英语中诗的单词poem poetry rhyme verse的区别

Classifications of meter
• • • • • Trochaic ╲ 〇 Iambic 〇 ╲ Dactylic ╲ 〇 〇 Anapaestic 〇 〇 ╲ Amphibrach 〇 ╲ 〇
1.1 iambus
• 1.1 iambus（抑扬格、轻重格）：是最常见的一种 格式，每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节 构成。
• follow any regular pattern)
ABC of English Poetry
Definition: “Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of strong feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility.”(William Wordsworth ) Terms of Poetry(诗歌术语） metrics (诗的格律) 、 rhyme(诗的押韵)、 variety、forms (诗的体式) etc. • 诗以高度凝结的语言表达着人们的feelings，用 其特有的节奏与方式影响着人们的精神世界。 诗讲究联想，运用象征、比喻、拟人等各种修 辞手法，形成了独特的语言艺术。
A French ballad verse form consisting most often of three eightline stanzas having the same rhyme pattern.
2.1.3 AAAA (同韵)
• 2.1.3 aaaa(同韵):押韵为一韵到底，大多是在同 一节诗中共用一个韵脚。( q.v. ) The Rubaiyat • 如下例就共用／i:p／为韵脚。 • The woods are lovely, dark and deep, • But I have promises to keep, • And miles to go before I sleep, • And miles to go before I sleep.

1. poem诗歌； poet 诗人； poetry诗歌（总称）agree to do sth 表示同意做某事【名词】agreement 【反义词】disagree； disagreement（名词）7. smile at sb冲某人笑； a big smile 一个大大的微笑9. not at all一点也不【表示不客气】--thank you! --not at all.12. rush out冲出去13. too...to... 的用法“too＋形容词／副词＋动词不定式”结构简称为“too...to”结构。

这种结构是英语中常用的一种句型，在大多数情况下表示否定意义，在翻译时，通常可译为:“太……而不能……”、“太……无法……"。

too＋adj./adv.＋to do这个句型是too...to的最基本的常用句型。

一、祈使句（imperatives）1.祈使句的定义及句式特征：定义：祈使句是用来表示请求、命令、叮嘱、邀请、劝告或祝愿等的句子。

它的特点是通常省略主语you,以动词原形开头，末尾可用句号或感叹号。

祈使句没有疑问句的形式，一般只有肯定和否定两种形式。

no parking. (表禁止)2.肯定形式（动词原形开头）1）以系动词be开头的祈使句，这种祈使句的常用结构：be+形容词 /名词2）以实义动词开头的祈使句，这种祈使句的常用结构为：动词原形+宾语（+其他）。

3)let型（let+宾语+动词原形+其他）let him do it by himself. let me help you. let’s go to the park.3.否定形式（一般在动词上否定，也可以用否定副词（never）来表示）1）be型【don’t be +其他成分（形容词、名词或介词短语）】【注意】：①在这种句型中，be不能省略 ②否定副词not不可置于be之后2）do型（don’t +动词原形+其他）3）let引起的祈使句有两种否定形式a）. let+宾语+not+动词原形+其他b）. don’t+ let+宾语+动词原形+其他don’t let jim do that. don’t let us go, please.4) 在公共场合的提示语中，否定祈使句常用“no＋名词 / v-ing形式”结构，表示“禁止做某事”。

1.十四行诗(Sonnet)源于中世纪民间抒情短诗，十三、十四世纪流行于意大利，意大利彼特拉克（Petrarch）为代表人物，每行十一个音节，全诗一节八行，加一节六行，韵脚用abba, abba, cdcdcd (cdecde)。

前八行提问，后六行回答。

后来，怀亚特（Thomas Wyatt,1503-1542）将十四行诗引人英国，五音步抑扬格，全诗三个四行一个二行,前三节提问，后二句结论。

斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser,1552-1599）用韵脚abab, bcbc,cdcd,ee。

莎士比亚（William Shakespeare,1564-1616）用韵脚abab,cdcd,efef,gg，称英国式或莎士比亚式。

2.打油诗（Limericks）通常是小笑话甚至是胡诌，一般没有标题也无作者姓名，含有幽默讽刺性，常运用双关，内韵等手法。

每首诗五个诗行，押韵为aabba，格律以抑扬格和抑抑扬格为主。

1) There was a young lady of NiggerWho smiled as she rode on a tiger;They returned from the rideWith the lady inside,And the smile on the face of the tiger.2) A tutor who taught on the fluteTried to teach two tooters to toot,“Is it harder to toot, orSaid the two to the tutor,To tutor two tooters to toot?”3、素体诗(无韵体诗)（Blank Verse）五音步抑扬格，不押韵诗体。

the unrhymed iambic pentameter lineWilliam Wordsworth: There Was a BoyThere was a Boy; ye knew him well, ye cliffsAnd islands of Winander! many a time,At evening, when the earliest stars beganTo move along the edges of the hills,Rising or setting, would he stand alone,Beneath the trees, or by the glimmering lake;And there, with fingers interwoven, both handsPressed closely palm to palm and to his mouthUplifted, he, as through an instrument,Blew mimic hootings to the silent owlsThat they might answer him.—And they would shoutAcross the watery vale, and shout again,Responsive to his call,—with quivering peals,And long halloos, and screams, and echoes loudRedoubled and redoubled; concourse wildOf jocund din! And, when there came a pauseOf silence such as baffled his best skill:Then, sometimes, in that silence, while he hungListening, a gentle shock of mild surpriseHas carried far into his heart the voiceOf mountain-torrents; or the visible sceneWould enter unawares into his mindWith all its solemn imagery, its rocks,Its woods, and that uncertain heaven receivedInto the bosom of the steady lake.This boy was taken from his mates, and diedIn childhood, ere he was full twelve years old.Pre-eminent in beauty is the valeWhere he was born and bred: the churchyard hangsUpon a slope above the village-school;And through that churchyard when my way has ledOn summer-evenings, I believe that thereA long half-hour together I have stoodMute —looking at the grave in which he lies!3.自由诗（Free Verse）自由诗（Free Verse）:现代诗中常见的体式，长短不同的诗行存在于同一首诗中，不讲究押韵与格律，只注重诗歌所表达的意象和传递的情感。

Glossary of Poetic Terms (1)1.poetry (诗歌) : a form of speech or writing that harmonizes the music of its language with itssubject. To read a great poem is to bring out the perfect marriage of its sound and thought in a silent or voiced performance. At least from the time of Aristotle's Poetics, drama was conceived of as a species of poetry.2.verse（诗，诗行）: as a mass noun, poetry in general; and, as a regular noun, a line of poetry..(注意中文里诗行与诗句的区别)3.foot（韵步）: the basic unit of measurement of accentual-syllabic meter, usually thought tocontain one stressed syllable and at least one unstressed syllable. The standard types of feet in English are iambic, trochaic, dactylic, anapestic, spondaic, and pyrrhic.4.meter （韵律）: the rhythm of verse, reduceable to one of four kinds, accentual, syllabic,accentual-syllabic, and quantitative. Also sometimes called `number(s).'a)Falling meter: trochees and dactyls, i.e., a stressed syllable followed by one or twounstressed syllables.b)Rising meter: iambs and anapests, i.e., one or two unstressed syllables followed by astressed one.c)Monometer, dimeter, trimester, tetrameter, pentameter, hexameter, heptameter,octameter, nonameter, decameter.5.stanza (诗节):a group of verses separated from other such groups in a poem and oftensharing a common rhyme scheme.a)couplet: a pair of successive rhyming lines, usually of the same length, termed "closed"when they form a bounded grammatical unit like a sentence, and termed "heroic" in17th- and 18th-century verse when serious in subject, five-foot iambic in form, andholding a complete thought.b)quatrain: a four-line stanza, rhyming.c)tercet(triplet), quintain (cinquain), sexain (sextet/sestet), septet, octave (octet).6.sonnet (十四行诗)：（略）7.rhyme（押韵）: normally end-rhyme, that is, lines of verse characterized by the consonance ofterminal words or syllables. Rhymed words conventionally share all sounds following the word's last stressed syllable. rhyme scheme（押韵格式）8.persona（人物）: the speaker of a poem, a dramatic character distinguished from the poet.9.lyric（抒情诗）:short poem in which the poet, the poet's persona, or a speaker expressespersonal feelings, and often addressed to the reader.Glossary of Poetic Terms (2)Epic:an extended narrative poem with a heroic or superhuman protagonist engaged in an action of great significance in a vast setting (often including the underworld and engaging the gods). Examples of epic poems are Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene, John Milton's Paradise Lost, William Wordsworth's The Prelude, Elizabeth Barret Browning's Aurora Leigh, and T. S. Eliot's "The Waste Land."Blank verse:unrhyming iambic pentameter, also called heroic verse, a ten-syllable line and the usual rhythm of English dramatic and epic poetry from its introduction by Henry Howard, earl of Surrey, in his translation of Books II and IV of Virgil's Certain Books of Virgil's Æneis.Shakespeare's Hamlet II.2.339: "The Lady shall say her minde freely; or the blanke Verse shall halt for't." Poems such as John Milton's Paradise Lost, Robert Browning's dramatic monologues, and Wallace Steven's "Sunday Morning" use blank verse.Couplet:a pair of successive rhyming lines, usually of the same length, termed "closed" when theyform a bounded grammatical unit like a sentence, and termed "heroic" in 17th- and 18th-century verse when serious in subject, five-foot iambic in form, and holding a complete thought.Metaphor:a comparison that is made literally, either by a verb (for example, John Keats' "Beauty istruth, truth beauty" from his "Ode on a Grecian Urn") or, less obviously, by a combination of adjective and noun, noun and verb, etc. (for example, Shakespeare's sonnet on the "the marriage of true minds"), but in any case without pointing out a similarity by using words such as "as," "like," or "than."Motif:an image or action in a literary work that is shared by other works and that is sometimesthought to belong to a collective unconsciousness.Theme:a prevailing idea in a work, but sometimes not explicitly statedGlossary of Poetic Terms (3)Bard:originally a Celtic name for a poet-singer.Ballad:a popular song, often recited aloud, narrating a story, and passed down orally. Over 300traditional English ballads, in up to 25 versions each, were edited as the so-called "Child ballads" (named after the editor, F. J. Child) 1882-98. Examples of the form include "Sir Patrick Spens," "Twa Sisters of Binnorie," "The Three Ravens," the Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth and S. T. Coleridge, and "La Belle Dame sans Merci" by John Keats.Ballad stanza:quatrain rhyming abcb and alternating four-stress and three-stress lines.Alliteration:using the same consonant to start two or more stressed words or syll= ables in a phrase or verse line, or using a series of vowels to begin such words or syllables in sequence.Alliteration need not re-use all initial consonants: words like "train" and "terrific"alliterate.。