International Trade

国际贸易双语教程英文版IntroductionInternational trade is an essential part of the global economy. It involves the exchange of goods and services between countries. In this bilingual tutorial, we will provide an overview of international trade and explore its various aspects. This tutorial aims to help readers gain a thorough understanding of international trade concepts and terminology in English.1. Understanding International TradeInternational trade refers to the exchange of goods and services across international borders. It allows countries to specialize in producing goods and services that they can produce efficiently, ensuring maximum productivity and resource utilization. This leads to increased economic growth and welfare for participating nations.2. Benefits of International TradeInternational trade offers several advantages to participating countries. These benefits include:•Improved Efficiency: Countries can focus on producing goods and services that they can produce efficiently, increasing overall productivity.•Access to a Wider Range of Goods: Countries can import goods not produced domestically, allowing consumers access to a broader selection of products.•Expanding Markets: With international trade, businesses can reach new markets abroad, enabling them to grow and expand.•Economic Growth: International trade stimulates economic growth by promoting investment, job creation, and innovation.•Lower Costs: Countries can import goods at a lower cost than producing them domestically, leading to cost savings for consumers andbusinesses.3. Trade BarriersDespite the benefits of international trade, various barriers can hinder smooth trade operations. These barriers include:•Tariffs: Tariffs are taxes imposed on imported goods, increasing their prices and reducing demand.•Quotas: Quotas limit the quantity of goods that can be imported, restricting access to foreign markets.•Regulatory Barriers: These include regulations, standards, and certifications that goods must meet to enter a country, creating additional costs and hurdles for exporters.•Currency Barriers: Fluctuations in exchange rates can affect the competitiveness of goods in international markets.•Trade Restrictions: Embargoes, trade sanctions, and trade wars can further hinder international trade.4. International Trade AgreementsTo promote and regulate international trade, countries often engage in the negotiation and formation of trade agreements. These agreements aim to reduce trade barriers and create a more favorable trade environment. Some prominent international trade agreements include:•World Trade Organization (WTO): The WTO is a global organization that promotes free trade and resolves trade disputes amongmember countries.•Free Trade Agreements (FTAs): FTAs are agreements between countries that eliminate or reduce trade barriers among participating nations.•Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs): RTAs are trade agreements between countries within a specific geographic region.•Bilateral Agreements: Bilateral agreements are trade agreements between two countries, focusing on addressing trade barriers and promoting trade.•Multilateral Agreements: Multilateral agreements involve multiple countries negotiating and establishing trade rules and regulations.5. Trade DocumentationInternational trade involves significant documentation to ensure smooth and legal transactions between parties. Some essential trade documents include: •Commercial Invoice: An invoice that provides detailed information about the goods being sold, including quantity, price, and delivery terms.•Bill of Lading: It is a document issued by a carrier that acknowledges the receipt of goods for shipment.•Packing List: A detailed list of the contents and quantities of a shipment.•Certificate of Origin: It certifies the origin of the goods and is needed to claim preferential treatment under trade agreements.•Insurance Certificate: A document that confirms that goods are insured against loss or damage during transportation.•Customs Declaration: A document that provides information about the goods being imported or exported and helps calculate applicable customs duties and taxes.ConclusionInternational trade plays a crucial role in the global economy, enabling countries to benefit from specialization, economic growth, and improved welfare. This bilingual tutorial aimed to provide an overview of international trade in English, covering its various aspects from understanding the basics to trade barriers, agreements, and documentation. By understanding these concepts, readers can engage in international trade activities more effectively and confidently.。

International trade国际贸易is the exchange of goods or services between many countriesImport进口is the purchase of a good or service made overseasExport出口is the sale of a good or service made at homeAbsolute advantage绝对优势Each country will benefit from specialization in those commodities in which it has an absolute advantage, (i.e., being able to produce at a lower real cost than another country), exporting them and importing other commodities which it produces at a higher real cost than another country Comparative advantageTrade will benefit both nations provided only that their relative costs, that is, the ratios of their real costs measured by labor-hour or another commodity, are different for two or more commodities. In short, trade depends on differences in comparative cost or opportunity cost, and one nation can profitably trade with another even though its real costs are higher or lower in every commodity.Benefits of International TradeWider market with the increasing number of trading partnersGrowth of economyCheaper goodsGreat variety with goods coming from more countriesReasons for trade restrictionsPure political reasonsThere is an infant industry argument which maintains that a new industry needs to be protected until the labor force is trained, the production techniques are mastered and the operation becomes large enough to enjoy the economies of scale and to be able to compete in the market.Many countries want a diversified economy to be less dependent on foreign countries both economically and politically. In addition, it is crucial for countries to protect their vital industries, which are strategically related to stability and economic development.Domestic jobs need to be protected from cheap foreign labor.Imposing restrictions on import is aiming to maintain a balance of trade and balance of payments.Protection is needed when foreign firms receive subsidies and government benefits and sell goods abroad at below-cost price to capture a market.Tariffis a duty or fee levied on goods being imported into a country.Anti-dumping dutyis collected when importing country believes that there is a dumping (one country sells the goods in another country at a lower price, which is below domestic selling price, world market price, or production cost.)Foreign exchange controlmeans various forms of restriction imposed by a government on the purchase of foreign currencies by residents and the purchase of local currency by nonresidents.Green trade barriersalso known as environment barrier, is a set of rules, policies and regulations used to restrict and even ban certain export-and-import trade directly in order to protect the ecological environment, natural resources and keep healthy of human being, animals and vegetation.Technical barriers to tradeare some compulsory technical measures that a country or a religious organization adopts for the purposes of keeping the security of a country or a region, safeguarding human security and health, protecting the life and health of animals and plants, protecting environment, preventing cheating behaviors, guaranteeing product quality and so on.International rules for the interpretation of trade terms (Incorterms)aims to provide such a set of standardized terms which mean exactly the same to both parties to a1)Ex Works…named place (EXW)工厂交货价当卖方在其所在地或其他指定的地点（如工厂、工场或仓库）将货物交给买方处置时，即完成交货，买房不办理出口清关手续或将货物装上任何运输工具。

国际贸易基础英语词汇International Trade 国际贸易World Trade 世界贸易Foreign Trade 对外贸易Overseas Trade 海外贸易Domestic Trade 国内贸易WTO（World Trade Organization）世界贸易组织The Ministerial Conference 部长会议The General Council 总理事会Goods Council 货物贸易理事会Service Council 服务贸易理事会TRIPS Council 知识产权理事会Non-discrimination 非歧视原则/无差别原则DSB (Dispute Settlement Body) WTO争端解决实体(机构) IMF（International Monetary Fund）国际货币基金组织World Bank 世界银行Value of Foreign Trade 对外贸易额（值）Quantum of Foreign 对外贸易量Value of International Trade 国际贸易额Quantum of International Trade 国际贸易量FOB（Free On Board）离岸价格CIF（Cost Insurance and Foreign）到岸价格Re-Export Trade 复出口贸易Re-Import Trade 复进口贸易Net Export 净出口Net Import 净进口Balance of Trade 贸易差额Balance of Payments 国际收支差额Composition of Trade 贸易结构Composition of Foreign Trade 对外贸易结构Composition of Foreign Goods Trade 对外货物贸易结构Composition of Service Trade 对外服务贸易结构Composition of International Trade 国际贸易结构Composition of International Goods Trade 国际货物贸易结构Composition of International Service Trade 国际服务贸易结构Geographic Distribution of Foreign Trade 对外贸易地理方向Geographic Distribution of International Trade 国际贸易地理方向Goods Trade 货物贸易Visible / Tangible Goods Trade 有形贸易Technology Trade 技术贸易Export Trade 出口贸易Import Trade 进口贸易Transit Trade 过境贸易Spot Trade 自由结汇贸易Cash-liquidation Trade 现汇贸易Barter Trade易货贸易/ 无形贸易Direct Trade直接贸易Indirect Trade 间接贸易General Export 总出口General Import 总进口Special Trade System 专门贸易体系International Division of Labor 国际分工Adam Smith 亚当·斯密Theory of Absolute Cost 绝对成本理论Theory of Absolute Advantage 绝对优势理论Theory of Territorial Division of Labour地域分工说David Ricardo 大卫·李嘉图The Labour Theory of Value 劳动价值论Bertil Ohlin贝蒂·俄林Eli F Heckscher 伊·菲·赫克歇尔Factor Endowments Theory 资源/要素禀赋理论The Heckscher—Ohlin 赫克歇尔—俄林理论The Leontief Paradox 里昂惕夫之迷（里昂惕夫反论）GDP（Gross Domestic Product）国内生产总值GNP（Gross National Product）国民生产总值World Market 世界市场International Market 国际市场Terms of Trade 贸易条件Economic Integration 经济一体化Regional Economic Integration 地区经济一体化Preferential Trade Arrangements优惠贸易安排Free Trade Area 自由贸易区Customs Union 关税同盟Common Market 共同市场Complete Economic Integration 完全经济一体化Sectoral Integration 部门一体化Overall Integration 全盘一体化Horizontal Integration 水平一体化Vertical Integration 垂直一体化GATT (General Agreement On Tariffs and Trade）关税及贸易总协定GATS (General Agreement On Trade In Services)服务贸易总协定ITO (International Trade Organization) 国际贸易组织EU (European Union) 欧盟EC (European Communities)欧洲共同体APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) 亚太经济合作组织NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement/Area) 北美贸易协定/区CESDP (Common European Security and Defense Policy）欧盟共同安全与防务政策European Commission 欧盟委员会Council of European Union 欧盟理事会European of Council 欧洲理事会European Parliament 欧洲议会European Court of Justice 欧洲法院European Court of Auditors 欧洲审计院Trade Creating Effect 贸易创造效果Trade Diversing Effect 贸易转移效果Foreign Indirect Investment 对外间接投资Short-Term Credit 短期贷款Medium-Term Credit 中期贷款Long-Term Credit 长期贷款Free Trade Policy 自由贸易政策Protective Trade Policy 保护贸易政策Customs Duties / Tariff 关税Import Duties 进口税Export Duties 进口税Transit Duties 过境税Revenue Tariff 财政关税Protective Tariff 保护关税Prohibited Duty 禁止关税MFN Duties ( Most Favored Nation Duties ) 最惠国税GSP（Generalized System of Preferences普遍优惠制）普惠制Escape Clause 免责条款Prior Limitation 预定限额Competitive Need Criterion 竞争需要标准Graduation Clause 毕业条款Rule of Origin 原产地规则Process Criterion 加工标准Value-Added Criterion 增值标准Preferential Duties 特定优惠关税Import Surtaxes 进口附加税Counter-Vailling Duty 反补贴税And-Dumping Duties 反倾销税Comparable Price 可比价格Normal Price 正常价格Target Price 目标价格Threshold Price 门槛价格Variab Lelevy 差价税Specific Duties 从量税Ad Valorem Duties 从价税Mixed Or Compound Duties 混合税/复合税Alternative Duties 选择税Sliding Duties 滑动关税Customs Tariff 海关税则Tariff No、Heading No、Tariff Item 税则号列Description of Goods 货物分类目录Rate of Duty 税率Customs Cooperation Council Nomenclature 《海关合作理事会税则目录》HS（The Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System）商品名称及编码协调制度Single Tariff 单式税则Complex Tariff 复式税则Autonomous Tariff 自主税、国定税、通用税则Automatic Single Tariff System 自助单式税则Automatic Complex Tariff System 自主复式税则Maximum and Minimum Tariff System 最高最低税率制/双重税率制Conventional Tariff 协定税则Import Declaration 进口报关单NTB’s（Non-tariff Barriers）非关税壁垒Import Quotas System 进口配额制/进口限额制Global/Unallocated Quotas 全球配额Absolute Quotas 绝对配额Country Quotas 自主配额Autonomous Quotas 自主配额Agreement Quotas 协议配额/双边配额V oluntary Export Quotas 自动出口配额Import Licence System 进口许可证制度Foreign Exchange Control 外汇管制Advanced Deposit 进口押金制Internal Taxes 国内税Minimum Price 最低限价TBT (Technical Barriers To Trade) 技术性贸易壁垒Technical Regulations 技术法规Technical Standards 技术标准Conformity Assessment Procedures 合格评定程序ISO（International Organization for Standardization）国际标准化组织SAC（Standardization Administration of China）中国国家标准化管理委员会Packaging and Labeling Regulation 商品包装和标准规定Export Credit 出口信贷Supplier’s Credit 卖方信贷Buyer’s Credit 买方信贷Export Credit Guarantee System 出口信贷国家担保制Export Subsidy 出口补贴Direct Subsidies 直接补贴Indirect Subsidies 简介补贴Dumping 商品倾销Export Control 出口管制General License 一般许可证Validated License 特殊许可证Free Port 自由港/自由口岸Free Trade Zone 自由贸易区Bonded Area 保税区Export Processing Zone 出口加工区Free Perimeter 自由边境区Transit Zone 过境区Commercial Treaties and Agreement 贸易跳越和协定Most-Favored-Nation Treatment 最惠国待遇条款National Treatment 国民待遇条款Treaty of Commerce and Navigation 通商航海条约Trade Agreement 贸易协定Payment Agreement 支付协定Single Account 单边账户Bilateral Account 多边账户International Commodity Agreement 国际商品协定Buffer Stock 缓冲存货Multilingual Contracts 多边合同Integrate Programme for Commodities 国际商品综合方案Common Fund 共同基金Multilateral Trade Negotiation 多边贸易谈判Cross-border Supply 跨境交付Consumption Abroad 境外消费Commercial Presence 商业存在Movement of Personal 自然人流动2010年11月17日。

Chapter 1 Introduction to International tradeQuestions & Answers (terms)•International trade(the fair and deliberate exchange of goods and/or services across national boundaries）•Trade in goods (the purchase and sale of visible goods:coffee, chemicals, airplanes, textiles, tobacco)&Trade in services(the purchase and sale of invisible goods: transportation, insurance, tourism, hotel accommodations, commerce)•Self-sufficient (someone who does his own hunting, finds his own shelter, and provides for his own needs)•Barter (the trade of goods without any exchange of money)•Balance of trade (a nation’s rel ationship of exports to imports). A favorable balance of trade, or trade surplus, occurs when the value of the country’s expor ts exceeds that of its imports;An unfavorable balance of trade, or trade deficit, occurs when the value of the country’s imports exceeds that of its exports.•Balance of payments [the difference between money coning into a country (from exports) and money going out of the country (for import) plus money flows coming into or leavinga country from other factors such as tourism, foreign aid.BOP=EM-IM+MF]. Afavorable balance of payments means more money is flowing into a country than flowing out;An unfavorable balance of payments is when more money is flowing out ofa country than coming in.•Dumping(the practic of selling products in foreign country at lower prices than those charged in the producing country). Companies use this tactic to reduce surplus products in foreign markets or to gain a foothold in a new market by offering products for lower prices than domestic competitors do.The foundation of international trade and economic activities：In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills.Questions & Answers (text)•What are major reasons of the exchange of goods between nations?✧First, no nation has all of the commodities that it needs.✧Second, a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs.✧Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries.✧Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style (fashion).•Why is FDI now more important than trade?✧First, FDI enables host country to build a new manufacturing plant and to payworkers to build it.✧Second, once the plant is operative, it provides both jobs and taxes for host country.✧Third, FDI acts as a catalyst (催化剂) in economic growth for host country.•Why inflows into Sub-Saharan Africa have increased?Tourism is the world's largest industry and every year it pumps billions of dollars into some of the poorest countries in the world. It creates jobs, reduces poverty, builds new roads, airports, hotels and hospitals.•What are major obstacles to Chinese foreign trade?✧Firstly, China should deal with pressure from international markets that aregradually becoming saturated（饱和）.✧Secondly, the cost of Chinese exports is increasing, partly because of the highercost of labor and environmental protection.✧Thirdly, increasing international trade protection has caused China to stumble into（陷入）difficult territory.✧Finally, the trade imbalance between China and other countries is getting worse.Chapter 2 Basic Theory of International TradeQuestions & Answers (terms)•Opportunity Cost机会成本：有一得必有一失(the amount of another goods or service that might otherwise have been produced)•Absolute Advantage两者相权取成本低、效率高者[A commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms of resources (capital, land, and labor).] Comparative Advantage两利相权取其重，两劣相权取其轻only one of the goods would work "most best" and "least worse"•What the Theory of C-A Shows if we want to maximize total output in the world then:✧first, fully employ all resources worldwide;✧second, allocate those resources within countries to each country's comparativeadvantage industries;✧third, allow the countries to trade freely .•Specialization (there were some things he was more capable of doing and it would benefit him to concentrate his efforts on the production of those goods in which he was particularly proficient)What are the major benefits of exporting?Why export? Y our general objectives will probably be:➢To increase profitability➢To utilise production capacity to the full➢The small domestic market may not big enough for growth➢You may be manufacturing a specialised product and find there are not enough customers in Sweden➢You may be looking for the increased security your company can achieve by spreading its risks over a variety of markets➢You may want to ensure that your product is kept up to date by exposure to competition in international markets➢It provides scope to develop a company's strengths and abilities. Selling in aninternational environment will sharpen your innovative edge and open up opportunities that might never come your way if you limit yourself to the home market.Michael Porter’s Diamond ModelMichael Porter of the Harvard Business School introduced a new competitiveness theory, the so-called diamond model. He argues that national prosperity is not inherited, but created by choices; in other words, national wealth is not set by factor endowments, but created by strategic choices. He intro duced a concept of “clusters”, or groups of interconnected firms, suppliers,related industries, and institutions that arise in particular locations.1. Firm strategy, Structure and RivalryThe world is dominated by dynamic conditions, and it is direct competition that impels firmsto work for increases in productivity and innovation.2. Demand ConditionsThe more demanding the customers in an economy, the greater the pressure facing firms to constantly to improve their competitiveness via innovative products, through high quality, etc.3. Related Supporting IndustriesUpstream or downstream industries facilitates the exchange of information and promotes a continuous exchange of ideas and innovations.4. Factor ConditionsContrary to conventional wisdoms, Po rter argues that the “key” factors of production (or specialized factors) are created, not inherited. Specialized factors are skilled labor, capital and infrastructure. “Non-key” factors or general use factors, such as unskilled labor and raw materials, can be obtained by any company and, hence, do not generate sustained competitive advantage. However, specialized factors involve heavy, sustained investment. They are more difficult to duplicate. This leads to a competitive advantage, because if other firms cannot easily duplicate these factors, they are valuable.The role of government in Porter’ Diamond Model is “acting as a catalyst and challenger; it is to encourage—or even push—companies to raise their aspirations and move to higher levels of competitive performance…”.They must encourage companies to raise their performance, stimulate early demand for advanced products, focus on specialized factors creation and to stimulate local rivalry by limiting direct cooperation and enforce anti-trust（反托拉斯，反垄断）regulations.Chapter 5 International Trade TermsRole of International Trade Terms➢Standing for specific obligations of the buyer and the seller.➢Name the exact point at which the ownership of the merchandise is transferred from the seller to the buyer.➢Define the responsibilities and expenses of both the seller and the buyer.➢Define the nature of the contract, such as FOB contract or CIF contract, to determine expenses and risks as well as their rights and obligations accordingly.➢The use of the trade terms greatly simplifies the contract negotiations, and thus saves time and cost.The price of commodity（refers to the unit price, which is made up of a name of currency, a unit price, a measuring unit, a trade term, and a name of destination or shipping place .For example,US$ 800 per M/T CIF London）国际贸易合同的主要条款有: 合同对象(标的)：commodities or services 合同总值: total value or quantities 交货条件: trade terms 包装: packaging 装运期: shipment装运口岸和目的地: departure port or destination 保险: insurance 支付条款: payment Procedures of Marine Insurance•To apply for marine insurance;•To determine the insurance value of the goods to be insured;•To determine the insurance average and coverage;•To determine insurance premium;•To sign an insurance policy•To lodge an insurance claim.Proper pricing, complete and accurate quotations, and choice of terms of sale and payment are four critical elements in selling a product or service internationally. Of the four, pricing is the most problematic, even for the experienced exporter.Export product cost structure, involving cost of production, selling and delivery costs, and customs duties.Pricing Considerations•At what price should the firm sell its product in the foreign market?•What type of market positioning does the company want to convey from its pricing structure?•Does the export price reflect the product's quality?•Is the price competitive?•Should the firm pursue market penetration or market-skimming pricing objectives abroad?•What type of discount (trade, cash, quantity) and allowances (advertising, trade-off) should the firm offer its foreign customers?•Laws pose a problem?•Should prices differ by market segment?•What should the firm do about product line pricing?•What pricing options are available if the firm's costs increase or decrease?•Is the demand in the foreign market elastic or inelastic?•Are the prices going to be viewed by the foreign government as reasonable or unfair?•Do the foreign country's antidumping?Pricing Summary Here are the key points to remember when determining your product's price: •Determine the objective in the foreign market.•Compute the actual cost of the export product.•Compute the final consumer price.•Evaluate market demand and competition.•Consider modifying the product to reduce the export price.•Include “non-market" costs, such as tariffs and customs fees.•Exclude cost elements that provide no benefit to the export function, such as domestic advertising.In the cost-plus method of calculation, the exporter starts with the domestic manufacturing cost and adds administration, research and development, overhead, freight forwarding, distributor margins, customs charges, and profit. The effect of this pricing approach may be that the export price escalates into an uncompetitive range.The actual payment= the full invoice of the goods +the additional charges of expenses the seller has paid.Stages in Handling a Bill of Exchange•To draw•Presentation and acceptance•Endorsement•Without recourse•Payment•Dishonor and recourse。

国际贸易International Trade1.什么是国际贸易国际贸易（International Trade）是泛指世界各个国家或地区之间所进行的以货币为媒介的商品交换活动。

它既包含着有形商品（实物商品）交换，也包含着无形商品（服务、技术）的交换。

2.English DefinitionInternational trade is the exchange of goods and services across international borders. It means the activity between buyer and seller in the purchase, sale and or exchange of commodities or goods in overseas markets. Exports are the goods and services sold by individuals or nations. Imports are the goods and services purchased. By these methods, products valued at more than $7 trillion （万亿）worldwide are exchanged every year. International trade is also a branch of economics, which together with International finance, forms the larger branch of International economics.3.国际贸易专业的培养目标：本专业培养具备国际经济和贸易的基本理论，了解当代国际经济贸易发展的现状，掌握国际贸易和国际经济技术合作的基本知识与基本技能以及我国对外贸易的政策和法规，熟练掌握一门外语，能在涉外经济贸易部门，外资企业及政府机构从事实际业务、管理、调研和宣传策划工作的高级专门人才。