英语论文中常用词汇和短语

3 化工英语文献3.1化工英语文献的结构Title, (Author names, Affiliation),Abstract ，(Keywords),Introduction,Experimental,Results, Discussions (Results and discussions),Conclusions,Acknowledgements,References3.2 英语文献的检索Elsevier—science directSpringerlinkWiley interscience3.3 中英文摘要1、定义以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、准切地记叙文献重要内容的短文。

好的摘要对于增加论文的被检索和引用的机会、吸引读者、扩大影响起着不可忽视的作用。

2、摘要的类型和基本内容类型：根据内容的不同，摘要分为三大类：报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道-指示性摘要。

1）报道性摘要（informative abstract）。

也称信息性摘要或资料性摘要。

其特点是全面、简要地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论。

通常，这种摘要可部分地取代阅读全文。

2）指示性摘要（indicative abstract）。

也称说明性摘要、描述性摘要（descriptive abstract）或论点摘要（topic abstract）。

一般只用二、三句话概括论文的主题，而不涉及论据和结论，多用于综述、会议报道等。

帮助读者决定是否需要阅读全文。

3）报道-指示性摘要（informative- indicative abstract）。

以报道性摘要的形式表述一次文献中信息总价值较高的部分，以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分。

传统的摘要多为一般式，在内容上大致包括引言（introduction）、材料和方法（materials and methods）、结果（results）和讨论（discussion）。

即IMRAD3、EI对摘要的要求《EI》中国信息部要求信息性文摘(Information Abstract)应该用简洁、明确的语言(约300汉字，150 英文字)将论文的“目的(Purposes)”，主要的研究“过程(Procedures)”及所采用的“方法(Methods)”，由此得到的主要“结果(Results)”和得出的重要“结论(Conclusions)”表达清楚。

英语四级作文议论文中常用的词句与短语英语四级作文议论文中常用的词句与短语汇总下面是英语四级作文议论文中常用的'词句与短语的汇总，供大家为写作做储备。

一.数据对比用语：1. … are similar in their range of indicators2. …cause / lead to a rapid / slow increase / decrease in the number / amount of…3. …cause …to drop…4. …climb dramatically from…to…5. …constitutes about…percent …6. …continue to rise / fall…7. …continue to widen / shorten…8. …declines to less than …percent.9. …drop / fall to as many / much / little as…10. …fall / rise / increase / decrease dramatically11. …fluctuates between…12. …grow only marginally from…to…13. …increase / decrease slowly14. …increase/ decrease lightly15. …is doubled16. …is inversely proportional to…17. …is significantly lower / higher than…18. …lead to an increased number / amount of…19. …level off / remain constant at…20. …lower the percentage of …21. …maintain approximately the same number of…22. …narrow down to…23. …occupy a greater percentage of…24. …peak / top at…25. …range from…to…26. …remain below…27. …rise / fall / increase / decrease sharply28. …rise above…29. …rise to approximately…30. …take up one third of…31. …times smaller / larger than…32. …totals / amounts to / reaches / arrives at / stays at…33. …varies greatly / slightly between…and…34. A very noticeable trend is the steady increase / decrease in…35. As is shown in / As can be seen from / According to ----the table / table /graph / pie chart / bar chart / figure / statistics /diagram shows /illustrates /describes / indicates / reveals that…36. It is clear / apparent from--- the table / graph / pie chart / bar chart / figure /37. it reached a peak of… statistics / diagram that…38. the number / amount of…consumed per head/ pe r person…39. The number of…remains stable.40. The number of…remains unchanged.41. The number tapers off.42. The percentage has been falling steadily.43. The percentage is less than that of …44. The table / graph / pie chart / bar chart(column graph) / figure / statistics shows...45. There are many variations in numbers of…46. There is a gradual increase / decrease …47. There is a large increase / decrease in…48. There is a reduction in…49. There is a significant increase/ ris e in…50. There is a smaller percentage of …51. There is an obvious increase / decrease in…52. There is not a great deal of difference between the percentage of…三.连词：1. accordingly2. additionally3. also4. besides5. but6. furthermore7. however8. in addition9. moreover10. nevertheless11. on the contrary12. so13. therefore14. thus15. what’s more16. yet17. despite…18. in spite of…19. otherwise20. instead of21. alternatively四.归纳用语:1. above all2. all in all3. most importantly4. worst of all5. as a result6. briefly7. consequently8. eventually9. finally10. generally11. in conclusion12. in general13. in summary14. to end with15. to sum up16. in brief五.表示顺序用语：1.first / second / third/ fourth…2.first of all3.firstly / second ly / thirdly/ fourthly…4.for one thing / for another10.in the first / second / third placest / last of allst but not leaststly14.next15.on the one hand/ on the other hand16.then17.to conclude19.to end with20.to start with / to begin with六.表示个人观点用语：1.I think…2.In my opinion,3.I personally think…4.I am for the opinion that…5.To my knowledge…6.To my understanding…7.As I see it,8.For my own part,9. My opinion is that…10. As for me…11. As far as I am concerned…12. From w here I stand…13. I believe…14. I consider…15. I hold the opinion…16. I maintain that…17. I’d like to point out that18. in my point of view…19. My feeling is that…20. personally I agree / disagree…七.表示理由用语：1. …for the simple reason that…2. As is the case…3. As…4. Because… because of…5. Due to…6. Owing to…7. Since…8. That’s why…9. The point is that…10. The reason is that…八.预测用语：1. According to the estimate / prediction…2. Base on the estimate / prediction…3. I can foresee that…4. In the long run,5. It can be imagined that…6. It is assumed that…7. It is estimated that…8. It is expected that…9. It is predicted that…10. It is supposed to be…【英语四级作文议论文中常用的词句与短语汇总】。

英语议论文写作重点单词，短语，句型1: in brief （总之）2：for one thing …，for another （从两方面阐述某个问题） 3：exert a dramatic impact on （产生很大影响）4：broaden one ’s horizons （开阔眼界）5：behave oneself （检点自己的行为）6：raise public awareness （提高公共意识）7：what ’s more impotant （更重要的是）8：account for9： 10：admittedly （应当承认的是…）11：attach more importance to （重视…）12：thinktwice （三思）14：TV commercials （电视广告）15：in a word (简而言之)16：to sum up / in summary (总结词)17：in conclusion /on the whole /in all /altogether (总之)18：lie in （在于）分析原因13：在我看来19：bring about （使发生）21：be confront with （面对（一般只不好的））22：faced with （面对问题（一般用于一句话的开头））24：go through (熬过)25：not …an inch (一点也不…)=not …at all26: throw a party (请客吃饭)经典句型：1：when it comes to …，people ’s opinion differ , some peoplebelieve … , while others claim that …(当谈到…时，人们的观点往往不同，有的人认为…，而其他人则认为…)2：it is no doubt that …(毋庸置疑)3：there is a general discussion today about the problem/ issueof …,those who criticize …argue that …they believe that …But people who adovate …on the other hand, argue that …(如今有个关于…问题的很普遍的讨论，那些持批判意见的人…，他们认为…，但是那些支持的人…，另外一方面又声称…)4：most people are of the opinion that …,but I personally believe that …与…对比In/by in comparison with As compare with Contrast with Striking contrast(鲜明对比)23：有关对比词（大多数人认为…，但是我认为…）5：the number is6:It accounts for /takes up …percent of the total7:the number was …less than /more than a 8:In 1990,it increased/ decreased from …to …(在1990年，数据由…增长/下降到…)9：By comparison with 1998 ,it decreased /increased by …10:A number of factors can account for the change in …is alsoresponsible for the rise/decrease in …11:It is widely accepted that (被广泛接受的是…)12：It is no use doing sth (做某事没用)13：It is often the case that (事实是这样的)14:There is/are reasons for us to believe/accept/resist/reject that …15:Where there is a will , there is a way (有志者事竟成)16:God help those who help themselfs17:It is the … that …(强调句)强调句的用法：eg: It is the A that B强调句即为把“It is that ”去掉，这个句子还能说的通，没有任何错误，此为强调句。

英语作文单词在英语作文中，使用恰当的词汇是非常重要的。

以下是一些常用的英语作文单词，可以帮助你提高写作水平：1. Academic Vocabulary (学术词汇)- Analyze (分析)- Hypothesize (假设)- Synthesize (综合)- Evaluate (评估)2. Descriptive Adjectives (描述性形容词)- Spectacular (壮观的)- Serene (宁静的)- Ambiguous (模糊的)- Exquisite (精致的)3. Linking Words (连接词)- Furthermore (此外)- However (然而)- Therefore (因此)- Consequently (结果)4. Transition Words (过渡词)- Additionally (另外)- Nonetheless (尽管如此)- Meanwhile (与此同时)- Alternatively (或者)5. Adverbs of Degree (程度副词)- Significantly (显著地)- Gradually (逐渐地)- Largely (大部分)- Partially (部分地)6. Nouns for Writing (写作名词)- Perspective (视角)- Argument (论点)- Narrative (叙述)- Conclusion (结论)7. Verbs for Essays (论文动词)- Illustrate (说明)- Assert (断言)- Propose (提议)- Elaborate (详细说明)8. Common Collocations (常用搭配)- Make a difference (产生影响)- Come to a conclusion (得出结论) - Deal with (处理)- Focus on (集中于)9. Phrasal Verbs (短语动词)- Look into (调查)- Come across (偶遇)- Carry out (执行)- Break down (分解)10. Idiomatic Expressions (习语表达)- Break the ice (打破沉默)- Bite the bullet (硬着头皮)- The ball is in your court (球在你的场地，即由你决定)使用这些单词时，注意它们在句子中的恰当位置和语法结构。

英语论文中常用词汇和短语[精品] 英语论文中常用词汇和短语差别gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies，no intergroup differenceNo statistically significant differences in survival were found for MMC or MPMA. AlthoughMMC and MPMA decreased with increasing nuclear grade and TNM stage,this difference failed to achieve statistical significance.存在，出现occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, present多数，少数the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ，a marked majority, handful方法approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools发生率Incidence, frequency, prevalenceIn contrast with regions of high incidence, the mutation spectrumdid not show a high prevalence of mutations at A:T base pairs.发现，阐明，报道，证实verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize,clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate,illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal,display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply,disclose，report,describe，facilitate the identification of ，screening，isolation改变change, alteration,高，增加high, enhanced, elevated, increased, forced各种，多种in multiple types of neoplasia, in various types of apoptosis, in a variety of tumors关系，相关，参与closely involved in, associated,广泛的in an extensive survey进行conducte， perform, carry out,降，少，缺decrease, reduction, reduced, diminish, loss, suppression,deficient, low, weak, faint, light, absence, absent, undetectable, lack,defective, negative,poor,impaired, greatly reduced or completelyabsent, frequently lost or down-expressed, presented discontinuous andweaker expression, completely negative, was not detectable ordramatically reduced, very faint, was undetectable or barelydetectable, no expression was found,角色，起作用role, part (limited, potential, early, possible role)，serve antiapoptotic functions可能性feasibility密切地intimately难理解的，似谜的enigmatic (x remains enigmatic)潜在假定的potential, candidate, putative,缩写abbreviations识别，辨别discernment事件Metastasis to the liver is a common event in clinical oncology.a putative tumor initiating eventa (more, extremely, highly, rather, fairly) common initial,a common event in the signal transduction mechanisms of, in the signal transduction processesa common event associated with the mechanisms ofa common early event in responses of, after high-dose chemotherapya common event following gestational exposure to immunotoxicantsa common event (that occurs) during apoptosis is……acommon event during oncogenic transformation, in neoplastictransformation that directly or indirectly involves activation ofspecific tyrosine kinase signaling pathways a common event through whicha common event in vivoa rather common event of unknown biological significancea common event resulting from heterogeneous aberrationsa common event regardless of histological subtyping, but does not bear any pejorative significancea common event contributing toarare, common, prerequisite, central, major, transient,initiation,stressful, critical, crucial, secondary, independent, regulatory,early, earlier, late, later, subsequent, circumstantial, untoward,upstream, irreversible, very frequent event提供，帮助provide, supply, help (to), contribute to, offer, allow, dedicate, devote, assist in 调节(失调，上调，下调)dis-regulation, dys-regulation, up-regulation, up-expression, over-expression, down-expression, down-regulation,推测 presume,speculate ,confer, conjecture ,guess, deduce，deduction (推论)无所不在地(表达，如MEN1)ubiquitously显著,优先的prominent, pronounced, obvious, marked, predominant, strong,striking ,notable, Conspicuously, remarkably，significant, preferential,prevalence, prevalent,相关性related, more relevant with ，the relevance ofno intergroup difference，irrespective ofThere was no significant correlation to gender, age, clinical symptoms, histology, T or N status, TNM stage, or tumor location.Neither eNOS nor nNOS expression was associated with vascular density, tumor grade or the TNM status of the tumors.No correlations were found between bFGF and age, menopausal status, TNM or pTNM, histology, SBR grading or steroid receptors.wedid not find any correlation between bax expression and anyclinicopathologic parameters(sex, age, TNM status, tumor grade,histological type).相同，同等并列The coordinated induction of all three FOXO3a targets prompted us to examine the statusof FOXO3a itselfwith a similar pattern to协同，加强synergize with研究analysis, survey, study, research, investigation, experiments, trial,observations, assessment, inquiry, examinations ,pursue investigationinto, analyze, detect, determinate, be focused on, measure, examine,test, assess, evaluate, explore,一致which is in accord with the resultswhich corroborated the resultswhich supported the results优缺点merits and drawbacks，beneficial and detrimental异常aberration, abnormality重要crucial, key, important, major, be of critical importance相反On the contrary,In contrary,but quite on the contraryin sharp contrast,contrary to what would be expected Contrary to the expectation that Contrary to previous beliefs, Contrary to the hypothesis,Contrary to current popular truisms Contrary to current cognitive theories, However, contrary to expectation,…….Contrary to predictions,…in contrast to previous observations…Contrary to prediction,……Contrary to most previous claims, 与一起in combination with, coupled with 由于、鉴于In light ofIn view that常用翻译技巧转自[译天下]英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。

英语学术论文常用句型总结版1. According to previous studies, ...根据之前的研究，...2. The purpose of this study is to...本研究的目的是...3. The results indicate that...结果表明...4. Furthermore, it should be noted that...此外，值得注意的是...5. This study provides valuable insights into...本研究为...提供了有价值的见解。

6. The findings of this study have important implications for...本研究的发现对...有重要的意义。

7. It is worth mentioning that...值得一提的是...8. The limitations of this study should be acknowledged.应该承认本研究的局限性。

9. Future research should focus on...未来的研究应该关注...10. In conclusion, ...总之，...11. It can be concluded that...可以得出结论...12. This paper aims to explore...本文旨在探讨...13. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is that...这一现象的可能解释是...14. The results are consistent with previous research, indicating...结果与之前的研究一致，表明...15. The present study contributes to the literature by...本研究通过...对文献做出了贡献。

1. 表明, 表示, 说明, 证明表明: show, indicate, denote, signifyCalculations indicate that...Preliminary results indicate that...Recent study has indicated that...The available data indicate thatExperience has shown that...Present results show that...Previouse work has shown that...This investigation shows that...表示: show, indicate, express, demonstrate, illustrate, representFig. 2 demonstrates/shows/indicates/illustrates that...In the diagram, plump lines represent the observed results.说明: show, explain, illustrate, interpretexplain how a machine worksto be illustrated by examplesThe result shows clearly that this procedure is correct.To interpret electrical phenomena we must examine the structure of matter. 证明: show, proveas analyses show that... 分析证明as fact showed that...It goes to prove that...It has been proved that... 一切证明There has been evidence that... 已经证明Countless facts have proved this point 无数事实证明了这一点证实: confirm, verify, supportremain to be confirmed 有待证实verify a scientific hypothesisIt supports the fact thatEquation(1-7) can be easily verified by differentiating equation (1-6)2. 获得, 得到, 得出结论获得: "获得" 的宾语多是抽象的事物win liberationwin the first prizewin acclaim/earn favourable comment 获得好评achieve great successacquire knowledgeIn order to obtain a higher temperature it is necessary to raise the pressure. 得到: "得到" 的宾语多是具体的东西get, obtain, gainget timely medical treatmentBy studying the sketch, we can get an idea of the operation of a simple laser. 研究一下简图, 我们就能对简单激光器的操作得到一个概念。

学术英语中的重要词汇梳理学术领域中的英语词汇对于学术交流和研究至关重要。

掌握这些词汇是学术成果发表、议论文撰写以及参与国际学术会议的基本要求。

本文将从不同学科领域中挑选出一些重要的学术英语词汇梳理，帮助读者扩展自己的学术词汇量，提高学术英语水平。

一、自然科学领域1. Hypothesis（假设）：在科学研究中，假设是指对现象、问题或研究对象所提出的一个暂时性解释，用来进行进一步的实证或验证。

2. Experiment（实验）：实验是科学方法中最为基本和重要的手段之一，通过对现象或问题的实际操作来获取数据和验证假设。

3. Data（数据）：科学研究中所采集到的观测、测量或实验结果的信息，通常以数值或描述性形式表达。

4. Conclusion（结论）：通过对数据的整理和分析，得出的对研究问题的解答或对假设的支持或否定。

5. Theory（理论）：在科学领域中，理论是对某一现象或实际问题进行归纳和解释的系统框架，能够用来推断新的信息和做出新的预测。

二、人文科学领域1. Analysis（分析）：人文科学研究中常用的一种方法，通过对文本、事件或人物等进行详细研究和解读，以揭示其中的规律和内在含义。

2. Interpretation（解释）：解释是一种对文本、符号或行为进行理解和阐释的过程，帮助读者理解其中的意义和目的。

3. Literature review（文献综述）：在人文科学领域的研究中，文献综述是一种对相关研究文献进行搜集、整理和分析的方法，以获得对研究问题或主题的全面认识。

4. Critique（批评）：在学术论述中，批评是对某个观点、理论或研究进行评价和评估的过程，包括识别其优点和缺点，并提出改进或替代建议。

5. Methodology（方法论）：研究方法和方法论是人文科学研究中不可或缺的部分，指导研究者在进行研究时选择适当的研究方法和方式。

三、社会科学领域1. Survey（调查）：社会科学研究中常用的一种数据收集和分析方法，通过问卷、面谈或观察等方式收集大量数据，了解社会现象和人们的行为。

高考英语议论文写作常用词汇短语高考英语议论文写作常用词汇短语导语：高考英语的.学习不仅需要知识的积累与运用，同时也需要掌握一定的技巧和方法。

高考英语议论文写作，开头提出问题，主体陈述不同的观点及其理由，结尾说明自己观点。

以下是店铺为大家精心整理的高考英语议论文写作常用词汇短语，欢迎大家参考！高考英语议论文写作常用连接词表递进moreover, in addition, what is more，furthermore, also, then, besides, etc. 表转折however, nevertheless, on the other hand, on the contrary, etc. 表层次on the one hand, ... on the other hand; first, ... second, ... finally; 表强调firstly, ... secondly, ... finally ...; first, ... then ... etc.表强调in fact, indeed, actually, as a matter of fact, obviously, apparently, 表结果evidently, first of all, undoubtedly, without any shadow of doubt, etc. 表结尾therefore, as a result, then, consequently, accordingly, thus, etc. 表例举in a word, in conclusion, therefore, in short, to sum up, etc.表强调still, Indeed, apparently, oddly enough, of course, after all, significantly, interestingly, also,above all, surely, certainly, undoubtedly, in any case, anyway, above all, in fact, especially. Obviously, clearly.表比较like, similarly, likewise, in the same way, in the same manner, equally.表对比by contrast, on the contrary, while, whereas, on the other hand, unlike, instead, but,conversely, different from, however, nevertheless, otherwise, whereas, unlike, yet, in contrast.表列举for example, for instance, such as, take ...for example. Except (for), to illustrate.高考英语议论文写作常用词汇短语总起:Different people hold different opinions.Opinions are divided.People have taken/adopted different attitudes towards …People have different opinions on this problem.People take different views on this question.表达不同观点:…of them hold the opinion that ….…of them are in favor of the idea that…People who are for/against the idea think …Some people believe that…. Others argue that …不同观点之间的衔接:However, …of them hold a different view. / …of them hold the opposite opinion.People who are against it don’t think so.However, each coin has two sides.Different from those…., …people think ….On the other hand, … people object that ….下载全文。

evidence的用法及短语evidence是英语中一个常用的词汇，代表着证据、证明物或迹象。

它在各个领域都有广泛应用，包括法律领域、科学研究、学术论文以及日常生活中。

本文将探讨evidence的用法和一些常见的相关短语。

一、evidence的含义与用法1. 含义Evidence指的是可被用来支持某个观点、结论或论证的任何事实材料。

它可以是直接观察得出的，也可以通过推理间接得出。

2. 在法律领域中的应用在法庭上，提供充分和可信的证据对于辩护方和控方都至关重要。

例如，在刑事案件中，检察官需要提交足够的证据来证明被告人犯罪；而辩护律师则需要提供证据来证明被告人无罪。

3. 在科学研究中的应用在科学研究中，往往需要经过严格的实验证明或数据分析才能支持某个假设或理论。

科学家使用实验结果作为他们工作有效性和准确性的依据，并通过发布研究论文来传播这些证据。

4. 在学术写作中的应用在学术写作中，evidence是支持和加强你的观点或论证的关键。

它可以通过引用他人的研究结果、使用统计数据或举例等方式来提供。

5. 在日常生活中的应用除了专业领域外，evidence也在我们日常生活中起着重要作用。

比如，在做决策时，我们往往需要根据现有的证据来做出判断。

而且，evidence也帮助我们在面对争议时更好地理解问题，并为自己提供就此表达意见的理由。

二、一些常见的与evidence相关的短语1. Present evidence (提交证据/呈现证据)在法庭上，当双方律师进行辩论时，他们必须准备并提交充分的证据来支持各自立场。

"Present evidence"指代递交证明材料供法庭审查。

2. Supporting evidence (支撑性证据)Supporting evidence是指通过实验证明或数据分析所得出的与研究目标一致和相关联的证据。

它有助于增加一个主张、观点或结论被接受和相信的可信度。

3. Strong evidence (强有力的证据)Strong evidence指的是那些非常具有说服力、能够清晰地支持某个观点或论断的证据。

l 前进类（用来论证好的方面）1. benefit from 从……当中获益例句：Many children who suffer from this illness will benefit from the new treatment(治疗).【主语一般为人，宾语一般为物】详解：这个句型与is beneficial to …(对……有益)的主语和宾语正好相反。

有时还可以把它们放在文章不同位置交替使用，来实现句式的多样化。

例句：Confucius' thought is beneficial to mankind. 孔子的思想有益于全人类。

例句：However, these habits are beneficial to my body.不过这些习惯是否有益于我身体。

2. Invest in 对……投资例句：Let's invest in our people without leaving them a mountain of debt.近义词汇：subsidize/sponsor/allocate to反义句型：withdraw/suspend the funding of…中止对……的投资例句：That money is used to subsidize /sponsor /allocate everything else.例句：Japan withdrew the funding of Africa.3. Promote the development of…促进……的发展例句：This championships will surely promote the development of basketball.详解：近义句型：facilitate the development of…/is a main contributor to….例句：Soil erosion is a main contributor to water pollution.4. Boost efficiency / productivity 提高效率/生产率例句：The language can simplify projects, reduce costs and boost efficiency.近义句型：enhance efficiency / productivity例句：We should constantly improve our own skills, in order to enhance efficiency.我们应该不断提高自身技术水平，以提高工作效率。

学术英语写作（一）：动词及动词短语的运用(2011-03-10 11:05:51)标签：杂谈分类：10学术英语写作学术英语写作（一）：动词及动词短语的运用Put succinctly学术英语写作（Academic Writing)是一个很复杂的过程。

母语是英语的人尚如此--美国大一新生都要求选修大学英语阅读与写作课程，就更不要说把英语当外语学的人。

然而，随着英语在全球的广泛应用与学习，特别是在学术、经济、科技等领域中的国际交流地位，学术英语写作不仅成为在海外留学的中国学生必修课，也是欲在国际期刊、会议中发表学术论文的研究人员和大学教师必须面对的问题。

如何写好一篇论文？大到文章结构、内容安排，小到语法、词汇应用，每一部分内容都需一一学习、了解。

而且学科领域的不同，在大方面的写作“习俗”也会有所不一样。

本文所针对的是词汇、短语在写作中的具体运用问题，突出学术英语写作与其它类型的写作（如小说、散文）及口语之间的差异。

写作也是一种人与人之间的言语沟通。

作者的用词不仅在传达意思，也在反应作者本身的学术文化修养。

这个过程在母语学习中是比较水到渠成的，然而在外语学习里，却需要学习者的额外意识。

学术写作中要注意的问题，在商业、法律等正式文书写作里也是通用的。

我们从动词说起...凡是进行学术写作的人都知道，书面语言总是要比较正式。

但是如何在言语中体现正式呢？动词的选用就能帮你结决部分问题。

如：口语里，我们会说：He said something. 或者，He told them something else. 那么在学术写作里，当你要表达同样意思时，就需要把动词换成描述性更强，更具体的词。

如：He explained something. 或者，He stressed something else.第二点就是要注意语气，根据语气来选择具体单词。

emphasize和insist的语气就要比write 和state强。

英语写作业常用单词1. Nouns (名词)- Assignment: 作业- Vocabulary: 词汇- Grammar: 语法- Essay: 论文- Paragraph: 段落- Sentence: 句子- Phrase: 短语- Thesis: 主题陈述- Argument: 论点- Conclusion: 结论- Reference: 引用- Citation: 引文2. Verbs (动词)- Write: 写- Read: 读- Analyze: 分析- Summarize: 总结- Paraphrase: 释义- Compare: 比较- Contrast: 对比- Discuss: 讨论- Research: 研究- Proofread: 校对3. Adjectives (形容词)- Clear: 清晰的- Concise: 简洁的- Coherent: 连贯的- Persuasive: 有说服力的 - Informative: 信息丰富的 - Descriptive: 描述性的 - Analytical: 分析性的- Critical: 批判性的- Objective: 客观的- Subjective: 主观的4. Adverbs (副词)- Frequently: 频繁地- Effectively: 有效地- Accurately: 准确地- Thoroughly: 彻底地- Carefully: 小心地- Specifically: 具体地- Logically: 逻辑地- Creatively: 创造性地- Appropriately: 适当地 - Consistently: 一贯地5. Prepositions (介词)- In: 在...里- On: 在...上面- At: 在...点- By: 被，通过- With: 用，和- For: 为了- From: 从- To: 到- Of: 的- About: 关于6. Conjunctions (连词)- And: 和- But: 但是- Or: 或者- So: 所以- Yet: 然而- For: 因为- Nor: 也不- Because: 因为- Although: 尽管7. Pronouns (代词)- I: 我- You: 你- He: 他- She: 她- It: 它- We: 我们- They: 他们- This: 这个- That: 那个- These: 这些- Those: 那些8. Articles (冠词)- A: 一个- An: 一个（用于元音开头的词前）- The: 定冠词，特指9. Interjections (感叹词)- Wow: 哇- Oh: 哦- Ah: 啊- Oops: 哎呀- Well: 嗯10. Abbreviations (缩写)- ASAP: As soon as possible (尽快)- BTW: By the way (顺便说一下)- FYI: For your information (供你参考)- IMO: In my opinion (依我之见)- ETA: Estimated time of arrival (预计到达时间)这些单词是英语写作中非常常见的，可以帮助你构建清晰、连贯的文本。

英文论文写作常用词汇和短语汇总时间：2010-01-03 17:19:46 来源：作者：-广泛的in an extensive survey进行conducte，perform, carry out,降，少，缺decrease, reduction, reduced, diminish, loss, suppression, deficient, low, weak, faint, light, absence, absent, undetectable, lack ,defective, negative,poor,impaired, greatly reduced or completely absent, frequently lost or down-expressed, presented discontinuous and weaker expression, completely negative, was not detectable or dramatically reduced, very faint, was undetectable or barely detectable, no expression was found,差别gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies，no intergroup differencem7qMed999网No statistically significant differences in survival were found for MMC or MPMA.m7qMed999网Although MMC and MPMA decreased with increasing nuclear grade and TNM stage, this difference failed to achieve statistical significance.m7qMed999网存在，出现occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, presentm7qMed999网多数，少数the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ，a marked majority, handfulm7qMed999网方法approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, toolsm7qMed999网发生率Incidence, frequency, prevalencem7qMed999网In contrast with regions of high incidence, the mutation spectrum did not show a high prevalence of mutations at A:T base pairs.m7qMed999网发现，阐明，报道，证实verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize, clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply, disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of ，screening ，isolationm7qMed999网改变change, alteration, m7qMed999网高，增加high, enhanced, elevated, increased, forcedm7qMed999网各种，多种in multiple types of neoplasia, in various types of apoptosis, in a variety of tumorsm7qMed999网关系，相关，参与closely involved in, associated,m7qMed999网角色，起作用role, part （limited, potential, early, possible role），serve antiapoptotic functionsm7qMed999网可能性feasibilitym7qMed999网密切地intimatelym7qMed999网难理解的，似谜的enigmatic (x remains enigmatic)m7qMed999网潜在假定的potential, candidate, putative,m7qMed999网缩写abbreviationsm7qMed999网识别，辨别discernment m7qMed999网事件m7qMed999网Metastasis to the liver is a common event in clinical oncology.m7qMed999网a putative tumor initiating eventm7qMed999网a (more, extremely, highly, rather, fairly) common initial, m7qMed999网a common event in the signal transduction mechanisms of, in the signal transduction processesm7qMed999网a common event associated with the mechanisms ofm7qMed999网a common early event in responses of, after high-dose chemotherapym7qMed999网a common event following gestational exposure to immunotoxicantsm7qMed999网a common event （that occurs）during apoptosis is……m7qMed999网a common event during oncogenic transformation, in neoplastic transformation that directly or indirectly involves activation of specific tyrosine kinase signaling pathwaysm7qMed999网a common event through whichm7qMed999网a common event in vivom7qMed999网a rather common event of unknown biological significancem7qMed999网a common event resulting from heterogeneous aberrationsm7qMed999网a common event regardless of histological subtyping, but does not bear any pejorative significancem7qMed999网a common event contributing tom7qMed999网a rare, common, prerequisite, central, major, transient, initiation, stressful, critical, crucial, secondary, independent, regulatory, early, earlier, late, later, subsequent, circumstantial, untoward, upstream, irreversible, very frequent eventm7qMed999网提供，帮助provide, supply, help (to), contribute to, offer, allow, dedicate, devote, assist inm7qMed999网调节（失调，上调，下调）dis-regulation, dys-regulation, up-regulation, up-expression, over-expression, down-expression, down-regulation, m7qMed999网推测presume,speculate ,confer, conjecture ,guess, deduce，deduction (推论)m7qMed999网无所不在地(表达，如MEN1)ubiquitouslym7qMed999网显著,优先的prominent, pronounced, obvious, marked, predominant, strong, striking ,notable, Conspicuously, remarkably，significant, preferential, prevalence, prevalent,m7qMed999网相关性m7qMed999网related, more relevant with ，the relevance ofm7qMed999网no intergroup difference，irrespective ofm7qMed999网There was no significant correlation to gender, age, clinical symptoms, histology, T or N status, TNM stage, or tumor location.m7qMed999网Neither eNOS nor nNOS expression was associated with vascular density, tumor grade or the TNM status of the tumors.m7qMed999网No correlations were found between bFGF and age, menopausal status, TNM or pTNM, histology, SBR grading or steroid receptors.m7qMed999网we did not find any correlation between bax expression and any clinicopathologic parameters (sex, age, TNM status, tumor grade, histological type).m7qMed999网相同，同等并列m7qMed999网The coordinated induction of all three FOXO3a targets prompted us to examine the status of FOXO3a itselfm7qMed999网with a similar pattern tom7qMed999网协同，加强m7qMed999网synergize withm7qMed999网研究analysis, survey, study, research, investigation, experiments, trial, observations, assessment,inquiry, examinations ,pursue investigation into, analyze, detect, determinate, be focused on, measure, examine, test, assess, evaluate, explore,m7qMed999网一致m7qMed999网which is in accord with the resultsm7qMed999网which corroborated the resultsm7qMed999网which supported the resultsm7qMed999网优缺点merits and drawbacks，beneficial and detrimentalm7qMed999网异常aberration, abnormalitym7qMed999网重要crucial, key, important, major, be of critical importance m7qMed999网相反m7qMed999网On the contrary, m7qMed999网In contrary,m7qMed999网but quite on the contrarym7qMed999网in sharp contrast,m7qMed999网contrary to what would be expectedm7qMed999网Contrary to the expectation thatm7qMed999网Contrary to previous beliefs,m7qMed999网Contrary to the hypothesis,m7qMed999网Contrary to current popular truismsm7qMed999网Contrary to current cognitive theories,m7qMed999网However, contrary to expectation,…….m7qMed999网Contrary to predictions,…m7qMed999网in contrast to previous observations…m7qMed999网Contrary to prediction,……m7qMed999网Contrary to most previous claims,m7qMed999网与一起in combination with, coupled withm7qMed999网由于、鉴于m7qMed999网In light ofm7qMed999网In view that英语学术论文常用句型Beginning1. In this paper, we focus on the need for2. This paper proceeds as follow.3. The structure of the paper is as follows.4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on theIntroduction1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review1. This review is followed by an introduction.2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments... This Section1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis ofa computer information system will then illustrate their use.5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xxSummary1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0. Abstract1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14. This paper analyses problems in15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedureChapter 1. IntroductionTime1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive2. T echnological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the4. The development of ... is explored5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3. The paper concerns the development of a xx4. The scope of this research lies in5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide10. The main objective of such a ... system is to11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:13. In order to take advantage of their similarity14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods20. This illustration points out the need to specify21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22. Chapter 2. Literature Review23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications.29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34. The central issue in all these studies is to35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36. Applied ... techniques to37. Characterized the ... system as38. Developed an algorithm to39. Developed a system called ... which40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce41. Emphasized the need to42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights46. Point out that the problem of47. A study on ...was done / developed by []48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with49. The approach taken by [] is50. The system developed by [] consists51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []52. []'s model requires consideration of...53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development54. []'s model focuses on...55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to56. The published information that is relevant to this research...57. This study further shows that58. Their work is based on the principle of59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].60. Studies have been completed to established61. The ...studies indicated that62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved68. T wo major problems have yet to be addressed69. An unanswered question70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed73. The three prime issues can be summarized:74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...75. There have been many attempts to76. It is expected to be serious barrier to77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex。

SCI论文准备写作投稿技巧常用英文词汇汇总1. Introduction:- Abstract: 摘要- Literature review: 文献综述- Research question: 研究问题- Objectives: 目标- Significance: 重要性- Hypothesis: 假设2. Methodology:- Experimental design: 实验设计- Variables: 变量- Data collection: 数据收集- Sampling method: 抽样方法- Statistical analysis: 统计分析- Ethical considerations: 道德考虑3. Results:- Findings: 结果- Statistical significance: 统计显著性- Data interpretation: 数据解释- Figures and tables: 图表- Correlation analysis: 相关分析4. Discussion:- Interpretation: 解释- Limitations: 限制- Implications: 含义- Future research: 未来研究5. Conclusion:- Summary: 总结- Contributions: 贡献- Closing remarks: 结束语6. References:- In-text citations: 文中引用- Peer-reviewed journal: 同行评审的期刊7. Formatting:- Font size: 字体大小- Line spacing: 行间距- Margins: 边距- Title page: 标题页- Abstract word count: 摘要字数注：本回答主要列举了一些在科学论文写作中常用的词汇，但具体使用词汇还需根据文章的主题和内容进行选择。

SCI论文高频词汇和短语分享很多国内SCI作者用英语写作有不小的困难，为了减轻大家的负担，提高写作效率，小编收集了SCI论文写作中的高频词汇和短语分享给大家。

虽说学科领域各有不同，但起承转合的论文写作逻辑套路是共通的，如果大家能够熟练掌握这些高频词汇和短语，提示文章逻辑的连接词，又掌握了文章论述中惯用的表达方式，那么接下来的写作将变得更轻松容易，稿件通过的几率也将大大提高。

小编接下来会为两个部分进行分享，第一部分分享的是常用的逻辑连接词，第二部分分享的是写作中必备的套路词组。

废话不多说，大家请看详细的分享内容第一部分，SCI论文写作中常用的逻辑连接词。

想要让读者快速的抓到文章的主题脉络，我们的逻辑连接词就一定要实用恰当，它能够串联整篇文章论点论据。

逻辑连接词也是文章逻辑最直观的体现。

如下：并列递进moreover, in addition, furthermore, besides, likewise, also, then,additionally转折not, yet, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, meanwhile, on the other hand, on the contrary, conversely, paradoxically, by contrast, in spite of，rather than, instead of, unfortunately 解释in other words, in fact, as a matter of fact, that is, namely, in simpler terms对比比较Likewise, Similarly, In parallel to, while, whereas,原因because, because of, as, since, owing to, due to, thanks to, for thisreason结果therefore, as a result, then, consequently, thus, hence, so, therefore,accordingly, consequently, as consequence 举例for example, for instance, as such, such as, take ...for example, to illustrate, to name a few总结overall, eventually, consequently, in summary, in a word, as a result,together, collectively, thus, hence, consequently, on the whole, in conclusion,to sum up, in brief, to conclude, to summarize, in short, briefly强调surprisingly, interestingly,intriguingly,strikingly,unexpectedly,clearly, obviously, apparently, in fact, indeed, actually, as a matter of fact,undoubtedly, notably, specifically, particularly, especiallyfirstly, ... secondly, ... finally ...; first, ... then ... etc.让步although, after all, in spite of..., despite, even if, even though,though, admittedly, given that可能presumably, probably, perhaps第二部科研SCI论文写作中必备的套路词组★大家在文章中肯定有这样一句，虽然这个科学问题很重要，然而有哪个具体的细节关键我们还不知道。

用于句首提出论题或现象的句型1. In the past few years, we have witnessed a phenomenon that…… /…the past few years has witnessed that….Eg：The past several years have witnessed a phenomenon that a variety of promises have been arising from all walks of life.Recent years have witnessed a phenomenon that more and more students swarm into foreign countries to finish their education.2. It is known that in the present days……It has been widely believed that…Eg:It has been widely believed that piracy has caused a great loss to legitimate producers,inventors and authors in many ways.It has been widely believed that the cyberspace might initiate a revolutionary change in the way humans conduct a more interactive communication.It’s not rare that…. = It is no surprise that…It goes without saying that…= No one will deny that…= Undoubtedly Eg: It goes without saying that home is the warmest place in the world It goes without saying that learning various subjects can extend the scopeIt is hard to imagine a life without….It is hard to imagine the life in our city without electricity.it is hard to imagine a life without the Internet.It is … for sb to do…….3. As is known to all, nowadays…….As is known to all,nowadays people have more leisure time than they used to.First of all, as is known to all, nowadays the world is the information world.As is universally acknowledged, …As is universally acknowledged, the clean energy sector in China is in its infancy.As is universally acknowledged, mutual understanding among different cultures is vital for keeping the world safe and peaceful.4. one of the changes that have taken place is…At present, one of the phenomena we are faced with is that……Great changes have taken place in family life with the development of society in China. One of them is that the traditional family is becoming smaller.One of the most fundamental changes that have taken place is how our leisure time is spent.5.There is no doubt that…Nowadays there is a growing concern for …Nowadays there has been a heated discussion about…These years there has been much concern over…There is a trend for people to…There is a hot debate on…6.Nowadays more and more people/ an increasing number of people are beginning to be aware of the seriousness of …7. Recently, …has become the focus of the society .8. Today/Nowadays, an increasing number of people become extremely concerned over/ worried about____.9. With the rapid growth / development of our economy/ industry/population, an increasing number of problems, such as ____are beginning to surface.用于对现象进行描述/判断/预测的短语1.has had great influence on…has profound effect on…influence = effect = impact2. arouse concern/ complains among the publicSb be more and more concerned about…3. attract one’s attentiondraw one’s attentionarouse public attentioncatch one’s attention4.be (more and more) popular with…in our life/ both at home and abroad come into fashion among the public5. witness the phenomenon that….6. sb be engaged in/ get involved in..7. arouse heated discussion8. has altered/ changed our daily life9 play an important part/role in our life10..in the days to comein the coming yearsin the future11. be an indispensible part12. RecentlyIn recent yearsin the present daysnowadaysat present13. on campus用于比较、阐述不同观点的常用句型1.There is no consensus of opinions among people about X(争论的焦点)。