NATIONAL CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS FOR MARITIME DOMAIN AWARENESS(美国国家海事感知作战方针)

军事英语期末考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. What is the term used to describe a military operation that involves the use of air power to support ground forces?A. Airborne assaultB. Air supportC. Air superiorityD. Air defense答案：B2. Which of the following is not a type of military rank?A. GeneralB. CaptainC. SergeantD. Diplomat答案：D3. The acronym "NATO" stands for:A. North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationB. National Association of Tactical OfficersC. Naval Air Transport OrganizationD. National Alliance of Tactical Operations答案：A4. What is the meaning of the military term "FOB"?A. Forward Operating BaseB. Field of BattleC. Frontline Observation BaseD. Fire on Base答案：A5. The term "C4ISR" refers to:A. Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, and ReconnaissanceB. Combat, Control, Command, Information, Systems, and RadarC. Communications, Command, Control, Information, Support, and RadarD. Command, Control, Communications, Information, Systems, and Radar答案：D二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）6. The military abbreviation for "Immediate Action" is ______.答案：IA7. A military ______ is a high-ranking officer in charge of a military unit.答案：Commander8. The phrase "All clear" in military terms means that thearea is ______.答案：safe9. The military term "BDA" stands for ______.答案：Bomb Damage Assessment10. The acronym "OPSEC" refers to ______.答案：Operational Security三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）11. Define "Asymmetric Warfare".答案：Asymmetric Warfare refers to conflict situations where adversaries have significant differences, in military capability, strategy, and tactics, often involving a smaller, weaker force using unconventional methods to counter a larger, technologically superior force.12. Explain the concept of "Force Protection".答案：Force Protection is a set of measures andprocedures taken by military forces to ensure the safety and security of personnel, equipment, and facilities frompotential threats such as enemy attacks, accidents, andnatural disasters.13. What is the purpose of "Tactical Deception"?答案：Tactical Deception is the deliberate use of misinformation, concealment, or other means to mislead an adversary, causing them to make incorrect judgments and take actions that can be exploited by the deceiving party.14. Describe the role of "Logistics" in military operations.答案：Logistics in military operations is the planning, directing, and controlling of the flow and maintenance of materials, personnel, and services from the point of originto the point of consumption to support the military mission.It includes transportation, supply, maintenance, medical support, and other essential services.四、阅读理解（共20分）15. Read the following passage and answer the questions below."The military doctrine of 'Overwatch' is a strategy that involves maintaining a presence in a high-altitude area to provide support and surveillance. This can be achievedthrough the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or manned aircraft. The concept is to have a 'bird's eye view' of the battlefield, which allows for better situational awarenessand the ability to react quickly to emerging threats."(a) What is the main purpose of the 'Overwatch' doctrine?(5 points)答案：The main purpose of the 'Overwatch' doctrine is to provide support and surveillance from a high-altitude area, enhancing situational awareness and the ability to react quickly to threats.(b) What are the two types of aircraft that can be used to achieve the 'Overwatch' doctrine? (5 points)答案：The two types of aircraft that can be used toachieve the 'Overwatch' doctrine are unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and manned aircraft.(c) What does the term 'bird's eye view' refer to in the context of the 'Overwatch' doctrine? (5 points)答案：In the context of the 'Overwatch' doctrine, the term'bird's eye view' refers to having a comprehensive and high vantage point of the battlefield, which aids in better understanding and control of the situation.五、翻译题（每题5分，共30分）16. Translate the following military。

中考英语缩略词与缩写识别高级判断分析单选题40题1.In a news report, we often see the abbreviation “CCTV”. What does “CCTV” stand for?A.China Central TelevisionB.China Center TelevisionC.China Central TelecommunicationD.China Center Telecommunication答案：A。

本题考查常见缩略词“CCTV”的全称。

“CCTV”是“China Central Television”的缩写，意为中国中央电视台。

选项B 和D 中“Center”拼写错误，且“Telecommunication”意为电信，不符合“CCTV”的含义。

选项C 中“Telecommunication”也不符合。

2.We see the sign “VIP parking” in a parking lot. What does “VIP” stand for?A.Very Important PersonB.Very Interesting PersonC.Very Intelligent PersonD.Very Influential Person答案：A。

“VIP”是“Very Important Person”的缩写，意为非常重要的人。

选项B、C、D 中的“Interesting”（有趣的）、“Intelligent”（聪明的）、“Influential” 有影响力的）均不符合“VIP”的含义。

3.In an advertisement, there is a phrase “ATM available”. What does “ATM” stand for?A.Automatic Teller MachineB.Automatic Ticket MachineC.Automatic Time MachineD.Automatic Telephone Machine答案：A。

THE 2008 financial crisis changed the course of global economic development. The intro-duction of quantitative easing monetary pol-icy by major Western economies has caused the dramatic volatility in international financial markets, and the decline in exchange rates have be-come one of the major external risks to the develop-By SHEN YIment of many emerging and developing economies. More and more emerging countries are real-izing that the global economic system dominated by the West can no longer serve the needs of the world’s current development and therefore there is an urgent need to create a new system of economic governance, one that is more equitable, fair, and inclusive.It is in this context that the BRICS grouping was formed. In July 2014, the five countries officially launched an initiative to establish the New Develop-ment Bank (NDB), and in July 2015, the NDB began its operations with headquarters in Shanghai. In less than a decade, this development finance insti-tution with the status of an independent interna-tional legal entity for emerging economies has made a number of remarkable achievements, providing important funding to emerging economies in areas such as infrastructure financing, fighting against COVID-19, and green energy development assis-tance, playing an important role in supporting thePlaying a Bridging RoleThe New Development Bank is funding the building of a sustainable future.The NDB headquarters in Shanghai’s Pudong New Area on June 17, 2022.COMMENTARYdevelopment of the BRICS countries, and becoming a new force that cannot be overlooked in the cur-rent international financial system.Both in terms of cooperation among the BRICS countries and the impact on the current global financial system, the NDB is of great practical and strategic importance.A Practical MechanismThe NDB is a mechanism that provides a model for implementing and realizing the concept of BRICS cooperation, and deepens pragmatic cooperation among the five BRICS countries in a multidimen-sional manner. As one of the major achievements of practical cooperation among BRICS countries, the NDB is the first multilateral development bank es-tablished and managed by developing and emerging economies with the aim of providing financing for infrastructure construction and sustainable develop-ment in the countries concerned. In addition to the BRICS countries, the United Arab Emirates, Uruguay, Bangladesh, and Egypt have also become official members of the bank, while Saudi Arabia, Argentina, Kazakhstan, and Iran have applied for membership or expressed their intention to join. This significant progress in membership development marks thebeginning of the NDB’s emergence as a global mul-tilateral development bank. The first regional center established by the NDB, the African Regional Center in Johannesburg, South Africa, has become the Bank’s “window to Africa” and represents an innovative and successful attempt at financial cooperation among developing countries. Since its inception, the NDB has implemented 11 projects in South Africa with total financing of US $5.4 billion. Some of the largest investments have been in areas such as combating COVID-19 pandemic, transport infrastructure con-struction, clean energy development and energy ef-ficiency improvements.The NDB complements existing financing mechanisms and addresses the real development needs of emerging economies. Compared to other international multilateral banks, the NDB takes a beneficiary-driven approach by giving equal voting rights to its founding members, providing loans without political strings attached, and emphasizing equality of relationships between the financing andfinanced countries.Unlike other international banks that assess ben-eficiary country conditions against “best interna-tional standards,” thereby imposing their own crite-ria on others, the NDB assesses borrowing countriesbased on their own national standards and systems,thus applying more flexible and applicable “country-specific criteria” that give beneficiary countriesgreater autonomy to determine their own develop-ment paths according to their own circumstances.In addition, the NDB offers emerging economiesthe opportunity to diversify their settlement op-tions and free themselves from the constraints andlimitations of existing mechanisms. While tradi-tional multilateral banks offer preferential loans,they are mainly denominated in US dollars, whichexposes borrowing countries to the risk of exchangerate fluctuations and prevents them from havingfull control over their own development plan. Thisbecomes one of the main causes of the developing US $32.8billionTotal amountof financingapproved96Total numberof projectsapproved17,000 kmRoads tobe built orupgraded withthese projects820Bridges tobe built orupgraded35,000Housingunits to beconstructed1,390 kmWater tunnel/canal in-frastructureto be built orupgraded13.2milliontonnes/yearCarbon dioxideemissions tobe cutStatistics onNDB Mechanismcountries’ debt problem.The NDB has always prioritized the use of local currencies and has used currencies other than the US dollar for payments, such as the renminbi, rand, and Swiss franc, to increase financial autonomy, reduce currency risk for emerging economies, and mitigate their longstanding dependence on the Western world.The NDB is a symbol of emerging economies’ transformation as rule-setters and provides an im-portant platform for their active participation in re-forming the global financial system. The governancedecisions and structures of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, traditionally led by the G7, appear outdated and conservative in light of the changes in the current global economic landscape. The BRICS countries now have a larger GDP than the G7, with the will and ability to make their voices heard on the global economic stage. However, in the current system of global economic governance, the representation and free expression of these coun-tries is often overlooked and marginalized due to the hegemonic position of the West.The NDB therefore provides an important plat-form for emerging economies to put forward joint proposals and represent their own interests. As a multilateral development bank jointly supported byemerging economies, the expan-sion of its scope of activities, the broadening of its investmentspectrum, and the strengtheningof its influence not only solve the dilemma of collective action by emerging economies in reform-ing the global economic order,but also mark the emergence of the Global South as an importantpole in the multilateral order of the global financial system.Promising ProspectsThe NDB is in line with the common internal will of the BRICS countries, meets their internal needs, and strengthens their internal impetus for develop-ment. According to the NDB’s overall strategy for the period 2022-2026, the NDB aims to become a leading global multilateral development bank in the future, providing more practical and efficient solutions for infrastructure construction and sustainable develop-ment in emerging and developing countries. Going forward, the NDB is expected to make further prog-ress in the following areas:The first such progress is multiplying local cur-rency settlements. Since 2018, when the NDB first introduced settlement operations in local currency, it has already gained some experience in dealingwith US dollar-dominated fiscal policy. With theThe NDB is in line with the common internal willof the BRICS countries,meets their internal needs, and strengthens their internal impetus for development.growing call for “de-dollarization” of emerging mar-kets advocated by the BRICS countries, the removal of financial sanctions by the Western countries has become a common call among most emerging mar-kets. Driven by this strong collective voice, the NDB is committed to expanding its areas of operation to play a greater role among emerging economies.The second progress is to expand the circle of member countries. Currently, the NDB has already established regional centers for Africa and the Americas in Johannesburg and São Paulo, and a regional center for Eurasia is planned in Moscow. Based on the existing regional centers, the NDB can further enhance its regional functions, strengthen regional linkages and communications, and actively recruit more promising emerging economies to join the grouping. This will continuously expand the group, allowing more countries to take advantage of local currency settlement and financing opportuni-ties offered by the NDB.And the third is to build capacity for sustainable development. BRICS countries are also important players in addressing global climate change and face many challenges in promoting green development. By increasing its investment and financing in green technologies, the NDB can continue to play a bridg-ing role to facilitate exchanges and cooperation on environmental protection and energy transition, and help emerging economies to make greater prog-ress in environmental governance and sustainable development. CSHEN YI is director of the Centre for BRICS Studies at the Fudan Development Institute.The container terminal at the Port of Durban in South Africa on April 21, 2022. It is part of an expansion and modernization project for the Port of Durban funded by the NDB.。

机构组织类的词条，共有4485 条。

ANSI : American National Standards Institute 美国国家标准学会USA : United States of America 美利坚合众国USDA : United States Department of Agriculture 美国农业部ACM : Association for Computing Machinery (美国)电脑协会USNA : United States Naval Academy 美国海军军官学校NSC : National Security Council 国家安全委员会CBC : Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 加拿大广播公司,加拿大广播公司FTC : Federal Trade Commission 联邦商业委员会DOJ : Department Of Justice 反不正当竞争部门,司法部EU : European Union 欧洲联盟(欧盟)AAAS : American Association for the Advancement of Science 美国科学促进（协）会BEA : Bureau of Economic Analysis 经济分析局IEC : International Electrotechnical Commission 国际电子技术委员会USMA : United States Military Academy 美国陆军军官学校ACS : American Cancer Society 美国癌症学会AMA : American Medical Association 美国医学协会US : United States 美国HMO : Health Maintenance Organization 卫生维护组织EFTA : European Free Trade Association 欧洲自由贸易联盟AP : Associated Press 美国联合通讯社,美联社,美联社最前页上一页1 2 3 4 5 下一页共1/5页最后页APA : American Psychological Association 美国心理学协会WIPO : World Intellectual Property Organization 世界知识产权组织NCIC : National Crime Information Center 国家犯罪信息中心/国家刑事犯罪情报中心SPCA : Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals 英国动物保护协会ADA : American Dental Association 美国牙医学会MS : Microsoft 微软APL : Applied Physics Laboratory 应用物理试验室[美]NASD : National Association of Securities Dealers 全国证券交易商协会BBB : Better Business Bureau 商务改善协会NGS : National Geographic Society 全国地理学会who : world health organization 世界卫生组织ABA : American Bar Association 美国律师协会UN : United Nations 联合国AKC : American Kennel Club 美国养狗爱好者俱乐部VFD : V olunteer Fire Department 志愿消防队ABC : Australian Broadcasting Corporation 澳大利亚广播公司ACLU : American Civil Liberties Union 美国公民自由协会BBC : British Broadcasting Corporation 英国广播公司CNN : Cable News Network 美国有线电视台ECMA : European Computer Manufacturers Association 欧洲计算机制造商协会最前页上一页1 2 3 4 5 下一页共2/5页最后页ASPCA : American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals 美国防止虐待动物协会MADD : Mothers Against Drunk Driving 抗议司机酒后驾驶母亲协会YMCA : Young Men's Christian Association 基督教青年会BA : British Airways 英国航空公司ECB : European Central Bank 欧洲中央银行UPS : United Parcel Service 联合包裹快递IDC : International Data Corporation 国际数据公司NAS : National Academy of Sciences 国家科学院SIG : Special Interest Group 共同利益组织ASE : American Stock Exchange 美国证券交易所AAA : American Automobile Association 美国汽车协会AHL : American Hockey League 美国曲棍球联盟EMU : European Monetary Union 欧洲货币联盟ABA : American Bankers Association 美国银行家协会ALA : American Library Association 美国图书馆协会ARC : American Red Cross 美国红十字会IATA : International Air Transport Association 国际航空运输协会MLB : Major League Baseball 美国全国棒球协会和盟国棒球协会NPR : National Public Radio 美国全国公共电台AFL : American Federation of Labor 美国劳工联合会最前页上一页1 2 3 4 5 下一页共3/5页最后页CERT : Computer Emergency Response Team 计算机紧急情况反应小组NBA : National Basketball Association （美国）国家篮球协会NHL : National Hockey League 全国曲棍球联盟APC : American Power Conversion 美国能源转换IAFF : International Association of Fire Fighters 国际消防战斗员协会NEA : National Education Association 全国教育协会PBS : Public Broadcasting Service 公共广播事务局IRC : International Red Cross 国际红十字会NEA : National Endowment for the Arts 全国艺术捐赠基金会GCC : Gulf Cooperation Council 海湾合作委员会GM : General Motors 通用汽车公司（美国）AA : American Airlines 美国美洲航空WWF : World Wrestling Federation 世界摔角联盟AMC : American Motors Corporation 美国汽车公司AAL : American Airlines 美国航空公司WTO : World Tourism Organization 世界旅游组织DA : Department of the Army (美国)陆军部OSS : Office of Strategic Services 战略情报局ASC : American Society of Cinematographers 美国电影摄影师学会NPF : National Park Foundation 国家公园基金会最前页上一页1 2 3 4 5 下一页共4/5页最后页AAA : Agricultural Adjustment Administration 美国家业调节局ABA : American Booksellers Association 美国书商协会ACU : Australian Catholic University 澳大利亚天主教大学NOW : National Organization for Women （美国)全国妇女组织HP : Hewlett-Packard 惠普公司SFO : San Francisco 三藩市AFI : American Film Institute 美国电影学会CEC : Commission of the European Communities 欧盟委员会LWV : League of Women V oters 女选民联盟AR : Argentina 阿根廷JP : Japan 日本FEDEX : Federal Express 联邦快递FHA : Federal Housing Administration 联邦住宅管理局IRE : Ireland 爱尔兰PE : Peru 秘鲁CAB : Civil Aeronautics Board 民航局IR : Iran 伊朗SP : Spanish 西班牙RFD : Rural Free Delivery 乡村免费邮递处CAN : Canada 加拿大最前页上一页1 2 3 4 5 下一页共5/5页最后页。

ABBREVIATIONSAAR After Action ReportACAD Abyei Community Action for DevelopmentACF Action Comre la FaimACF-USA Action Comre la Faim (Action against hunger-United States of America)ACORD Agency for Cooperation and Research inDevelopmentACROSS Association of Christian Resource OrganizationsServing SudanACT Alliance Action be Churches TogetherACTED Agency for Technical Cooperation andDevelopmentADM Adventist Development and Relief AgencyAED Academy for Educational DevelopmentAFP Agencies, Funds and ProgramsAGL Above Ground LevelAHA African Humanitarian ActionAMO Area of Maritime OperationAMURT International Ananda Marga Universal Relief Team ANLA Annual Needs and Livelihoods AssessmentAOO Area of OperationAOR Area of ResponsibilityAPC Armored Personnel CarrierARC American Refugee CommitteeARG Aviation Ready GroupASG Assistant Secretary GeneralASMP Alaska Sudan Medical ProjectATC Air Traffic ControlAU African UnionAUPSC African Union Peace and Security CouncilAVR Assisted Voluntary ReturnAVSI Association of Volunteers in International Service AWD acute watery diarrheaAWODA Aweil Window of Opportunities and DevelopmentAgencyBANFMU Bangladesh Force Marine UnitBLOS Beyond Line Of SightBOI Board of InquiryBoSS Bank of South SudanBPIHS Basic Package of Health ServiceBPO Best Practice OfficerBPT Be prepared toBRAC Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee BSFP Blanket Supplementary Feeding ProgramBZ Buffer ZoneC2 Command and ControlC3 Command, Control and CommunicationC-IED Counter Improvised Explosive DevicesCAD Coordinated Assistance and DevelopmentCAD Civil Affairs DirectorCAFOD Catholic Agency for Overseas Development CAN Community Alert NetworkCAO Chief Administrative OfficerCAP Consolidated Appeal ProcessCAR Central African RepublicCARE Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere CASEVAC Casualty EvacuationCBHA Community-Based Health CareCBO Chief Budget OfficerCBO Community-Based OrganizationCBRN Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear CCC Confident Children out of ConflictCCOSS Care for Children and Old Age in South Sudan CDAS Christian Development Action SudanCDF Child Development FoundationCDT Conduct and Discipline TeamCDU Conduct and Discipline UnitCEC Construction Engineer CompanyCERF Central Emergency Response FundCES Central Equatoria StateCEWER Conflict Early Warning Early ResponseCFL Ceasefire LineCFR Case Fatality RateCFSAM Crop and Food Security Assessment Mission CHAP Common Humanitarian Action PlanCHF Common Humanitarian FundCHNBATT Chinese BattalionCIDA Canadian International Development Agency CIMIC Civil-Military CoordinationCIS Commonwealth of Independent StatesCISS Chief Integrated ServicesCITS Communication and Information TechnologySectionCLA Community Liaison AssistantCLJAS Criminal Law and Judicial Advisory ServiceCMB Collection Management BoardCMCC Civil-Military Coordination CentreCMC Civil-Military CoordinationCMD Christian Mission of DevelopmentCMLO Chief Military Liaison OfficerCMO Chief Military ObserverCMOC Civil-Military Operation CentreCMR Cargo Movement RequestCMR Crude Mortality RateCMS Chief of Mission SupportCMT Crisis Management TeamCO Commanding OfficerCoA Course of ActionCOB Company Operating BaseCOE Contingent Owned EquipmentCoH Cessation of HostilitiesCOM CommunicationCOMINT Communication IntelligenceCONOPS Concept of OperationCONPLAN Concept PlanCoP Community of PracticeCoS Chief of StaffCOSV Coordinating Committee for InternationalVoluntary ServiceCP Check PointCPA Comprehensive Peace AgreementCPI Consumer Price IndexCPTM Core Pre-deployment Training ModulesCPU Central Programmer UnitCRSV Conflict Related Sexual ViolenceCSA Chief Security AdvisorCSB County Support BaseCSO Chief Security OfficerCSTO Collective Security Treaty Organization CTSAMM Ceasefire and Transitional Security ArrangementsMonitoring MechanismDAP Dynamic Air PatrolDDR Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration DFC Deputy Force CommanderDFP Detention Focal PointDFS Department of Field SupportDMZ Demilitarized zoneDO Designated OfficialDoA Director of AdministrationDOB Deployed Operating BaseDPA Department of Political AffairsDPET Division for Policy, Evaluation and Training DPI Department of Public InformationDPKO Department of Peacekeeping Operations DSR Defense Sector ReformDSR Daily Situation ReportDSRSG Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary-GeneralDSS Department of Safety and SecurityECHA Executive Committee on Humanitarian Affairs ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States ECPS Executive Committee on Peace and Security EES Eastern Equatoria StateELINT Electronic IntelligenceEoAR End of Assignment ReportEOD Explosive Ordnance DisposalEO Electro-OpticERW Explosive Remnants of WarETTBATT Ethiopian BattalionEU European UnionFBFD Field Budget and Finance DivisionFC Force CommanderFGS Force Generation ServiceFMV Full Motion VideoFOB Forward Operational BaseFOL Fuel, Oil and LubricantsFP Force ProtectionFPB Fast Patrol BoatFPD Field Personnel DivisionFPU Formed Police UnitFRAGO Fragmentary OrderFRB Force Reserve BattalionFSA Flight Safety AssuranceFSS Field Support SuitGA General AssemblyGCS Ground Control StationGDT Ground Data TerminalGIS Geographic Information SystemGoSS Government of South SudanGPAA Greater Pibor Administrative AreaGPS Global Positioning SystemHALE High Altitude Long EnduranceDeficiency SyndromeHLS Helicopter Landing SiteHLZ Helicopter Landing ZoneHMEC Horizontal Military Engineer CompanyHOC Humanitarian Operation CentreHoM Head of MissionHoMC Head of Military ComponentHoPC Head of Police ComponentHQ HeadquarterHRD Human Resources DevelopmentHRD Human Rights DefenderHRDDP Human Rights Due Diligence PolicyIAP Integrated Planning and AssessmentIASC Inter-Agency Standing CommitteeIASMAN Inter-Agency Security Management Network IATG International Ammunition Technical Guidelines iaw in accordance withICG Infantry Company GroupICRC International Committee of Red Cross/Crescent ICT Information and Communication Technology ICTD Information, Communication and TechnologyDivisionIDDRS Integrated Disarmament, Demobilization andReintegration StandardIDP Internally Displaced PeopleIED Improvised Explosive DeviceIFF Identification Friend or FoeIGAD Intergovernmental Authority on Development IHL International Humanitarian LawIHRL International Humanitarian Rights LawIMC Inter-Mission CooperationIMINT Imagery IntelligenceIMT Integrated Mission TeamIMTC Integrated Mission Training Centre INDBATT Indian BattalionINGO International Non-Governmental Organization IO International OrganizationiO In OppositionIOC Intensive Orientation CourseIOT Integrated Operational Courseiot in order toIPB Intelligence Preparation of the BattlefieldISACS International Small Arms Control Standards ISF Integrated Strategic FrameworkISS Integrated Support ServiceIT Information TechnologyITF Integrated Task ForceITS Integrated Training Serviceivo in vicinity ofJCSC Justice and Corrections Standing Capacity JLOC Joint Logistic Operation CentreJMAC Joint Mission Analysis CentreJMAT Joint Mission Assessment TeamJOC Joint Operation CentreJTC Joint Technical CommitteeJVMM Joint Verification and Monitoring Mechanism KENBATT Kenyan BattalionLAS League of Arab StatesLAN Local Area NetworkLDP Long Duration PatrolLFE Light Field EngineerLOA Letter Of AssistLoC Lines of CommunicationLOGOPS Logistic OperationsLoS Line of SightLR Leave RequestLRR Leave Return ReportLSD Logistic Support DivisionMACC Mine Action Coordination CentreMALE Medium Altitude Long Endurance MANPADS Man Portable Air Defense SystemsMAR Monthly Attendances RosterMBPO Military Best Practice OfficerMCC Medical Collaboration CommitteeMCDA Military and Civil Defense AssetsMCMS MOU and Claims Management Section MCOS Mission Chief of StaffMCPP Military Component Planning ProcessMCS Mission Capability StudyMCWP Military Component Work Plan MEDEVAC Medical EvacuationMET Mission Essential TaskMILAD Military AdvisorMIO Maritime Interdiction OperationMIP Mission Information PackageMLO Military Liaison OfficerMOB Main Operating BaseMOC Military Operation CentreMONBATT Mongolian BattalionMONUSCO United Nations Organization Stabilization Missionin the Democratic Republic of the CongoMOP Movement Of PersonalMOSS Minimum Operating Security StandardMOU Memorandum Of UnderstandingMOVCON Movement ControlMP Military PoliceMPIO Military Public Information OfficerMPP Military Planning ProcessMPS Military Planning ServiceMRF Mobile Riverine ForceMRM Monitoring and Reporting MechanismMSD Mission Support DivisionMSF Médecins sans frontiers (Doctors without Borders) MTF Maritime Task ForceMTG Maritime Task GroupMTS Misconduct Tracking SystemMVM Monitoring and Verification MechanismMVT Monitoring and Verification TeamNA Not ApplicableNATO North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNCC National Contingent CommanderNEPBATT Nepalese BattalionNGO Non-Governmental OrganizationNSE National Support ElementNSS National Security ServiceNSTR Nothing Significant To ReportOAS Organization of American StatesOCHA Office of Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs OHCHR Office of the High Commissioner For Human Rights OHRM Office of Human Resources ManagementOIOS Office of Internal Over Sights ServicesOLA Office of Legal AffairsOMA Office of Military AffairsOO Office of OperationsOP Observation PostOPCON Operational ControlOPORD Operational OrderOPSP Office of Peacekeeping Strategic Partnership OPV Off-Shore Patrol VehicleORA Operational Readiness AssuranceORBAT Order of BattleORMS Organizational Resilience Management SystemEuropePBPS Policy and Best Practice SectionPBSO Peacebuilding Support OfficePC Police CommissionerPCTSA Permanent Ceasefire & Transitional SecurityArrangementsPDT Pre-deployment TrainingPDV Pre-deployment VisitPEP Post-Exposure ProphylaxisPET Peer Education TrainingPIO Press and Information OfficerPIP Pre-deployment Information PackagesPIR Priority Information RequirementPKTI Peacekeeping Training InstitutePM Permanent MissionPOC Protection Of CiviliansPoC Point of ContactPOINT Peace Operation IntranetPoW Prisoner of WarPPCE Positive and Proactive Community Engagement PPDB Policy and Practices DatabasePTIP Peacekeeping Tactical Information Preparation QIP Quick Impact ProjectQRF Quick Reaction ForceQRP Quick Response PlanQRT Quick Reaction TeamRBB Result-Based BudgetingRC Resident CoordinatorRO Regional OrganizationROE Rules Of EngagementRPA Remotely Piloted AircraftRPAS Remotely Piloted Aircraft SystemRRP Recovery and Resolution PlanRSO Remote Split OperationRVT Remote Video TerminalRWANBATT Rwandan BattalionSA Situational AwarenessSATCOM Satellite CommunicationSC Security CouncilSCR Security Council ResolutionSDP Short Duration PatrolSEA Sexual Exploitation and AbuseSF Special ForcesSFR Statement of Force RequirementSGB Secretary-General BulletinSGBV Sexual and Gender Based ViolenceSICU Security Information Coordination Unit SIGINT Signal IntelligenceSIOC Security Information Operation CentreSLIP Senior Leaders Induction ProgramSLS Security Level SystemSMG Senior Management GroupSML Senior Mission LeaderSMS Security Management SystemSMT Senior Management TeamSyMT Security Management TeamSO Staff OfficerSOFA Status Of Force AgreementSOI Standard Operating InstructionSoM Scheme of ManoeuvreSOMA Status Of Mission AgreementSOP Standard Operating ProceduresSPC Standing Police CapacitySPCC Strategic Planning and Coordination Cell SPLA Sudanese People’s Liberation ArmySPLM Sudanese People’s Liberation Movement SRM Security Risk ManagementSRSG Special Representative to the Secretary-General SSB State Support BaseSSNPS South Sudanese National Police ServiceSSR Security Sector ReformSTM Standardized Training ModuleSUR Statement of Unit RequirementTACOM Tactical CommandTACON Tactical ControlTAM Technical Assessment MissionTCAS Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System TCC Troop Contributing CountryTNA Training Need AssessmentTOB Temporary Operating BaseTOE Table of Organization and EquipmentTOR Terms Of ReferenceTOT Training Of TrainerTTP Tactics, Techniques and ProceduresUA Unmanned AircraftUAS Unmanned Aircraft SystemUN United NationsUNAMID United Nations Hybrid Mission in DarfurUN-CIMIC United Nations Civil-Military CooperationUNCT United Nations Country TeamUNDAF UN Development Assistance GroupUNDG United Nations Development GroupUNDP United Nations Development ProgramUNFPA United Nations Fund for Population Activities UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNIBAM United Nations Infantry Battalion Manual UNIBAT United Nations Infantry BattalionUNICEF United Nations International Children’s EmergencyFundUNISFA United Nations Interim Security Force in Abyei UNLB United Nations Logistics BaseUNLT United Nations Liaison TeamUNMAS United Nations Mine Action ServiceUNMEM United Nations Military Experts on Mission UNMLO United Nations Military Liaison OfficerUNMO United Nation Military ObserverUNMOT United Nations Military Observer TeamUNOAU United Nations Office to the African Union UNOE United Nations Owned EquipmentUNOWA United Nations Office of West AfricaUNPKO United Nations Peacekeeping Operations UNPOL United Nations PoliceUNSAS United Nations Standby Agreements System UNV United Nations VolunteersUOE United Nations Owned EquipmentUPDF Uganda People's Defense ForcesUXO Un-Exploded OrdnanceVBIED Vehicle Borne Improvised Explosive Device VCCT Voluntary Confidential Counselling and testing VHF Very High FrequencyVTC Video Tele-ConferencingWSR Weekly Situation ReportWES Western Equatoria StateUnited Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS)Current version: 2015-10-21 Abbreviations 01-15 Document locationProduction date: 2015-10-21S:\FHQ-JUBA\21_J5_Planning\ADMIN\J5 ABBREVIATIONS AND TERMS。

国际经济法英文名解汇总纲目版第一章国际经济法总论Merchandise theory 重商主义学说Absolute advantage theory 绝对优势理论学说Comparative advantage theory 比较优势理论学说International economic law 国际经济法World bank (group) = WBG世界银行（集团）World trade organization = WTO 世界贸易组织International monetary fund = IMF 国际货币基金组织Treaty on European union 欧盟条约Law of conflict of laws 国际私法/法律冲突法Natural person 自然人Legal person 法人Transnational corporations 跨国公司Quasi-international agreement 准国际协议General agreement on tariffs and trade = GATT 《关税与贸易总协定》UNCTAD 联合国贸易与发展会议/联合国贸发会议EU 欧盟ASEAN 东南亚联盟CCM 加勒比共同市场NAFTA 北美自由贸易区Organization of petroleum exporting countries = OPEC 石油输出国组织UNCITRAL 联合国国际贸易法委员会WIPO 世界知识产权组织第二章国际货物买卖法United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods = CISG 《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》/《销售合同公约》Negotiation 洽商Terms of transaction 交易条件Inquiry 询盘Buying offer = Bid 买方发盘/递盘Selling offer 卖方发盘To sign a contract 签订合同Offer 要约Offeror 要约人Offeree 受要约人Invitation for offer 要约邀请Quotation 报价单Price list 价目表Catalogues 商品目录Specific person 特定的人Sufficiently definite 十分确定Cross offer 碰头要约Withdrawal （要约的）撤回Revocation （要约的）撤销Irrevocable 不可撤销Reasonable time 合理的时间Public offer 公开发盘Acceptance 承诺Late acceptance 逾期承诺Official holidays 正式假日Non-business days 非营业日Mirror-image rule 镜子反射规则Additions 添加Modifications 更改Limitations 限制Material alteration 实质上的变更Received of the letter of acceptance rule 到达生效原则Corporation 公司Firm 商行Partnership 合伙Insurance to be effected by the buyer 保险由买方负责Inspection clause 检验条款Claim clause 索赔条款Confirmation of sales 销售确认书Contract of sales 买卖合同Concurrent condition 对流条件Delivery 交货Take delivery 受领Shipping documents 装运单据Counter-offer 反要约/还盘Right 权利Claim 要求Breach of contract 违约Fundamental breach of contract 根本违反合同Anticipatory breach of contract 预期违反合同Adequate assurance of his performance 提供充分保证Damages 损害赔偿Specific performance 实际履行Repair 修理Declare the contract avoided 宣告合同无效Warsaw-Oxford Rules 《华沙——牛津规则》International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms = Incoterms 《国际贸易术语解释通则》ICC 国际商会Electronic Data Interchange = EDI电子数据交换Departure 启运（E组术语）Main carriage unpaid 主运费未付（F 组术语）Main carriage paid 主运费已付（C组术语）Arrival 到达（D组术语）1.EXW = EX Works……(named place) 工厂交货……（指定地点）2.FCA = Free Carrier……(named place) 货交承运人……（指定地点）3.FAS = Free Alongside Ship……(named port of shipment) 船边交货……（指定装运港）4.FOB = Free on Board……(named port of shipment) 船上交货……（指定装运港），又称离岸价格5.CFR = Cost and Freight……(named port of destination) 成本加运费……（指定目的港）6.CIF = Cost Insurance and Freight……(named port of destination) 成本、保险费加运费……（指定目的港）7.CPT = Carriage paid to……(named port of destination) 运费付至……（指定目的地）8.CIP = Carriage and Insurance paid to……(named port of destination) 运费及保险费付至……（指定目的地）9.DAF = Delivered at Frontier……(named place) 边境交货……（指定地点）10.DES = Delivered Ex Ship……(named port of destination) 目的港船上交货……（指定目的港）11.DEQ = Delivered Ex Quay……( named port of destination) 目的港码头交货……（指定目的港）12.DDU = Delivered Duty Unpaid……(named port of destination) 未完税交货……（指定目的地）13.DDP = Delivered Duty Paid……(named port of destination) 完税后交货……（指定目的地）Equivalent electronic message 相等的电子单证Ship's rail 船舷Document transaction 单证交易Specific goods 特定货物Unascertained goods 非特定货物Specified goods 特定化货物In transit 路货Tender or delivery of goods 提供或交付的货物第三章国际货物运输与保险法律制度Ship owner 船舶所有人Disponent owner 二船东Affreightment in a general ship 件杂货运输合同/零担运输合同/提单运输Liner shipping 班轮运输Charter party = C/P 租船合同Voyage charter party 航次租船合同Single trip C/P 单航次合同Return trip C/P 往返航次租船合同Consecutive single trip C/P 连续单航次合同Consecutive return trip C/P 连续往返航次租船合同Contract of affreightment 包运租船合同Standard form 标准合同形式Gencon “金康”合同Safety port clause 安全港条款Always floating clause 永远漂浮状态条款Time charter party 定期租船合同Baltime 波尔泰定期租船合同Bareboat charter party = charter by demise 光船租赁合同Contract of affreightment 海上货物运输包运合同/海上货物运输总合同Combined transport 联合运输Combined transport contract 多式联运合同Frustration 合同受阻Due diligence to make the ship seaworthiness 谨慎处理使船舶处于适航的状态Deviation 绕航Freight 运费Freight prepaid 预付运费Freight to collect 到付运费Dead freight 亏舱费/空舱费Demurrage 滞期费General average contribution 共同海损费用Package limitation of liability 单位责任限制Sea waybill 海运单Bill of lading = B/L 提单Prima facie evidence 初步证据Conclusive evidence 绝对证据Shipped (or on board) B/L 已装船提单Received for shipped B/L 收货待运提单/备运提单Dock receipt 场站收据Straight B/L 记名提单Bearer B/L = open or blank B/L 不记名提单/空白提单/持票人提单Bearer 持有人To bearer 交与持有人Order B/L 指示提单To order 凭指示To order of ... 凭某某人指示Clean B/L 清洁提单In apparent good order and condition 上列外表状况良好Unclean B/L = claused B/L = foul B/L 不清洁提单Mate's receipt 大副收据Letter of indemnity 保函Long form B/L 全式提单/繁式提单Short form B/L 简式提单/略式提单Direct B/L 直达提单Transshipment B/L 转船提单through B/L 联运提单Ocean through B/L 海上联运提单Contracting carrier 订约承运人Successive carriers 连续的承运人On-carrier 接运承运人Actual carrier 实际承运人Pure ocean through B/L 纯海上联运提单Combined transport B/L 多式联运提单Liner B/L 班轮提单Charter party B/L 租船提单On deck B/L 舱面提单/甲板提单On deck risk 甲板险Anti-dated B/L 倒签提单Advanced B/L 预借提单Electronic B/L 电子提单CMI Rules for Electronic Bill of Lading 《国际海事委员会电子提单规则》Vessel and nationality 船名和船舶国籍Ports of loading and unloading and ofcall 装货地和目的地或中途停靠港地Description ofgoods,marks,packages,numbers,meas urement or weight 货物品名、标志、包装、件数、体积或重量Freight and charges 运费和应当给付承运人的其他费用Date of signing at ... 提单签发的日期、地点和分数Signed by carrier master 承运人或船长签署Name of vessel 船名Carrier 承运人Shipper 托运人Consignee 收货人Notify party 通知人To be notified 需通知Freight payment 运费支付Jurisdiction clause 管辖权条款Paramount clause 首要条款Carrier's liability clause 承运人责任条款Period of carrier's responsibility clause 承运人责任期间条款Loading,Discharging and Delivery Clause 装货、卸货和交货条款Package limitation 赔偿责任限额Deck cargo and live animals clause 甲板货和活动物条款Cargo in container clause 集装箱货物条款Forwarding,Substitute ofvessel,Through carriage and Transhipment clause 转运、换船、联运与转船条款General average clause 共同海损条款New Jason Clause 新杰森条款Both to blame collision clause 互有过失碰撞条款Original B/L 正本提单Copy 副本Non-negotiable 不能流通Letter of indemnity 保函Defraud a third party 对第三者有欺诈的意图Endorsement 背书Assignor 出让人Assignee 受让人Endorsement in blank 空白背书Special endorsement 特定背书International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bill of Lading = The Hague Rules 《统一提单的若干法律规定的国际公约》/《海牙规则》From tackle to tackle “钩至钩”原则Common carrier 公共承运人Private carrier 私人承运人Harter Act 《哈特法》Seaworthiness 船舶适航的标准Loading 装货Handling 搬移Stowage 配载Carrying 运送Custody and caring 保管和照料Discharging 卸货Navigation of ship 驾驶船舶Management of ship 管理船舶Actual fault or privity 实际过失或私谋Inherent vice 固有缺陷Latent defect 潜在缺陷Ejusdem genesis rule 同类规则Protocol to Amend the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading = The Visby Rules 《关于修订统一提单若干法律规定的国际公约议定书》/《维斯比规则》Special drawing right = SDR 特别提款权Breach of contract 违约Tort 侵权行为Himalayan clause 喜马拉雅条款Independent contractor 独立的承包商United Nations Convention on Carriage of Goods by Sea 《1978年联合国海上货物运输公约》/《汉堡规则》Common understanding 共同谅解书International multimodal transport国际多式联运International multimodal transport of goods 国际货物多式联运Container 集装箱Container freight station = CFS 集装箱货运站Port to port 港到港Door to door 门到门运输Uniform Rules for a Combined Transport Document 1973 《联运单证统一规则》Combined transport operator 多式联运经营人/联运人Principal 本人Multimodal transport document 多式联运单证Ocean bill of lading 海洋提单Way bill 铁路运单Air waybill 航空货运单/空运单Convention for Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Transportation by Air = Warsaw Convention 《统一国际航空运输某些规则的公约》/1929年《华沙公约》Hague Protocal 《修改1927年10月12日在华沙签订的国际航空运输某些规则的公约的议定书》/《海牙议定书》Guadalajara convention 《统一非订约承运人所办国际航空运输某些规则以补充华沙公约的公约》/《瓜达拉哈拉公约》Air consignment note = ACN 空运单证/空运托运单CIM 国际铁路货物运输公约CMR 国际公路货物运输公约Wilful misconduct 故意的不当行为Insurance broker 保险经纪人The slip 承保条Insurance policy 保险单Marine insurance 海上保险/水险Valued policy 定值保单Valued insurance 定值保险合同Unvalued policy 不定值保单Unvalued insurance 不定值保险合同Voyage 航程保单Time policy 定期保单Open policy 预约保险合同/预约保单/开口保单Original slip 原始承保条Floating policy 流动保险合同/流动保单Insurable interest 保险利益/可保利益Legal interest 法律所认可的利益Pecuniary interest 经济上的利益Definite interest 确定的利益Utmost good faith 绝对诚信Disclosure 告知Warranty 保证Promissory warranty 允诺的担保Principle of indemnity 损失补偿Proximate 近因原则Perils of the sea 海上风险/海难Natural calamity 自然灾害Fortuitous accidents 意外事故Extraneous risks 外来风险Total loss 全部损失Actual total loss 实际全损Constructive total (loss) 推定全损Partial loss 部分损失Particular average = P.A. 单独海损General average = G.A. 共同海损General average contribution 共同海损分摊Sue and labour expenses 诉讼与营救费用Salvage charges 救助费用Abandonment 委付Subrogation 代位求偿Free from particular average 平安险/单独海损不赔With particular average 水渍险All risks 一切险Additional risks 附加险General additional risks 一般附加险Theft,pilferage and non-delivery 偷窃提货不着险Rain fresh water damage 淡水雨淋险Risk of shortage 短量险Risk of contamination 玷污险Risk of leakage 渗漏险Risk of clashing & breakage 碰损破碎险Risk of odour 串味险Damage caused by sweating & or heating 受潮受热险Risk damage 钩损险Loss of damage caused by breakage of packing 包装破裂险Risk of rusting 锈损险Special additional risk 特别附加险War risk 战争险Strikes risk 罢工险On deck risk 舱面险Import duty risk 进口关税险Rejection risk 拒收险Failure to deliver risk 交货不到险第四章国际贸易结算与支付法律制度International payment 国际支付Foreign exchange control 外汇管制International Monetary Fund = IMF 国际货币基金组织Forward transaction 远期外汇交易Swap transaction 掉期交易Currency option 外币期权交易Bill 票据Drawer 出票人Drawee = payer受票人/付款人Payee 受款人Negotiation 权利转让Assignment 债权让与Predecessors 前手Holder for value 付了对价的持票人Holder in due course 正当持票人Protected holder 受保护持票人Bill of exchange = draft = bill 汇票Promissory note 本票Check = cheque 支票Issue 出票Preparation 做成Delivery 交付Endorsement 背书Presentment 提示Acceptance 承兑Payment 付款Dishonour 拒付Recourse 追索Electronic funds transfer = EFT 电子资金划拨Originator 发端人Beneficiary 受益人Originator's bank 发端人银行/接受发端人支付指令的银行Intermediary bank 中间银行Beneficiary's bank 受益人银行Remittance 汇付/顺汇Reverse remittance 逆汇Collection 托收Letter of credit 信用证Remitter 汇款人Remitting bank 汇出行Paying bank 汇入行Payee 收款人Mail transfer = M/T 信汇Telegraphic transfer = T/T 电汇Demand draft = D/D 票汇Payment in advance 预付货物Payment after arrival of goods 货到付款Banker's demand draft 银行即期汇票Remittance against documents 凭单付款Principal = customer 委托人/本人/（银行的）客户Subagent 代理人的代理人Remittance letter 托收委托书Privity of contract 合同关系Remitting bank 托收行Collecting bank 代收行Drawee 付款人/汇票受票人Clean collection 光票托收Documentary collection 跟单托收Documents against payment = D/P 付款交单Documents against acceptance = D/A 承兑交单Uniform Rules on the Collection = URC 《托收统一规则》URC522 Collection order 托收指令Collection instruction 托收指示Discount 贴现Application form 开证申请书Applicant 开证申请人Issuing bank 开证行Advising bank 通知行Beneficiary 受益人Negotiating bank 议付行Confirming bank 保兑行Paying bank 付款行Transferee = second beneficiary 受让人/第二受益人Reimbursing bank 偿付银行/清算银行Documentary L/C 跟单信用证Clean L/C 光票信用证Revocable L/C 可撤销信用证Irrevocable L/C 不可撤销信用证Confirmed L/C 保兑信用证Unconfirmed L/C 不保兑信用证Sight L/C 即期信用证Usance L/C 远期信用证Transferable L/C 可转让信用证Divisible L/C 可分割信用证Revolving L/C 循环信用证Non-revolving L/C 非循环信用证Reciprocal L/C 对开信用证Standby L/C 备用信用证/担保信用证/保证信用证/履约信用证Binding promise 有约束力的允诺Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credit = UCP 《跟单信用证统一惯例》UCP600All discrepancies 全部不符点Accounting receivable = A/R 应收账款Factoring 保理Forfaiting = invoice discounting 福费廷/发票贴现/包买票据Securitization 资产证券化Project financing 项目融资The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law = UNCITRAL 联合国国际贸易法委员会Origin contract 原始合同Assignment contract 转让合同Assignment 转让Assignor 转让人Assignee 受让人Obligor 债务人Subsequent assignment 后继转让Assignment of international receivables 国际应收款的转让International assignment of receivables 应收款的国际转让Notification of the assignment 转让通知Payment instruction 付款指示Competing creditors 竞合求偿人Trust receipt T/P 信托收据International factoring 国际保付代理/国际保理第五章WTO与中国的对外贸易管理制度GATT 关税与贸易总协定WTO 世界贸易组织IMF 国际货币基金组织Round （各轮贸易谈判）回合Plurilateral trade agreement 诸边贸易协议/复边贸易协议Marrakesh Agreement onEstablishing the World Trade Organization 《马拉喀什建立世界贸易组织协定》/《WTO 协定》Forum 场所Doha development agenda = DDA 多哈发展议程Contracting party 缔约方Member 成员方Separate customs territory 单独关税区Chinese Taipei 中华台北Free riding 免费搭车Ministerial conference 部长会议General council 总理事会Council 理事会Committee 委员会Dispute Settlement Body & Appellate Body 争端解决机构与上诉机构Secretariat 秘书处Most-favored-nation Treatment = MFN 最惠国待遇原则GSP 普遍优惠制Enabling clause 授权条款National treatment 国民待遇GATS 《服务贸易总协定》Schedule 减让表TRIPS 《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》Transparency 透明度原则Decision: Accession of the People's Republic of China 《关于中华人民共和国加入的决定》Protocol on the Accession of the People's Republic of China 《中华人民共和国加入WTO议定书》Report of the Working Party on the Accession of China 《中国加入工作组报告》Protocol of Provisional Application = PPA = Grandfather clause 《临时适用议定书》/祖父条款Marrakesh Protocol to the GeneralAgreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 《1994年GATT马拉喀什议定书》1.Agreement on Agriculture 《农业协定》2.Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures = SPS 《实施卫生与植物卫生措施协定》3.Agreement on Textiles and Clothing = ATC 《纺织品与服装协定》Multifibre Arrangement = MFA 《国际纺织品贸易协定》/《多种纤维协定》4.Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade = TBT 《技术性贸易壁垒协定》5.Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures = TRIMs 《与贸易有关的投资措施协定》/TRIMs 协议6.Agreement on Antidumping = AD 《反倾销协定》Material injury 实质性损害7.Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 《海关估价协定》/《关于履行GATT1994第7条的协定》8.Agreement on Preshipment Inspection = PSI 《装运前检验协定》9.Agreement on Rules of Origin = RO 《原产地规则协定》10.Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures 《进口许可程序协定》11.Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures = SCM 《补贴与反补贴措施协定》/《反补贴协定》12.Agreement on Safeguards = SG 《保障措施协定》Serious injury 严重损害General Agreement on Trade in services = GATS 《服务贸易总协定》Specific commitments 具体承诺开价单Schedule of specific commitments 具体义务承诺表Cross-border supply 跨境提供Consumption abroad 境外消费Commercial presence 商业存在Movement of personnel 自然人流动Horizontal commitments 水平承诺Sector-specific commitments 部门承诺Plurilateral trade agreement 复边协议Trade Policy Review Mechanism = TPRM 贸易政策评审机制Sunset clause 日落条款Material injury 实质损害Close Economic Partnership Arrangement = CEPA 《内地与香港/澳门关于建立更紧密经贸关系的安排》Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement = ECFA 《两岸经济合作架构协议》第六章国际投资法UNCTAD 联合国贸发会议Equity joint venture 中外合资经营企业/股权式合营企业Contractual joint venture 中外合作经营企业/契约式合营企业Wholly owned foreign enterprise 外商独资企业Build-Operate-Transfer = BOT 建设——经营——转让Build-Own-Operate-Transfer = BOOT 建设——拥有——经营——转让Build-Own-Operate = BOO 建设——拥有——经营Build-Lease-Transfer = BLT 建设——租赁——转让Build-Transfer-Operate = BTO 建设——转让——经营Stabilization clause 稳定条款Lex contractus = law of the parties 契约条款法/当事人法Association of Southeast Asian Nations = ASEAN 东南亚国家联盟/东盟North America Free Trade Agreement = NAFTA 《北美自由贸易协定》FTAA 美洲自由贸易区Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States 《解决国家与他国国民之间投资争议公约》/《华盛顿公约》International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes = ICSID 解决投资争议国际中心Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency = MIGA 《多边投资担保机构公约》/《汉城公约》Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures = TRIMs 《与贸易有关的投资措施协定》/TRIMs 协议第七章国际金融法Bank for International Settlement = BIS 国际清算银行Purchase 购买Repurchase 重购Draw 提取Special drawing right = SDR 特别提款权World Bank Group = WBG 世界银行集团The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development = IBRD 国际复兴开发银行The International Finance Corporation = IFC 国际金融公司The International Development Association = IDA 国际开发协会International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes = ICSID 解决投资争议国际中心Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency = MIGA 多边投资担保机构Operations evaluation department = OED 评价检查部门Hard loan 硬贷款/世界银行贷款Soft loan 软贷款/国际开发协会援助贷款Blend 混合贷款United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations 联合国跨国公司中心The Basle Committee on Banking Supervision 巴塞尔银行监管委员会London Inter-Bank Offered Rated = LIBOR 伦敦同业银行拆放率Definition and interpretation 定义与释义Loan currency 贷款货币Loan amount 贷款金额Purpose for loan 贷款的用途Condition precedent 贷款的先决条件条款Final maturity and disbursement 贷款期限和发放Interest rate and interest 贷款的利率和利息Representation and warranties 陈述与保证Covenant 约定事项Negative pledge 消极保证条款/保证不作为条款Pari passu covenant 平等地位条款Financial covenant 财务约定事项Repayment 贷款的偿还Pre-repayment 贷款的提前偿还Governing law and jurisdiction 法律适用和司法管辖条款Assignment 权利或义务的让与Set-off 抵消条款Events of default 违约事件条款Syndicated loan = Corporate Finance 国际辛迪加贷款/国际商业银团贷款/银团贷款Lead manager 经理行Term sheet 贷款条件清单Mandate letter 委任书Commitment letter 义务承担书Information memorandum 信息备忘录Novation = substitution 更新/合同更新/合同替代Assignment 让与Sub-loans 转贷款Transferable loan certificate = TLC 可转让贷款证Transferable participating certificate = TPC 可转让贷款参与证Transferable loan instrument = TLI 可转让贷款票据Lead manager 牵头银行/经理银行Agent bank 代理银行Participant 参与贷款银行Project finance 国际项目贷款Take or pay contract 提货或付款协议第八章知识产权国际保护的法律制度Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights = TRIPS 《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》Convention Establishing World Intellectual Property Organization 《建立世界知识产权组织公约》World Intellectual Property Organization = WIPO 世界知识产权组织Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property 《保护工业产权巴黎公约》Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works 《保护文学艺术作品伯尔尼公约》/《伯尔尼公约》Universal Copyright Convention 《世界版权公约》Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations = Rome Convention 《保护表演者、录音制品制作者与广播组织罗马公约》Copyright and Related Rights 版权和邻接权Trademark 商标Geographical indications 地理标志Industrial designs 工业品外观设计Patent 专利权Cross-license 交叉许可Layout-designs of integrate circuits 集成电路布图设计/拓扑图IPIC 《集成电路知识产权条约》/《IPIC条约》Protection of undisclosed information 未披露信息的保护Contractual licences 协议许可Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks 《商标国际注册马德里协定》/《马德里协定》Nice Agreement Concerning the International Classification of Goods and Services for the Purpose of the Registration of Marks 《商标注册用商品和服务国际分类尼斯协定》/《尼斯协定》Hologram mark 全息商标Patent Co-operation Treaty 《专利合作条约》International Patent Classification = IPC 国际专利分类法第九章国际税法Tax residence 税收居所The source of income 所得来源地/所得来源国Substantial presence test 实际存在标准OECD 经济合作与发展组织The tie-breaker clause 序列选择性冲突规范的解决原则Effective management 实际管理Principle of permanent establishment 常设机构原则Distinct place 显著的地点Stability, productivity, dependence 稳定性、生产性和依附性Associated permanent establishment 关联性常设机构Unassociated permanent establishment 非关联性常设机构Dependent agent 非独立地位的代理人Principle of fixed base 固定基地原则International double non-taxation 国际双重免税Tax-systematic double taxation 税制性双重征税Juridical double taxation 法律性双重征税Economic double taxation 经济性双重征税Method of tax exemption 免税法/豁免法Method of full exemption 全额免税法Method of exemption with progression 累进免税法Method of tax deduction 扣除法Method of tax credit = foreign tax credit 抵免法/外国税收抵免Full credit 全额抵免Ordinary credit 限额抵免/普通抵免Limitation on credit 抵免限额Direct credit 直接抵免Indirect credit 间接抵免Dividend-deduction system 股息扣除制Split-rate system 分劈税率制/双税率制Imputation credit system 归集抵免制/估算抵免制Schedular treatment 其他处理法International tax sparing credit = shadow tax credit 国际税收绕让抵免/饶让抵免/影子税收抵免/虚构抵免Tax evasion 逃税Tax avoidance 避税Tax refugee 税收逃难者Associated enterprises 跨国关联企业/联属企业Transfer pricing = Transferring price 转移定价/转让价格/划拨价格Arm's length deal 公平市场上的正常交易Tax haven 避税港/避税地Base company 基地公司Thin capitalization 资本弱化Foreign source income 外国来源所得Deferral of domestic taxation 延期纳税/国内纳税递延Unitary entity theory 单一实体论Separate entity theory 独立实体论Controlled foreign company = CFC 受控外国公司Agreement on Exchange of Information in Tax Matters 《税收事务情报交换协定》International tax treaty 国际税收协定/国际税收条约Tax treaty shopping 滥用国际税收协定/套用税收协定Direct conduit company 直接导管公司Stepping-stone conduit company 踏脚导管公司The abstinence approach 禁止法The exclusion approach 排除法The look-through approach 透视法Beneficiary owner 受益所有人The subject-to-tax approach 征税法The channel approach 渠道法The derivative approach 衍生法第十章国际经济争端处理法律制度Mediation or conciliation 调解Arbitration 仲裁/公断International arbitration = Inter-state arbitration国际仲裁/国家间仲裁Domestic arbitration 国内仲裁International commercial arbitration = transnational arbitration 国际商事仲裁/跨国仲裁Subject-matter 客体Commercial 商事Arbitration court of International Chamber of Commerce 国际商会仲裁院CIETAC 中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会CMAC 中国海事仲裁委员会Arbitration clause 仲裁条款Submission agreement 仲裁议定书Lex arbitri 仲裁地法Country of origin 裁决地法Delocalized arbitration 非内国化或非地方化仲裁Anchored 定位于Floating 浮动的Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes = DSU 《关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解》Dispute settlement body = DSB 争端解决机构Negative consensus 全体一致否决/反向协商一致Good offices, conciliation, mediation 斡旋、调解和调停Composition 组成Compliance panel 相符性专家组/21.5条专家组。

2016翻译硕士考研高频词汇积累（3）凯程陈老师总结了历年MTI考试真题中的高频词汇，为大家备考作参考！C.I.F到岸价格;成本、保险加运费(cost,insurance and freight)NNP国民净产值Net National ProductionR.U(英国)橄榄球联合会Rugby UnionZPG人口零增长Zero Population GrowthIQ智力商数(intelligence quotient);进口限额(import quota)DOF自由度Degree of Freedomhouse bill众议院法案;总公司汇票;内部汇票customhouse broker报关行;海关代理人date of expiration失效日期，限期，截止日期bill of exchange汇票CCPIIOPEC石油输出国组织(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) knockout product拳头产品P&G美国宝洁公司NBA全美篮球协会Libya Dinar利比亚第纳尔(货币)hologram全息图，全息摄影，全息照相Budweiser百威啤酒Al Jazeera Network半岛电视台Honda本田汽车公司IDD国际直拨长途电话(International Direct Dial)CCP中国共产党Chinese Communist PartyCAAC中国民用航空总局General Administration of Civil Aviation of ChinaNIC网络信息中心Network Information CenterILO国际劳工组织International Labor OrganizationGSM全球移动通信系统Global System for Mobile CommunicationsCTO首席技术官Chief Technology OfficerNotary office公证处，公证机关Reciprocal Tariff互惠关税，互惠税率Venture Capitalist风险资本家Revolving Fund循环基金，周转金Benchmark interest rate基准利率Bricks金砖四国YOG青年奥林匹克运动会Youth Olympic GamesISBN国际标准图书编号International Standard Book NumberWebcasting网络广播no smoke without fire无风不起浪look for a needle in a haystack大海捞针NMD国家导弹防御系统National Missile DefenseCOO首席运营官Chief Operating OfficerGNP国民生产总值Gross National ProductGDP国内生产总值DNS域名系统Domain Name System BBS电子布告栏Bulletin Board SystemOTC非处方药Over-the-Counter DrugIOC国际奥林匹克委员会International Olympic Committeevideo on demand视频点播telegraphic transfer电汇marginal revenue边际收入，边际收益corporate image企业形象，公司形象customs declaration申报关税;海关申报单Organization of American States美洲国家组织plain prose seckill秒杀chinadonisia中国、印度、印度尼西亚broken society道德沦丧的社会game theory博弈论ghost estate废弃房产defriend删除好友cultural pluralism文化多元主义;文化多元性asceticism禁欲主义orientalism东方主义，东方学copycatting山寨settlement currency结算货币smart power智能电源，巧实力Capital chain资金链Humanitarian intervention人道主义干涉Credit facilities信用便利Exclusive interview独家采访Clean governance洁治Poll民意测验选举投票Double-dip recession连续两次下降的经济衰退The State Council国务院Debt limit债务限额A Palestinian巴勒斯坦的proposal to apply for statehood国家地位Social security社会保障An earthquake of9.0magnitude in the Richter Scale里氏震级A cease-fire agreement停火协定Oil leak/spill漏油这些高频词汇是历年的真题高频词，所以总结背诵，也算是应考的一个小技巧，好好准备，祝大家19考研顺利！。

外文原文：Cultural goods, market and national relations and international free tradesystemJim Mc GuiganAn example in cultural studies is the most popular today "cultural economy" - on economic and cultural thoughts to check it, rather than as an industry as a kind of words. Cultural historians will say the trend is difficult to Atlantic new party. In 1992, British media academics Jim MaiGuiGen blamed on contemporary paradigm crisis culture research, its separation from cultural and political economy. He put forward louder appeal and a pair of consumption culture mode of production as the center. His proposal also a populist criticism, leading, consumption as the center, with value of examples of the audience, ' 'positive is a sovereign consumption subject is who (imagine is) not industrial control economic and cultural existence reason McGrigan, 1992). MaiGuiGen, of course, quite a person in his own time. How to put back on the bottle - for the elves in 'economic recovery mode, avoid it enters' key back to marxist economic rights fatalism - is still a provocative, but not out of the mission.In 1992, when the humanities center at Wesleyan university in Massachusetts, theorist and culture combined each 1 team director in American culture industry for a term called seminar "producing and sales culture" (Mr Mann, 1996). This is an amazing attempt, sponsored by Coca-Cola Coca-Cola foundation, academic access to cultural criticism of the industry, how the latter imagine market research and consumer, and asked them if they intentionally create and shape our hope.The research methods, launched a module, this conference most close to overcome epistemology is divided into production center and consumption as the center of the method, material conditions in culture understanding query, namely as a department. Fastforward to the early 21st century, the economy of the "culture" currently hype culture and media research won additional value, because this time, it is not only the scholars in the ivory tower who is support the analytic reasons. More important is, 'a cultural turn' in its momentum gathered enterprise sector, according to 'culture' plays a key role in the economic aspect, and marketing practices, on the one hand, the performance of the organization, enhance the other. However minor a trend, and also it is notable that in economic discipline, a key economic geographer proposed quality as a cultural economics a set, discourse structure, positive frame market. Therefore, before the market does not exist at the 2002 ·), described some of its objective, transcendental method (DE guay and discourse. Economic theory is regarded as an economic structure, positive ensemble shaping reality (Karen, 1998, 2000).The political, cultural, and policies.I MaiGuiGen in agreement with early in a standoff in 1990s about this is cultural investigation. Like him back after, I think the simple answer is retrieve a lost causes materialism of the return of the traditional culture research political economics. In order to do this, I will devote myself to the production of material culture study. The trajectory of the economy and culture, however, there is a warning. It runs the risk of triggered by the central concern of cultural research subject identity, namely the cultural politics. Double challenge, I want to take a project, through policy research key, is located in the method to yourself the hand on the cultural and economic ties between a between, and politics and policy, such as in. Let me explain more. Mainstream culture has to stay in my two aspects of the field in a world analysis differentiation. In their planning things, 'political commitment' need to assume the criticism and boycott; ` policy, on the other hand, is with security, hegemony, and the status quo. This is understandable mainstream culture research (its staple fare, that criticism power) fired policy guidance culture research committed revisionist rebels who thought the betrayal of from margin (1 title in the study of regional culture of privileges) to center, where ` power 'is institutionalized policy form, corruption and the absolute necessity.We wouldn't be sitting here today in this seminar, and if we believe such a partial idea of effectiveness. This is one-sided, because it does not acknowledge both desire and possibility of the bridge academic workers political criticism and participate in the gap between. For those of us who today to share a concept: a critical frame policy research provides a breakthrough point these transitional activities. It specifies a scholar BBS, to meet the decision makers and analysts who are willing to engage in multidisciplinary policy discussions. Most importantly, the two organizations dedicated to the possibility of social transformation in China has incremental reform through the regulatory system, from the backdrop of cultural production ` 'means a more complex than what the process of the cultural and economic mode can be alone provides. For us, even started thinking, cultural policy areas regulatory policy changes, we must first recognize that 'culture' cannot simply follow market principles, because it is in the same time "means and purpose of social regulation and government" (Bennett, 1992,26), therefore, 'culture "is the supervision system, constitutive can be considered as indispensable rationality government. This culture/government couplets, should be given equal weight so the analysis of the correct culture tendency research emphasize the link betweencultural/market.In addition, we must not be concept misleading is, the close relationship between 'culture' and 'government' is China alone. Even America and Britain ruled kingdom deregulation of speech, still be on time, price and transmission standard content television industry especially in land departments (hyjal Lin, 2001) pelosi. ` culture'should be whether consciousness, like a commodity in the center of the international debate is underwayThe feasibility of about culture cross-media border trade. In Canada, Europe and more recently in the United States (on media ownership debate is involved, the federal communications commission's ruling heart), countries and cultural policy instrument to delimit the national cultural market active participation. Throw open the resistance of national culture, therefore, is not just China market integratedly.Research problems,I think pieces are as follows: what constitutes a query the cultural market the policy management? And they should go to where? Like other policy areas, China after joining the WTO, cultural policy has become such turmoil and controversial areas, it stripe easier than ever to different thoughts and prescription. Intervention I still should notice, nonlocal flux because in such a culture industry "as a policy of birth" classification of just recent. It can be traced back to 2001, when the 10th five-year plan made conspicuous place, for the first time chanye for reform to mandarin era began. From the current challenges of opening China's wto content industry provides country further encourage development think-tank music college in Hong Kong academy for performing arts in service as the young talents emerging cultural industries. Then, last year, two main research institutions "national culture industry" also launched one after another, in the north, in Beijing university, in Shanghai jiaotong university in the south. Meanwhile, the blue of cultural industry each year the institute of social center issued by Chinese culture research in science. In China, academia provides a feasible policy Suggestions, location and application humanities spirit is an obvious reality cultural issues more and more policy. The domain Research problem-based now let us return and fulfilling method and my big framework research problems specific problems group. Thought what the purpose is' culture 'and' economic ', 'political and policy in the series service to our policy review Chinese culture? This makes my table 3The basic premise that is a built-in: on1. Cultural need to be understood as an economic sector, namely 'culture industry' as the state regulators;2. Culture is a continuous development of relations, economic and policy areas, and trade;3. Culture is the goods, but not like any other commodity.All these building ground floor is my big is big not ask: if the United States theory'market' itself is a kind of word building, as China? Final model in the media industry in particular, China should take back sharply to the country's pattern is similar to the U.S. public cultural products. Rolling provide This has taken on two levels, and in the county TV media and board level of small-scale news units across the river. Whether to adopt aderegulation in over big media collectivization form and content? How Europe, cultural market? In decision-making and debates, the European affairs committee new regulation means? With democracy is cultural commercialized, the final answers cultural consumption space, and create a diversity of cultures? These problems are more complex, because they are how to answer team under the language environment after the test. That is to say, the rapid changes of the answer, because we hope our countries turn of problems, from terrain democratic U.S., Canada and Western Europe to China, political credentials in the best inconsistent. These problems, but a more inquires after our discussion, will clarify the Chinese model cultural policy should choose as a media industry is slowing sculpture out more autonomy space. For this reason, we must study these problems triggered set twenty years in the international debate long-term international free trade from cultural exemption launched between the United States and Britain in a refugee camp in the European Union and Canada and countries in the opposite faction found. No matter whether we in Europe/Canada pattern or American model will better service in China, we need to realize that the YinXiangJie, domestic policy in the sovereignty of isolation international cultural policy, no longer strong resistance. Although there are What advantages and disadvantages of the establishmentof a global integration of cultural policy system?Seriously consider specific problem I will now in concrete ground task I generally buildings. The first premise we need to watch closely industry of Chinese culture, the second premise existing regulatory conditions, make our international trade of culture at home against the debate. The third premise a series of questions caused, namely: (a) cultural products should be traded? (2) market is established in Chinese state media border to differentiate commercializable goods and the commercializable is reasonable; And allusion, (3) what is a better system from other kind of calibration? (4) what appropriate policy tools will be most effective in governance goods circulation and traded in the Chinese culture areas? Finally, as a thought, I care more about the problem and put forward and provide at this stage, must be better than the answer.China's culture industry market access method: mixed cargo rules.As mentioned above, the official discourse mandarin chanye as was formally established in 2001. Because then the enterprise concept jituan "double formula" "have already appeared in the occasional government documents suggest, the news media departments, but store the" dressed in front of the public institutions they like to do, "the commercial business enterprise"." But until the 16th party congress in 2002, the state propaganda machine and substantial, has officially difference enterprise concept, with "the public culture of the organization's business culture (mandarin" by "(mandarin) chanye), attributed to each clear mission, different means and objective development. The state's logic is a one of the hair division. We know, the development of China's culture industry control to solve the problem. To enter the market main interesting is that the market threshold into different points division department. Therefore, the traditional defies generalisations Chinese culture industry is' commercially 'did tell us very little about China itself, and the cultural landscape for many investors to reduce the influence of domestic policy and foreign. -What is the basic rule of cultural industry, the management of capital into which sub industries were officially designated as "commercializable" (you yingli xing), this is no, this is considering threshold category? Commercializable department was not deemed too sensitive national culture and information security. They include performance, tourism, industry and culture exhibition, technical production and sale of audio and video products, sports and entertainment, higher education and vocational education. They are opening up the domestic collective and social capital and foreign capital. Existing capital of the designated department of the state, and he ordered by as intrusive, but through annexation gradually exit and transferred asset sale, nearly ups and downs, and bankruptcy. Scale the next supervision danweis highly relevant state-owned monopoly position of cultural identity formation and information security. In this large category, not the commercializable commercializable Beijing distinguish from department. The latter include: obligation education, the agency responsible for national cultural relics preservation, libraries, museums, cultural workstation, most departments need and monopoly state-owned capital ownership. Whether domestic or foreign capital is allowed.Regulations become more complicated, because our approach to commercializabe, monopoly before category - cultural domain news, broadcasting and television. Capital into these industry is highly controversial and national unstable because policy of volatility.Authorized monopoly capital media giants, but to exit the small and medium-sized media company. Criterion, reiterated that the basic principles - policy matters - the same size, take the basic principles of the claw big regulation measures adopted a filial piety (" grabbing big, release small ") has taken department on the first and the second. Problem is, although what complex medium diversification and corporatization media organization allow absorption domestic capital, in theory, they will only be allowed to invest in the media industry. Another limitation is that only certain sub industries of small and medium-sized media were allowed in absorbing external capital, namely points and department limited to basic facilities such as printing and publishing services related value chain, retail, information transmission and distribution, the main points unit, nothing can do and content of offer. Therefore, even though their names to shareholders, the media are banned from department of domestic investors intervention the enterprise production content and asset management. With foreign investors hold so, if bertelsmann, its sphere of influence to be included in the publishing industry time only. As shown above, capital inflows has been allowed to focus on what is considering the basic structure of the media in the industry by department. How in printing, the content of the department news, broadcasting, television media? Mark ` commercializable in blue books. ', but in fact it is how to commercializable?What is the market thresholdEntry in the domestic and foreign capital domain specific? In the media content industry of foreign investment, first of all, we have to understand that China's entry into wto agreement not bound to the content of liberalization. Domain for foreign capital investment, the hurdles is insurmountable. The content providers limited foreign works,such as bloomberg television station, phoenix TV, and the InforNews news corporation's TV group the new agreement with hunan radio, movies, and explain as follows:(1) the financial and economic news (the main menu according to bloomberg information platform and distribute) is that "safe" content. (2) joint hunan TV entertainment production (namely agreement with multinational as new heavyweights) is worth welcome. Rupert murdoch's small victory, there is a lot of things to do the logic of the inspectors' theme for preferential treatment as science and technology, financial, economic, leisure and lifestyle, ideology neutral mass market, such as games and the charge talk show, sports and drama. It is believed that is beneficial to the development of the industry domestic TV content, the current value chain of the weak culture department policy proposals have been urged Beijing to pay attention. (3) of the broad masses of the pearl river delta area, it is beyond the pearl river out those foreign achieve broadcasting organizations. The most important is, (4) landing rights and mutual exchanges and plan again) foreign broadcasting company (news group is the real target and earnings - bargaining chip, foreign group must be submitted to the negotiating table. Worth notice, though, the propaganda of its history, the TV is the only launched foreign language of entertainment channel, now says 1.3 percent in a short period of time to the audience the gold guangdong province January 2003. Top all the above limitations naming, all foreign a content is subject to strict inspection before distribution.The cultural industry of China's regulations of general brought me three in the us directly observed. The first third field my asking, culture that is the goods, traded commodity trading markets and the boundary between the cultural industry is very fluid. They, in turn, rapid change next reform system (this cycle, shorter and shorter after becoming the new party secretary hu. This fully explain commercializable properties not constructing and ` stable commodity. 'second, from this kind of instability, three-quarters of a mixed goods, in some of their properties, trade mark `' and some ` traded '(theso-called this fall commercializable, to the media monopolies category charming). The third kind ` throughout China capital inflows ` if we mean circulation 'society, so-called people are' British ziben - and collective capital. It is difficult to place detailed introducesthe current popular practice bound by this company obtains shell relates to Chinese media access media capital (through the domestic real estate world, not, publish, investment and (such as banking) become listed companies. I just want to say that government departments of the new policy emphasis goes across media, cross, and trans media merger between the region further blurred the line ` 'and ` public pure pure private' funds. Capital properties will be mixed into such degree, China will be remembered as the hybrids land. This leads me to my third observation: more and more economic consideration to infiltration policy to decide what cultural products were allowed to obtain a diversified financing structure. We are faced with the same old problems, from other grafting industry department's culture: at what level admiral economic ideology is the erosion of preferences China, there are political elite market vision unique socialist culture commodity economy is the foundation this mixed commodity increasingly complex system, a no vision not entirely theoretical, so often laugh at?International trade regulations at home against domestic cultural policiesThe above discussion fully demonstrated the dominance of the concept of Chinese cultural market policies. No matter how we evaluate the policy framework and the characteristics of any market discourse proof is, it was vital to the Chinese culture policy analysis (and lyricist for industrial) culture blue were told at home against international trade free debate culture exemption. Meaning, this kind of knowledge can offer is three times. First, it will provide the efforts to promote Chinese culture, policy makers, their argument, to help promote 'cultural center' profit margins to make policy. Secondly, it will suggest China cultural policy makers, research fields, including cultural trade influence competition policy and investment policy, tax law, services, and intellectual property system (" final report ", 5) in. Third, China is increasing pressure to comply with the international free trade agreement, it will be informed about the fact that other countries in Tunisia policymakers as Canada and ends development of economy (ditto, band 27) hold the same career, normative market is helpful to the domestic growth cultural industries.The last point is a tricky, because it might mistake me support at home the protectionist policies concerning a democratic countries poor. Of course this is not my intention. I'll be back soon this important point. First, rapid trade summary of the order of international cultural debate. Canada and the countries of the European Union opposes a media products. Britain's free trade rules, such as gatt culture and extensive cultural don't agree to release, besides audio-visual sector. But U.S. argued that cultural products trade is to release any other goods, and shall be subject to the unit did not exception. Of course China is Canada or France. Although every country has the right to protect its imports from countries replaced its cultural American culture, we cannot apply for to formulate policy debate of normal trade media notorious for a record of domestic review. Regime From this perspective, banned imports of amount of western culture content of Chinese citizens from denied to choose a filtering political and cultural development of democracy. Like Edwin baker scholars in legal research is quite thoughtful and points out: "free traders are correct, historically, some repressive regimes had tried to protect and promote cultural imagine, here is usually not only picky import restrictions but also have the same restrictions on freedom of expression of the serious internal" (baker, 2002,260). Similarly, China's media content all boycott liberalization should not and the European commission with equal Canada against trade protection media said, and is essential for maintaining citizens domestic cultural space of variety and growing ball (the European commission, 2000). In China, set up the case, limit the barriers to trade and investment flows in the audio-visual sector that is quite another matter. Therefore baker puts forward "some equipment other than the free trade is necessary to prevent picky government distortions" (baker, 254). He thinks, human rights law, but is not free trade law is the most feasible international policy documents, can one stone kills two birds - a country need to nourish the sensitivity of the domestic media pluralism and opennesscross-border cultural exchange.I think Chinese cultural policy makers can draw lessons from this international debate something else - some protectionist policies how it can help the healthy development of the alimentary domestic media. Policies, such as state subsidies andradio media place, screen the working hours and quota quotas in Western Europe and Canada. In view of this, the current Chinese policy media company of state-owned capital withdraw all from small medium, not a necessity for the development of f local media. Usually, the smallest and most minor media is the most independent of the mind. Leaving their the law of the jungle of the survival of the fittest for China's news gathering - fully prove - is to further to inspectors.The international debate about trade and culture is important, but in another respect Chinese policy makers. Because governments around the world continue to privatization and exogenous in every government service department and the boundaries between citizens and private with amazing speed redraw, this debate back to, public domain problem, one public culture is only a small part. What service and property duty to rationing, obviously this public responsibility should be private provision, must take back to policy makers in the agenda. As western scholars in beginning to reconsider must be obtained and market balance social (again, the American public opposition to the federal communications commission's ruling thought), China needs to realize the equality of access problems, including a public domain market acquisitions and public cultures of the moment. Therefore, it is imperative that we research the market state of established in China distinguish boundaries ` circulation 'cultural products from ` traded. Discuss what kind of policy will follow, if we devoted to the problem as public goods picture of what the public culture of China is related to the case? (I don't open some because ` 'and between historical equation ` state'). Finally, my big question is the cultural policy mode should be Chinese turn? Europe/Canada or the United States?第11 页共11 页。

简明英文海事执法业务用语第一章基础词汇及常用语Chapter one basic word and sentence第一节船舶种类名称Section one Types Of Ships1、cargo ship 货船2、general cargo /multi-purpose ship 杂货/多用途船3、passenger ship 客船4、oil tankship 油船5、gas carrier(liquefied petroleum gas－lpg) 液化石油气船6、gas carrier(liquefied natural gas－lng) 液化天然气船7、bulk carrier 散货船8、chemical tankship 化学品船9、ro-ro cargo ship 滚装货船10、ro-ro passenger ship 滚装客船11、containership 集装箱船12、refrigerated cargo ship 冷藏船13、high speed craft 高速船14、ferry 渡船15、barge carrier 驳船16、towboat 拖船17、Woodchip carrier 木材船18、Livestock carrier 牲畜船第二节船员名称Section two Crew Member一、管理级船员management level1、Captain (Master) 船长2、chief engineer 轮机长、老轨二、操作级船员operational level1、Chief Officer(Mate) 大副2、second officer(mate) 二副3、third officer(mate) 三副4、second engineer 大管轮、大轨、大车5、third engineer 二管轮6、fourth engineer 三管轮三、支持级船员support level1、boatswain 水手长2、sailor 水手3、A.B.(able bolded seaman) 全能水手4、radio officer 报务主任5、motor man 机工6、carpenter 木匠7、purser 管事,事务长8、chief cook 大厨第三节船舶部位名称Section three parts of ships一、船舶概况ship’s particulars1?ship’s name 船名2、l.o.a 总长3、breadth moulded 型宽4、depth moulded 型深5、max height from keel 龙骨以上最大高度6、call sign 呼号7、m/e horse power 主机功率8、speed 航速9、type 种类10、when built 建造年月11、summer mein laden draft 夏季满载吃水12、fresh water allowance 淡水宽限13、t.p.c 吨/厘米14、q.w.t 载重吨15、teu 标箱16、imo number IMO编号17、owner 所有人18、operator 经营人19、trim 纵倾20、list 横倾21、port side 左舷22、starboard side 右舷23、longitudinal 纵向24、transverse 横向25、horizontal 水平26、vertical 垂直27、centre line 中心线二、甲板deck1、bow fore 船首2、stern abaf 船尾t3、keel 龙骨4、bottom shell plate 船底外板5、side shell plate 舷侧外板6、frame 肋骨7、manhole 人孔8、collision bulkhead 防撞舱壁9、chain locker 锚链舱10、chain compressor 制链器11、rat guard 防鼠板12、rope 缆绳13、handrail栏杆14、accommodation ladder 舷梯15、rope ladder 软梯16、scuttle 舷窗17、skylight 天窗18、free board 干舷19、draft mark 吃水标志20、load line mark 载重线21、main mast 主桅22、fore mast 前桅23、after derrick post/king post 后桅24、brige 船桥25、funnel 烟囱26、rader mast 雷达桅27、derrick boom 吊杆28、ventilator 通风筒29、cable 缆30、hawser 钢缆31、capstan 绞盘32、gangplank 上下船跳板33、mooring winch 绞缆机34、windlass 锚机35、三、机舱engine room1、incinerator 焚化装置, 焚化炉2、sludge 沉淀物，淤积物3、waste 废物, 垃圾,4、purifier 滤清器，净化器,清洁器5、bilge 舱底6、separator 分离器7、sewage 生活污水8、filter 过滤器, 过滤9、fuel oil tank 燃油舱10、service tank 日用柜11、settling tank 沉淀柜12、lubricating oil 润滑油13、cylinder 汽缸14、piston 活塞,15、auxiliary engine 辅机16、cooling water 冷却水17、boiler 锅炉18、fire pump 消防泵19、steering gear 操舵装置, 舵机20、emergency generator 应急发电机[21、rudder 舵22、propeller 螺旋桨23、helm 舵轮第四节其他常用词汇Section four other word in common use1、day 天, 白天2、week 星期, 周3、January(略作Jan) 一月4、February(略作Feb) 二月5、March 缩写 Mar. 三月6、April (略作Apr) 四月7、May 五月8、June (略作Jun) 六月9、July (略作Jul) 七月10、August (略作Aug) 八月11、September(略作Sep) 九月12、October(略作Oct) 十月13、November (略作Nov) 十一月14、December (略作Dec) 十二月15、Monday缩写 M.， Mon. 星期一16、Tuesday缩写 Tu.， Tue.， Tues. 星期二17、Wednesday缩写 W.， Wed. 星期三18、Thursday缩写Thur.， Thu，星期四19、Friday缩写 Fri.， Fr.， F. 星期五20、Saturday缩写 S.， Sat. 星期六21、Sunday缩写 S.， Sun. 星期日第五节与船员简单对话Section five simple dialog with Seafarer一、与甲板值班船员1、How do You do? (How are you? )你好2、I Am Fine, Thank You.我很好,谢谢!3、I’m very glad to meet you.很高兴见到你4、Hello, Good Morning!早上好5、Good Afternoon下午好6、Good Evening晚上好7、Who Are You?你的身份?8、We Are Harbor Master!We Are Harbor Officers Of MSA!我们是海事官员9、This Is My ID Card.这是我的证件。

浴巾a bath towel 文法学校a grammar school永恒的真理the eternal truth文件柜a filling cabinet 新鲜空气fresh air纯属无稽之谈utter nonsense 违规行为delinquent behavior常客a frequent visitor高品德的high-minded monologue 固定的观点a settle view 时事current affairs身体障碍a physical impediment一阵狂风a hideous wind令人厌恶的景象a hideous sight言语障碍 a speech impediment 使人兴奋冲动的爱国激情heady patriotism无情的人侵者the remorseless invaders 首相the Prime Minister 烂苹果rotten apples国际联盟the League of Nations 思维过程a mental process 条理清楚的文章a coherent article一位点头之交a nodding acquaintance一个完整的体系a coherent system一位口译好手a proficient interpreter 一种不可阻挡的趋向an irresistible trend逐字逐句的激励literally inspired夜生活evening life食宿board and lodging 供吃住的寄宿舍boarding-house瞬间 a split second玻璃弹子glass marbles做徒劳无益的事whipping the dead horse阿司匹林片aspirin tablets在此情况下in the circumstances提前in advance走过场 a matter of form 楼梯间平台的窗户landing window紧张气氛the tense atmosphere毛线针knitting needles梦游to walk in one’s sleep飞机翼展the wingspan of a plane专业的历史工作者professional historians基于常识的反应 a common-sense reaction事物的这种状况this state of affairs意见不一的历史学家contending historians老生常谈的事 a cut-and-dried matter一个个人喜好的问题 a matter of personal preference截然不同的观点diametrically opposed points of view 民间故事folk tales书面文件written documents过去的遗留物the remains of the past人的动机和行为human motivations and behavior 复杂和精细sophistication and subtlety 商船merchant ships 一旦发生潜艇战in the event of a submarine warfare一个粗糙的理论 a crude theory 好战的行为belligerent acts宣传机器 a propaganda machine 德国外交部长the German foreign secretary权力平衡the balance of power因果关系the cause and effect海岸炮兵the shore batteries 终极关怀the ultimate concern 近因 a proximate cause人们常说的一句话 a well-used phrase不会出错的解释 a foolproof explanation绝对有效的模式 a model of unquestioned validity 永不停止的探索 a never-ending quest一个难以达到但又十分诱人的目标an elusive yet intriguing goal难以解决的两难困境an insoluble dilemma 一本难以看懂的书an incomprehensible book一个爱交际的女人 a sociable woman 黑市the black market黑色幽默black humor 害群之马black sheep黑人权利black power表达能力不强的人inarticulate people 全国性活动 a nationwide campaign 赞美的话complimentary remarks 淘气男孩 a mischievous boy一些有权力的人物certain powerful quarters 种族隔离的学校segregated schools 不可争议的权威indisputable authority公海high sea 上流社会high society 机密的消息confidential information 冷漠的门impersonal doors客观的信an impersonal letter 真诚的羡慕an unselfish envy紧张的声音 a strained voice度假别墅holiday villa 一个著名的电视名人a famous television personality 刻薄下流语言obscene language 下流故事an obscene story银行袭击a bank raid 生产双层玻璃公司a double-glazing company联合抵押joint mortgage 拌嘴a cross word永远达不到的目标an unattainable goal 乡村和西部音乐country and western music加重了的潜水腰带a weighted diving belt 心碎heart-broken以自我为中心的人a self-centered man光是重量sheer weight光是运气sheer luck 一派胡言sheer nonsense军号声　bulge call 人工呼吸kiss of life一串气泡　a trail of bubbles一点点关心　one tiny scrap of care 非理性因素non-rational factors 过去的好日子good old days思想模式thought patterns 陈旧的故事stock anecdotes思路brain path 鲜明的对比 a striking contrast 强烈的满足感keen satisfaction 感情上的联想sentimental association 一场恶吵 a bitter quarrel 酸葡萄sour grapes毫无根据的意见groundless opinions社会地位social position重要而有说服力的因素 a potent factor怀疑的余地room of doubt一种教条的观点great intellects大学者们great intellects不可避免的结果inevitable result 长期的斗争age-long struggle互相矛盾冲突的观点conflicting ideas鲜明的例子striking examples根深蒂固的信仰deeply-rooted convictions仅仅是断言bare assertion低头to sink one's head 使船沉没to sink the ship思考生命的意义to contemplate the meaning of life让阳光一下照着to catch the light毁了一个人的身体to ruin one's health 毁了国家to ruin the country猛敲桌子to bang the desk 扮演一个重要的角色to playa prominent role占有重要的位置to hold a prominent position 一个虔诚的佛教徒a pious Buddhist获得一种名声to gain a reputation 满足一个人的虚荣心to satisfy one's ego严刑逼供to give sb the third degree 发明一种教学方法to devise a teaching method在某人手中悄悄塞一支枪to slide a gun into sb's hand引起一些兴趣to whip up a little interest让谈话继续下去to keep the ball rolling让谈话开始to set the ball rolling一个作风古怪的百万富翁an eccentric millionaire分配资金to allot capital 勒紧裤带to tighten one’s belt 讲一句话to make a remark伸出一只手to stretch out one’s hand 润润嘴唇to moisten one’s lips抱怨天气to complain of the weather将棍子用力插入沙中to plunge the stick into the sand 突然冲我来了to turn on me 使某人心烦to get on one’s nerve是某人将某事忘得精光t o put something out of someone’s mind脱钩t o come off the hook做填字游戏t o do a crossword puzzle 擤鼻涕to blow one’s nose 在鼻子上涂粉to powder one’s nose 提出案发时不在现场的证据to give an alibi获得新的深刻认识to gain new insights 修改一个人的观点to revise one’s ideas追查起因to trace the cause 从这前提出发to begin from this premise朝目标开火to open fire on/at 给以同样重视to give equal weight to sth支持某一观点to support a certain view 对政府施加影响to influence the government破坏实力平衡to destroy the balance of power 组成联盟to form an alliance偿还贷款to repay the loans 考虑战争的问题to contemplate war填补缺口to fill in the gaps 结束探索to conclude the quest从某一角度看问题to view sth from a certain perspective从比较中获益to benefit from the comparison消灭差别to eliminate from the comparison 深入研究问题to dig into the problem 淹没在大海之中to be immersed in a vast sea从不同的观点出发to stem from a different point of view命中注定要做某事to be destined to do sth 无视这个事实to ignore the fact作出假设to make an assumption 打败敌人to defeat the enemy夺回失土to win back one’s lost territory 沉船to sink a boat截获机密to intercept the secret message将证据凑在一起to piece together evidence接近真理to approximate the truth 掌握新技术to master new techniques庆祝他的50华诞to celebrate its Golden Jubilee 引起羡慕to excite admiration触动良心to touch the conscience 得奖to win the prize受到训斥to receive a reprimand 省去这些字to omit the words宣布放弃奖金renounce the prizes 避免一场危机avert a crisis参加仪式attend the ceremony 展示一件艺术品exhibit a work of art尽情享受乐趣to indulge in pleasures 保护一个孩子guard a child感到有能力做某事feel up to do something 使某事正式结束bring sth to a close挥手让某人进去wave sb in 使某人不必处于某种场合to save sb from a situation向某人说说心里话to talk out one’s heart to sb 把某人打翻在地knock sb down给某人斟酒pour sb a drink 举杯祝酒raise one’s glass从大腿上慢慢流下来trickle down her legs像鲸鱼一样喷水puff like a whale想雪一样融化掉melt down like snow 一眼看清了当时的情况sum up the scene进行电视采访do their interview 心存怨恨bear resentment难受的想吐feel sick in the stomach 突然大声的怒气冲冲的冲进来come in like thunder 渐渐散去drift away gradually 看中某人的意见value one’s opinion提高在某人心中的地位increase one’s standing with sb使自己振作起来pull oneself together 开始提供晚餐serve dinner 禽抱一个拿枪的劫匪tackle an armed robber和某人厮守下去stick with sb 系上腰带fasten the seat belt虐待妻子abuse one’s wife 和很多人乱搞男女关系screw his way around碰某人一个手指头lay a finger on sb 进行人工呼吸catch sb trying to do sth用力把自己身体升起heave oneself up浮出水面float to the surface在水下拼命挣扎thrash about under the water 使自己依靠在某物上prop oneself against冲出水面break surface 抓住某物seize hold of sth 把自己用力拉起来haul oneself up 紧紧锁住某人双手pinion one’s arms 把某人挡开fend sb off击中某处land a blow 呆在水下stay under in the water将这些观点加以归类to classify propositions 持有一种意见to hold an opinion 建立信念to establish convictions 颠倒过程to reverse the process 对是否是真相提出疑问to question the truth 获得财富to acquire wealth接受一种新的信念to adopt a new belief 放弃信念to abandon belief证明完全相反to demonstrate the contrary 相信这一事实to credit the fact 怀有一种意见to entertain an opinion使这个字的意思延伸一下to extend the term珍惜他们的尊敬to value their respect轻视他们的意见to belittle their opinions考虑某一点to make an allowance改变我们的思维模式to alter our thought patterns走同样的路to take the same course鹦鹉学舌般重复他人的思想to parrot others' ideasUNIT 11、我知道，不管发生什么I knew I could expect my brother to stand by me whatever happened.2、一般情况下As a general rule, young people tend to be more interest in the present and the future.3、如果他们双方不妥协Both sides will stand to lose if they do not compromise.4、我们希望使我们It is our hope to make all the courses and teaching materials integrated.5、中国的书面文字The Chinese written language has been a major factor for integrating our nation.6、在中国的传统艺术中In traditional Chinese art, the bamboo often stands for moral integrity and uprightness.7、绝大多数人都赞成深化改革The great majority of the people stand for further reform.8、伊丽莎白一世Queen Elizabeth the First ruled England for 45 years, and the country prospered under her rule.9、真理一开始The truth is always in the hand of a small minority at first. That's the rule.10, 民主意味着由Democracy means that the majority rules, but the minority’s right to disagree is also respected. These two basic rules are of equal importance.11、一个国A nation cannot be strong unless it is well-integrated economically, politically and culturally as well as geographically.12、那次晚会很乏味The party was boring, so she slipped out of the room and went home.13 路很泥泞The road was muddy. He slipped and fell into the river.14、有一天，我因为One day I was drowning my sorrows in a restaurant because I was broke when he came and slipped a roll of money into my hand.15、佛罗里达州The Court of Florida ruled that it was necessary to recount the votes.16、认为太阳绕着地球The idea that the sun moves round the earth ruled ancient scholars for more than a thousand years.17、这些胡同The hutongs are an integral part of old Beijing.18、日子一天天过去Days slipped by and I still had not made much progress.19、他怕犯错He weighed every word carefully lest he should make a mistake.20、她的身体糟糕到了Her health was such terrible that she would not go out in the sun even in winter lest she get sun-stroke.你能强迫一个You can force a student to attend classes, but you cannot force him to think.学习文学The study of literature can help you to understand not only other people but also yourself.通过阅读范文You can improve your writing by reading good models and by practicing writing.在中世纪In the Middle Ages, people believed that the earth was flat and that it was the center of the universe. 我既没有时间I can afford neither the time nor the money to play golf with those big cheeses.小金Xiao Jin could not decide whether to apply for graduate studies right after college or to get a job first.爱能改善人们Love cures people-both those who give it and those who receive it.优秀的企业Excellent firms don't believe in perfection, only in constant improvement and constant change. 许多东西Many things cannot be learned in the classroom, such as planning one's time, working on one's own and managing one's own affairs.在过去的10年里In the past ten years people, especially old people, have been concerned more about their health than about their income.UNIT21、我们公司在这么短It is a miracle how our company has developed into a multinational in such a short span of time.2、那个国家的平均寿命The average life span of that country has increased from 42 years to 50 years in a matter of two decades.3、这两个国家的冲突The conflict between the two countries has spanned more than half a century.4有四座大桥There are four bridges spanning the river.5、我对你非常感谢I'm much obliged to you. Without your help, I would never have finished the book.6、不，这个聚会No, you are not obliged to go to the party. You don't have to go if you don't want to.7 人们找她She’s always ready to oblige when people come to her for help.8 山谷里有一个小湖In the valley is a small lake right between a meadow and a hill. It is a perfect spot for picnic .9、他坐在一个阴凉Sitting in that shady spot he soon dozed off.10、他看见我把一个塑料He criticized me on the spot when he saw me throw a plastic bag by the roadside.11 那是一件白底蓝点It is a white shirt with blue spots. It looks quite pretty.12、这位侦探发现了The detective spotted the suspect and he walked and arrested him.13、有一个气球爆了One of the balloons popped and it gave me quite a start.14 在上课的时候进It is very impolite to keep popping in and out of the classroom when the class is still going on.15、当他看见那位小伙子When he saw the young man ready to pay for the BMW in cash, his eyes almost popped out of his head.16、在那些国家里水比油In those countries, water is worth a lot more than oil. Friends will often bring dollars' worth of water as a gift.17、这个项目完成When this project is completed, it will benefit about a hundred thousand people. It will be well worth the effort and investment.18、这电影不值得看两遍This movie is not worth seeing twice. In fact, it's not worth seeing at all.19 我觉得那地方值得I think it is worthwhile to visit that place. I hear they have kept all their traditional houses intact-houses that were built in Ming-Qing styles.20、贾宝玉当他父亲Jia Baoyu was sick and tired of being his father's worthy son. He yearnedfor freedom.1.看来病人在这个城市It seems the patient has no relatives in this city.2.交朋友易It’s easy to make friends but difficult to keep them.3.他总是懂的朋友He can always understand what his friends are thinking and worrying about.4.或许根本就不是Perhaps it wasn’t Xiao Jiang at all who had left the tap running all night.5.那男孩一点也不The boy had no idea how he had become an old man in half a day.6.不知道王宁I wonder how Wang Ning has been doing in London. I haven’t heard from himfor almost a year.7.你出生于什么样的家庭It doesn’t matter what family you were born into. The real test ishow far you can go from where you started.8.她简直不相信She simply couldn’t believe what she saw. It was only yesterday that the twintowers were standing there.9.第八号陪审员Juror No. 8 pointed out that it might have been someone else who had stabbedthe boy’s father to death.10.在市场经济中In the market economy, it is primarily by individuals and firms rather than bygovernment agencies that decisions about what to produce, how much to produce are made.UNIT31.尚不知飞The cause of the aircraft crash is so far unknown.2.地球转The cause of global warming is still hotly debated among scientists.3.他把他的一He devoted all his life to the cause of environmental protection.4.历史上这条The river has caused us a lot of trouble in history.5.你认为国际恐怖主义的What do you think caused the upsurge of international terrorism?6.我们必须团结那些反对We must try and unite with those who have opposed us.7.任何进步和改革都会There is always opposition to any progress and reform.8.有些人对新事物总是Some people are always opposed to new things.9.这些贷款中不少从未归还A lot of those loans were never repaid. That high ratio of bad debts finally led to the financial crisis in this second economic power in the world.10.工商银行现在给The Business Bank now offers a special loan for students who can't pay for their education.11.这男孩问斯多太太能否将她的The boy asked Mrs.Stow for the loan of her binoculars.12.她在结束讲话时Her concluded her speech by saying that she hoped she could come again some day and see more of the country.13.他们一结束调查就As soon as they concluded the investigation, they were to report to the Security Council.14.在他访问期间，During his visit, he will conclude a new trade agreement with India.15根据这些有理疑点，陪审团只能得出结论，这个少Based on those reasonable doubts, the jury had to conclude that the boy was not guilty.16.他将经东京飞往纽约She is flying to New York by way of Tokyo.17.我想谈谈上世界60年代的情I'd like to say a few words about the situation in the sixties of the last century by way of an introduction to the movie.18.他们决定召They decided to recall their ambassador by way of protest.1.英雄是具有非凡品Heroes and heroines are people with unusual qualities.2.名流是因媒体炒作而出名Celebrities are people who become famous because of publicitythrough the media.3.在中国大陆，“爱人In China mainland, "sweet heart" often refers to a person's husband or wife.4.一个不能共患难的朋友A fair-weather friend is one who will desert you as soon as you are in trouble.5.从广义上说，货币指Broadly speaking, money refers to anything generally accepted in exchange for other goods and services.6.一个坐在扶手椅里的An armchair revolutionary is one who talks about revolution, but who doesn't put what he says into practice.7.鲁教授说一个好教师应努力使自己成Professor Lu says that a good teacher is one who does all he/she can to make himself/herself unnecessary for the students.8.经济学定义为研究商品和服务的生产、分配和消费的社会Economics is defined as the social science that deals with the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services.9.DVD是上面能储藏大量在计算机DVD is a disk on which large amounts of information, especially photographs and video can be stored, for use on a computer.10.《牛津高级学生词典》The Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary defines "workaholic" as "a person who works most of the time and finds it difficult to stop working in order to do other things".UNIT41、因为疯牛病Import of that country’s beef was suspended because of the mad cow scare.2、在战争期间During the war, they had to suspend the construction of the railway.3、吸毒是一件严重It was a serious offence to take drugs. Robert was suspended from school for two weeks.4、她正躺在悬挂She was reading in a hammock suspended from two tree branches.5 这次暂停销售The sales suspension has brought us heavy losses.6 这也许是亚洲This is perhaps the longest suspension bridge in Asia.7 这个作家善于制造悬念。