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英语语法基础知识——动名词

英语语法基础知识——动名词
英语语法基础知识——动名词

动名词

动名词是动词的另外一种非限定形式,通常由动词+-ing形式构成。它具备动词的某些特点,有时态和语态上的变化,可以有自己的宾语或状语;也具备名词的特点,可以带冠词,被形容词、代词及名词所有格所修饰,在句中起名词的作用,单独或引起短语作主语,表语,宾语,或介词的宾语等。

一、动名词的形式和意义

1. 动名词的一般式通常表示一般性动作(即不是明确地在过去、现在或将来发生的动作),或是表示与谓语所表示的动作同时发生的动作。

e.g. I) They are interested in climbing mountains.

II) He took a great delight in helping others.

2. 如果动名词所代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,则通常用动名词的完成形式。

e.g. I) He denied having peeked at his neighbor’s t est paper. 他否认偷看了他同桌的考卷。

II) He was praised for having made such a contribution to the country.

【注】在某些动词后或成语中,也常用动名词的一般形式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前所发生的动作。

e.g. I) I don’t remember ever seeing him anywhere.

II) Thank you for giving us so much help.

3. 当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的对象时,这动名词一般要用被动形式。如果动名词所表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生,有时还需用动名词的完成被动式。

e.g. I) He could not bear being made fun of like that. 人家这样开他的玩笑他受不了。

II) You can’t eat anything before being operated on.

III) I don’t remember having ever been given a chance to try this metho d. 我不记得谁给我试验这方法的机会。

【注】在want, need, deserve, require等动词后,尽管表示的是被动的意思,却要用动名词的主动形式。在worth这个形容词后也是如此。在这类结构中,动名词和句子的主语有着动宾关系,因此如果这个动名词是个不及物动词,后面还应当用一个适当的介词。

e.g. I) This problem requires studying (to be studied) with great care.

II) Who needs looking after (= to be looked after)?

III) The picture is not worth looking at.

4. 由于动名词同时具备名词的特征,所以可以在前面加一个物主代词来表示这个名词短语逻辑上的主语,或者用一个名词所有格来完成这种结构。

e.g. I) Do you think my going there will be of any help?

II) What we felt uneasy about was Mary’s having too much confidence i n herself.

我们感到不安的是小林过于自信。

二、动名词的句法功能

1. 作主语

e.g. I) Swimming develops the muscles.

II) Tony’s being always late for class affected his final grades.

2. 作表语

e.g. I) The real problem is getting to know the needs of the people.

II) Her job is raising pigs.

3. 作宾语

a) 在下面这些动词后面,通常用动名词作宾语,而不能用动词不定式:suggest, finish, avoid (避免), stop, cant’ help (禁不住), mind (在乎), admit (承认), enjoy, leave off (停止), require, postpone (推迟), put off, delay, practice, fancy (喜欢), excuse, pardon, advise, consider, deny (否认), endure (忍耐), escape (逃避), miss等。

e.g. I) He avoided giving us a definite answer. 他避免给我们作肯定回答。

II) We’d better put off discussing it till next week.

b) 在love, like, hate, prefer, dislike, begin, start, continue, intend (打算), attempt (尝试), can’t bear, propose, want, ne ed, remember, forget, regret, neglect, try, deserve, can’t afford等动词后,可以用动名词作宾语,也可以用动词不定式作宾语。有时两种结构之间意义差别不是很大,如在like, hate, prefer等词后,如果表示一般倾向,多用动名词作宾语;如果表示特定的或具体的某次行动,用动词不定式时则更多一些。

e.g. I) I like reading books of this kind. 我喜欢看这类书。

I’d like to read that book. 我想看那一本书。

II) They prefer walking to cycling. 他们情愿走路,不愿骑车。

I prefer to stay at home today. 今天我情愿呆在家里。

【注】在remember, forget, regret, try, mean, go on, quit, stop等词后面跟动

名词和跟动词不定式作宾语时意思则有明显的差别。在remember, forget, regret等词后面接的动名词往往表示动作已经发生过了,而动词不定式则表示动词的尚未发生或将要发生。try后面接的动名词表示试着做某事,而动词不定式则表示设法做某事。mean后面接的动名词表示意味着,而动词不定式则表示企图、打算。在quit (停止), stop后面接动名词表示“停止做某事”,而动词不定式则表示“停下来去做某事”。同样,go on后面接的动名词和动词不定式意义也不同,接动名词时表示“继续做同一件事情”,而接动词不定式则表示“继续做不同的事情”。

e.g. I) I remember seeing her once somewhere. 我记得在哪里见过她。

I must remember to take my notebooks with me. 我必须记住把笔记本带着。

II) I regret not having accepted your advice. 我后悔没有听你的劝告。

I regret to tell you the bad news. 我很遗憾要告诉你这个不幸的消息。

III) We must try to get everything done in time. 我们必须设法及时把一切做好。

Let’s try doing the job some oth er way. 我们用另一种方法试试看。

IV) Success means working very hard.

John meant to drive there, but his car broke down.

V) He went on working in spite of (尽管) the noise around him.

He gave us a brief (简短的) introduction and went on to show us around the campus (校园).

V I) We’ll start as soon as it quits snowing.

At noon, all the worker quit to take a nap (打盹,小睡).

c) 动名词常可用在某些成语后面充当作介词宾语,常见的有:insist on, persist in, think of, dream of, object to (反对), hear of, approve of (赞成), prevent … from, keep … from, stop … from, be e ngaged in (忙于), when it comes to … (当谈到……的时候), look forward to, oppose to (反对), depend on, thank … for, feel like, excuse … for, aim at, devote … to (投身于), set about (开始,着手), spend … in, get used to, be fond of, be capable of (能够), be afraid of, be tired of, be sick of, succeed in, be interested in, feel ashamed of, be proud of, be keen on (热衷于), be responsible for (对……负责) 等。

e.g. I) I’ve been looking forward to coming to Beijing for a long time.

II) Have you got used to working on the night shift? 你习惯了上夜班了没有?

4. 动名词也可以和about, against, at, before, after, by, besides, for, from, in, on, upon, without等介词构成短语作状语用。也可以和with a view to (以……为目的), for the purpose of (为了), in case of (万一), in the event of (如果……发生), instead of, apart from, for fear of (为了避免)等成语构成短语,作状语等用。

e.g. I) What can you learn by watching such films?

II) Since returning from New York, he’s been awfully busy.

III) We adopted the new methods with a view to raising our efficiency. 我们采用这些新方法为的是提高效率。

5. 动名词也可以和介词构成短语作定语用。能够用这种定语修饰的名词有:way (of), method (of), art (of), chance (of), opportunity (of), habit (of), hope (of), process (of), possibility (of), importance (of), necessity (of), intention (of), honor (of), means (of), right (of), surprise (of), astonishment (of), excuse (of), apology (of), plan (for), objection (to), idea (of), experience (in), skill (in)等。

e.g. I) They don’t approve of (赞成) his way of looking at things.

II) He hasn’t much experience in running factories. 他没有多少管理工厂的经验。

6. 用在固定结构中:动名词常与be worth, have difficulty (in), it is no good/ no use, there is no point in, how/what about, what’s the point of, what’s the use of, spend/ waste (no) time (in)等词组连用。

e.g. I) What’s the point of leaving today’s work for tomorrow?

II) There is no point buying a fridge since we have a big vegetable garden.

III) He wastes no time correcting his mistake. 他立即改正了错误。

练习题

1) Mark often attempts to escape ____ whenever he breaks traffic regulations.

A) having been fined B) to have been fined

C) to be fined D) being fined

2) My wife said in her letter that she would appreciate ____ from you sometime.

A) to have heard B) to hear

C) for hearing D) hearing

3) The thief took away the woman's wallet without____.

A) being seen B) seeing

C) him seeing D) seeing him

4) People appreciate ____wit him because he has a good sense of humor. (CET-4 1998,1)

A) to work B) to have worked

C) working D) have working

5) I've enjoyed ____ to talk with you.

A) to be able B) being able

C) to been able D) of being able

6) No one can avoid ____ by advertisements.

A) to be influenced B) being influenced

C) influencing D) having influence

7) They are considering ____ before the prices go up.

A) of buying the house B) with buying the house

C) buying the house D) to buy the house

8) He thought that ____.

A) the effort doing the job was not worth B) the effort was not worth in doing the job

C) it was not worth the effort doing the job D) it was not worth the effort by doing the job

9) If I had remembered ____ the door, the things would not have been stolen.

A) to lock B) locking

C) to have locked D) having locked

10) Your shirt needs ____. You'd better have it done today.

A) iron B) to iron

C) ironing D) being ironed

11) You can't help ____ commercials; every few minutes the program is interrupted to give you one advertisement or another.

A) to hear B) to be heard

C) hearing D) with hearing

12) My transistor radio isn't working. It ____.

A) need repairing B) needs to repair

C) needs repairing D) need to be repaired

13) It is no use ____ me not to worry.

A) you tell B) your telling

C) for you to have told D) having told

14) He is very busy ____ his papers. He is far too busy ____ callers.

A) to write...to receive B) writing...to receive

C) writing...receiving D) to write...for receiving

15)The suspect at last admitted ____ stolen goods but denied ____ them.

A) receiving...selling

B) to receive...to sell

C) to receiving...to selling

D) to have received...to have sold

16) She apologized for ____ to come.

A) her not being able B) her being not able

C) not being able D) that she's not able to

17)I really appreciate ____ to help me, but I am sure that I can manage by myself.

A) you to offer B) that you offer

C) your offering D) that you are offering

18) Please stop ____, boys, I have something important to ____ you.

A) saying ...talk B) telling ... say

C) talking ...speak D) talking ... tell

19) Tony, would you go and see if Sam has any difficulty ____ his tape recorder?

A) to fix B) fixing C) for fixing D) fix

20)“Why isn't Nancy going to meet us?”“It's my fault. I forgot all about ____ her.”

A) telephoning to B) to telephone

C) to telephone to D) the telephoning to

21)“Why were you late?”“I had a hard time ____ up this morning.”

A) to get B) get C) got D) getting

22)I remember ____ to help us if we ever got into trouble.

A) once offering B) him once offering

C) him to offer D) to offer him

23)John regretted ____ to the meeting last week.

A) not going B) not to go

C) not having been going D) not to be going

24) It is difficult to get used ____ in a tent after having a soft, comfortable bed to lie on.

A) sleep B) to sleeping

C) slept D) to sleep

25) He gives people the impression ____ many poems.

A) of having written B) to have written

C) of being written D) to write

26) Do you feel like ____ out or would you rather ____ dinner at home?

A) going...to have B) to go...to have

C) to go...having D) going...have

27) Prior to ____ the formal speech, first he will introduce himself.

A) delivering B) deliver

C) being delivering D) being delivered

28)I don't mind ____ by bus, but I hate ____ in queues.

A) to travel...standing B) having traveled...standing

C) traveling...to stand D) traveling...standing

29)What about ____ double quantities of everything today? We have hardly time to go____ next week.

A) buying...to shop B) buy...shopping

C) buying...shopping D) to buy...shopping

30) We had some trouble ____ the house and nobody seemed ____ where it was.

A) in finding...knowing B) finding...to know

C) to find...knowing D) to find...to know

31)We can't imagine ____ in the entrance examination, for she has never been to school.

A) she succeeding B) her succeeding

C) she succeed D) her to succeed

32)I don't like ____ at me.

A) them laughing B) their laugh

C) them laugh D) them to have laughed

33)We suggested ____ in hotels but the children were anxious ____ out.

A) sleeping...to camp B) sleeping...camping

C) to sleep...to camp D) to sleep...camping

34)I have no objection ____ the evening with them.

A) to spend B) to spending C) of spending D) spending

35) After ____ for the job, you will be required to take a language test.

A) being interviewed B) interviewed

C) interviewing D) having interviewed

36)The match was cancelled because most of the members ____ a match without a standard court.

A) objected to having B) were objected to have

C) objected to have D) were objected to having

37)Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy ____ for her examination.

A) to prepare B) to be prepared

C) preparing D) being prepared

38)It is no good ____ remember grammatical rules. You need to practise what you have learned.

A) trying to B) to try to

C) try to D) tried to

39)After ____ him better, I regretted ____ him unfairly.

A) getting to know...to judge

B) getting to know...to have judged

C) getting to have know...judging

D) getting to know...having judged

40)He is looking forward to ____ his holiday in Britain.

A) spend B) have spent

C) spending D) having been spending

41) Before ____ the house, you should get a surveyor____ over it.

A) buying...looking B) having bought...to look

C) buying...to have looked D) buying...to look

42)In some countries people favor ____ together even though there is much more space.

A) to stay B) stay

C) staying D) stayed

43)“Why was Fred so upset?”“He isn't used ____ criticized.”

A) be B) to be C) to being D) having been

44) It's no use ____ to get a bargain these days.

A) to expect B) expecting

C) wanting D) you expect

45)“Why were you so late for work today?”“____ to the office was very slow this morning because of the traffic.”

A) Driving B) I drove

C) To drive D) That I drove

46)It was impolite of him ____without ____good-bye.

A) to leave, saying B) leaving, to say

C) to leave, to say D) leaving, saying

47) He kept ____to his parents.

A) putting off to write B) to put off to write

C) putting off writing D) to put off writing

48)I'll go with you after I get through with ____the house.

A) cleaning B) to cleaning

C) to be cleaned D) having cleaned

49) With apples at 25 cents a pound, we couldn't resist ____four pounds.

A) to take B) took C) taking D) have taken

50)How can you keep the machine ____when you are away?

A) run B) to run C) running D) being run

动名词部分练习题答案:

1)D 2)D 3)A 4)C 5)B 6)B 7)C 8)C 9)A 10)C 11)C 12)C 13)B 14)B 15)A 16)A 17)C 18)D 19)B 20)A 21)D 22)B 23)A 24)B 25)C 26)D 27)A 28)D 29)C 30)B 31)B 32)A 33)A 34)B 35)A 36)A 37)C 38)A 39)D 40)C 41)D 42)C 43)C 44)B 45)A 46)A 47)C 48)A 49)C 50)C

完整版初中英语语法大全知识点总结

英语语法大全 初中英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法: 1、词类:英语词类分十种: 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.):表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. :who, she, you, it . 主要用来代替名词。如): 2、代词(pron.3、形容词(adj..):表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.):表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.):表示动作或状态。如:am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.):修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.):表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.):用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分:英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如:I'm Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如:Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、 代词或形容词担任。如:My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如:He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接 宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了 一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如:He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信)

英语语法基础入门

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一般疑问句一般是指以助动词、情态动词、be动词或have(有)开始,通常要求以 yes,或no来回答的疑问句,一般疑问句读时 通常用升调。 Do you know Mr. Smith? Can you swim? 2. 特殊疑问句 特殊疑问句由“疑问代词或疑问副词+一般疑问句”构成,句子一般用倒装语序,但如果主语是疑问代词或由疑问代词修饰时,用陈述句的语序。 特殊疑问句不能用yes或no回答,读时用降调。 例如: Who is on duty today? How long have you been in Beijing? What time do you get up every morning? What must I do now? 3. 选择疑问句: 选择疑问句是说话者提出两种或两种以上的不同情况,让对方选择回答的疑问句。其结构是“疑问句+选择部分”。选择部分由or连接,or前面的部分读升调,or后面的部分读降调。 选择疑问句不能用yes或no回答,而必须具体的选择答复。 Is your bag yellow or black? It’s black. Would you like some tea or coffee? Either will do. Which do you like better, singing or dancing? I like dancing better. 4. 反意疑问句: 反意疑问句是指在陈述句之后附加一个意思与之相反的简短问句,问对方是否赞同的疑问句。附加问句的否定式必须缩写。

(完整word版)英语语法基础入门

英语基础语法知识 第一节词类和句子成分 一、词类 能够自由运用的最小语言单位叫词。根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的作用所作的分类叫词类(parts of speech)。 英语的词通常分为十大类,即名词、冠词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词、介词、连词和感叹词。现分别叙述如下: (一)名词 名词(noun)是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。例如: foreigner外国人soap 肥皂Newton牛顿 law 法律freedom自由peace和 平 英语名词可分为两大类: 1。普通名词(common noun)是某一类人、事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如: teacher教师market市场rice大 米 magazine杂志sound声音production生产 2。专有名词(proper noun)是特定的某人、地方或机构的名称。专有名词的第一个字母必须 大写。例如: Hemingway海明威Russia 俄罗斯 New York 纽约United Nations联合国 名词又可分为可数名词(countable noun)与不可数名词(uncountable noun)两种。可数名词有单、复数之分。绝大多数名词的复数形式的构成是在单数名词的后面加-s或-es。例如:

shop→shops商店bus→buses 公共汽车library→libraries图书馆 toy→toys玩具leaf→leaves树叶 英语中有一些名词的复数形式是不规则的。例如: man→men男人tooth→teeth牙齿datum→data数据 有关名词复数形式构成的具体规则,请参阅有关的英语语法书。 (二)冠词 冠词(article)放在名词之前,帮助说明该名词所指的对象。冠词分为不定冠词(indefinite article)和定冠词(definite article)两种。 不定冠词为a/an,用在单数名词之前,表示某一类人或事物的“一个”。a用在以辅音开头的名词之前,an用在以元音开头的名词之前。例如: a hotel 一家旅馆 a chance 一次机会 a double room一个双人间 a useful book一本有用的书 an exhibition一次展览an honest man一个诚实的人 冠词只有一个,既the,表示某一类人或事物中特定的一个或一些。可用于单数或复数名词前,也可用于不可数名词前。例如: the TV programs那些电视节目the house那座房子 the Olympic Games奥运会 (三)代词 代词(pronoun)是用来指代人或事物的词。代词包括: 1。人称代词,如:I, you, they, it等; 2。物主代词,如:my, his, their, our, mine, hers等; 3。反身代词,如:myself, yourself, itself, ourselves, oneself等; 4。相互代词,如:each other, one another等; 5。指示代词,如:this, that, these, those, such, same等;

初中英语语法基础知识汇总

初中英语语法基础知识汇总(1) 英语语法基础知识词类-名词Noun 名词(Noun.-n.) 第一部分:名词基础知识 定义:人、地、物、事或观念等名称叫做名词。 人:Edison(爱迪生),Helen(海伦),Mr.Wang(王先生) 地:Asia(亚洲),China(中国),New York(纽约) 物:book(书),dog(狗),tree(树),water(水) 事或观念:work(工作),music(音乐),truth(真理) 注: 1.如人名、地名、国名等属于该名称持有者专用的名称,其第一字母必须大写,如E dison,New York,China。 2.名词亦有可数和不可数之分,如果是可数的就有单数和复数的区别。所谓复数就是多于一个的意思,通常是在单数名词的词尾加“-s,es,ies,…”以示其为复数。例如: a book(一本书)two books(两本书) one boy(一个男孩)some boys(一些男孩) one girl(一个女孩)many girls(许多女孩) 名词在句子中的主要功能如下: (1)作句子的主语,例: Miss Lin is our English teacher. (林小姐是我们的英语老师。) (2)作句子的主语补语或宾语补语,例: John and Tom are good friends. (约翰和汤姆是好朋友。—主语补语) I call my puppy “Luck”. (我叫我的小狗“来福”。—宾语补语)

(3)作及物动词的直接宾语,例: Can you ride a bicycle?(你会骑自行车吗?) (4)作介词的宾语,例: You can go by taxi.(你可以乘出租车去。) 第二部分:名词单复数-单数变复数 一、绝大多数的可数名词的复数形式,是在该词末尾加上后辍-s。 读音变化:结尾是清辅音读[s],结尾是浊辅音或元音读[z]。 例:friend→friends; cat→cats; style→styles; sport→sports; piece→pieces 二、凡是以s、z、x、ch、sh结尾的词,在该词末尾加上后辍-es构成复数。 读音变化:统一加读[iz]。 例:bus→buses; quiz→quizzes; fox→foxes; match→matches; flash→flashes 三、以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,将y改变为i,再加-es。 读音变化:加读[z]。 例:candy→candies; daisy→daisies; fairy→fairies; lady→ladies; story→stories 四、以-o结尾的名词,如果不是外来词或缩写,就加-es,否则加-s构成复数。 读音变化:加读[z]。 例:tomato→tomatoes; potato→potatoes; torpedo→torpedoes; bingo→bingoes 反例:silo→silos; piano→pianos(外来词); photo→photos; macro→macros(缩写词)五、以-f或-fe结尾的名词,多为将-f或-fe改变为-ves,但有例外。 读音变化:尾音[f]改读[vz]。 例:knife→knives; life→lives; leaf→leaves; staff→staves; scarf→scarves 反例:roof→roofs 还有一些不规则变化,请参照中学英语频道相关文章。 第三部分:名词所有格 A. 's用在单数名词以及不以s结尾的复数名词之后: a man's jo b 男人的活儿

初中英语语法入门基础知识

初中英语语法入门基础 知识 公司内部编号:(GOOD-TMMT-MMUT-UUPTY-UUYY-DTTI-

语法基础知识 词法 规则名词单数变复数: 1)一般情况下,在名词后加-s; 2)词尾是s,x,ch,sh结尾的词,在词尾后加-es; 3)“辅音字母+y”结尾的词,变y为i,再加-es;以y结尾的专有名词或“元音字母+y”结尾的词,直接加-s; 4)以“+o”结尾的词,一般在词尾加-s;在词尾加-es的词: 黑人(Negro)英雄(hero)爱吃西红柿(tomato)土豆(potato) 5)以-f/fe结尾的词,变复数,将-f/fe改为v加es; 不规则名词单数变复数: 1)含 man(男人)的词一般变为 men 2)将 oo 改为 ee 的有foot-feet(脚)tooth-teeth(牙刷goose-geese(鹅肉笨蛋) 3)以 en结尾的有 child-childen(孩子) ox-oxen(公牛) 4)将 ouse 改为 ice 的 mouse-mice(老鼠) 5)单复数同形的是 sheep(羊)deer(鹿)Chinese(中国人) 注:fish ①作“鱼肉”讲,为不可数名词,没有复数形式 ②作“鱼类”讲,复数形式为fishes; ③作“鱼的条数”讲,复数形式为fish,单复同形。 冠词

冠词通常放在名词前,分为定冠词the,表特指,和不定冠词an(后接元音音素开头的单词)和a(后接辅音音素开头的单词),表泛指。 定冠词使用顺口溜: 特指、重提和唯一,岛屿、海峡和海湾; 海洋、党派、最高级,沙漠、河流与群山; 方位、顺序和乐器,年代、团体与机关; 船名、建筑和组织,会议、条约与报刊; 姓氏复数、国全名,请你记住用定冠; 零冠词 月,季,星期,节假、周、头衔、职务前、三餐、球类、惯用语、学科、棋类名词前,一般不用任何冠词。 基数词变序数词歌 基变序,有规律 词尾加上-th(fourth,sixth) 一、二、三,特殊例, 结尾字母t,d,d(first,second,third) 八去t,九去e,(eighth,ninth) ve要用 f替;(fifth,twelfth) ty将y改成i, th前面有个e。 若是碰到几十几, 前用基来后用序。 人称代词,物主代词和反身代词

英语语法入门基础知识

语法基础知识 目录 一、字母与语音 (1) 二、词法 (3) 三、句法 (12) 四、时态 (16)

语法基础知识 一、字母与语音 主要字母组合的发音 字母组合发音例词ar[a:]car,bar,far,star al[?:]small ay[ei]play ea[i:]tea,beat,read,eat [ei]break,great [e]bread ee[i:]bee,see,Lee,jeep ei[ei]eight oo[u]cook,foot,look,classroom [u:]boot,food,gooes,room oa[?u]coat,boat,goat oi[?i]oil ir[?:]bird oor[?:]door oy[?i]boy ow[au]how [ ?u]Know ou[au]house or[?:]work,world,worse [?]doctor,visitor,tractor

[?:]morning er[?]sister,brother,mother,father [?:]her,term ir[?:]bird,shirt,third,girl eer[i?]beer,deer,cheer ur[?:]turn eir[e?]their ere[ε?]there,where ear[i?]hear,fear [ε?]pear,bear,wear air[ε?]chair,hair th[θ] three,thirty,thin,thousand [e]this,those,these,they ck[k]chick,click,cock,clock sh[?]Shoe,shame,she,shake ch[t?]teach,chick,China,choose [k]Chemistry,Christmas,school ng[?]sing ph[f]elephant 几个发音特殊的辅音字母 A.字母c在a,l,o,r,u等前读[k],如come[k ?m],coat[k ?ut] 等. 字母c在e,I,y前读[s],如pencil[pensl]等 B.字母g一般读[g],如go[g?u],leg[leg]等, 字母g和e(即ge)在词尾读[d?],如orange[?rind?]等 C.双写辅音字母虽然是两个相同的辅音字母写在一起,但只读一个音,如

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