States for years canrun for the President. The duly elected and duly qualified president-electtakes office on the of January following his election.(natural-born, 35, 14, 20th)10.When a Bill is vetoed by the President, it can still become a law if theCongress . the veto by a vote of both houses. (override,two-thirds)11.The United States is bordered on the north by , on the south byand , on the east by , and on the west by .(Canada, Mexico, The Gulf of Mexico, The Atlantic, the Pacific)12.Because the New England colonies were difficult of farming, they becamea center for . and . The middle colonies were known asthe , which produced wheat and potatoes as the major staple. Thesouthern colonies developed a . system. The main crop in the Southwas , much later, . (fishing, shipbuilding, breadbasket,plantation, tobacco, cotton)13.The First World War was waged between tow groups of imperialistpowers: . and . ( the Allies/the Entente, the CentralEuropean Powers)14.The major triumph for Wilson at the Paris Peace Conference was theformation of the . (League of Nations)15.The Nineteenth Amendment to the US Constitution was adopted in ,which granted women the right to . (1920, vote)16.The Great Depression started with the sudden collapse of the inNew York in October, . This economic distress extended to Europe,Asia, Australia and South America. (stock market, 1929)17.The candidate with the most voters in a state wins all of that state’svotes. This is known as the “”principle. The candidates whowins the of the 538 Electoral College votes will be US Presidentin the next four years. (electoral, winner-take-all, 270)18.American universities offer three main categories of graduate degrees:1) , 2) , 3) . (bachelor’s, master’s, Ph. D)19.Each of the fifty states in the US provides a free schooling ofyears to its residents. (12)20.Among the five Great Lakes, only Lake belongs entirely to theUS. (Michigan)21.The emblem of the Democratic Party is , and that of theRepublican Party is . is considered the firstDemocratic President, and first Republican President is .(donkey, elephant, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln)III. True or False Statements:1.People usually regard Christopher Columbus as the discoverer of the NewWorld, though before him, Norsemen from Scandinavia had already found thiscontinent.2.During the Ratification of the Constitution, Thomas Jefferson and otherfederalists worked hard to support a strong central government.3.The Missouri Compromise brought a solution to the immediate problem ofthe extension of slavery.4.Germany’s unrestricted submarine campaign against merchant ships was oneof the reasons that pushed America into World War I.5.Standing committees are permanent ones to determine whether proposedlegislation should be presented to the entire House or Senate forconsideration.6.Louisiana Purchase was the largest real estate deal in US history, whichgot for America the present Louisiana State.7.Franklin Roosevelt was one of the greatest American Presidents whose NewDeal effectively put an end to the Great Depression.8.The Vice President is officially the presiding officer of the House ofRepresentatives, and in his absence, the president pro tempore takes hisplace to deal with day-to-day business.9.Immediately after Abraham Lincoln took office, the southern states beganto secede from the Federal Union and organized the Confederate States ofAmerica.10.The people of the US are predominantly white, among whom the most powerfuland influential group is the White Anglo-Saxon Protestants who are thedescendents of the early English settlers.11.Voting requirements are different in one state from another, and votingqualifications are not determined by federal government.12.When the state governments act out the powers given to it in theconstitution, the Federal Government has no right to interfere.13.In the , every state constitution divided political power among threeelements.14.The power of the state in the US is actually from the state constitutionand the US Constitution.15.The supreme law of the United States includes the US Constitution,treaties under the authority of the United States and laws to ensure the constitutional power being practiced.16.It was the New York Times that first uncovered the Watergate scandal in1972.17.Generally speaking, older people with more education and high income tendto vote while the youth, especially aged 18 to 21, has the lowest voting percentage in the United States.18.As the opposite of Federalists, the Anti-Federalists insisted on theexpansion of slavery in the country.IV. Explain the following terms:FederalismMelting potMosaicSeparation of powersJudicial reviewWinner-take-allFilibusterPocket vetoCold warNew DealMissouri CompromiseV. Questions for discussion1.How many states are there in the United States? And which two states aregeographically separated from the others?2.What are the general characters of the Rocky Mountains and the AppalachianMountains?3.Do you think that geography has played an important role in the economicdevelopment of the United States? Explain.4.Why is the United States known as a “melting pot”?5.What factors cause the Americans to move frequently within the UnitedStates?6.Why do many Americans now migrate from cities to suburbs?7.Discuss the pre-Columbian cultures in the Americas.8.Why did the discoveries of the New World before Columbus not exert greatinfluence in the world at that time?9.Why did so many English people move to the New World in the 17th century?10.What was the social structure of the 13 colonies?11.Why did not the American Indians become slaves during the colonial days?12.How do you understand checks and balances in American political system?13.What do you know about the American Civil War, its causes, process, results,etc?14.How do you comment on the constitutional division of powers in Americanpolitical system?15.Which president in American history do you think is the greatest? Why?。

Chapter1 Geographical Features and Natural Resources1.In area, the United States is the 4th largest country in the world.2.The Midwest in the US refers to the region around the Great Lakes and the upper Mississippi Valley.3.The Backbone of North America refers to the Rocky Mountains4.Death Valley is on the western edge of the Great Basin.5.The Great Plains might have a dust storm in summer.6.The western part of Washington State has the highest rainfall in the US.7.The US primary suppliers of foreign oil are the following countries except Japan8.The US largest open-pit copper-mining center is in Utah.1. The United States is bordered on the north by Canada, on the south by Mexico and the Guff of Mexico, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.2. The large territory of the continental US is divided into three basic areas:A. the Atlantic seacoast west to the AppalachiansB. the Mississippi River BasinC. the Rockies west to the Pacific3. The Middle Atlantic States are the most densely populated region in the US, where the land is flat and fertile.4. The Central Valley of California is a highly productive area, which produced enormous amounts of fruits and vegetables.5. Most production of oil and natural gas in the US comes from offshore areas of Louisiana and Texas, and from onshore areas of Texas, Oklahoma and California. Her big consumption of energy now has made America insufficient in oil supply. The US reliance of foreign oil has reminded consistently in the 40% ranges.6. The United States has little trouble caused by the shortage of fresh water. Farmlands in the US making up about 12% of the arable lands in the world, and they are among the richest and most productive.Chapter 2 American Population1.The over 3 million of early Americans in 1790 were mostly of British ancestry.2.About 700,000 immigrants were legally received by the US each year during the 1980s.3.The official racial segregation continued to be the law of the US until 1954.4.American Indians now mainly live in the South.5.The majority of American Hispanics are from the following countries except Spain.6.The West now leads in percentage increase in population.7.According to the 1994 US census, the second most populous state in the US is Taxes.8.The trend in migration from cities to suburbs now prevailed in all regions except the South.1.The United States is the third most populous nation in the world.2.Prior to 1875 anyone from any country could enter the US freely and take up permanent residence there. Later the US Congress passed laws restricting immigration on the basis of morality, race, and national origin. The 1952 Immigration and Nationality Act reaffirmed national origin as the chief criterion for eligibility and established a preferential system for skilled workers and for relatives of the US citizens. For many years the US restricted to total number of immigrants to 270,000 each year, although the real immigrants numbered much greater than the limit. The 1990 Immigration Act limits the total number of immigrants to 700,000 from 1992 to 1995 and 675,000 thereafter.3.The first blacks arrived in Jamestown in 1619 as indentured servants, but soon[ after 1619 they were brought to colonies as slaves. The blacks were formally freed in1863, but continued to suffer the institutionalized segregation for about a century. Today many blacks still live in the South, some have entered the middle class, but one-third of all black families still live below the poverty line.4.The Chinese-Americans have proved to be industrious and intelligent. They are now viewed as a “model minority” in the US. According to the 2010 US census, there were about 3.8 million Chinese-Americans living in the US. The figure was more than twice what it was in 1990.Chapter 3 Discovery and Colonization of the New World1. The ancestors of the present American Indians came from Asia.2.“The ambition for the vast lands”is not correct to explain the reasons for the sudden daring exploration of the unknown in the mid-15th century.3. On his voyage of 1492, Columbus expected to reach India.4. Vasco da Gama discovered the route to India.5. John Cabot was sent by the English King to explore the new way to the east.6. New York was not founded first by the English.7. The breadbasket colonies include the following ones except Virginia. (New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland)8. The last one of the 13 colonies was Georgia, which was established in 1733.1. In 1488 Bartholomew Diaz, sailing under the Portuguese flag, went to the Cape of Good Hope at the southern Africa. In 1492 Christopher Columbus, financed by rulers of Spain sailed west across the Atlantic Ocean and discovered the islands of the Caribbean. He was convinced that he had found the continent of Asia.2. The South Africa was discovered by Amerigo Vespucci who showed the land he arrived in was a new continent. Before long the land was named America after his name.3. Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement, was founded in 1607. In 1620, Pilgrims and others arrived in Plymouth, Massachusetts. They drew up “Mayflower Compact”4. By 1775, the 13 colonies in North America could be classified as the following three kinds. Specify how the governors were chosen in each.a. Royal: appointed by the English Kingb. Proprietary: chosen by proprietorsc. Self-governing: elected by residents5. Because the New England colonies were difficult of farming, they become a center for fishing and shipbuilding. The middle colonies were known as the breadbasket, which produced wheat and potatoes as the major staple. The southern colonies developed a plantation system. The main crop in the South was tobacco. Much later, cotton became important crop.Chapter 4 American Revolution1. There was a great change in policy towards the 13 colonies after 1763.2. The Stamp Act of 1765 first set a large scale of opposition in the colonies.3. The Tea Act of 1773 was passed by the British Parliament in order to help the British East India Company.4. The First Continental Congress was attended by the representatives from all the colonies except Georgia.5. The first shot of the American War of Independence was fired in Lexington.6. Thomas Paine’s Common Sense urged the American colonists to declare their in dependence.7. The principal author of the Declaration of Independence was Thomas Jefferson.8. The victory at Saratoga was considered as the turning point of the War of Independence.1. During the colonial days the English ruling class did everything they could to control the development of the colonial economy. The colonies in North America were supposed to complement and not compete with English industry.2. Within the five years from 1763 to 1767 after the war with France, the British government adopted several measures to extract more money from colonies. The Sugar Act of 1764 and the Stamp Act of 1765, for example, laid taxes on certain imports and numerous articles in America to help pay for the costs of British government in the colonies.3. The Sons of Liberty was formed in 1765 to organize the opposition to the Stamp Act. They favored to take violent action to the stamp collectors.4. The first Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia in Sep.1774. The majority of the representatives still favor to take peaceful means to settle the quarrel with the British. They agreed to refuse to buy English goods, hoping in this way to force the British government to give in to their demands. This united action could be called boycott.5. The Declaration of Independence was signed on July 4, 1776. Karl Marx once called it “the first declaration of the rights of the individual”.6. The American War of Independence lasted 7 years. The fighting was actually ended in 1781, but the final treaty between Britain and the United States was signed in Paris in 1783. The boundaries of the United States were fixed roughly from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River on the west and from the Great Lakes on the north to Spanish Florida on the south. The direct social change brought about by the American Revolution was the emancipation of slaves who fought against the British.Chapter 5 the Confederation and the Constitution1. The confederation created in 1781 was a very loose union of states.2. James Madison was called the Father of the US Constitution.3. The Constitution was frames on the following ideals except that the new government should impose its authority on the people through states.4. Those who supported the Constitution and preferred a strong national government were called Federalists.5. Nine States were needed to ratify the Constitution.6. “They spell out the people’s right” is incorrect to comment on the Federalist Papers.7. The amendment of the Constitution requires the approval of at least three-fourths of the states.8. When the Second War of Independence broke out in 1812, the US president was James Madison.1. Under the Articles of Confederation the national government consisted of only a legislature; it had no separate executive and judicial divisions. The state government was left the exclusive powers to regulate commerce and to tax their citizens.2. The Constitutional Convention was held in Philadelphia in 1787. Fifty-five delegates from all states except Rhode Island attended the opening session. The president of the convention was George Washington.3. The Antifederalists opposed the constitution and preferred a more decentralized federal system of government.4. George Washington was elected unanimously as the first US President in 1788. The first Vice-President was John Adams, and the first Secretary of Treasury was Alexander Hamilton, and the first Secretary of State was Thomas Jefferson.5. the most glorious achievement of Jefferson as President was the Louisiana Purchase, which was about 828,000 square miles. This Purchase doubled the area of the then United States.6. The War of 1812 is also called the Second War of Independence. This war lasted three years and ended in another American victory. An important result of the war was the strengthening of national unity and patriotism. And it was after this war that the US was able to make the change of a semi-colonial economy into a really independent national economy.Chapter 6 American Expansion and the Civil War1. The Monroe Doctrine had the following features or ideas except Latin America for Europeans.2. The US continental expansion was almost complete by 1848.3. Cotton became the most profitable crop in the South mainly because of the Whitney’s cotton gin.4. In 1854, the Republican Party was founded by some abolitionists.5. In his inaugural address in 1861, Lincoln showed clearly that he would not abolish slavery immediately but to preserve the Union.6. “It immediately freed all slaves living in the United States” about the Emancipation Proclamation is not accurate.7. the most important advantage the North had over the South in the Civil War was its industrial superiority.8. An advantage the South had over the North was its superior military leadership.1. The essence of the Monroe Doctrine was “America for Americans” which later became the cornerstone of the US foreign policy.2. The US expansion to the west may be treated in three stages;A. the settlement of the region between seaboard states and the Mississippi RiverB. the settlement of the Louisiana Territoryc. the occupation of the far Southwest.3. The great majority of dwellers in Louisiana Territory were the descendants of the French pioneers. They settled mainly in two cities: St. Louis and New Orleans.4. Oregon Territory was settled between Britain and the United States in 1846. Its boundary on the north was fixed at the forty-ninth parallel of north latitude.5. Under Missouri Compromise, Missouri was admitted as a slave state, but the balance of political power maintained by admission of Maine as a free state. In addition, slavery was to be prohibited in the rest of Louisiana Territory north of the line36°30’ parallel.6. In 1862, the federal government took two revolutionary measures: (1) Homestead Act and (2) Emancipation proclamation.7. In July 1863 came the turning point of the war at Gettysburg. Here the Confederate army under the general Robert E. Lee was defeated. The battlefield was made a national cemetery, where Lincoln gave his famous speech, the Gettysburg Address, on November 19, 1863.8. In 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution was adopted, which abolished slavery throughout the United States.Chapter 7 Reconstruction and the Birth of US Imperialism1. The first US president who faced impeachment proceedings was Andrew Johnson.2. The radical Reconstruction was ended under the President Rutherford B. Hays3. Gold was discovered in California in 1848.4. The first transcontinental railroad in the US was completed in 1869.5. Telephone was invented in 1876 by Alexander D. Bell.6. The value of manufactured goods in the US was worth twice as that of her agricultural products by 1900.7. The first imperialist war, the US—Spanish War, broke out in 1898.8. After the US—Spanish War, the US acquired all the following areas except Cuba (Puerto Rico, Guam, the Philippines)1. The Reconstruction Acts divided all the former Confederate states, except Tennessee, into five military districts and each was put under the control of a Northern army officer. The officer had the power to keep order and to enforce martial law if necessary.2. During the Reconstruction period many Northerners moved to the south .Whatever their motives, these Northerners came to be called carpetbaggers because they were said to have brought all their belongings to the South in a small, cheap suitcase made out of a carpet like material.3. During the Reconstruction the Southern whites who supported the radical reconstruction and joined the Republican Party were called scalawags. They were considered as traitors by the Southern Democrats.4. The KKK, founded in Tennessee in 1866, was a secret society for restoring white supremacy and driving blacks out of politics.5. During Theodore Roosevelt’s presidency the US got control of Panama Canal.Chapter 8 World War I and the Depression1. By the beginning of the 20th century the country that took the first place in economy in Europe was Germany.2. When the First World War began, President Wilson immediately called upon the American people to observe strict neutrality.3. The US joined the First World War in 1917.4. Wilson’s Fourteen Points did not include the point of creation of an international peacekeeping force.5. “Only the rich could afford new consumer goods” about the US in 1920s is not true.6. In responding to the Depression, President Hoover thou ght that the basic role of the Government was to “create conditions favorable to the development of private enterprises”.7. The agricultural Adjustment Act was an attempt to deal with the farmers’ problem of overproduction.8. “It reduced the commodity prices by limiting production and devaluing the dollar” is not right to comment on the New Deal.1. The First World War was waged between two groups of imperialist powers: the Allies and the Central European Power.2. The direct cause that made the US declare war on Germany in 1917was the Germany’s unlimited campaign.3. The major triumph for Wilson at the Paris Peace Conference was the formation of the League of Nations.4. The United States didn’t join the League of Nations because the US Senate refused to approve the Treaty of Versailles.5. Three major treaties were concluded at the Washington Conference:(1) The Four-Power Treaty, respecting the status quo in the Pacific.(2) The Five-Power Treaty, on naval arms apportionment.(3) The Nine-Power Treaty, guaranteeing the independence and integrity of China in appearance, but actually a public international affirmation of the Open Door policy.6. The Nineteenth Amendment to the US Constitution was adopted in 1920, which granted women the right to vote.7. The Great Depression started with the sudden collapse of the Stock Market in New York in October, 1929. This economic distress extended to Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and South America.Chapter 9 American During and After World War II1. Between 1935 and 1939, American foreign policy included all of the following except active intervention to prevent aggression.2. The US formally entered the Second World War in 1941.3. Normandy Landing took place on June 6, 1944.4. At Yalta Conference, in Feb. 1945 did Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin agree to call a conference of all the United Nations in San Francisco in April 1945.5. The post-World War II program of economic assistance to Western Europe was known as Marshall Plan.6. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., advocated the philosophy of nonviolence.7. Thousands of American soldiers were sent to Vietnam under the President Lyndon B. Johnson.8. The formal diplomatic relation at the ambassadorial rank between China and the US was established under the President Carter.1. The cash-and-carry policy allowed US citizens to sell certain no prohibited goods to belligerent nations as long as thosegoods were not transported on American ships.2. Lend-Lease Act enabled any country whose defense the President considered vital to that of the US to receive arms and other equipment and supplies by sale, transfer, exchange, or lease. F.D. Roosevelt explained the Act would make the US the arsenal of world democracy.3. Civil rights involve government protection of individuals against discrimination based on their race,religion nation origin, gender, age, and other factors. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was honored for his effort to fight discrimination. In 1964, he won the Nobel Prize for peace.4. Star Wars program was proposed by President Reagan in 1983. The program seeks to construct a defensive “shield” against incoming missiles. The shield would be made of laser and electronic devices that would destroy such missiles launched to attack the US.5. In 1990, President Bush ordered Operation Desert Storm to punish Iraq, more than 200000 US troops were sent to Saudi Arabia, and the US navy blocked all oil exports from Iraq and all imports except food.6. Under Clinton, the US enjoyed an economic growth for nine consecutive years. This phenomenon, hardly seen before, has been termed the “new economy” by some. The fundamental reason for it is that American economic structure went through essential changes because of the promotion of scientific and technological progress.Chapter 10 the Federal System and Congress1. The power of the state in the US is actually from both B and C. (the state constitution, the US Constitution)2. The supreme law of the United States includes all the above three.3. The terms of the senator and representative are six and two years respectively.4.”The 17th Amendment (1913)” provided for the direct election of senators.5. Certain presidential appointments must be approved by a majority vote in the Senate.6. All revenue or tax bills must be originated in the House.7. The Speaker of the House is second in line in presidential succession.8. In the House, the power to decide when the full House will hear the bill is vested in the Rules Committee.1. Federalism means the division of powers by a constitution between the central government and state government. It operates only on two levels, the national and the states. Units of government within a state enjoy no independent existence.2. Separation of powers in the United States means not only allocating legislative power to Congress, executive power to President and judicial power to the Supreme Court, but also giving each branch constitutional and political independence and checks and balances that ensure each of the three branches a sufficient role in the actions of the others.3. According to the Constitution, members of the House of Representatives must be25years old and must have been citizens for 7 years. Senators must be at least 30 and must have been citizens for 9 years.4. The Vice President is officially the presiding officer and is called the president of the Senate. In fact he seldom appears in the Senate chamber in this role unless it appears that there might be tie vote in the Senate. In such instances, he casts the tiebreaking vote. To deal with day-to-day business, the Senate chooses the president pro tempore.5. A senator who wants to delay action on a bill or kill it altogether may use a tactic called a filibuster. It can be cut off only through cloture.6. Lobbying is part of the citizen’s right to petition government in the US. Now there are thousands of lobbyists in Washington D.C. Their influence in making the US policy is so great that some people call them “the third house”.Chapter 11 The President and the Judiciary1. The 22nd Amendment in following limits the President to two successive terms only.2. The American President has all the following powers except declaring war on another country.3. The president’s major appointments should be approved by the Senate.4. “It requires the approval of Congress” is not correct to explain the executive agreement.5. The President’s veto can be overridden by two-third votes in both houses.6. The federal courts that regularly employ grand and petit juries are the district courts.7. The highest authority of the Supreme Court is to interpret the US constitution.8. The case involving copyright, trademark, counterfeiting, and bank robbery are usually first tried in the federal district courts.1.By law any natural-born American citizen of and over 35 years of age and of being a resident within the United States for 14years can run for the President. The duly elected and duly qualified president-elect takes office on the20th of January following his election.2.The war powers resolution (1973) requires the President to consult congress and withdraw troops after sixty days unless Congress specifically approves the continued deployment of troops.3.A federal law gave President an item veto in 1996, which is an authority to reject specific sections of a bill without having to veto the entire bill.4.The Supreme Court has the power to examine the bills passed by Congress and policies made by President, and declare them unconstitutional and thus abolish them. John Marshall, the most famous chief justice in American history called this power of interpretation judicial review5.There are three federal court levels: 1) the district courts 2) the courts of appeal 3) the Supreme Court. All the judges of federal courts are appointed by President with the consent of the Senate. The state court system also has a hierarchy of three levels: 1) superior courts, 2) appellate courts, 3) a state supreme court. The state court judges are usually elected. The term of the country court judges is usually four years. And the judges in higher state courts usually sever eight or twelve years for one termChapter 12 Political Parties and Elections1. The emblem of the Democratic Party is donkey.2. The first Democratic President was Thomas Jefferson.3. The first Republican President was Abraham Lincoln.4. The only Democratic President who served two separate terms between the end of Civil War and 1912 was Grover Cleveland.5. The presidential candidate of the major party is nominated at the national convention.6. In the presidential election year the American voters vote on the Tues, after the 1st Mon.7. The number of the presidential electors in each state is equal to the number of its senators and Representatives.8. The American President is actually elected by presidential electors.1. Two factions emerged during the ratification of the US Constitution. One group was called Federalists led by Alexander Hamilton. They favored business development, a strong national government, and a loose interpretation of the Constitution. Another group led by Thomas Jefferson was called Democratic-Republicans. They called for a society based on small farms, a relatively weak central government, and a strict interpretation of the Constitution. The roots of today’s Republican Party lie in the Federalists, while the Democrats can trace their beginnings back to Antifederalists or Democratic-Republicans.2. In general, Democrats traditionally have supported workers and minorities, while the Republicans are known for known for their support of business and conservative positions on social issues.3. Before 1971 the only state that gave 18-year-old the right to vote was Georgia; all other states set the age at 21. In 1971 the 26th Amendment to the Constitution lowered the voting age to 18.4. The voting percentage now is very low in the United States. In general older people with more education and high income tend to vote, while the youth, especially aged 18 to 21, has the lowest voting percentage in the Unites States.5. The candidate with the most votes in a state wins all of that state’s electoral votes. This is known as the “winner-take-all” principle. The candidate who wins the majority of the 538 Electoral College votes will be the US President in the next four years.。

T he E ngl ish r efor ma tion: religious reform in England in 16 century .as a result, the church of English was established as a state church.T he gl ori ou s r ev ol utio n:William landed at Torbay on NOV 15, 1688 marched upon London. In England this takeover was relatively smooth with no bloodshed nor any execution of the king.T he b i ll o f rig h ts: is the term used to for the first ten amendments to the US constitution. It guarantees freedom of religious, freedom of speech, freedom of press, freedom of assembly and petition, freedom from unreasonable searches and legal rights.U tili tar ia ni sm: was the ideal of Jeremy Bentham suggested the government's function should be to achieve “the greatest happiness of the greatest number”should be done in two ways: government should be efficient; should interfere as little as possible.Blac k D ea th:modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague. Spread though Europe in the 14 century 1347``1650 killed one half and one third the population in England.Con sti tu ti on al M onarc hy: is a system, under this system the King or Queen is head of the state, but their power is limited by Parliament or the law.Bosto n T ea Par ty: in 1773, British ships of tea reached Boston; several dozen residents dressed as Indians boarded the ships at night threw the tea into the harbor.Red Sc ar e: took place in America in 1919`1920.during it many Communists and Progressive people were arrested in America.T he Bri ti sh Co mmo nw ea lth: a voluntary association of some 40 countries that were once British colonies.Whi g s (i n Br itai n): originated with the Glorious Revolution .known by the nickname, derogatory name for cattle drives. Loosely speaking, the Whigs were those who opposed absolutely monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists.N ew D eal: a program put forward by President Roosevelt to overcome the Great Depression.Cou ntercu ltur e: was a movement of revolt against the values, the aesthetic standards, the personal behavior and the social relations of conventional society.Blood y M ary: during Queen Mary's reign, at least 300 Protestants were burnt as heretics.Ch ec ks a nd b a lan c es: it is a system by the US constitution. According to it powers are divided among government branches and those branches check each other.T he thr ee w av es o f i mmigra tion to A mer ica n:1) 1810``1854:2)1860``1890 :3)1890```1914Blac k T hur sd ay o f 1929: referred to Oct 24, 1929, the day when the stock market in the United States collapsed. Tens of millions of shares were dumped on the Market and millions of dollars of paper profit were wiped out within a few hours.T he Ch urc h o f E ng la nd: a state church supported by the British government .the king is head of the Church of England.T erti ary c oll eg es: offer a range of full-time and part-time vocational cause for student over 16, as well as academic courses.T he U S fed era l sy stem: the US Constitution sets up a federal system of government which has two layers of rule .there is a central or federal government for the nation which alone has the power to answer question that affect the nation as a whole .there are also state and local governments .Each layer of government has separate and distinct powers laid down in the Constitution.Buil t envir on ment: refers to those features of the environment built by people or changed by people.Ben efi t o f cl ergy: referred to the privilege given to clerks in English history. At that time, clerks charged with criminals offences were tried in the Bishop's courts instead of in the king's court, and the Bishop's court did not inflict corporal punishment.T he ar ticl es of Co nfed er atio n: It was the first constitution of the US of America adopted at the Second Continental Congress and used during the war of Independence against Britain.Ban k h ol id ay s: are also called official public holidays. The term goes back to the Bank holidays Act of 1871.owes its name to the fact that banks are closed on the days specified.Rou nd h ead s: supporters of parliament in the English Civil Wars called Roundheads because of their short haircutsT he gr ea t C har ter: also know as Magna Carta which the English barons limited the King's powers. Regarded as the foundation of English liberties.T he Ind u str ia l R evo lu ti on: refers to the mechanization of industry and Consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the 18 and 19 centuries. Britain was the first country to industrialize in Europe.T he Ca nad ia n S hi eld: covers almost half of Canada and it is a semicircular band of rocky highlands and plateaus around Houdon Bay from the northern shores of Quebec to the Arctic shores of the northeastterritories.Comp r eh en siv e sc ho ol s take pupils without references to ability or aptitude and provide a wide a wide-ranging secondary education for all or most of the children in a district.T he Pur i tan s were wealthy, well-educated gentlemen .They wanted to purify the Church of England .Dissatisfied with the political corruption in England and threatened with religious persecution, the Puritan leaders saw the New World as the refuge provide by God for those he meant to save.War Pow er A ct: it was an act that limited the president's power in sending troops aboard and required the President to consult Congress before any such decision.T he C ommo nw eal th: it is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The decision to become to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation.E lectora l Col l eg e: the electors of all 50 states and the District of Columbia –a total of 538 persons—persons –comprise what is known as the Electoral College .To be successful, a candidate for the Presidency must receive 270 votes.N o ta xa tio n w ith ou t r ep r esen ta ti on: the people in the British colonies opposed the unfair treatment by the British government. They declared,”No taxation without representation”, that is, without their representatives taking part in decision making, they had no obligation to pay taxes to Britain. Britai n's tw o-p ar ty sy stem: the Conservation party and the Labor Party since 1945 either of the two parties has held power.Rena i ssanc e: was the traditional period between the Middle Ages and modern in Europe ,covering the years C1350-1650.The Renaissance was a period of significant achievement and change.M ultic ul tural i sm: means to recognize that Australians are from different backgrounds and social cohesion is attained by tolerating differences within an agreed legal and constitutional framework. M anifest D estin y: refers to the theory that said it was right for the US to expand territory.T he h und r ed y ear s' w ar: refers to the intermittent war between France and England that lasted from 1337to 1453.E stab li sh ed ch urc h es: two established churches in Britain, that is, churches legally recognized as official churches of state; in England the churches of England and in Scotland the Church of Scotland.Ab oli tio ni sts: were those Americans who demanded immediate abolition of slavery before the Civil War.T op ograp hical r egi on s refer to the regions that divide according to the shape of the surface land.Free churches are some of the Protestant Churches in Britain which are free from government.T he gr ea t d ep r essi on: refers to the great economic crisis that hit the whole capitalist world in the 1930sBlac k p ow er a mov emen t of th e b la c k Muslims led by Malcolm during the civil Rights Movement Contrary to Martian Luther King's idea, Black Power movement advocated violence and attempted to separate themselves from white society.Shad ow cab i n et: the party which wins the second largest number of seats in Parliament becomes the official Opposition and it forms its own “”cabinet” known as Shadow cabinetWha t w as th e si gn ifica nc e o f th e E ngl i sh C ivi l War?Not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe .It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.Wha t w as th e op en fi eld sy stem l i ke in E ngl and i n hi stor y?Under the system, villages were surrounded by 3gteat hedge less fields .These fields were divided into strips and shared out among the villagers, one great field was left “fallow” each years so that its soil recovered richness.。

10篇200词英文作文Passage 1。

English: The concept of free speech is often discussed in relation to the First Amendment of the US Constitution. However, free speech is not an absolute right and can be limited in certain circumstances, such as when it incites violence or poses a clear and present danger to national security.中文回答，言论自由的概念通常与美国宪法第一修正案联系在一起。

然而，言论自由并不是一项绝对的权利，在某些情况下可以受到限制，例如当它煽动暴力或对国家安全构成明显且现实的危险时。

Passage 2。

English: The death penalty is a controversial topic with strong arguments on both sides. Supporters argue that it is a just punishment for heinous crimes, while opponentscontend that it is cruel and unusual and disproportionately affects minorities.中文回答，死刑是一个有争议的话题，双方都有强有力的论据。

支持者认为，死刑是对令人发指的罪行的公正惩罚，而反对者则认为死刑是残酷和非同寻常的，且不成比例地影响少数族裔。

Passage 3。

English: Climate change is an urgent issue thatrequires immediate action. The effects of climate changeare already being felt around the world, including rising sea levels, increasingly frequent and severe storms, and changes in agricultural productivity.中文回答，气候变化是一个迫切的问题，需要立即采取行动。