2020年GMAT阅读模拟试题及答案

gmat试题中文及答案GMAT试题中文及答案一、数学题1. 如果一个数的平方等于该数本身，那么这个数可能是多少？A. 0B. 1C. -1D. A和B答案：D2. 一个圆的半径是5，它的面积是多少？A. 25πB. 50πC. 75πD. 100π答案：B二、逻辑题1. 所有的猫都怕水，如果一只动物怕水，那么它不是猫。

以下哪项如果为真，最能支持上述论断？A. 有些猫不怕水。

B. 有些动物怕水但不是猫。

C. 所有怕水的动物都是猫。

D. 有些动物不怕水并且是猫。

答案：B2. 如果一个公司想要提高其市场份额，它应该降低其产品的价格。

以下哪项如果为真，最能削弱上述观点？A. 降价可能会损害公司的品牌形象。

B. 消费者通常认为价格高的产品质量更好。

C. 竞争对手也降低了他们的产品价格。

D. 公司的产品在市场上已经是最低价。

答案：B三、阅读理解题阅读以下短文，然后回答问题。

在20世纪初，汽车工业开始迅速发展。

随着汽车数量的增加，对道路的需求也随之增长。

然而，当时的许多道路都是土路，容易受到天气的影响。

为了解决这个问题，工程师们开始设计和建造更耐用的道路。

这些道路使用混凝土和沥青等材料，能够承受更重的交通负荷。

问题：1. 20世纪初，汽车工业的发展导致了什么？A. 道路数量的减少B. 对耐用道路的需求增长C. 汽车价格的上升D. 工程师数量的增加答案：B2. 工程师们如何解决土路容易受到天气影响的问题？A. 减少汽车的使用B. 建造更耐用的道路C. 增加土路的数量D. 限制天气变化答案：B四、语法题1. 尽管他很年轻，但他已经是一位经验丰富的工程师。

A. 尽管他很年轻，但他已经是一位经验丰富的工程师。

B. 尽管他很年轻，但他是一位经验丰富的工程师。

C. 虽然他很年轻，但他已经是一位经验丰富的工程师。

D. 虽然他很年轻，但他是一位经验丰富的工程师。

答案：A2. 这家公司不仅提供了高质量的产品，而且它的服务也非常出色。

gmat考试题及答案一、GMAT考试阅读理解题及答案1. 题目：In a recent study, researchers found that people who regularly engage in physical activities are less likely to suffer from chronic diseases such as heart disease and diabetes. The study suggests that regular exercise can significantly reduce the risk of these diseases.Question: What is the main finding of the study mentioned in the passage?A. Regular exercise has no effect on chronic diseases.B. People who exercise regularly are more likely to suffer from chronic diseases.C. Regular exercise can reduce the risk of chronic diseases.D. Physical activities can cause heart disease and diabetes.Answer: C2. 题目：The company's new marketing strategy focuses on targeting younger consumers, as they believe that this demographic is more likely to be interested in their products. The strategy includes launching a social media campaign and offering discounts to students.Question: What is the main objective of the company's new marketing strategy?A. To target older consumers.B. To increase sales among students.C. To target younger consumers.D. To reduce the company's social media presence.Answer: C二、GMAT考试逻辑推理题及答案1. 题目：Premise: All birds can fly.Conclusion: Penguins can fly.Question: What is the logical error in the conclusion?A. The conclusion is true.B. The conclusion is false because penguins are birds.C. The conclusion is false because penguins cannot fly.D. The conclusion is true because penguins are birds.Answer: C2. 题目：Premise: If it rains, then the game will be canceled.Premise: The game was not canceled.Conclusion: It did not rain.Question: What type of logical reasoning is used in this argument?A. Deductive reasoning.B. Inductive reasoning.C. Abductive reasoning.D. Causal reasoning.Answer: A三、GMAT考试数据充分性题及答案1. 题目：Is the sum of two numbers, x and y, greater than 10?(1) x is greater than 5.(2) y is greater than 5.Question: Is statement (1) alone sufficient, statement (2) alone sufficient, or both statements together sufficient to answer the question?A. Statement (1) alone is sufficient.B. Statement (2) alone is sufficient.C. Both statements together are sufficient.D. Neither statement alone nor together is sufficient.Answer: D2. 题目：What is the value of the variable z?(1) z is twice the value of x.(2) The sum of x and y is 10.Question: Is statement (1) alone sufficient, statement (2) alone sufficient, or both statements together sufficient to answer the question?A. Statement (1) alone is sufficient.B. Statement (2) alone is sufficient.C. Both statements together are sufficient.D. Neither statement alone nor together is sufficient.Answer: D四、GMAT考试语法改错题及答案1. 题目：The company, which was founded by John in 2005, is now one of the largest in the industry.(A) which was founded by John in 2005(B) was founded by John in 2005(C) was it founded by John in 2005(D) it was founded by John in 2005Answer: B2. 题目：After the storm, the city had to deal with the damage to the buildings, and also to the roads.(A) and also to the roads(B) and also with the roads(C) as well as to the roads(D) and also the roadsAnswer: C这些题目和答案仅供参考，GMAT考试的题目类型和难度可能会有所不同。

GMAT（VERBAL）阅读练习试卷2(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1.Nearly a century ago, biologists found that if theyseparated an invertebrate animal embryo into two partsat an early stage of its life, it would survive and developas two normal embryos. This led them to believe that the(5) cells in the early embryo are undetermined in the sensethat each cell has the potential to develop in a variety ofdifferent ways. Later biologists found that the situationwas not so simple. It matters in which plane the embryois cut. If it is cut in a plane different from the one used(10) by the early investigators, it will not form two wholeembryos.A debate arose over what exactly was happening.Which embryo cells are determined, just when do they-become irreversibly committed to their fates, and what(15) are the “morphogenetic determinants”that tell a cellwhat to become? But the debate could not be resolvedbecause no one was able to ask the crucial questionsin a form in which they could be pursued productively.Recent discoveries in molecular biology, however, have(20) opened up prospects for a resolution of the debate.Now investigators think they know at least some of themolecules that act as morphogenetic determinants inearly development. They have been able o show that,in a sense, cell determination begins even before an egg(25) is fertilized.Studying sea urchins, biologist Paul Gross foundthat an unfertilized egg contains substances that func-tion as morphogenetic determinants. They are locatedin the cytoplasm of the egg cell; i.e., in that part of the(30) cell’s protoplasm that lies outside of the nucleus. In theunfertilized egg, the substances are inactive and are notdistributed homogeneously. When the egg is fertilized,the substances become active and, presumably, governthe behavior of the genes they interact with. Since the(35) substances are unevenly distributed in the egg, when thefertilized egg divides, the resulting cells are differentfrom the start and so can be qualitatively different intheir own gene activity.The substances that Gross studied are maternal(40) messenger RNA’s --products of certain of the maternalgenes. He and other biologists studying a wide varietyof organisms have found that these particular RNA’sdirect, in large part, the synthesis of histones, a classof proteins that bind to DNA. Once synthesized, the(45) histones move into the cell nucleus, where section ofDNA wrap around them to form a structure that resem-bles beads, or knots, on a string. The beads are DNAsegments wrapped around the histones; the string is theintervening DNA. And it is the structure of these beaded(50) DNA strings that guides the fate of the cells in whichthey are located.1．It can be inferred from the passage that the morphogenetic determinants present in the early embryo are______A．located in the nucleus of the embryo cellsB．evenly distributed unless the embryo is not developing normallyC．inactive until the embryo cells become irreversibly committed to their final functionD．identical to those that were already present in the unfertilized eggE．present in larger quantities than is necessary for the development of a single individual正确答案：E解析：E is the best answer. The second and third paragraphs of the passage indicate that morphogenetic determinants are substances in the embryo that are activated after the egg has been fertilized and that “tell a cell what to become”(lines 21-23). If, as the author asserts in the first paragraph, biologists have succeeded in dividing an embryo into two parts, each of which survives and develops into a normal embryo, it can be concluded that the quantity of morphogenetic determinants in the early embryo is greater than that required for the development of a single individual.2．The main topic of the passage is______A．the early development of embryos of lower marine organismsB．the main contribution of modern embryology to molecular biologyC．the role of molecular biology in disproving older theories of embryonic developmentD．cell determination as an issue in the study of embryonic developmentE．scientific dogma as a factor in the recent debate over the value of molecular biology正确答案：D解析：D is the best answer. In identifying the main topic of the passage, you must consider the passage as a whole. In the first paragraph, the author provides a historical context for the debate described in the second paragraph, concerning when and how the determination of embryo cells takes place. The third and forth paragraphs provide a specific example of the “Recent discoveries in molecular biology”(lines 28-29) that may lead to the resolution of that debate.3．According to the passage, when biologists believed that the cells in the early embryo were undetermined, they made which of the following mistakes?A．They did not attempt to replicate the original experiment of separating an embryo into two parts.B．They did not realize that there was a connection between the issue of cell determination and the outcome of the separation experiment.C．They assumed that the results of experiments on embryos did not depend on the particular animal species used for such experiments.D．They assumed that it was crucial to perform the separation experiment at an early stage in the embryo’s life.E．They assumed that different ways of separating an embryo into two parts would be equivalent as far as the fate of the two parts was concerned.正确答案：E解析：E is the best answer. According to the author, early investigators arrived atthe conclusion that the cells of the embryo are undetermined because they “found that if they separated an invertebrate animal embryo into two parts at an early stage of its life, it would survive and develop as two normal embryos”(lines 1-6). However, later biologists discovered that when an embryo was cut in places different from the one used by the early investigators, it did not form two whole embryos. Because the earlier biologists apparently arrived at their conclusion without attempting to cut an embryo in different planes, it would appear that they assumed, erroneously, that different ways of separating the embryos would not affect the fate of the two embryo parts.4．It can be inferred from the passage that the initial production of histones after an egg is fertilized takes place______A．in the cytoplasmB．in the maternal genesC．throughout the protoplasmD．in the beaded portions of the DNA stringsE．in certain sections of the cell nucleus正确答案：A解析：A is the best answer. In the third paragraph, the author asserts that substances that function as morphogenetic determinants are located in the cytoplasm of the cell and become active after the cell is fertilized. In the fourth paragraph we learn that these substances are “maternal messenger RNA’s”and that they “direct, in large part, the synthesis of histones,”which, after being synthesized, “move into the cell nucleus”(lines 59-68). Thus, it can be inferred that after the egg is fertilized, the initial production of histones occurs in the cytoplasm.5．It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is dependent on the fertilization of an egg?A．Copying of maternal genes to produce maternal messenger RNA’sB．Sythesis of proteins called histonesC．Division of a cell into its nucleus and the cytoplasmD．Determination of the egg cell’s potential for divisionE．Generation of all of a cell’s morphogenetic determinants正确答案：B解析：B is the best answer. Lines 45-51 indicate that substances that function as morphogenetic determinants are inactive in the unfertilized egg and that when the egg is fertilized, they “become active and, presumably, govern the behavior of the genes they interact with.”In the fourth paragraph, we learn that these substances exert their control over the fate of the cell by directing “the synthesis of histones.”Because these histones cannot be synthesized until the substances that function as morphogenetic determinants become active, and because these substances do not become active until the egg is fertilized, it can be inferred that the synthesis of thehistones is dependent on the fertilization of the egg.6．According to the passage, the morphogenetic determinants present in the unfertilized egg cell are which of the following?A．Proteins bound to the nucleusB．HistonesC．Maternal messenger RNA’sD．CytoplasmE．Nonbeaded intervening DNA正确答案：C解析：C is the best answer. Lines 38-41 in from us that in his study of sea urchins, Gross “found that an unfertilized egg contains substances that function as morphogetic determinants.”Lines 58-60 assert that the “substances that Gross studied are maternal messenger RNA’s,”and in lines 62-63 we learn that these maternal messenger RNA’s can be found in “a wide variety of organisms.”In the two decades between 1910 and 1930, overten percent to the Black population of the United Statesleft the South, where the preponderance of the Blackpopulation had been located, and migrated to northern(5) states, with the largest number moving, it is claimed,between 1916 and 1918. It has been frequently assumed,but not proved, that the majority of the migrants inwhat has come to be called the Great Migration camefrom rural areas and were motivated by two concurrent(10) factors: the collapse of the cotton industry followingthe boll weevil infestation, which began in 1898, andincreased demand in the North for labor followingthe cessation of European immigration caused by theoutbreak of the First World War in 1914. This assump-(15) tion has led to the conclusion that the migrants’subse-quent lack of economic mobility in the North is tied torural background, a background that implies unfamil-iarity with urban living and a lack of industrial skills.But the question of who actually left the South has(20) never been rigorously investigated. Although numerousinvestigations document an exodus from rural southernareas to southern cities prior to the Great Migration.no one has considered whether the same migrants thenmoved on to northern cities. In 1910 over 600,000(25) Black workers, or ten percent of the Black work force,reported themselves to be engaged in “manufacturingand mechanical pursuits,”the federal census categoryroughly encompassing the entire industrial sector. TheGreat Migration could easily have been made up entirely(30) of this group and their families. It is perhaps surprisingto argue that an employed population could be enticedto move, but an explanation lies in the labor conditionsthen prevalent in the South.About thirty-five percent of the urban Black popu-(35) lation in the South was engaged in skilled trades. Somewere from the old artisan class of slavery-blacksmiths.masons, carpenters-which had had a monopoly ofcertain trades, but they were gradually being pushedout by competition, mechanization, and obsolescence,(40) The remaining sixty-five percent, more recently urban-ized, worked in newly developed industries---tobacco.lumber, coal and iron manufacture, and railroads.Wages in the South, however, were low, andBlackworkers were aware, through labor recruiters and the(45)Black press, that they could earn more even as unskilledworkers in the North than they could as artisans in theSouth. After the boll weevil infestation, urban Blackworkers faced competition from the continuing influxof both Black and White rural workers, who were driven(50) to undercut the wages formerly paid for industrial jobs.Thus, a move north would be seen as advantageousto a group that was already urbanized and steadilyemployed, and the easy conclusion tying their subse-quent economic problems in the North to their ruralbackground comes into question.7．The author indicates explicitly that which of the following records has been a source of information in her investigation?A．United States Immigration Service reports from 1914 to 1930B．Payrolls of southern manufacturing firms between 1910 and 1930C．The volume of cotton exports between 1898 and 1910D．The federal census of 1910E．Advertisements of labor recruiters appearing in southern newspapers after 1910正确答案：D解析：D is the best answer. In lines 35-41, the author states that ten percent of the Black workers in the South were employed in “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits”and then identifies “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits”as the general federal census category for industrial occupations in 1910. Thus, she indicates that she used the federal census as a source of information.8．In the passage, the author anticipates which of the following as a possible objection to her argument?A．It is uncertain how many people actually migrated during the Great Migration.B．The eventual economic status of the Great Migration migrants has not been adequately traced.C．It is not likely that people with steady jobs would have reason to move to another area of the country.D．It is not true that the term “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits”actually encompasses the entire industrial sector.E．Of the Black workers living in southern cities, only those in a small number of trades were threatened by obsolescence.正确答案：C解析：C is the best answer. To answer this question, you must first identify the author’s argument. The author argues that it is possible that Black migrants to the North were living and working in urban areas of the South rather in rural areas, as researchers had previously assumed. In lines 44-48, the author states that it may be “surprising”that an employed population would relocate. Thus, the author anticipates an objection to her argument on the grounds that Black urban workers in the South would have been unlikely to leave an economically secure existence. She meets that objection by stating that “an explanation lies in the labor conditions then prevalent in the South”(lines 46-48), and discusses the low wages that may havemotivated Black workers to migrate north for higher pay.9．According to the passage, which of the following is true of wages in southern cities in 1910?A．They were being pushed lower as a result of increased competition.B．They had begun t to rise so that southern industry could attract rural workers.C．They had increased for skilled workers but decreased for unskilled workers.D．They had increased in large southern cities but decreased in small southern cities.E．They had increased in newly developed industries but decreased in the older trades.正确答案：A解析：A is the best answer. The author discusses wages in southern cities in the third paragraph. Lines 68-73 state that an increase in the number of rural workers who migrated to southern cities after the collapse of the cotton industry led to increased competition for jobs and resulted in wages being pushed lower.10．The author cites each of the following as possible influences in a Black worker’s decision to migrate north in the Great Migration EXCEPT______ A．wage levels in northern citiesB．labor recruitersC．competition from rural workersD．voting rights in northern statesE．the Black press正确答案：D解析：D is the best answer. This question asks you to identify the possible influences that motivated Black workers in their decision to migrate north, and then to recognize which of the choices is NOT mentioned as an influence on Black workers. This is the only option not mentioned in the passage as an influence that may have motivated southern Black workers to move north.11．It can be inferred from the passage that the “easy conclusion”mentioned in line 53 is based on which of the following assumptions?A．People who migrate from rural areas to large cities usually do so for economic reasons.B．Most people who leave rural areas to take jobs in cities return to rural areas as soon as it is financially possible for them to do so.C．People with rural backgrounds are less likely to succeed economically in cities than are those with urban backgrounds.D．Most people who were once skilled workers are not willing to work as unskilled workers.E．People who migrate from their birthplaces to other regions of country seldom undertake a second migration.正确答案：C解析：C is the best answer. To answer this question, you must first identify the “easy conclusion”mentioned in lines 77-79, which ties Black migrants’“subsequent economic problems in the North to their rural background.”This linkage of rural background to economic difficulty after migration to the North is first mentioned in lines 20-26. Here, the author points out that researchers have assumed that Black migrants encountered economic difficulties in northern cities because they were from rural rather than urban backgrounds, and that rural backgrounds imply “unfamiliarity with urban living and a lack of industrial skills.”This choice provides an assumption about the relationship between rural backgrounds and economic difficulty that underlies this conclusion. It states that people with rural backgrounds are more likely to have economic difficulty in urban areas than are people with urban backgrounds.12．The primary purpose of the passage is to______A．support an alternative to an accepted methodologyB．present evidence that resolves a contradictionC．introduce a recently discovered source of informationD．challenge a widely accepted explanationE．argue that a discarded theory deserves new attention正确答案：D解析：D is the best answer. The first paragraph describes a common assumption about the Great Migration, that the majority of migrants came from rural areas. It also restates the conclusion that is based on this assumption, that the subsequent economic difficulties of Black migrants in the North were a result of their unfamiliarity with urban life. In the second paragraph, the author states that the “question of who actually left the South”(lines 27-28) has never been adequately researched. She goes on to argue that Black migrants may actually have been from urban areas rather than rural areas, and thus that their subsequent economic problems in northern cities were not caused by their rural background. In making this argument, the author is challenging the “widely accepted explanation”presented in the first paragraph.In 1896 a Georgia couple suing for damages in theaccidental death of their two year old was told that sincethe child had made no real economic contribution to thefamily, there was no liability for damages. In contrast,(5) less than a century later, in 1979, the parents of a threeyear old sued in New York for accidental-death damagesand won an award of $750,000.The transformation in social values implicit in juxta-posing these two incidents is the subject of Viviana(10) Zelizer’s excellent book, Pricing the Priceless Child.During the nineteenth century, she argues, the conceptof the “useful”child who contributed to the familyeconomy gave way gradually to the present-day notionof the “useless”child who, though producing no income(15) for, and indeed extremely costly to, its parents, is yetconsidered emotionally “priceless.”Well establishedamong segments of the middle and upper classes by themid-1800’s, this new view of childhood spread through-out society inthe iate-nineteenth and early-twentieth(20) centuries as reformers introduced child-labor regulationsand compulsory education laws predicated in part on theassumption that a child’s emotional value made childlabor taboo.For Zelizer the origins of this transformation were(25) many and complex. The gradual erosion of children’sproductive value in a maturing industrial economy,the decline in birth and death rates, especially in childmortality, and the development of the companionatefamily (a family in which members were united by(30) explicit bonds of love rather than duty) were all factorscritical in changing the assessment of children’s worth.Yet “expulsion of children from the ‘cash nexus,’...although clearly shaped by profound changes in theeconomic, occupational, and family structures,”Zelizer(35) maintains. “was also part of a cultural process ‘of sacral-ization’of children’s lives. ”Protecting children from thecrass business world became enormously important forlate-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans, shesuggests; this sacralization was a way of resisting what(40) they perceived as the relentless corruption of humanvalues by the marketplace.In stressing the cultural determinants of a child’sworth. Zelizer takes issue with practitioners of the new“sociological economics,”who have analyzed such tradi-(45) tionally sociological topics as crime, marriage, educa-tion, and health solely in terms of their economic deter-minants. Allowing only a small role for cultural forcesin the form of individual “preferences,”these sociologiststend to view all human behavior as directed primarily by(50) the principle of maximizing economic gain. Zelizer ishighly critical of this approach, and emphasizes insteadthe opposite phenomenon: the power of social values totransform price. As children became more valuable inemotional terms, she argues, their “exchange”or “sur-(55) render”value on the market, that is, the conversion oftheir intangible worth into cash terms, became muchgreater.13．It can be inferred from the passage that accidental-death damage awards in America during the nineteenth century tended to be based principally on the______ A．earnings of the person at time of deathB．wealth of the party causing the deathC．degree of culpability of the party causing the deathD．amount of money that had been spent on the person killedE．amount of suffering endured by the family of the person killed正确答案：A解析：A is the best answer. In the first paragraph, the author cites an accidental-death case from nineteenth-century America in which the absence of economic contribution on the part of a deceased child was ruled sufficient grounds to deny the awarding of damages to the child’s parents. The author goes on to discuss how this case typified attitudes that persisted even into the twentieth century. It can be inferred from this that in nineteenth-century America the chief consideration in determining damages in an accidental-death case was the deceased person’s earnings. There are no evidence in the passage to suggest that the factors in B, C, D and E were of primary concern in determining accidental-death damages in nineteenth-century America.14．It can be inferred from the passage that in the early 1800’s children were generally regarded by their families as individuals who______A．needed enormous amounts of security and affectionB．required constant supervision while workingC．were important to the economic well-being of a familyD．were unsuited to spending long hours in schoolE．were financial burdens assumed for the good of society正确答案：C解析：C is the best answer. In the second paragraph, the author describes how during the nineteenth century the concept of the “‘useful’child who contributed to the family economy”(lines 23-24) gradually gave way to the present-day notion of the economically “useless”but emotionally “priceless”child. This new view of childhood was “well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800’s”and “spread throughout society in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries”(lines 31-38). Thus in the early 1800’s, prior to the shift in the valuation of children, families valued the role children had to play in the family’s economic well-being. A and E describe attitude more in accord with the present-day view of childhood. B and D address issues that are not raised in the passage.15．Which of the following alternative explanations of the change in the cash value of children would be most likely to be put forward by sociological economists as they are described in the passage?A．The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because parents began to increase their emotional investment in the upbringing of their children.B．The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because their expected earnings over the course of a lifetime increased greatly.C．The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because the spread of humanitarian ideals resulted in a wholesale reappraisal of the worth of an individualD．The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because compulsory education laws reduced the supply, and thus raised the costs, of available child labor.E．The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because of changes in the way negligence law assessed damages in accidental-death cases.正确答案：B解析：B is the best answer. According to the author, practitioners of the new “sociological economics”explain sociological phenomena “solely in terms of their economic determinants”and “tend to view all human behavior as directed primarily by the principle of maximizing economic gain’(lines 85-98). This choice provides just such an economic explanation for the nineteenth-century rise in the cash value of children. A paraphrases Zelizer’s own explanation, which is at odds with that of the sociological economists. C uses social values and emotional factors to explain an evenbroader revaluation of individual worth. D uses an economic argument to explain the change, but here the economic factors at work are the result of a change. E provides a legal explanation for the change.16．The primary purpose of the passage is to______A．review the literature in a new academic subfieldB．present the central thesis of a recent bookC．contrast two approaches to analyzing historical changeD．refute a traditional explanation of a social phenomenonE．encourage further work on a neglected historical topic正确答案：B解析：B is the best answer. In the first paragraph, the author contrasts two incidents that are said to exemplify the transformation in social values that forms the subject of Zelizer’s book. The second and third paragraphs consist of a brief history of that transformation, as Zelizer presents it, and an account of the factors she considers important in bringing it about. In the last paragraph, the author explains how Zelizer’s thesis differs from that of sociological economists. Thus, the passage serves primarily to present the central thesis of Zelizer’s book. A and E misrepresent the subject matter of the passage. D mispresents the author’s approach. C is incorrect because although the passage does contrast two approaches, this contrast takes place only in the final paragraph.17．It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following statements was true of American families over the course of the nineteenth century?A．The average size of families grew considerablyB．The percentage of families involved in industrial work declined dramatically.C．Family members became more emotionally bonded to one another.D．Family members spent an increasing amount of time working with each other.E．Family members became more economically dependent on each other.正确答案：C解析：C is the best answer. In the third paragraph, the author cites Zelizer’s contention that the new view of childhood that developed in nineteenth-century America was due in part to “the development of the companionate family (a family in which members were united by explicit bonds of love rather than duty)”(lines 54-58). From this it can be inferred that the emotional bonds between family members became increasingly important during this period. There are no information in the passage to support the other answer choices.18．Zelizer refers to all of the following as important influences in changing the assessment of children’s worth EXCEPT changes in______A．the mortality rateB．the nature of industryC．the nature of the familyD．attitudes toward reform movementsE．attitudes toward the marketplace正确答案：D解析：D is the best answer. Although reform movements are mentioned in lines 39-45, the passage does not discuss attitudes or changes in attitudes toward those movements. This choice is therefore NOT among the influences Zelizer is said to regard as important in changing the assessment of children’s worth. A, B and C are mentioned in lines 48-58 as factors Zelizer regards as “critical in changing the assessment of children’s worth”. E is mentioned in lines 70-80, which describe how the “sacralization”of children’s lives represented “a way of resisting what they <middle-class Americans> perceived as the relentless corruption of human values by the marketplace.”Prior to 1975, union efforts to organize public-sectorclerical workers, most of whom are women, were some-what limited. The factors favoring unionization drivesseem to have been either the presence of large numbers(5) of workers, as in New York City, to make it worth theeffort, or the concentration of small numbers in one ortwo locations, such as a hospital, to make it relativelyeasy, Receptivity to unionization on the workers, partwas also a consideration, but when there were large(10) numbers involved or the clerical workers were the onlyunorganized group in a jurisdiction, the multioccupa-tional unions would often try to organize them regard-less of the workers’initial receptivity. The strategicreasoning was based, first, on the concern that politi-(15) cians and administrators might play off unionizedagainst nonunionized workers, and, second, on theconviction that a fully unionized public work forcemeant power, both at the bargaining table and in thelegislature. In localities where clerical workers were few(20) in number, were scattered in several workplaces, andexpressed no interest in being organized, unions moreoften than not ignored them in the pre-1975 period.But since the mid-1970’s, a different strategy hasemerged. In 1977, 34 percent of government clerical(25) workers were represented by a labor organization,compared with 46 percent of government professionals,44 percent of government blue-collar workers, and41 percent of government service workers, Since then,however, the biggest increases in public-sector unioniza-(30) tion have been among clerical workers. Between 1977and 1980, the number of unionized government workersin blue-collar and service occupations increased onlyabout 1.5 percent, while in the white-collar occupationsthe increase was 20 percent and among clerical workers(35) in particular, the increase was 22 percent.What accounts for this upsurge in unionizationamong clerical workers? First, more women have enteredthe work force in the past few years, and more of themplan to remain working until retirement age. Conse-(40) quently, they are probably more concerned than theirpredecessors were about job security and economic bene-fits. Also, the women’s movement has succeeded in legit-imizing the economic and political activism of women ontheir own behalf, thereby producing a more positive atti-(45) tude toward unions. The absence of any comparableincrease in。

2020年上海美国学校高三英语模拟试卷及答案第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项ASpeaking with people on the phone is pretty rare these days. Most people use e-mail or messaging apps when they need to communicate with someone. Sometimes, though, making a call is unavoidable. This simple act can actually be a nightmare for some people. Their hearts race and their hands sweat at the very thought. If this sounds familiar to you, you might be one of the millions of people who suffer from telephobia—the fear of speaking over the phone.Telephobia is a form of social anxiety, although people who feel perfectly comfortable in social situations may also experience telephobia. When speaking face-to-face, we give off lots of facial or bodily cues that help each other follow the conversation. This is not the case over the phone. And the idea of speaking into this void（真空）makes people terrified that they will freeze up, stumble over their words（失言）, or lose control of the conversation and look foolish In fact, telephobia is very similar to thefear people feel before putting on a performance in front of a big audience. However, there are things that one suffering from thin condition can do to reduce this fear and make phone calls at least somewhat bearable.One thing that those with telephobia can do before a call in smile. It may sound silly, but smiling before doing something stressful can help you feel more relaxed. It won't delete the anxiety altogether, but it will take the edge off it.Similarly, imagining how the call will go before you make it can also help things go more smoothly. Running through a positive conversation in your head will make you feel less nervous and may help you predict any possible problems. There's no need to spend hours on this, just a few minutes thinking up a general idea of what you want to say. You can even write down some brief notes to remind yourself of your talking points. This is particularly useful for dealing with the fear of not being able to express yourself naturally.And finally, when faced with receiving a call, you don't always have to pick up. There's nothing wrong with calling the person back later when you feel more comfortable.So the next time your phone starts ringing, remember—speaking on the phone doesn't have to make you sweat. The important thing is to be aware of your fear and take steps to deal with it.1. According to the article, which situation can cause a feeling similar lo telephobia?A.Speaking face-to-face to a good friend.B. Performing in front of a large audience.C. Running in a race without proper shoes.D. Using a messaging app while on the subway.2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a way to deal with telephobia?A.Imagining how the call will go before you make it.B. Standing on the edge of a tall building while making a call.C. Calling someone back later instead of answering their phone calls right away.D. Writing down some brief notes to remind yourself of your talking points.3. What is the main purpose of the passage?A. To present ways to ease telephobia.B. To explain the development of telephobiaC. To introduce the influence of telephobia.D. To give the reason why someone suffers from telephobia.BHidden beneath the surface in the roots of Earths astonishing and diverse plant life, there exists a biological superhighway linking together the members of the plant kingdom in what researchers call the "wood wide web".The network is comprised of thin threads of fungus (真菌) that grow outwards underground up to a few meters from its partnering plant, meaning that all of the plant life within a region likely connected to one another. The partnership is beneficial for both parties involved, plants provide carbohydrates (碳水化合物) to the funguses and in exchange, the funguses aid in gathering water and providing nutrients to its partnering plant.A study conducted by Rensen Zeng of theSouthChinaAgriculturalUniversityfound that this also allowed for plants to warn one another of potential harm. The study showed Broad Beans used the fungal network to spy on one another for upcoming danger.Like our Internet, this fungal connectivity is also full of crime. Some plants, such as Golden Marigolds have been found to release poisons into the network to slow down the growth of surrounding plants in the fight for water and light. Other plants, such as the Phantom Orchid, do not have the chlorophyll (叶绿素) and must get the necessary nutrients from surrounding plants.Research suggests that animals such as insects and worms may be able to detect slight exchanges of nutrients through the network, allowing them to more easily find delicious roots to feed on; however, this has not beenconclusively made clear in experimentation. The more we learn about this phenomenon, the more our understanding of the plant life of our planet will continue to change. Perhaps one day, we may be able to map out these complex networks entirely.4. What is the function of the first paragraph?A.To explain the aim of the web.B. To introduce the main topic.C. To give definition of diverse life.D. To show the importance of plants.5. The criminal behavior of plants can be seen as a way to________.A. compete for survivalB. gather more waterC. take in sunlightD. break natural rules6. What does the last paragraph suggest?A. Animals can also feed on the fungus.B. Nutrient exchanges are too slight to detect.C. No experiment can prove the phenomenon.D. More needs to be done to work out the network.7. Which can be the best title for the text?A. The Partnership between PlantsB. The Unknown Roots of the EarthC. The Superhighway Linking the PlantsD. The Mysterious Map Changing the WorldCPut your hand over your heart and sit very still. You may notice that the sound of your heartbeat is similar to the beat of a drum. Your heart starts beating before you are born and continues throughout your life. For this reason, the beating of a drum stands for the rhythm of life for many people around the world.InGhana, a country inAfrica, many schools use drums instead of bells to show the beginning and ending of class. Through the drum, the children ofGhanaalso learn about their history and culture. They hear old stories passed on through the music of the drum. The stories of the drum also teach children games, rules and lessonsabout behavior.For thousands of years inAfrica, drums have been used to tell stories of daily life and history. Drums told the coming of a king, the start of a war, or the birth of a child. They also allowed people to share messages. But how does a drum tell a story?InWest Africa, the most common drum used for communication is called a “talking drum”. By making higher orlower drum sounds, the drummer can make the drum “talk”.In many African languages, words go up and down in pitch (高音) when they are spoken, almost like a song. Depending on the pitch or tone (音调), the same sound can have many different meanings. For example, when spoken with two low tones, the African word “ilu” means “drum”. When spoken with one high and one low tone, “ilu” means “town”.Drum language works in the same way. Just as in spoken language, the word “ilu” has different meanings depending on how it’s drummed. When “ilu” is drummed with two beats using low tones, the word means “drum”. When “ilu” is drummed with two beats using one high and one low tone, it means “town”.Drummers create “words” to build ideas, sentences and stories. The next time you hear a song, listen for the heartbeat within the music. Can you hear the story of the drum?8. The first paragraph mainly tells us________.A. drums beat like our heartsB. drums have a long historyC. drums are widely used in the worldD. drums are important for many people worldwide9. From the text, we learn that inGhanadrums________.A. are not as useful as beforeB. teach children a lot of thingsC. help bring the war to an endD. are used in class by teachers10. The example of the African word “ilu” is used to show________.A. how a word can have different soundsB. how to speak African languagesC. how a drum tells storiesD. how to beat a drum11. What would be the best title for the text?A. Know the history of the drumB. Listen to the story of the drumC. Beat the drum of lifeD. Love me, love my drumDZaki was small for his twelve years, and he was angry being treated as a child. Farid, his older brother, had been looked upon as a man long before he was Zaki’s age. Every day Farid and the other young Bahraini men went out in their wooden boats to dive for oysters (牡蛎). Many times Zaki begged to go along, but Faridalways refused to let him.So every day Zaki would go to the shallow water to practice. His grandfather, a former diver, would watch him and advise him. All morning, Zaki would practice diving beneath the waves. Every afternoon, again and again he would go underwater and hold his breath. With each day’s practice, his diving improved and he could hold his breath a little while longer. Soon Zaki felt as much at home in the water as he did out of it.Zaki rose early one day. He wanted to compete with his brother. They dived beneath the waves. Zaki opened his eyes and found himself looking into his brother’s face. Farid was smiling with confidence. Slowly, the smile was disappearing from Farid’s face. As more seconds passed, a worried look appeared on Farid’s face. Farid was realizing that Zaki could possibly beat him. Looking into Farid’s eyes, Zaki suddenly understood what losing could mean to his brother. Never would the villagers allow him to live it down. He would be laughed at by losing to a little child. Almost without thinking, Zaki kicked his feet and rose to the surface of the water a second before Farid’s head appeared beside him.The men around them cheered and patted Farid on the back. Farid, however, put his arm around Zaki’s shoulders. “Today,” Farid announced, “we shall have a new diver among us.” Then quietly, for Zaki’s ears alone, he said “Thank you, my brother.” And Zaki knew that they both had learned that it takes more than strength to makea man.12. What is the second paragraph mainly about?A. Zaki’s grandfather was a good diver.B. Zaki liked staying at home every day.C. Zaki practised hard in the water daily.D. Zaki’s grandfather encouraged him to dive.13. Which of the following best describes Zaki according to paragraph 3?A. Considerate.B. Ambitious.C. Confident.D. Adventurous.14. What can we infer from the last sentence of the text?A. Farid beat his little brother easily.B. Zaki was as strong as his brother.C. Zaki regretted losing the competition.D. Both Farid and Zaki had grown up.15. What is the best title for the text?A. Farid’s PrideB. Zaki’s ChallengeC. Brothers’ CompetitionD. Grandfather’s Advice第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

GMAT（VERBAL）阅读模拟试卷3(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1.1．Studies have shown that companies that present seminars on workplace safety to their employees actually have higher rates of workplace accidents than do companies that do not present such seminars to their employees. Despite this finding, it is still in the best interests of companies and their employees for companies to present these seminars. Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest support for the argument that the companies should continue to present these seminars?A．Companies that present workplace safety seminars to their employees are likely to be in manufacturing industries or segments of the service sector that present more opportunities for workplace accidents than the average company.B．A fast-food chain determined that the rate of workplace accidents remained the same at its franchises after all employees had viewed a 30-minute workplace safety video.C．Workers are ultimately responsible for their own safety, and no amount of workplace education can alter their behavior.D．A business research institute determined that workplace accidents reduce the productivity of manufacturing businesses by as much as 8 percent per year.E．Many companies mistakenly believe that presenting workplace safety seminars to their employees relieves the company of legal liability in the event that employees are injured on the job.正确答案：A解析：To strengthen the argument, the answer must refute the apparent connection between workplace safety seminars and higher rates of accidents; answer A provides a plausible explanation for this phenomenon.2．For hundreds of years, pearl divers have gathered pearls directly from mollusks on the seafloor. This is an extremely risky profession, exposing the divers to risks of drowning, air embolism, and shark attacks. Still, as long as society demands authentic cultured pearls, these brave divers must continue to risk their lives. Which of the following statements, if true, most seriously weakens the conclusion above?A．Shark attacks on pearl divers have decreased steadily over the last three decades because of declining shark populations.B．Cultured pearls are generally considered more beautiful than those made by artificial means.C．Robotic pearl harvesters can gather pearls faster and at less cost than human divers, although they may disturb aquatic communities.D．Part of the value of cultured pearls derives from the exotic way in which they are obtained.E．With the proper equipment and training, a diver employing scuba gear can harvest three times as many pearls per hour as can a free air diver.正确答案：C解析：This answer provides an alternative means by which society can obtain cultured pearls without exposing divers to risk.3．An electronics company’s two divisions showed consistent performance over the last two years. In each year, the audiovisual department accounted for roughly 30 percent of the company’s sales and 70 percent of the company’s profits over the period, while the home appliance division accounted for the balance. Which of the following statements regarding the last two years can be inferred from the statement above?A．The audiovisual market is growing faster than is the home appliance division.B．The home appliance division has realized lower profits per dollar of sales than has the audiovisual division.C．Total dollar sales for each division has remained roughly constant for the last five years.D．The company has devoted more money to research and development efforts in the audiovisual division than in the home appliance division.E．To maximize profitability, the company should focus its resources on the home appliance division.正确答案：B解析：If the home appliance division accounted for 70 percent of sales but only 30 percent of profits, it is clearly generating less profit per dollar of sales than is the audiovisual division.4．Gastric bypass surgery has been shown to be effective at helping extremely obese people lose weight. Some patients have lost as much as 300 pounds after undergoing the surgery, thereby substantially prolonging their lives. Despite the success of the treatment, most doctors have not embraced the surgery as a weight loss option. Which of the following statements, if true, best accounts for the lukewarm reaction of the medical community to gastric bypass surgery?A．Gastric bypass surgery carries a high risk of serious complications, including death.B．Obesity is one of the leading contributors to heart disease and hypertension, two leading causes of death.C．Obesity rates among the American population have been increasing consistently for the last three decades.D．Many patients report that losing weight through diets is ineffective, since they usually gain the weight back within six months.E．Most health insurance plans will cover the cost of gastric bypass surgery for morbidly obese patients at high risk of heart disease.正确答案：A解析：This answer provides a substantial reason--the operation’s risk of serious complications and death--for doctors to refrain from recommending the gastric bypass surgery.The questions in this group are based on the content of a passage. After reading the passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following the passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage. While most people agree that the Golden Age of comic books began with the introduction of Superman in 1938 in Action Comics #1, there is less agreement about when exactly the Golden Age ended. There is a general consensus, however, about the factors that brought the Golden Age to a close: the rise of the horror comic book in the late 1940s, and the resulting backlash against comic books in the early 1950s. Superhero comic books reached their peak of popularity in the early 1940s because of all the GIs in Europe and Japan who eagerly read about Superman, Batman, and The Spirit. When these soldiers came home, they still wanted to read comic books, but they sought out more adult content. William Gaines of EC Comics was happy to meet the market demand with such grim and gritty titles as Weird Fantasy and The Crypt of Terror. The creators of superhero comic books, not wanting to be left behind, responded by matching their protagonists against darker criminals in more violent encounters. These darker comic books aroused the anger of child psychologist Fredric Wertham, who believed that comic books were leading the nation’s youth into crime, violence, and drug abuse. Wertham’s book, The Seduction of the Innocent, was a national best-seller that helped bring about congressional investigations into the corrupting influence of comic books. The Senate committee that reviewed Wertham’s charges decided to create the Comics Code Authority, a regulatory body that prohibited comic books from mentioning sexuality, alcohol, drugs, criminal behavior, or any themes related to the horror genre. These regulations had a numbing effect on the industry. EC Comics was nearly driven out of the comics business, and the other major players canceled many of their most prominent titles. The comics business did not recover until the Marvel revolution of the early 1960s ushered in the Silver Age.5．This passage is primarily interested in which of the following?A．Investigating the factors that brought about the Marvel revolution and the Silver Age of comic booksB．Reviewing the factors that brought about the end of the Golden Age of comic booksC．Comparing and contrasting two eras in the history of comic booksD．Condemning the horror comic book for its corrupting influence on the nation’s youthE．Evaluating the historical legacy of William Gaines’s EC Comics正确答案：B解析：The introductory paragraph brings up the subject of the factors that brought the Golden Age to an end, and the next three paragraphs discuss these factors.6．According to the passage, which of the following was true of the creators of superhero comic books in the postwar years?A．They sought to head off the censorship of the Comics Code Authority by voluntarily prohibiting stories dealing with sexuality, drugs, or criminal behavior.B．They introduced characters such as Superman and The Spirit.C．They unintentionally laid the groundwork for the transition from the Golden Age of comic books to the Silver Age.D．They focused increasingly on flashy artwork and less on well-developed stories.E．They responded to the competitive pressure from horror comic books by increasing the amount of violence in their stories.正确答案：E解析：The passage states, “The creators of superhero comic books, not wanting to be left behind, responded by matching their protagonists against darker criminals in more violent encounters.”7．According to the passage, what can we infer to be the central message of Fredric Wertham’s The Seduction of the Innocent?A．Adults reading violent comic books were as likely to be corrupted by them as young people were.B．The horror comic books of the late 1940s were inferior to the superhero comic books that gained popularity during World War Ⅱ.C．Comic books were leading the nation’s youth into crime, violence, and drug abuse.D．Creating a regulatory board to censor the comic book industry would drive the worst offenders out of the business.E．Comic books would never be able to convey stories of any serious literary merit.正确答案：C解析：The sentence preceding the mention of Wertham’s book states that he believed that comic books “were leading the nation’s youth into crime, violence, and drug abuse.”8．According to the final paragraph of the passage, what may we infer about the comic book companies of the Silver Age?A．They were able to create popular comic books despite the regulations of the Comics Code Authority.B．They achieved commercial success because of the popularity of characters such as Spider-Man, the Hulk, and the Fantastic Four.C．They repeated the same mistakes as the comic book companies of the GoldenAge.D．They failed to succeed because of the numbing effect of the Comics Code Authority regulations.E．Marvel Comics was the only major comic book company to survive from the Golden Age into the Silver Age.正确答案：A解析：The last paragraph states that the CCA regulations had a numbing effect on comic book publishers, but it concludes with the statement that the industry recovered in the Silver Age. Since the passage did not state that the CCA regulations were repealed, we can infer that the companies succeeded despite the regulations.9．In what light does the passage depict the efforts by Fredric Wertham to bring about regulation of the comic book industry?A．As a fanatical crusade brought about by Wertham’s inner demonsB．As a witch-hunt roughly analogous to the concurrent anti-Communist hearings by the House Committee on Un-American ActivitiesC．As a reasonable response to an industry that had gone too farD．As an angry response to a trend in the subject matter of the comic book industryE．As an inappropriate response to a phenomenon that was not actually hurting anyone正确答案：D解析：The passage describes the trend toward horror comics in neutral terms, and it states that horror comics “aroused the anger” of Wertham.10．According to the passage, which of the following statements can be made about the content of Weird Fantasy and The Crypt of Terror?A．Their adult-oriented content was not suitable for young readers.B．Their grim and gritty content was a market response to the demands of soldiers home from World War Ⅱ.C．They frequently depicted violence and criminal behavior, but shied away from sexuality or drug abuse.D．Their sales surpassed those of previous best-selling titles such as Superman or Batman.E．The publication of Weird Fantasy #1 coincided with the end of the Golden Age of comic books.正确答案：B解析：The second paragraph states: “When these soldiers came home, they still wanted to read comic books, but they sought out more adult content. William Gaines of EC Comics was happy to meet the market demand with such grim and gritty titles as Weird Fantasy and The Crypt of Terror.”The following questions present a sentence, part of which or all of which is underlined. Beneath the sentence, you will find five ways of phrasing the underlinedpart. The first of these repeats the original; the other four are different. If you think the original is best, choose the first answer; otherwise choose one of the others. These questions test correctness and effectiveness of expression. In choosing your answer, follow the requirements of standard written English; that is, pay attention to grammar, choice of words, and sentence construction. Choose the answer that produces the most effective sentence; this answer should be clear and exact, without awkwardness, ambiguity, redundancy, or grammatical error.11．The way in which the mighty blue whale and the other baleen whales--the flnback, gray, humpback, and right whales--eats was discovered by careful observation by biologists.A．eats was discovered byB．eat was discovered throughC．eats were discovered by means ofD．eat were discovered byE．eat was discovered resulting from正确答案：B解析：The two subject-verb phrases in question here are “The way.., was discovered” and “whales... eat;” only B and E present these verb forms properly. The construction “discovered resulting from” in E is awkward and unidiomatic; B is the best answer.12．The eighteenth-century author Jonathan Swift once suggested in a satiric essay Irish farmers could eat their children to address the twin problems of overpopulation and lack of food.A．Irish farmers could eat their children to address the twin problems of overpopulation and lack of foodB．that the twin problems of overpopulation and lacking food could be addressed by the eating of children by Irish farmersC．of the twin problems of Irish farmers, overpopulation and a lack of food, could be addressed by the eating of their childrenD．that Irish farmers could address the twin problems of overpopulation and lack of food by eating their childrenE．that Irish farmers, facing overpopulation and lacking food, could address the twin problems through eating their children正确答案：D解析：A and C fail to conform to the idiomatic construction “{subject} suggested that...;”B is awkward and is weakened by its use of the passive voice. In E, it is unclear that “twin problems” necessarily refers to overpopulation and lack of food. D is the clearest statement.13．The stock market collapse of 1929 had far-reaching consequences for the national economy, causing a nationwide collapse in home values, putting millions outof work, and by erasing the investment savings of one-fifth of the population.A．and by erasingB．and erasingC．and having erasedD．and erasedE．by erasing正确答案：B解析：To maintain a parallel structure with “causing” and “putting,” the verb in the final clause should be “erasing” without “by;” the presence of “by” in the phrase does not make sense with the rest of the sentence. B is the clearest and most idiomatic choice.14．No less remarkable than the invention of nuclear power has been the way the technology has prompted governments to reevaluate the nature of international relations.A．No less remarkable than the invention of nuclear powerB．What was as remarkable as the invention of nuclear powerC．Inventing nuclear power has been none the less remarkable thanD．The invention of nuclear power has been no less remarkable asE．The thing that was as remarkable as inventing nuclear power正确答案：A解析：A is grammatically correct and idiomatic, and it is stylistically preferable to the other choices.15．Unlike the recognition of ethical lapses in others, many people are disinclined to perceive the same flaws in themselves.A．Unlike the recognition of ethical lapses in others, many people are disinclined to perceive the same flaws in themselves.B．Unlike the perception of ethical flaws in themselves, many people are willing to recognize these same flaws in others.C．Many people, willing to recognize ethical lapses in others, are disinclined to perceive the same flaws in themselves.D．Many people are disinclined to perceive the same flaws in themselves, but are willing to perceive ethical lapses in othersE．Although willing to recognize ethical lapses in others, many people in themselves are disinclined to perceive the same flaws.正确答案：C解析：A and B incorrectly compare “people”with “recognition”and “perception,”respectively. In D, it is unclear what “the same flaws” is referring to. The construction “many people in themselves”in E is unidiomatic. C is the best answer.16．The Elk City garbage dumps are so full that Elk City has been forced to pay a large sum to Caribou City to accept much of Elk City’s garbage. The Elk City mayor has proposed paying for this garbage relocation by imposing a tax on manufacturing businesses in ELk City. MegaCorp, the largest manufacturing business in the area, protests that this tax is unfair because businesses should not have to pay for a garbage problem that has been created by homeowners. Which of the following, if true, most weakens MegaCorp’s argument?A．MegaCorp already pays more than $10,000 per year in taxes and fees to Elk City.B．MegaCorp employs more than 60 percent of the employed residents of Elk City.C．A recycling program would address the garbage problem more effectively by reducing the overall quantity of waste.D．MegaCorp’s manufacturing processes produce more than 90 percent of the total waste that goes into Elk City’s garbage dumps.E．Caribou City is happy to receive the extra garbage because the fees it collects from Elk City have helped to address a shortfall in education funding.正确答案：D解析：If MegaCorp produces the majority of the waste that goes into the overfull garbage dumps, the company cannot validly claim that the problem was “created by homeowners.”17．There are Congressmen who say that the development of a space-based missile defense system will provide economic benefits only to military contractors. This claim is not true. A space-based missile defense system, even if it has no current applications for civilian businesses, will still benefit civilian businesses because those businesses will be able to find profitable uses for the government-developed technology in the future. Which of the following statements, if true, provides the most support for the argument that a space-based missile defense system could provide future economic benefits for civilian businesses?A．Several new materials developed for the Apollo space program were later adapted to provide basic components of the modem computer and electronics industries.B．The missile defense system in question will not require the development of any new technologies.C．Space-based missile defense programs may be the only way to defend civilian populations against preemptive nuclear attacks.D．Space-based missile defense programs, although more expensive than traditional land-based systems, are theoretically more effective than traditional land-based systems.E．The scientists employed on the project could make extraordinary advances in the capabilities of intercontinental ballistic missiles used by the army.正确答案：A解析：The example given demonstrates that a past technology developed by the government that did not have immediate civilian economic applications was later adapted to provide important economic benefits.18．The commissioner of a professional sports league dictated that teams could not put players on the field who had a greater than 20 percent chance of suffering a career-ending spinal injury during competition. The commissioner justified this decision as a way to protect players from injury while protecting the league from lawsuits. Which of the following, if true, would most undermine the effectiveness of the commissioner’s new policy?A．Spinal injuries can result in paralysis, loss of fine motor skills, and even death.B．The previous year, more than seven players in the league suffered career-ending spinal injuries.C．The players’ union agrees that the risk of injury is an inevitable part of playing the game at a professional level.D．There is no scientifically valid method for determining the likelihood of any player suffering a career-ending spinal injury at any given time.E．Players barred from playing because of this new regulation will be entitled to compensation for lost wages at a level determined by the commissioner’s office.正确答案：D解析：If there is no valid way to determine which players have a 20 percent chance of suffering such an injury, there will be no way to enforce the commissioner’s new policy.19．There are few things worse for a new parent than listening to a baby scream in hunger while a bottle of formula slowly warms up in a bowl of hot water. So why not just pop the bottle in the microwave and zap it in 20 seconds? Because microwaves heat fluids unevenly, and a hot pocket in the formula could seriously injure the baby. Which of the following is presupposed in the argument against heating formula in the microwave?A．Babies generally refuse to eat formula that has been heated in a microwave.B．Microwave radiation might break down some of the proteins in formula that are vital to a baby’s health.C．Different microwaves use different amounts of power, and consequently some models could heat a bottle to scalding temperature faster than others.D．Parents cannot be expected to consistently even out the temperature of a microwaved bottle by shaking it vigorously before giving it to the baby.E．Once formula has been heated, any leftover formula should be discarded, because otherwise the formula could spoil between feedings and make the baby sick.正确答案：D解析：If parents could be expected to consistently even out the temperature of microwaved bottles, then the concern about hot pockets in the bottle would be unfounded.20．Charlie’s Chainsaw Company has reason to believe that one of its models of saw is defective. A recall of all of the saws would cost more than $5 million, and would probably result in a loss in market share over the next quarter because of bad publicity. Still, a recall is the right economic decision. Which of the following, if true, most supports the conclusion above?A．Defective chainsaws can seriously injure or even kill the people who use them.B．Charlie’s chief rival has recalled two of its products within the past year.C．Product recalls often result in a perception by customers that a given product is permanently defective, even after the defect has been remedied.D．The stocks of publicly traded companies that announce product recalls often drop upon the announcement, but they generally return to the pre-announcement level within 12 months.E．Three years ago a rival company went out of business because of large punitive damages awarded to a plaintiff who had been injured by a defective chainsaw.正确答案：E解析：Answer E suggests that the company has a justifiable concern that ff the product is not recalled, the company could be involved in a damaging lawsuit that could even lead the company into bankruptcy; this concern provides a strong economic incentive to recall the chainsaws. Answer A could be correct if the passage referred to a “moral decision”or just “the right decision,”but since the passage specifically refers to an “economic decision,” answer E is the best choice.21．A dog enthusiast took home two puppies from the dog shelter. He fed one of the puppies super-premium canned dog food, while he fed the other a generic brand from the grocery store. The dog fed on the generic brand gained weight twice as fast as the dog fed the super-premium brand. Because of the difference in these results, the dog enthusiast concluded that the generic brand actually provided nutrition superior to that of the super-premium brand. Each of the following, if true, would weaken the evidence for the dog enthusiast’s conclusion except for which of the following?A．A dog will sometimes gain more weight when eating inferior-quality food because he must eat more of it to obtain the nutrients he needs.B．The dogs were of mixed breeds and appeared to be descended from dogs of different sizes.C．Both dogs ate all of the food given to them at each serving.D．The dog enthusiast did not give the two dogs equal amounts of their respective foods.E．The dog who received the super-premium dog food suffered from a digestive system disorder that hindered his growth.正确答案：C解析：All of the other answers provide alternative reasons that the dogs might show different growth rates, but C offers no explanation for the observed difference in growth.The following questions present a sentence, part of which or all of which is underlined. Beneath the sentence, you will find five ways of phrasing the underlined part. The first of these repeats the original; the other four are different. If you think the original is best, choose the first answer; otherwise choose one of the others. These questions test correctness and effectiveness of expression. In choosing your answer, follow the requirements of standard written English; that is, pay attention to grammar, choice of words, and sentence construction. Choose the answer that produces the most effective sentence; this answer should be clear and exact, without awkwardness, ambiguity, redundancy, or grammatical error.22．A council of ecologists in Hawaii have concluded that much of the currently uncontrolled invasive species on the island chain were arriving in the holds of cargo ships.A．have concluded that much of the currently uncontrolled invasive species on the island chain were arrivingB．has concluded that many of the currently uncontrolled invasive species on the island chain arrivedC．have concluded that many of the currently uncontrolled invasive species on the island chain have arrivedD．concluded that many of the currently uncontrolled invasive species on the island chain would arriveE．has concluded that much of the currently uncontrolled invasive species on the island chain had arrived正确答案：B解析：The subject of the sentence is “council,”so the plural verb “have concluded”in A and C is incorrect. The use of the conditional “would arrive”to describe species that are already “currently” on the island is illogical, so D is incorrect.E incorrectly uses “much” to describe the countable noun “species;” countable nouns require “many” instead of “much.”23．Some people say that the answer to crime is to build more prisons, but more sensitive observers argue that instead we should address the sources of crime through reduced poverty, a cut off supply of illicit drugs, and by focusing on keeping kids in school.A．through reduced poverty, a cut off supply of illicit drugs, and by focusing on keeping kids in schoolB．by the reduction of poverty, cutting off the supply of illicit drugs, and to focus on keeping kids in schoolC．by reducing poverty, cutting off the supply of illicit drugs, and focusing on keeping kids in schoolD．by means of reducing poverty, cutting off the supply of illicit drugs, and through focusing on keeping kids in schoolE．to reduce poverty, cut off the supply of illicit drugs, and to focus on keeping kids in school正确答案：C解析：The best answer should present each of the three points in the same grammatical construction, if possible. C presents each point as a gerund modified by a single adverb, which is grammatically correct and stylistically superior to the other options.24．As automobiles replaced horses as the primary means of transportation, it was widely anticipated that the time spent in transit by the average traveler would decrease.A．As automobiles replaced horses as the primary means of transportation, it was widely anticipated thatB．Insofar as automobiles replaced horses as the primary means of transportation, it was anticipated widelyC．With horses being replaced by automobiles as the primary means of transportation, there was wide anticipation thatD．As the primary means of transportation replaced horses with automobiles, many anticipated thatE．Automobiles replacing horses as the primary means of transportation produced anticipation widely that正确答案：A解析：The underlined passage is grammatically correct and stylistically superior to the other choices.25．Intrigued by the new rules that favored quickness over strength, the decision of the coach was to give more playing time to the team’s smaller athletes.A．the decision of the coach was to give more playing time to the team’s smaller athletesB．the coach decided to give the team’s smaller athletes more playing timeC．it was decided by the coach to give the team’s smaller athletes more playing timeD．the team’s smaller athletes were given more playing time by the coachE．more playing time was given to the team’s smaller athletes by the coach正确答案：B解析：The introductory phrase “Intrigued by the new rules” makes sense only when it is applied to the coach, so B is the best answer.26．At ground level, nitrous oxides are bad enough, but when up high,。

GMAT（VERBAL）阅读练习试卷3(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1.Milankovitch proposed in the early twentieth centurythat the ice ages were caused by variations in the Earth’sorbit around the Sun. For sometime this theory wasconsidered untestable, largely because there was no suffi-(5) ciently precise chronology of the ice ages with whichthe orbital variations could be matched.To establish such a chronology it is necessary todetermine the relative amounts of land ice that existedat various times in the Earth’s past. A recent discovery(10) makes such a determination possible: relative land-icevolume for a given period can be deduced from the ratioof two oxygen isotopes, 16 and 18, found in ocean sedi-ments. Almost all the oxygen in water is oxygen 16, buta few molecules out of every thousand incorporate the(15) heavier isotope 18. When an ice age begins, the conti-nental ice sheets grow, steadily reducing the amount ofwater evaporated from the ocean that will eventuallyreturn to it. Because heavier isotopes tend to be leftbehid when water evaporates from the ocean surfaces,(20) the remaining ocean water becomes progressivelyenriched in oxygen 18. The degree of enrichment canbe determined by analyzing ocean sediments of theperiod, because these sediments are composed of calciumcarbonate shells of marine organisms, shells that were(25) constructed with oxygen atoms drawn from the sur-rounding ocean. The higher the ratio of oxygen 18 tooxygen 16 in a sedimentary specimen, the more land icethere was when the sediment was laid down.As an indicator of shifts in the Earth’s climate, the(30) isotope record has two advantages. First, it is a globalrecord: there is remarkably little variation in isotoperatios in sedimentary specimens taken from differentcontinental locations. Second, it is a more continuousrecord than that taken from rocks on land. Because of(35) these advantages, sedimentary evidence can be datedwith sufficient accuracy by radiometric methods toestablish a precise chronology of the ice ages. The datedisotope record shows that the fluctuations in globalice volume over the past several hundred thousand years(40) have a pattern: an ice age occurs roughly once every100,000 years. These data have established a strongconnection between variations in the Earth’s orbit andthe periodicity of the ice ages.However, it is important to note that other factors,(45) such as volcanic particulates or variations in the amountof sunlight received by the Earth, could potentially haveaffected the climate. The advantage of the Milankovitchtheory is that it is testable: changes in the Earth’s orbitcan be calculated and dated by applying Newton’s laws(50) of gravity to progressively earlier configurations of thebodies in the solar system. Yet the lack of informationabout other possible factors affecting global climate doesnot make them unimportant.1．In the passage, the author is primarily interested in______A．suggesting an alternative to an outdated research methodB．introducing a new research method that calls an accepted theory into questionC．emphasizing the instability of data gathered from the application of a new scientific methodD．presenting a theory and describing a new method to test that theoryE．initiating a debate about a widely accepted theory正确答案：D解析：D is the best answer. In the first paragraph, the author describes Milankovitch”s theory and explains why the theory previously had been considered untestable. In the second and third paragraphs, the author describes a scientific break-through that has made it possible to test and provide support for Milankovitch’s theory. Although the author also mentions other factors that potentially could have affected the Earth’s climate, the passage as a whole is concerned primarily with Milankovitch’s theory and the scientific method that has been used to test that theory. A, C and E do not accurately reflect the content of the passage. Although the passage does describe a new research method supports rather than casts doubt on Milankovitch’s theory.2．The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about the Milankovitch theory?A．It is the only possible explanation for the ice ages.B．It is too limited to provide a plausible explanation for the ice ages, despite recent research findings.C．It cannot be tested and confirmed until further research on volcanic activity is done.D．It is one plausible explanation, though not the only one, for the ice ages.E．It is not a plausible explanation for the ice ages, although it has opened up promising possibilities for future research.正确答案：D解析：D is the best answer. In lines 9-16, the author states that a recent discovery has made it possible to establish a precise chronology of the Earth’s ice ages. Scientists have used this discovery to test the basic premise of Milankovitch’s theory —that the ice ages were caused by variations in the Earth’s orbit around the Sun. The author notes in lines 53-56 that the data have established a “strong connection”between orbital variation and ice ages, which confirms the plausibility of Milankovitch’s theory. However, one can infer from the last paragraph that the author believes factors other than variations in the Earth’s orbit could provide plausible explanations for global climate change.3．It can be inferred from the passage that the isotope record taken from ocean sediments would be less useful to researchers if which of the following were true?A．It indicated that lighter isotopes of oxygen predominated at certain times.B．It had far more gaps in its sequence than the record taken from rocks on land.C．It indicated that climate shifts did not occur every 100,000 years.D．It indicated that the ratios of oxygen 16 and oxygen 18 in ocean water were not consistent with those found in fresh water.E．It stretched back for only a million years.正确答案：B解析：B is the best answer. The author states that one advantage of obtaining an isotopic record from ocean sediment is that the ocean’s isotopic record is “a more continuous record than that taken from rocks on land”(lines 43-45). Because a continuous record can indicate more precisely when shifts in the Earth’s climate have occurred, the ocean’s isotopic record would be less useful if it had more gaps in it than the record taken from rocks. A describes a circumstance that is in fact true, since oxygen 16 is the lighter isotope and, according to the passage, “Almost all the oxygen in water is oxygen 16”(line 17). This fact clearly has not compromised the usefulness of the ocean’s isotopic record as an indicator of climatic shifts. Likewise, E would not diminish its usefulness, since isotopic records showing “fluctuations in global ice volume over the past several hundred thousands years”have been sufficient to determine a meaningful pattern (lines 49-53). If C were shown to be true, Milankovitch’s theory would be weakened, but this would not diminish the value of the isotopic record. If D were true, researchers would need to accommodate the inconsistency described in evaluating the isotopic record, but, again, this would not compromise the usefulness of the record itself.4．According to the passage, which of the following is true of the ratios of oxygen isotopes in ocean sediments?A．They indicate that sediments found during an ice age contain more calcium carbonate than sediments formed at other times.B．They are less reliable than the evidence from rocks on land in determining the volume of land ice.C．They can be used to deduce the relative volume of land ice that was present when the sediment was laid down.D．They are more unpredictable during an ice age than in other climatic conditions.E．They can be used to determine atmospheric conditions at various times in the past.正确答案：C解析：C is the best answer. Lines 13-16 state that the relative volume of land ice can be deduced from the ratio of oxygen 18 to oxygen 16 in ocean sediments. A, D and E are incorrect because there is no information in the passage to support these statements. B is incorrect because it contradicts lines 43-45, in which the author states that ocean sediment provides “a more continuous record than that taken from rocks on land.”5．It can be inferred from the passage that precipitation formed from evaporated ocean water has______A．the same isotopic ratio as ocean waterB．less oxygen 18 than does ocean waterC．less oxygen 18 than has the ice contained in continental ice sheetsD．a different isotopic composition than has precipitation formed from water on landE．more oxygen 16 than has precipitation formed from fresh water正确答案：B解析：B is the best answer. Lines 23-27 state that when water evaporates from the ocean surface, oxygen 18, a heavier isotope than oxygen 16, tends to be left behind in the remaining ocean water. Thus, one can infer that evaporated ocean water would contain less oxygen 18 than would the remaining ocean water. A is incorrect because it contracts information stated in lines 19-27. C is incorrect because the passage suggests that the water evaporated from the ocean contributes to the growth of continental ice sheets, which should therefore have an isotopic composition similar to that of the precipitation formed from evaporated ocean water. D and E describe information that cannot be inferred from the passage.6．It can be inferred from the passage that calcium carbonate shells______A．are not as susceptible to deterioration as rocksB．are less common in sediments formed during an ice ageC．are found only in areas that were once covered by land iceD．contain radioactive material that can be used to determine a sediment’s isotopic compositionE．reflect the isotopic composition of the water at the time the shells were formed正确答案：E解析：E is the best answer. Lines 29-33 of the passage state that the calcium carbonate shells of marine organisms are constructed with “oxygen atoms drawn from the surrounding ocean.”This water contains varying proportions of oxygen 16 and oxygen 18 and, according to the passage, “becomes progressively enriched in oxygen 18”with the onset of an ice age (lines 19-27). The author states that “The degree of enrichment can be determined by analyzing ocean sediments…composed of calcium carbonate shells of marine organisms (lines 27-31)”. Thus, it can be inferred that the shells of marine organisms would reflect the isotopic composition of the surrounding ocean water at the time when the shells were formed.Many United States companies have, unfortunately,made the search for legal protection from importcompetition into a major line of work. Since 1980 theUnited States International Trade Commission (ITC)(5) has received about 280 complaints alleging damagefrom imports that benefit from subsidies by foreigngovernments. Another 340 charge that foreign compa-nies “dumped”their products in the United States at“less than fair value.”Even when no unfair practices(10) are alleged, the simple claim that an industry has beeninjured by imports is sufficient grounds to seek relief.Contrary to the general impression, this quest forimport relief has hurt morecompanies than it hashelped. As corporations begin to function globally, they(15) develop an intricate web of marketing, production, andresearch relationships, The complexity of these relation-ships makes it unlikely that a system of import relieflaws will meet the strategic needs of all the units underthe same parent company.(20) Internationalization increases the danger that foreigncompanies will use import relief laws against the verycompanies the laws were designed to protect. Suppose aUnited States-owned company establishes an overseasplant to manufacture a product while its competitor(25) makes the same product in the United States. If thecompetitor can prove injury from the imports---andthat the United States company received a subsidy froma foreign government to build its plant abroad—theUnited States company’s products will be uncompeti-(30) tive in the United States, since they would be subject toduties.Perhaps the most brazen case occurred when the ITCinvestigated allegations that Canadian companies wereinjuring the United States salt industry by dumping(35) rock salt, used to de-ice roads. The bizarre aspect of thecomplaint was that a foreign conglomerate with UnitedStates operations was crying for help against a UnitedStates company with foreign operations. The “UnitedStates”company claiming injury was a subsidiary of a(40) Dutch conglomerate, while the “Canadian”companiesincluded a subsidiary of a Chicago firm that was thesecond-largest domestic producer of rock salt.7．The passage is chiefly concerned with______A．arguing against the increased internationalization of United States corporationsB．warning that the application of laws affecting trade frequently has unintended consequencesC．demonstrating that foreign-based firms receive more subsidies from their governments than United States firmsD．receive from the United States governmentE．advocating the use of trade restrictions for “dumped”products but not for other imports正确答案：B解析：The best answer is B. In the first sentence of the passage, the author characterizes the preoccupation of many United States companies with the search for legal protection from import competition as unfortunate. Then, in lines 12-14, the author explains that the “quest for import relief has hurt more companies than it has helped.”The third paragraph discusses one situation in which United States companies might experience such injury-when import relief laws are used against foreign subsidiaries of United States company-and the last paragraph provides a specific example of this situation. Thus, it can be inferred that the author’s primary concern is to warn about possible unintended negative consequences of applying trade laws.8．It can be inferred from the passage that the minimal basis for a complaint to the International Trade Commission is which of the following?A．A foreign competitor has received a subsidy from a foreign government.B．A foreign competitor has substantially increased the volume of products shipped to the United States.C．A foreign competitor is selling products in the United States at less than fair market value.D．The company requesting import relief has been injured by the sale of imports in the United States.E．The company requesting import relief has been barred from exporting products to the country of its foreign competitor.正确答案：D解析：The best answer is D. Bases for complaints to the International Trade Commission are discussed in the first paragraph. In lines 3-9 the author mentions the two specific kinds of complaints referred to in choices A and C (about imports benefiting from subsidies provided by foreign governments and about “dumping”), but goes on to conclude the paragraph with the comment that “the simple clam that an industry has been injured by imports is sufficient grounds to seek relief.”That a “simple claim”is “sufficient grounds to seek relief”suggests that the minimal basis for a complaint to the ITC is injury from the sale of imports in the United States, as stated in choice D. The situations in choices B and E are not discussed in the passage.9．The last paragraph performs which of the following functions in the passage?A．It summarizes the discussion thus far and suggests additional areas of research.B．It presents a recommendation based on the evidence presented earlier.C．It discusses an exceptional case in which the results expected by the author of the passage were not obtained.D．It introduces an additional area of concern not mentioned earlier.E．It cites a specific case that illustrates a problem presented more generally in the previous paragraph.正确答案：E解析：The best answer is E. The last paragraph discusses a specific case in which a United States subsidiary of a Dutch conglomerate accused a Canadian branch of a United States company of “dumping”rock salt in the United States market. This incident is cited as “the most brazen case”(line 32) of the problem stated in lines 20-22 of the previous paragraph: the use of import relief laws by foreign companies against of U.S. companies. No recommendations, discussion of unexpected results, or additional areas of research or concern are mentioned in the paragraph. Thus, choices A, B, C and D are not correct.10．The passage warns of which of the following dangers?A．Companies in the United States may receive no protection from imports unless they actively seek protection from import competition.B．Companies that seek legal protection from import competition may incur legalcosts that far exceed any possible gain.C．Companies that are United States-owned but operate internationally may not be eligible for protection from import competition under the laws of the countries in which their plants operate.D．Companies that are not United States-owned may seek legal protection from import competition under United States import relief laws.E．Companies in the United States that import raw materials may have to pay duties on those materials.正确答案：D解析：The best answer is D. The “danger”of import relief laws is stated in lines 20-22: “that foreign companies will use import relief laws against the very companies the laws were designed to protect.”Import relief laws are the legal protection referred to in choice D. The passage does not mention the situations described in choice A, B, C, and E.11．The passage suggests that which of the following is most likely to be true of United States trade laws?A．They will eliminate the practice of “dumping”products in the United States.B．They will enable manufacturers in the United States to compete more profitably outside the United States.C．They will affect United States trade with Canada more negatively than trade with other nations.D．Those that help one unit within a parent company will not necessarily help other units in the company.E．Those that are applied to international companies will accomplish their intended result.正确答案：D解析：The best answer is D. In lines 16-19 the author warns that it is “unlikely that a system of import relief laws will meet the strategic needs of all the units under the same parent company.”Thus, it can be inferred that the United States trade laws dealing with import relief will not necessarily help all units of a company, as stated in choice D. There is no indication in the passage that United States trade laws are expected to eliminate dumping, as is stated in choice A. Choice E is no discussion in the passage of the situations mentioned in choice B and C.12．It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes which of the following about the complaint mentioned in the last paragraph?A．The ITC acted unfairly toward the complainant in its investigation.B．The complaint violated the intent of import relief laws.C．The response of the ITC to the complaint provided suitable relief from unfair trade practices to the complainant.D．The ITC did not have access to appropriate information concerning the case.E．Each of the companies involved in the complaint acted in its own best interest.正确答案：B解析：The best answer is B. In lines 35-38 the author states that “The bizarre aspect of the complaint was that a foreign conglomerate…was crying for help against a United States company…”It can be inferred from lines 20-22 that import relief laws were designed to protect United States companies from foreign competition. Thus, the lodging of a complaint by a foreign conglomerate against a United States company violated the intent of the laws.At the end of the nineteenth century, a rising interestin Native American customs and an increasing desire tounderstand Native American culture prompted ethnolo-gists to begin recording the life stories of Native Amer-(5) ican. Ethnologists had a distinct reason for wanting tohear the stories: they were after linguistic or anthropo-logical data that would supplement their own fieldobservations, and they believed that the personalstories, even of a single individual, could increase their(10) understanding of the cultures that they had beenobserving from without. In addition many ethnologistsat the turn of the century believed that Native Amer-ican manners and customs were rapidly disappearing,and that it was important to preserve for posterity as(15) much information as could be adequately recordedbefore the cultures disappeared forever.There were, however, arguments against this methodas a way of acquiring accurate and complete informa-tion. Franz Boas, for example, described autobiogra-(20) phies as being “of limited value, and useful chiefly forthe study of the perversion of truth by memory,”whilePaul Radin contended that investigators rarely spentenough time with the tribes they were observing, andinevitably derived results too tinged by the investi-(25) gator’s own emotional tone to be reliable.Even more importantly, as these life stories movedfrom the traditional oral mode to recorded writtenform, much was inevitably lost. Editors often decidedwhat elements were significant to the field research on a(30) given tribe. Native Americans recognized that theessence of their lives could not be communicated inEnglish and that events that they thought significantwere often deemed unimportant by their interviewers.Indeed, the very act of telling their stories could force(35) Native American narrators to distort their cultures, astaboos had to be broken to speak the names of deadrelatives crucial to their family stories.Despite all of this, autobiography remains a usefultool for ethnological research: such personal reminis-(40) cences and impressions, incomplete as they may be, arelikely to throw more light on the working of the mindand emotions than any amount of speculation from anethnologist or ethnological theorist from anotherculture.13．Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?A．The historical backgrounds of two currently used research methods are chronicled.B．The validity of the data collected by using two different research methods is compared.C．The usefulness of a research method is questioned and then a new method is proposed.D．The use of a research method is described and the limitations of the resultsobtained are discussed.E．A research method is evaluated and the changes necessary for its adaptation to other subject areas are discussed.正确答案：D解析：The best answer is D. The first paragraph of the passage identifies a research method (recording life stories) and explains the method’s uses. The second and third paragraphs explain limitations of the method’s results. The final paragraph explains why the research method is useful despite its limitations. Choice A, B, and C are incorrect because only one research method is discussed, not two. Choice E can be eliminate because the passage does not discuss changing the method or adapting it to any other subject area.14．Which of the following is most similar to the actions of nineteenth-century ethnologists in their editing of the life stories of Native Americans?A．A witness in a jury trial invokes the Fifth Amendment in order to avoid relating personally incriminating evidence.B．A stockbroker refuses to divulge the source of her information on the possible future increase in a stock’s value.C．A sports announcer describes the action in a team sport with which he is unfamiliar.D．A chef purposely excludes the special ingredient from the recipe of his prizewinning dessert.E．A politician fails to mention in a campaign speech the similarities in the positions held by her opponent for political office and by herself.正确答案：C解析：The best answer is C. Lines 22-23 suggest that ethnologists “rarely spent enough time with the tribes they were observing.”Ethnologists who did not spend enough time with tribes they were observing were unlikely to be sufficiently familiar with the culture and customs of those tribes. Such ethnologists nevertheless attempted to describe the lives of tribal members. This attempt can be seen as analogous to the announcer’s attempt to describe the actions in a team sport with which he is unfamiliar. Choice A, B, and D can be eliminated because the passage does not suggest ethnologists deliberately withheld information. Choice E is incorrect because the passage does not mention any common ideas or positions held by both the ethnologists and the Native Americans.15．According to the passage, collecting life stories can be a useful methodology because______A．life stories provide deeper insights into a culture than the hypothesizing of academics who are not members of that cultureB．life stories can be collected easily and they are not subject to invalid interpretationsC．ethnologists have a limited number of research methods from which to choose D．life stories make it easy to distinguish between the important and unimportantfeatures of a cultureE．the collection of life stories does not require a culturally knowledgeable investigator正确答案：A解析：The best answer is A, which paraphrases the passage’s assertion that life stores “are likely to throw more light on the working of the mind and emotions than any amount of speculation from an ethnologist or ethnological theorist from another culture”(lines 40-44). Choice B is incorrect because the passage does not assess the difficulty of collecting life stories, and because the second paragraph discusses ways in which life stories became distorted. Choice C is incorrect because the passage does not specify how many research methods are available to ethnologists. Choice D can be eliminated because the third paragraph mentions distortion arising from ethnologists’failure to recognize significant events in life stories. Choice E is incorrect because the second paragraph suggests that life stories would be more useful if collected by culturally knowledgeable investigators.16．Information in the passage suggests that which of the following may be a possible way to eliminate bias in the editing of life stories?A．Basing all inferences made about the culture on an ethnological theoryB．Eliminating all of the emotion-laden information reported by the informant C．Translating the informant’s words into the researcher’s languageD．Reducing the number of questions and carefully specifying the content of the questions that the investigator can ask the informantE．Reporting all of the information that the informant provides regardless of the investigator’s personal opinion about its intrinsic value正确答案：E解析：The best answer is E. In the third paragraph, the passage asserts that editors made their own decisions about which elements of the Native Americans’life stories were important. It can therefore be inferred from the passage that reporting all of an informant’s information would help eliminate bias, because editing had involved subjective judgments about the intrinsic value of the information. Choice A, C, and D can be eliminated because the passage does not attribute bias to failures in adhering to ethnological theory, to translations into the researchers’language, or problems in the numbers and content of question posed. Choice B is not supported because the second paragraph criticizes the emotion of the report, not that of the informant, for introducing bias.17．The primary purpose of the passage as a whole is to______A．question an explanationB．correct a misconceptionC．critique a methodologyD．discredit an ideaE．clarify an ambiguity正确答案：C解析：The best answer is C. The passage describes a methodology, explain the methodology’s intended uses, criticizes the methodology’s accurateness and comprehensiveness, and reaffirms the methodology’s usefulness despite its limitations. Thus, the primary purpose of the passage is to evaluate or critique a methodology.18．It can be inferred from the passage that a characteristic of the ethnological research on Native Americans conducted during the nineteenth century was the use of which of the following?A．Investigators familiar with the culture under studyB．A language other than the informant’s for recording life storiesC．Life stories as the ethnologist’s primary source of informationD．Complete transcriptions of informants’descriptions of tribal beliefsE．Stringent guidelines for the preservation of cultural data正确答案：B解析：The best answer is B. Lines 30-32 state that “Native Americans recognized that the essence of their lives could not be communicated in English,”that is, in the language of the ethnologists recording the life stories. Since this statement supports the idea that “much was inevitably lost,”it can be inferred that the informants used a language other than that used to record their life stories. Choice A is incorrect because, in the second paragraph, the investigators are criticized for lacking familiarity with the cultures they studies. Choice C is incorrect because ethnologists recorded life stories to “supplement their own field observations”(lines 7-8). Choice D is incorrect because the passage indicates that life stories were edited; choice E is incorrect because the passage provides no information about guidelines used by the researchers.All of the cells in a particular plant start out with thesame complement of genes. How then can these cellsdifferentiate and form structures as different as roots,stems, leaves, and fruits? The answer is that only a(5) small subset of the genes in a particular kind of cell areexpressed, or turned on, at a given time. This is accom-plished by a complex system of chemical messengersthat in plants include hormones and other regulatorymolecules. Five major hormones have been identified:(10) auxin, abscisic acid, cytokinin, ethylene, and gibberel-lin. Studies of plants have now identified a new class ofregulatory molecules called oligosaccharins.Unlike the oligosaccharins, the five well-known planthormones are pleiotropic rather than specific, that is,(15) each has more than one effect on the growth and devel-opment of plants. The five has so many simultaneouseffects that they are not very useful in artificiallycontrolling the growth of crops. Auxin, for instance,stimulates the rate of cell elongation, causes shoots to(20) grow up and roots to grow down, and inhibits thegrowth of lateral shoots. Auxin also causes the plant todevelop a vascular system, to form lateral roots, and toproduce ethylene.The。

GMAT（VERBAL）阅读练习试卷10（题后含答案及解析）GMAT（VERBAL）阅读练习试卷10(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1.A recent study has provided clues to predator-prey dynamics in the late Pleistocene era.Researchers compared the number of tooth fractures in present-day carnivores with tooth fracturesin carnivores that lived 36,000 to 10,000 years ago and that were preserved in the Rancho La Breatar pits in Los Angeles. The breakage frequencies in the extinct species were strikingly higher thanthose in the present-day species. In considering possible explanations for this finding, the researchers dismissed demographic biasbecause older individuals were not overrepresented in the fossil samples. They rejectedpreservational bias because a total absence of breakage in two extinct species demonstrated thatthe fractures were not the result of abrasion within the pits. They ruled out local bias becausebreakage data obtained from other Pleistocene sites were similar to the La Brea data. Theexplanation they consider most plausible is behavioral differences between extinct and present-daycarnivores-in particular, more contact between the teeth of predators and the bones of prey due tomore thorough consumption of carcasses by the extinct species. Such thorough carcassconsumption implies to the researchers either that prey availability was low, at least seasonally, orthat there was intense competition over kills and a high rate of carcass theft due to relatively highpredator densities.1．The primary purpose of the passage is to______A．present several explanations for a well-known factB．suggest alternative method of resolving a debateC．argue in favor of a controversial theoryD．question the methodology used in a studyE．discuss the implications of a research finding正确答案：E解析：This question asks you to identify the primary purpose of the passage. Choice E is the best answer. The first paragraph of the passage mentions evidence discovered at the Rancho La Brea tar pits and suggests that his evidence provides information about predator-prey dynamics in the late Pleistocene era. After dismissing possible alternative explanations, the second paragraph describes what is considered to be the most likely explanation for the findings. Choice A is incorrect because the passage discusses several explanations for the findings but only in order to eliminate them as rivals of the explanation that credits behavioral difference. In addition, there is no indication of how well known the evidence regarding tooth fractures is. Choice B is incorrect because no alternative methods for resolving a debate are mentioned. Choice C is incorrect because there is no suggestion in the passage that the preferred explanation for the tooth factures is controversial. Choice D is incorrect: there is nothing in the passage to suggest that the evidence discussed in the passage or the。

2020年GMAT句子改错模拟题及解析2020年GMAT句子改错模拟题及解析41. In 1850, Lucretia Mott published her Discourse on Women, arguing in a treatise for women to have equalpolitical and legal rights and for changes in the married women’s property laws.(A) arguing in a treatise for women to have equalpolitical and legal rights(B) arguing in a treatise for equal political and legal rights for women(C) a treatise that advocates women’s equal politicaland legal rights(D) a treatise advocating w omen’s equal political and legal rights(E) a treatise that argued for equal political and legal rights for women答案解析如下：(A)arguing in a treatise for women to have equalpolitical and legal rights【错误】修饰成分：非谓语动词“arguing”在本选项中作状语(动词的修饰语)，其逻辑主语为“Lucretia Mott”，与所修饰动词“published”的主语相同，这意味着“arguing”是动词“published”的伴随状语，根据与法要求，“doing”形式的伴随状语与所修饰动词同时发生且同(逻辑)主语，所以根据语法要求，“Lucretia Mott”一边“发表论文”，一边伴随着在“争论”，这种修饰关系并不合理。

2020年上海美国学校高三英语模拟试题及答案解析第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项ANational Disability Insurance Scheme (方案)The National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) will transform the way Queenslanders with disability are supported and change the way disability services are funded and delivered.Under the scheme, Queenslanders with disability will have choice and control over how they access support and who delivers them. They will also have certainty that they will be supported throughout their lifetime to achieve their personal goals.The NDIS will have an effect on the following programs.School Transport Assistance Program for Students with DisabilityThe NDIS will not disrupt existing services for qualified students. The Queensland Government will also continue to provide school transport assistance for students with disability who are not qualified to receive funding via the NDIS.For more information about the School Transport Assistance Program, and to check your qualification, visit the Education and Training website.Taxi Subsidy (补助金) SchemeThe Queensland Governmenthas lengthened the Taxi Subsidy Scheme (TSS) membership for NDIS qualified members to 31 October, 2022. This will allow more time to solve transport support arrangements under the Commonwealth’s NDIS.You can find more information about the TSS and your qualification on the TransLink website.Disability Parking Permit SchemeNo changes will be made to the Disability parking permit scheme when the NDIS is introduced inQueensland. Current arrangements for this scheme will be maintained.You can find more information on this scheme, and check your qualification, on the Queensland Government website.Public Transport Concessions for People with DisabilityThere will be no change to concessions on public transport for people with disability when the NDIS isintroduced inQueensland. TransLink will continue to ensure concessions are provided for disabled persons travelling on public transport inQueenslandwhen the NDIS is introduced.You can find more information about public transport discounts for people with disability, and check your qualification, on the TransLink website,1.Which program helps drive the disabled to and from school?A.Taxi Subsidy Scheme.B.Disability Parking Permit Scheme.C.Public Transport Concessions for People with Disability.D.School Transport Assistance Program for Students with Disability.2.What can we learn about Taxi Subsidy Scheme?A.The scheme is for parking permit.B.The existing membership can be effective for longer time.C.There is no change to current arrangements for the scheme.D.The NDIS will not break off existing services for qualified students.3.What do the four programs have in common?A.They are all related to transport.B.They are all largely affected by NDIS.C.They all can be checked on the same website.D.They all provide discounts for disabled persons.BDogs are often called as “man's best friend”, MacKenzie, a four-pound Chihuahua（吉娃娃）, was named winner of the 2020 American Hero Dog Competition on October 19, 2020.In its tenth year in 2020 the annual contest is the brainchild of American Humane, the country's first national charitable organization founded for the safety and well-being of animals. Often called the “Oscars for dogs”, the award recognizes dogs who make extremely great contributions to society.The competition of 2020 attracted over 400 entries（参赛者）from across the country. These heroic dogs have gone above the call of duty, saving lives, comforting the ill and aged and reminding us of the powerful, age-old ties between animals and people. While all were impressive, it was tiny MacKenzie who wonthe judges' hearts.MacKenzie's growth was not easy. Born with a mouth disability, she had to be fed through a tube（管子）for the first year of her life. Despite her own struggles, she always seemed to think more of other animals in need.“Never have I seen such a will to live. Though sick, she carefully looked after the baby animals at the rescue（救助）center,” said her caretaker.A life-saving operation performed in 2014 gave MacKenzie the ability to eat independently. The seven-year-old chihuahua is now working for the Mia Foundation, an organization that rescues and nurses animals with inborn disabilities. The chihuahua does an excellent job and has raised various animals. She plays nurse, cleans, comforts and hugs them, acting as their mother and teaching them how to socialize, play and have good manners.In addition to her role as an animal caretaker, MacKenzie also visits schools to educate kids about the importance of accepting physical differences in both animals and people. Her heartwarming and inspiring story makes MacKenzie a worthy receiver ofAmerica's top dog honor.4. What can we infer about the American Hero Dog Competition?A. It was first held in 2010B. It was held to honor caretakers of dogs.C. It takes place every ten years.D. It was started by a charitable organization.5. With what quality did MacKenzie win the award?A. Talent and braveryB. Friendliness and care.C. Courage and selflessness.D. Confidence and independence.6. In which aspect can students benefit from MacKenzie's visits?A. Learning from failures.B. Understanding the disabled.C. Valuing physical health.D. Developing practical ability.7. What's the best title for the text?A. Dogs Are Man's Best Friends.B. Treat Dogs the Way We Want to Be Treated.C. Touching Stories between MacKenzie and PeopleD. 2020 American Hero Dog: A TinyChihuahua.CWhat will future schools look like in 100 years? Imagine future schools in which students are totally engaged in a class. They are concentrating on working together to solve real-world problems. They are self-driven and are coming up withamazing ideas on the spot. They are concerned with each other’s well-being as part of a team. Their concerns reach far beyond the classroom to others all over the globe.The school of the future will be an amazing melting pot of different peoples coming together to solve real-world problems.Will they even be called “schools” in the future?The teacher-student relationship is changing. Teachers are acting more as helpers rather than keepers of all knowledge. Students are driving their own education to the path that they feel best fits them. In the future, employers may not be as concerned with a diploma. They’ll look more at cases and examples of how students contribute to solving real-world problems. They’ll want to know how well they work in a team.What will problem-solving look like in the future?Information from the Internet is accessible everywhere and at unimaginable speeds. Kids are connected to news around the world in real time. Imagine someone could put out a request to the global community to help solve an issue in their own community! Classes can adopt an issue and work with other classes around the world in real time to create solutions.What will information look like in the future?It’s already everywhere. Users can get flooded by the constant flow of information. The need to understand what is true and what is not is important. The flipped classroom (翻转课堂) has already completely changed lecture-based lessons. It presents interesting content to students before they even come to class. They can access the Internet as many times as they want to review the lessons.8. What is the key message of the first paragraph?A. The things students will do in the future school.B. The situation where students will be in the future.C. The attention students will pay to in the classroom.D. The methods students will use to study in the classroom.9. What will be thought highly of when students solve real-world problems?A. Respect.B. Patience.C. Teamwork.D. Concern.10. What can we infer from the fourth paragraph?A. Teachers encourage students to develop leadership.B Students are really relaxed with their heavy study.C. The employers value students’ diplomas most.D. Students have the right to choose the most suitable lessons.11. What’s the purpose of the flipped classroom?A. To help students to improve the problem-solving ability.B. To provide the lessons for students to study before or after class.C. To help students to keep in contact with the outside world.D. To help students to understand the most difficult content.DJapan is known to have higher than average rates of stomach cancer. Recently, the town of Kaneyama in Yamagata Prefecture decided to get its 6, 000 residents (居民) tested.However, the frozen urine samples (尿样) are not tested in conventional ways. Instead, Professor Masao Miyashita and his team are using them in a trial to determine if specially trained cancer-sniffing dogs can accurately detect the disease. Though the study is still in its early stages, Miyashita is thrilled with the results. He said, “In our research so far, cancer detection dogs have been able to find signs of cancer with an accuracy of nearly 100 percent.”Researchers have known about the animals’ superior sensory skills for decades. However, their ability to detect cancer in humans came to light in 1989, after a dog sniffed out early-stage malignant melanoma (恶性黑色素瘤) on a patient’s leg in London. Since then, scientists from many countries have conducted studies to test dogs’ great skill at identifying cancer chemicals.While most dogs can be trained for the task researchers say the best candidates are dogs that are precise, quiet, and perhaps even a little shy. The training process is similar to how dogs are taught to learn any trick — by rewarding them with treats! However, it takes much longer because the dogs have to learn to separate the “cancer scent (气味)”from the thousands of organic compounds (有机化合物) in the human body. Researchers begin by exposing the dogs to urine samples from people with cancer, people with other diseases, and patients with no health issues, Once the dogs are able to accurately identify cancer, they are further trained to detect particular kinds of cancer.Successful as they may be, experts think dogs are unlikely to replace conventional tests. For one, it takes about seven years and costs as much as $45,000 to train a single dog. Klaus Hackner, a researcher and physician who studies dogs detecting cancer in breath samples at Krems University Hospital in Austria, is also not convinced dogs can be relied upon alone. Patients, therefore, have to receive further tests to confirm if they have the disease.12. What do we know about the cancer-sniffing dogs mentioned in Paragraph 2?A. They have done a great job.B. They are trained in a special way.C. They can easily learn to distinguish cancer.D. They can be seen in many Japanese hospitals.13. What does the author intend to do in Paragraph 3?A. Offer readers some advice.B. Add some background information.C. Summarize the previous paragraphs.D. Introduce a new topic for discussion.14. What kind of dog is suitable for the cancer-sniffing job?A. Smart and brave.B. Active and faithful.C. Strong and patient.D. Careful and peaceful.15. What is Klaus Hackner’s opinion on cancer-sniffing dogs?A. They should work as a team.B. They need to receive more training.C. They can replace doctors in detecting cancer.D. They should be used together with traditional tests.第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

gmat模拟试题题目一：1. Verbal Section (语文部分)Reading Comprehension (阅读理解)Directions: For each question in this section, select the best answer from the given choices.Questions 1-4 are based on the following passage.Passage 1:In recent years, there has been a growing concern about the detrimental effects of excessive smartphone use on mental health. Studies have shown that individuals who spend long hours on their smartphones are more prone to anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders. Researchers argue that the constant exposure to social media and digital distractions can negatively impact cognitive abilities and emotional well-being. Moreover, excessive smartphone use has been linked to a decrease in face-to-face social interactions and a rise in social isolation.Question 1: What is the main concern of the passage?a) The impact of smartphone use on mental health.b) The benefits of face-to-face social interactions.c) The increase in cognitive abilities due to smartphone use.d) The positive effects of digital distractions on emotional well-being.Question 2: According to the passage, excessive smartphone use can lead to which of the following?a) Increased cognitive abilities.b) Enhanced emotional well-being.c) Decreased face-to-face social interactions.d) Improved sleep patterns.Question 3: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a potential effect of excessive smartphone use?a) Anxiety.b) Depression.c) Improved cognitive abilities.d) Sleep disorders.Question 4: What does the author imply about the impact of social media and digital distractions?a) They have a positive influence on individuals' well-being.b) They have no effect on cognitive abilities.c) They can negatively affect individuals' emotional health.d) They improve face-to-face social interactions.题目二：2. Quantitative Section (数学部分)Problem Solving (问题解决)Directions: For each question in this section, select the best answer from the given choices.Question 5: A rectangular garden is 10 meters long and 6 meters wide. If a path of uniform width is built around the garden, increasing the total area to 150 square meters, what is the width of the path in meters?a) 2b) 3c) 4d) 5Question 6: A company has a total of 120 employees. If 25% of the employees are managers and the remaining employees are non-managerial staff, how many non-managerial staff does the company have?a) 30b) 45c) 60d) 75Question 7: In a certain classroom, the ratio of boys to girls is 3:4. If there are 27 boys in the classroom, how many girls are there?a) 25b) 27c) 36d) 48Question 8: A bookstore sells used books for 25% off the original price. If a book originally costs $40, how much will it cost after the discount?a) $10b) $25c) $30d) $35题目三：3. Integrated Reasoning Section (综合推理部分)Table Analysis (表格分析)Directions: For each question in this section, select the best answer from the given choices.Question 9: Study the following table, which shows the distribution of students by gender and grade level in a university. Then answer the question below.Table: Distribution of Students by Gender and Grade LevelMale FemaleFreshman 120 100Sophomore 95 85Junior 75 90Senior 90 80What is the total number of students in the university?a) 470b) 440c) 390d) 375题目四：4. Analytical Writing Assessment (分析写作评估)Directions: In this section, you will be presented with an argument and asked to analyze it. You should consider the logical soundness of the argument as well as the support provided for the claims and assumptions. Your response should be well-structured and demonstrate clear, concise writing.Question 10:The following is an excerpt from a memorandum issued by the CEO of a software company."Recent statistics indicate that our company has experienced a decline in customer satisfaction over the past year. To address this issue, I propose implementing a customer loyalty program, offering discounts and rewards tofrequent customers. This program has been successful for our competitors and can help improve customer retention and satisfaction."Write a response in which you analyze the argument presented above. In your analysis, consider any flaws in the reasoning and the evidence provided. Also, discuss what additional evidence, if any, would strengthen the argument and explain how it would impact the logical soundness of the argument.长度不够的时候可以增加例子、分析步骤、证据等内容来达到所需字数。

GMAT考试阅读练习题目及解析一、阅读理解练习题目题目1阅读以下段落，回答问题。

"The rise of the internet has transformed the way we gather information. With the click of a button, we have access to a vast amount of knowledge that was once difficult to obtain. However, this easy access to information also brings challenges, such as the overload of data and the difficulty in distinguishing between accurate and inaccurate information."1. What is the main idea of the passage?2. According to the passage, what are the benefits of the internet?3. What challenges does the easy access to information bring?题目2阅读以下段落，回答问题。

"Climate change is one of the most pressing global issues of our time. The Earth's climate is changing rapidly, and this is largely due to human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation. These activities release large amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, which trap heat and cause the Earth's temperature to rise. This phenomenon, known as global warming, has serious consequences for our planet, including rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and the loss of biodiversity."1. What is the main idea of the passage?2. According to the passage, what are the causes of climate change?3. What are the consequences of global warming?二、阅读理解练习题目解析解析11. main idea: The main idea of the passage is to discuss the impact of the internet on the way we gather information, highlighting both the benefits and the challenges it brings.2. benefits of the internet: The passage mentions that the easy access to information is one of the benefits of the internet.3. challenges of easy access to information: The passage states that the easy access to information brings challenges such as data overload and the difficulty in distinguishing between accurate and inaccurate information.解析21. main idea: The main idea of the passage is to discuss the issue of climate change and its consequences, emphasizing the role of human activities in causing global warming.2. causes of climate change: The passage mentions that burning fossil fuels and deforestation are two of the main causes of climate change.3. consequences of global warming: The passage lists several consequences of global warming, including rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and the loss of biodiversity.通过以上练习题目及解析，可以帮助考生提高GMAT考试的阅读理解能力。

GMAT数学PS题目：Two different primes may be said to "rhyme" around an integer if they are the same distance from the integer on the number line. For instance, 3 and 7 rhyme around 5. What integer between 1 and 20, inclusive, has the greatest number of distinct rhyming primes around it?A.12B.15C.17D.18E.20答案:D题目：Yesterday's closing prices of 2,420 different stocks listed on a certain stock exchange were all different from today's closing prices. The number of stocks that closed at a higher price today than yesterday was 20 percent greater than the number that closed at a lower price. How many of the stocks closed at a higher price today than yesterday?A.484B.726C.1100D.1320E.1694答案：D题目：The toll for crossing a certain bridge is $0.75 each crossing. Drivers who frequently use the bridge may instead purchase a sticker each month for $13.00 and then pay only $0.30 each crossing during that month. If a particular driver will cross the bridge twice on each of x days next month and will not cross the bridge on any other day, what is the least value of x for which this driver can save money by using the sticker?A.14B.15C.16D.28E.29答案：BWriting题目：Analytical Writing Assessment QuestionThe following appeared as part of the business plan of an investment and financial consulting firm："Studies suggest that an average coffee drinker‘s consumption of coffee increases with age,from age 10 through age 60. Even after age 60coffee consumption remains high. The average cola drinker’s consumption of cola. however. declines with increasing age. Both of these trends have remained stable for the past 40 years. Given that the number of older adults will significantly increase as the population ages over the next 20 years, it follows that the demand for coffee will increasel and the demand for cola Will decrease during this period. We should，therefore, consider transferring our investments from Cola Loca to Early Bird Coffee. “Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument In your discussion be sure to analyze the line of reasoning and the use of evidence in the argument. For example, you may need to consider What questionable assumptions underlie the thinking and what alternative explanations or counter examples might weaken the conclusion. You can also discuss what sort of evidence would strengthen or refute the argument, what changes in the argument would make it more logically sound. and what if anything, would help you better evaluate its conclusion.题目：The following appeared in amagazine article on trends and lifestyles“in general, people are not asconcerned as they were a decade ago about regulating their intake of red meat and fatty cheeses. Walk into the Heart's Delight, a store that started selling organic fruits and vegetables and whole-grain flours in the 1960's, and you will also find a wide selection of cheeses made with high butterfat content. Next door,the owners of the Good Earth Caféan old vegetarian restaurant, are still making a modest living, but the owners ofthe new House of Beef across the street are millionaires"Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument. In your discussion be sure to analyze the line of reasoning and the use of evidence in the argument. For example, you may need to consider what questionable assumptions underlie the thinking and what alternative explanations or counter examples might weaken the conclusion. You can also discuss what sort of evidence would strengthen or refute the argument, what changes in the argument would make it more logically sound, and what, if anything, would help you better evaluate its conclusion.阅读段落：In addition to conventional galaxies, the universe contains very dim galaxies that until recently went unnoticed by astronomers. Possibly as numerous as conventional galaxies, these galaxies have the same general shape and even the same approximate number of stars as a common type of conventional galaxy, the spiral, but tend to be much larger. Because these galaxies' mass is spread out over larger areas, they have far fewer stars per unit volume than do conventional galaxies. Apparently these low-surface-brightness galaxies, as they are called, take much longer than conventional galaxies to condense their primordial gas and convert it to stars--that is, they evolve much more slowly.These galaxies may constitute an answer to the long-standing puzzle of the missing baryonic mass in the universe. Baryons-subatomic particles that are generallyprotons or neutrons-are the source of stellar, and therefore galactic, luminosity, and so their numbers can be estimated based on how luminous galaxies are. However, the amount of helium in the universe, as measured by spectroscopy, suggests that there are far more baryons in the universe than estimates based on galactic luminosity indicate. Astronomers have long speculated that the missing baryonic mass might eventually be discovered in intergalactic space or as some large population of galaxies that are difficult to detect.题目：It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is an accurate physical description of typical low-surface-brightness galaxies?A.They are large spiral galaxies containing fewer stars than do conventional galaxies.B.They are compact but very dim spiral galaxies.C.They are diffuse spiral galaxies that occupy a large volume of space.D.They are small, young spiral galaxies that contain a high proportion of primordial gas.E.They are large, dense spirals with low luminosity.答案：C语法题目：As it is with traditional pharmacies, on-line drugstores rely on prescriptions to be successful, since it is primarily prescriptions that attract the customers, who then also buy other health-related items.A.As it is with traditional pharmacies, on-line drugstores rely on prescriptions to be successfulB.As with the case of traditional pharmacies, on-line drugstores rely on prescriptions to have successC.As is the case with traditional pharmacies, prescriptions are the cornerstone of a successful on-line drugstoreD.As traditional pharmacies, so on-line drugstores rely on prescriptions to be successfulE.Like traditional pharmacies, the cornerstone of a successful on-line drugstore is prescriptions答案：C推理In Rubaria, excellent health care is available to virtually the entire population, whereas very few people in Terland receive adequate medical care. Yet, although the death rate for most diseases is higher in Terland than in Rubaria, the percentage of the male population that dies from prostate cancer is significantly higher in Rubariathan in Terland.Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the disparity between the prostate cancer death rate in Rubaria and Terland?A.Effective treatment of prostate cancer in its early stages generally requires medical techniques available in Rubaria but not in Terland.B.Most men who have prostate cancer are older than the average life expectancy for male inhabitants of Terland.C.Being in poor general health does not increase one's risk of developing prostate cancer.D.It is possible to decrease one's risk of getting prostate cancer by eating certain kinds of foods, and such foods are more readily available in Rubaria than in Terland.E.Among men in Rubaria, the death rate from prostate cancer is significantly higher for those who do not take full advantage of Rubaria's health care system than for those who do.答案：B。

GMAT（VERBAL）阅读模拟试卷30(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1.Determining whether a given population of animals constitutes a distinct species can be difficult because no single accepted definition of the term exists. One approach, called the biological species concept, bases the definition on reproductive compatibility. According to this view, a species is a group of animals that can mate with one another to produce fertile offspring but cannot mate successfully with members of a different group. Yet this idea can be too restrictive. First, mating between groups labeled as different species (hybridization), as often occurs in the canine family, is quite common in nature. Second, sometimes the differences between two populations might not prevent them from interbreeding, even though they are dissimilar in traits unrelated to reproduction; some biologists question whether such disparate groups should be considered a single species. A third problem with the biological species concept is that investigators cannot always determine whether two groups that live in different places are capable of interbreeding.When the biological species concept is difficult to apply, some investigators use phenotype, an organism’s observable characteristics, instead. Two groups that have evolved separately are likely to display measurable differences in many of their traits, such as skull size or width of teeth. If the distribution of measurements from one group does not overlap with those of another, the two groups might reasonably be considered distinct species.1．The passage is primarily concerned withA．describing the development of the biologica species conceptB．responding to a critique of reproductive compatibility as a criterion for defining a speciesC．considering two different approaches to identifying biological speciesD．pointing out the advantage of one method of distinguishing related speciesE．identifying an obstacle to the classification of biological species正确答案：C解析：Main ideaThis question depends on understanding the passage as a whole. The passage begins by explaining that identifying a species can be difficult, because there are different ways of defining the term. The biological species concept is one approach, but it has problems. Phenotype is another approach that can be used when the biological species concept proves difficult.A The first paragraph defines the biological species concept and identifies some problems with its application, but it does not explain how that concept developed.B The passage presents some critiques of reproductive compatibility as a way of identifying a biological species; it does not concern itself with responding to those critiques.C Correct. The passage considers thebiological species concept and the idea of phenotype as ways of identifying biological species.D While the passage identifies two ways of distinguishing species and states that some investigators use one of those methods- -the phenotype method—when the biological method is difficult to apply, the passage is not primarily concerned with pointing out that either one is better than the other.E The passage does discuss certain obstacles to the classification of species. First, it points out that there is no single accepted definition of distinct species. Second, it points out obstacles related to one particular approach to the classificatior of species. However, the passage consider: these obstacles in service of its primary concern, namely considering two different approaches to identifying biological species.The correct answer is C. 知识模块：阅读理解2．The author of the passage mentions “groups that ive in different places” (line 21) most probably in ordef toA．point out a theoretical inconsistency in the biological species conceptB．offer evidence in support of the biological species conceptC．identify an obstacle to the application of the biological species conceptD．note an instance in which phenotype classification is customarily usedE．describe an alternative to the biological species concept正确答案：C解析：EvaluationThe author’s mention of groups that live in different places comes at the end of the first paragraph, in the context of discussing a third problem with the biological species concept: that investigators may not know whether animals in such groups are able to interbreed.A The author does not address theoretical inconsistencies in the biological species concept.B The author mentions groups that live in different places in order to address a problem with the biological species concept, not to support it.C Correct. One obstacle to applying the biological species concept is that those attempting to distinguish among species may not be able to determine whether geographically separated groups of animals can interbreed.D The passage does mention that some investigators use phenotype classification when the biological species concept is difficult to apply, but it does not mention specifically that a situation in which groups live in different places is an instance in which phenotype classification is customarily used.E Animal groups that live in different places pose a problem for the application of the biological species concept, according to the author. The author does not mention these groups in order to describe an alternative to that concept.The correct answer is C. 知识模块：阅读理解3．With which of the following statements regarding the classification of individual species would the author most likely agree?A．Phenotype comparison may help to classify species when application of the biological species concept proves inconclusive.B．Because no standard definition exists for what constitutes a species, the classification of animal populations is inevitably an arbitrary process.C．The criteria used by biologists to classify species have not been based on adequate research.D．The existence of hybrids in wild animal species is the chief factor casting doubt on the usefulness of research into reproductive compatibility as a way of classifying species.E．Phenotype overlap should be used as the basic criterion for standardizing species classification.正确答案：A解析：InferenceThis question depends on understanding the general points the author makes with regard to classification of individual species. The author explains that there is no single definition of species and then describes the biological species concept, which depends on reproductive compatibility. This approach has several problems, however, and the author goes on to say that phenotype may be used when the biological species concept is difficult to apply.A Correct. The author states at the beginning of the second paragraph that some investigators use phenotype when they find it difficult to apply the biological species concept, and the passage provides no reason to believe that the author would disagree with the idea that phenotype comparison can be helpful in these situations.B The author would most likely not agree that classification of animal populations is arbitrary. Investigators use clearly defined approaches, such as the biological species concept and phenotype classification, to make such classifications. That there may be problems with an approach does not make it arbitrary.C The author states that the biological species concept can be too restrictive, but there is no suggestion that the author finds this approach, or phenotype classification, to be inadequately researched.D The author mentions hybridization first as a factor casting doubt on the usefulness of the biological species concept, but nothing in the passage suggests that the author thinks that it is more significant than the other reasons offered for finding the biological species concept too restrictive.E Phenotype overlap does not receive the author’s endorsement as the best, or most basic, way of classifying species; instead, the author states merely that some investigators rely on this approach when they cannot apply the biological species concept.The correct answer is A. 知识模块：阅读理解4．Which of the following best describes the function of lines 10-13?A．It elaborates the definition of the biological species concept given in a previous sentence.B．It develops a point about the biological species concept made in the previous sentence.C．It states the author’s central point about the biological species concept.D．It identifies a central assumption underlying the biological species concept.E．It demonstrates why the biological species concept is invalid.正确答案：B解析：EvaluationThe sentence in question discusses hybridization as a first factor complicating the applicability of the biological species concept. Thus its function is tohelp explain why, as the previous sentence states, that concept is too restrictive.A The sentence in question brings up a problem with the biological species concept; it does not elaborate the definition of that concept.B Correct. According to the sentence that precedes the sentence in question, the biological species concept can be too restrictive. The author offers three reasons to develop this point, and the first reason is given in the sentence in question.C The sentence in question could be said to support the author’s central point about the biological species concept—that it is one (flawed) way of determining whether a population is a species—but it does not state that central point.D The sentence in question expresses a problem with the biological species concept, not a central assumption of it.E The sentence in question serves to indicate a problem with the biological species concept, but it does not go so far as to demonstrate that it is invalid.The correct answer is B. 知识模块：阅读理解Researchers studying how genes control animal behavior have had to deal with many uncertainties. In the first place, most behaviors are governed by more than one gene, and until recently geneticists had no method for identifying the multiple genes involved. In addition, even when a single gene is found to control a behavior, researchers in different fields do not necessarily agree that it is a “behavioral gene.”Neuroscientists, whose interest in genetic research is to understand the nervous system (which generates behavior), define the term broadly. But ethologists—specialists in animal behavior—are interested in evolution, so they define the term narrowly. They insist that mutations in a behavioral gene must alter a specific normal behavior and not merely make the organism ill, so that the genetically induced behavioral change will provide variation that natural selection can act upon, possibly leading to the evolution of a new species. For example, in the fruit fly, researchers have identified the gene Shaker, mutations in which cause flies to shake violently under anesthesia. Since shaking is not healthy, ethologists do not consider Shaker a behavioral gene. In contrast, ethologists do consider the gene period (per), which controls the fruit fly’s circadian (24-hour) rhythm, a behavioral gene because flies with mutated per genes are healthy; they simply have different rhythms.5．The primary purpose of the passage is toA．summarize findings in an area of researchB．discuss different perspectives on a scientific questionC．outline the major questions in a scientific disciplineD．illustrate the usefulness of investigating a research topicE．reconcile differences between two definitior’s of a term正确答案：B解析：Main ideaThe passage discusses two problems confronting researchers studying the genetic bases of animal behavior: the complexity of the control of most behaviors by multiple genes, and divergence between research fields in what counts as a behavioral gene. The passage focuses mainly on the latter issue, discussing howethologists define “behavioral gene” in a narrower manner than neuroscientists, who define the term broadly.To elucidate the ethologists’approach, two genes are discussed, one a behavioral gene, the other not.A The passage primarily aims to explain how researchers in two different research are is define “behavioral gene.” It does not try to summarize the research findings of either area.B Correct. The primary purpose of the passage is to identify differing perspectives on the scientific question of how genes control animal behavior.C The scientific disciplines of genetics, neuroscience, and ethology—all subdisciplines of biology—contain many different “major questions,”and the passage does not try to outline the great variety of such questions in any one of those subdisciplines.D The topic of the utility of doing research is not part of the passage discussion.E An important purpose of the passage is to illustrate divergence among scientific fields in how a key term is defined, but the point is to show how the definitions differ rather than to “reconcile”the difference.The correct answer is B. 知识模块：阅读理解6．The passage suggests that neuroscientists would most likely consider Shaker to be which of the following ?A．An example of a behavioral geneB．One of multiple genes that control a single behaviorC．A gene that, when mutated, causes an alteration in a specific normal behavior without making the organism illD．A gene of interest to ethologists but of no interest to neuroscientistsE．A poor source of information about the nenous system正确答案：A解析：ApplicationThe passage asserts that ethologists do not regard Shaker as a behavioral gene because it merely makes fruit flies exhibit unhealthy behavior (shaking under anesthesia). But neuroscientists, according to the passage, are mainly interested in how genes, via the nervous system, contribute to behavior. The passage suggests that neuroscientists, unlike ethologists, have no reservation about using the term behavioral gene to apply to any gene that contributes to behavior. The implication is that neuroscientists would probably regard Shaker as a behavioral gene.A Correct. The passage suggests that neuroscientists would probably regard Shaker as a behavioral gene.B The passage indicates that research shows Shaker is a sufficient cause, in fruit flies, of shaking under anesthesia. Although some organism might display a behavior controlled by Shaker in concert with other genes, the passage is silent on any such possibility.C The passage lacks information as to whether there is any alteration—one that neuroscientists would likely consider healthy —in a normal behavior if the alteration is caused by a mutation in Shaker.D The passage indicates that neuroscientists’interest in genetics is part of their effort to understand the nervous system. This seems to imply that neuroscientists might be interested in Shaker.E The passage is silent on how neuroscientists would evaluate the potential for Shaker to contribute to understanding of the nervous system.The correct answer is A. 知识模块：阅读理解7．It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following, if true, would be most likely to influence ethologists’ opinions about whether a particular gene in a species is a behavioral gene?A．The gene is found only in that species.B．The gene is extremely difficult to identify.C．The only effect of mutations in the gene is o make the organism ill.D．Neuroscientists consider the gene to be a behavioral gene.E．Geneticists consider the gene to be a behavioral gene.正确答案：C解析：ApplicationThe passage identifies two criteria that ethologists use in deciding whether a gene should count as a behavioral gene: a mutation in the gene alters a specific normal behavior and the mutation does not merely make the organism ill.A The passage is silent on whether either of two genes identified by ethologists in fruit flies are to be found only in fruit flies. The two criteria mentioned used by ethologists carry no implication as to whether any gene unique to a given species would count as a behavioral gene.B The difficulty of identifying a gene can obviously be due to many factors, such as limitations in existing scientific techniques, and the passage does not imply that such difficulty increases the likelihood that a gene would count as a behavioral gene for ethologists.C Correct. The passage implies that if this were found to be true, ethologists would regard it as sufficient reason for not counting the gene as a behavioral gene.D A central theme of the passage is that whether ethologists would count a gene as a behavioral gene is largely unaffected by whether neuroscientists do so, given the divergent perspectives of the scientists’respective disciplines.E The main contrast in the passage with respect to definitions of the term behavioral gene is between ethologists and neuroscientists, and no specific definitional criteria for this term are explicitly attributed to geneticists. However, there is a slight suggestion that since geneticists find that most behaviors are governed by multiple genes, geneticists might regard any gene involved in the governance of a behavior as a behavioral gene. This approach, however, would be unlikely to influence the opinions of ethologists concerning definition.The correct answer is C. 知识模块：阅读理解For most species of animals, the number of individuals in the species is inversely proportional to the average body size for members of the species: the smaller the body size, the larger the number of individual animals. The tamarin, a small South American monkey, breaks this rule. Of the ten primate species studied in Peru’s Manu National Park, for example, the two species of tamarins, saddle-backed and emperor, are the eighth and ninth least abundant, respectively. Only the pygmy marmoset, which is even smaller, is less abundant. The tamarin’s scarcity is not easily explained; it cannot be dismissed as a consequence of diet, because tamarins feed on the same mixture of fruit, nectar, and small prey as do several of their more numerous larger counterparts, including the two capuchins known as the squirrel monkey and the nightmonkey. Although the relative proportions of fruits consumed varies somewhat among species, it is hard to imagine that such subtle differences are crucial to understanding the relative rarity of tamarins.To emphasize just how anomalously rare tamarins are, we can compare them to the other omnivorous primates in the community. In terms of numbers of individuals per square kilometer, they rank well below the two capuchins, the squirrel monkey and the night monkey. And in terms of biomass, or the total weight of the individuals that occupy a unit area of habitat, each tamarin species is present at only one-twentieth the mass of brown capuchins or one-tenth that of squirrel monkeys. To gain another perspective, consider the spatial requirements of tamarins. Tamarins are rigidly territorial, vigorously expelling any intruders that may stray within the sharply defined boundaries of their domains. Groups invest an appreciable part of their time and energy in patrolling their territorial boundaries, announcing their presence to their neighbors with shrill, sweeping cries. Such concerted territoriality is rather exceptional among primates, though the gibbons and siamangs of Asia show it, as do a few other New World species such as the titi and night monkeys. What is most surprising about tamarin territories is their size.Titi monkeys routinely live within territories of 6 to 8 hectares, and night monkeys seldom defend more than 10 hectares, but tamarin groups routinely occupy areas of 30 to 120 hectares. Contrast this with the 1 to 2 hectares needed by the common North American gray squirrel, a nonterritorial mammal of about the same size. A group of tamarins uses about as much space as a troop of brown capuchins, though the latter weighs 15 times as much. Thus, in addition to being rare, tamarins require an amount of space that seems completely out of proportion to their size.8．The author indicates that tamarin territories areA．surprisingly largeB．poorly situatedC．unusually abundant in food resourcesD．incapable of supporting large troops of tamarinsE．larger in Peru than in other parts of South America正确答案：A解析：Supporting ideaThis question depends on understanding what the passage says about tamarin territories. In the second paragraph, the passage claims that the most surprising thing about tamarins is the size of their territories, and it indicates how large these territories are by comparing them to the territories of certain other animals.A Correct. The passage indicates that the size of tamarins’territories—large in comparison to the territories of several other species—is surprising.B The passage gives no indication as to whether tamarin territories are poorly situated.C Although the passage does discuss the tamarin diet, it does not indicate how abundant in food sources tamarin territories are.D The passage does indicate that relatively few tamarins live per square kilometer, but it does not claim that this is so because the territories are incapable of supporting a larger number of tamarins. In fact, there issome suggestion that the territories would seem to be capable of supporting more, which is one reason the size of the territories is so surprising.E The passage does not compare the size of tamarin territories in Peru to tamarin territories elsewhere in South America.The correct answer is A. 知识模块：阅读理解9．The author mentions the spatial requirements of the gray squirrel in order to A．explain why they are so commonB．demonstrate the consequences of their nonterritorialityC．emphasize the unusual territorial requirements of the tamarinD．provide an example of a major difference between squirrels and monkeysE．provide an example of an animal with requirements similar to those of the tamarin正确答案：C解析：EvaluationThe passage mentions the spatial requirements of the gray squirrel as part of its discussion of the surprising size of tamarin territories. Gray squirrel territories are mentioned for the specific purpose of highlighting how much more space tamarins require compared to another animal of roughly equal size.A The passage does refer to “the common gray squirrel,” but it does not explain why they are so common.B The passage does not say anything about the consequences of the gray squirrel’s nonterritoriality.C Correct. The spatial requirements of gray squirrels are mentioned to highlight, by contrast, how expansive the spatial requirements of tamarins are.D Although the passage mentions the spatial requirements of the gray squirrel to highlight how different the spatial requirements of one particular type of monkey, the tamarin, are from those of other animals, the passage does not mention the squirrels’spatial requirements to provide an example of a difference between squirrels and monkeys in general.E The passage actually does the opposite of this—it mentions the gray squirrel’s spatial requirements to provide an example of an animal with requirements vastly different from those of the tamarin.The correct answer is C. 知识模块：阅读理解10．The author regards the differences between the diets of the tamarins and several larger species asA．generally explicable in terms of territory sizeB．apparently too small to explain the rarity of tamarinsC．wholly predictable on the basis of differences in body sizeD．a result of the rigid territoriality of tamarinsE．a significant factor in determining behavioral differences正确答案：B解析：Supporting IdeaThis question depends on recognizing that the passage rejects the idea that any differences between the diets of tamarins and those of certain larger animals are large enough to explain tamarins’ relative rarity. The passage points out that these animals feed on the same fruits, nectar, and small prey, and claims thatthough the proportions of the fruits consumed varies somewhat, this variation is not sufficient to explain the tamarins rarity.A The author does not seek to explain why these differences in diet—which the passage indicates are minimal—exist. Given that the author indicates that differences in territory size are large and differences in diet are small, it is unlikely, in any case, that the author would regard the former as explaining the latter.B Correct. The passage indicates that the differences in diet among these animals are too small to explain the rarity of tamarins.C The author does not give any indication that the differences in the diets of these animals are predictable based on differences in body size.D The author does indicate that tamarins are rather unusual among primates in their rigid territoriality, but there is no indication that this rigid territoriality explains the small differences in diet among tamarins and certain larger animals.E The author mentions differences in diet merely to rule out that these differences are large enough to explain tamarins’ rarity; these differences are not mentioned as a factor in determining behavioral differences.The correct answer is B. 知识模块：阅读理解11．Which of the following would most probably be regarded by the author as anomalous?A．A large primate species that eats mostly plantsB．A species of small mammals that is fiercely territorialC．Two species of small primates that share the same territoriesD．A species of small birds that is more abundant than many species of larger birdsE．A species of small rodents that requires more living space per individual than most species of larger rodents正确答案：E解析：ApplicationThis question requires you to understand an underlying principle of the passage and to apply that principle to an instance that is not specifically discussed in the passage. The passage is concerned with how anomalous tamarins are: they are exceptions to the general rule that in general the number of animals in a species is proportional to the average body size of individuals within the species. The author also points out that tamarins are unusual in that the amount of space they require is out of proportion to their body size, suggesting the principle that an animal’s spatial requirement is generally proportional to the animal’s body size. And, though the passage is generally concerned with comparing tamarins to other primates, the author also compares tamarins’spatial requirements to those of gray squirrels, a type of rodent.A The author does not give any indication whether it would be anomalous for a species of large primates to eat mostly plants. The author does not present a general principle about the diets of primates, and says nothing specific about species of large primates.B Although the author indicates that the “rigid” territoriality of tamarins is “rather exceptional among primates,”the author lists several other primate species that are also territorial. The author does not indicate whether such territoriality is rare among small mammals in general.C The author indicates that most primates do not have “such concerted territoriality” as tamarins do, suggesting that theauthor may not think that two other species of small primates sharing territories would be anomalous.D Given that the author indicates that generally the number of individuals within a species is inversely proportional to the average body size of the members of the species, the author would probably expect that a species of small birds would be more abundant than most species of larger birds and would not regard this as anomalousE Correct. The author would generally expect that smaller animals would require less living space than larger animals.The correct answer is E. 知识模块：阅读理解12．The author most probably regards the tamarins studied in Manu National Park asA．an endangered speciesB．typical tamarinsC．unusually docileD．the most unusual primates anywhereE．too small a sample to be significant正确答案：B解析：InferenceThis question requires you to make an inference from what the author says about the tamarins studied in Manu National Park to a claim about how the author most likely regards these tamarins. The author considers certain information that has been gathered about the two tamarin species studied in the park, and on the basis of that, makes claims about tamarins in general (note that the author elsewhere in the passage simply refers to “tamarins”without qualification, i.e., without referring specifically to “the tamarins studied in Manu National Park’’). This suggests that the author would regard the tamarins studied in the park as being typical of tamarins generally, at least in the ways discussed.A It is possible that the two tamarin species studied in the park are endangered, but apart from noting the surprisingly small number of individuals belonging to the species, there is no information that would suggest that they are endangered, and the mere fact that the number of members is relatively small compared to the number of members in other species is not sufficient to indicate that they are endangered, as that number could nonetheless be stable or even growing.B Correct. The author does not specifically mention anything that would indicate that these tamarins are atypical of tamarins in general, and appears to make inferences about tamarins in general on the basis of the two species studied in the park. The author would not be justified in making such inferences if the author believed that the tamarins observed in the park were not in fact typical.C The author does not give any indication that these species are unusually docile, and in fact suggests the opposite by indicating that tamarins vigorously expel any intruders from their territories.D The author does note some ways in which these tamarin species are unusual among primates, but does not indicate that they are “the most unusual primates anywhere.”The author, in fact, indicates that in one of the ways that these species are unusual—their relative scarcity despite their small body size—another primate species, the pygmy marmoset, is even more unusual.E Because the author appears to make some inferences from information about the tamarins studied。

2020年GMAT模拟试题2020年GMAT模拟试题：1. The excessive number of safety regulation that the federal government has placed on industry poses more serious hardships for big businesses than for small ones. Since large companies do everything on a more massive scale， they must alter more complex operations and spend much more money to meet governmental requirements.Which of the following ， if true， would most weaken the argument above?(A) Small companies are less likely than large companies to have the capital reserves for improvements.(B) The operation codes are uniform， established without reference to size of company.(C) Safety regulation codes are uniform， established without reference to size of company.(D) Large companies typically have more of their profits invested in other businesses than do small companies.(E) Large companies are in general more likely than small companies to diversify the markets and products.2. Banning cigarette advertisements in the mass mediawill not reduce the number of young people who smoke. They know that cigarettes exist and they know how to get them. They do not need the advertisements to supply that information.The above argument would be most weakened if which of the following were true?(A) Seeing or hearing an advertisement for a product tends to increase people's desire for that product.(B) Banning cigarette advertisements in the mass mediawill cause an increase in advertisements in plurteen pounds at the age of three months. Therefore， if a three-month-old child weighs only ten pounds， its weight gain has been below the United States average.Which of the following indicates a flaw in the reasoning above?(A) Weight is only one measure of normal infant development.(B) Some three-month-old children weigh as much as seventeen pounds.(C) It is possible for a normal child to weigh ten pounds at birth.(D) The phrase “ below average” does not necessarily mean insufficient.(E) Average weight gain is not the same as average weight.4. According to a recent survey， marriage is fattening. Cited as evidence is the survey's finding that the average woman gains 23 pounds and the average man gains 18 pounds during 13 years of marriage.The answer to which of the following questions would be most relevant in evaluating the reasoning presented in the survey? (A) Why was the period of time studied in the survey13 years， rather than 12 or 14?(B) Did some of the men surveyed gain less than 18 pounds during the time they were married?(C) How much weight is gained or lost in 13 years bysingle people of comparable age to those surveyed?(D) Were the women surveyed as active as the men surveyed，at the time the survey was made?(E) Will the reported gains be maintained over thelifetimes of the persons surveyed?5. The cost of the average computer logic device isfalling at the rate of 25 percent per year， and the cost of the average computer memory device at the rate of 40 percent per year. It can be concluded that if these ratess of cost decline remain constant for a period of three years， at the end of that time the cost of the average computer memorydevice will have declined by a greater amount than the costof the average computer logic device.5.Accurate information about which of the following wouldbe most useful in evaluating the correctness of the conclusion above? (A) The number of logicdevices and memory devices projected to be purchased duringthe next three years(B) The actual prices charged for the average computer logic device and the average computer memory device(C) The compatibility of different manufacturers' logic devices and memory devices(D) The relative durability of logic devices and memory devices(E) The average number of logic devices and memorydevices needed for an average computer system6. The population of peregrine falcons declined rapidly during the 1950's and 1960's and reached an all-time low inthe early 1970's. The decline was attributed by scientists to the widespread use of the pesticide DDT in rural areas.Which of the following， if true， gives the strongest support to the scientits claim?(A) DDT was not generally in use in areas devoted toheavy industry.(B) In the time since the use of DDT was banned in 1972，the population of peregrine falcons has been steadily increasing. (C) Peregrine falcons， like other birds of prey，abandon eggs that have fallen out of the nest， even if the eggs remain intact.(D) Starlings， house sparrows， and blue jay-birds the peregrine falcon prey on-were not adversely affected by DDTin their habitats.(E) Other birds of prey， such as the osprey， the bald eagle， and the brown pelican， are found in the same areasas is the peregrine falcon.7. The price of maple syrup has jumped from 22 dollars three years ago to 40 dollars a gallon today. It can be concluded that maple-syrup harvesters have been artificially inflating prices and that governmental price regulations are necessary to control rising prices.Which of the following，if ture， casts the most doubt on the conclusion drawn above?(A) The government already requires maple-syrupharvesters to submit their facilities to licensing by the health department. (B) Insect infestation and drought have stunted the growth of syrupproducing maple trees and caused less-abundant syrup harvests.(C) Maple syrup is produced in rural areas that sufferfrom high unemployment.(D) Technological improvements in maple-syrup harvesting have reduced production costs.(E) Maple-syrup prices have risen many times in the past，though never before at the rate recently observed.8. Artificial seaweed made of plastic has been placed ona section of coast in order to reverse beach erosion. The inventor of the seaweed has concluded that the recent buildup of sand on that section of coast proves that the artificial seaweed reverse beach erosion.Which of the following， if true， would most seriously weaken the inventor's conclusion?(A) The amount of recent sand buildup on that section of coast was less than had been predicted on the basis of the results obtained in controlled experiments.(B) Because artificial seaweed would be buried eventually by additional sand deposits on the coast， more artificial seaweed would need to be put in place every four years.(C) Artificial seaweed of another material which had been previously developed by the inventor failed to add sand to coastline in past trials.(D) The amount of recent sand buildup on that section of coast is the same as the amount of recent sand buildup on otherwise very similar section of coast without artificial seaweed.(E) The amount of recent sand buildup on that section of coast， although considerable， is not yet enough to replace the amount lost during storms on that section of coast in the last twenty years.9. The presence of microorganisms that produce a toxin causes seawater to turn brownish red， phenomenon known as a red tide. Sea otters do not feed in areas where clams， their main source of food， have become contaminated with this toxin. According to a proposed explanation of the otters' behavior， the otters sample the clams in a potential feeding areas and can taste any toxin in them.Which of the following， if true， would most strongly indicate that the hypothesis described in the last sentence of the passage is not correct?(A) In some of the areas where red tides occur， neither clams nor sea otters are indigenous species.(B) The presence of sea otters in a given areas has a significant effect on which other marine organisms are to be found in that area.(C) When seawater in an area unaffected by red tide is artificially dyed brownish red， sea otters do not feed on the clams in that area.(D) If the clams in a given area are contaminated with toxins， sea otters move to other areas in search of food.(E) Although very small amounts of the toxin produced during a red tide are not harmful， large doses can be fatal to animals the size of sea otters.10. Since 1945 there have been numerous international confrontations as tense as those that precipitated the Second World War， and yet no large-scale conflict has resulted. To explain this， some argue that fear of enomous destruction such as the Second World War produced has had a dramatic deterrent effect.Which of the following .if true， most seriously weakens the deterrent theory mentioned above?(A) After the First World War， the fear of great future destruction was as intense as it was after the Second World War.(B) Psychologists have detemined that fear of retaliation tends to temper aggressiveness among human beings.(C) The Second World War was far less destractive than most people gen- erally believe.(D) Fear of repeating the levels of destructions that the Second World War produced is as pervasive today as it was forty years age.(E)Many of the international confrontations that have occurred since 1945 have involved countries that participated in the Second World War.11. A conservation group in the United States is trying tochange the long-standing image of bats as frightening creatures. The group contends that bats are feared and persecuted solely because they are shy animals that are active only at night.Which of the following， if true， would cast the most serious doubt on the accuracy of the group's contention?(A) Bats are steadily losing natural roosting places such as caves and hollow rees and are thus turning to more developed areas for roosting.(B) Bats are the chief consumers of nocturnal insects and thus can help make their hunting territory more pleasant for humans.(C) Bats are regarded as frightening creatures not onlyin the United States but also in Europe， Africa， and South America.(D) Raccoons and owls are shy and active only at night; yet they are not generally feared and persecuted.(E) People know more about the behavior of other greatly feared animal species， such as lions， alligators， and snakes， than they do about the behavior of bats.12.The population of peregrine falcons declined rapidly during the 1950's and 1960's and reached an all-time low in the early 1970's. The decline was attributed by scientists to the widespread use of the pesticide DDT in rural areas.Which of the following ， if true， gives the strongest support to the scientists claim?(A) DDT was not generally in use in areas devoted to heavy industry.(B) In the time since the use of DDT was banned in 1972，the population of peregrine falcons has been steadily increasing.(C) Peregrine falcons， like other birds of prey，abandon eggs that have fallen out of the nest， even if the eggs remain intact.(D) Starlings， house sparrows， and blue jay-birds the peregrine falcon prey on-were not adversely affected by DDT in their habitats.(E) Other birds of prey， such as the osprey， the bald eagle， and the brown pelican， are found in the same areas as is the peregrine falcon.。

GMAT 阅读模拟试题及答案解析Biologists have advanced two theories to explain why schooling of fish occurs in so many fish species. Because schooling is particularly wide spread among species of small fish, both theories assume that schooling offers the advantage of some protection from predators.Proponents of theory A dispute the assumption that a school of thousands of fish is highly visible. Experiments have shown that any fish can be seen, even in very clear water, only within a sphere of 200 meters in diameter. When fish are in a compact group, the sphere of visibility overlap. Thus, the chance of a predator finding the school is only slightly greater than the chance of the predator finding a single fish swimming alone. Schooling is advantageous to the individual fish because a predator’s chance of finding any particular fish swimming in the school is much smaller than its chance of finding at least one of the same group of fish if the fish were dispersed throughout an area.However, critics of theory A point out that some fish form schools even in areas where predators are abundant and thus little possibility fo excaping detection exists. They argue that the school continues to be of value to its members even after detection. They advocate theory B, the “confusion effect,” which can be explained in two different ways.Sometimes, proponents argue, predators simply cannot decide which fish to attack. This indecision supposedly results from a predator’s preference for striking prey that is distinct from the rest of the school in appearance. In many schools the fish are almost indentical in appearance, making it difficult for a predator to select one. The second explanation for the。

2020届上海美国学校高三英语模拟试题及答案第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项ACitisport inNewportWe at Citisport aim to improve sports training and facilities inNewport, giving you more opportunities to try both new and traditional sports.GolfWe are pleased to be able to offer lessons at Kingsway Golf Centre just outsideNewport. These are run by experienced golf professionals, and are held on an all-weather practice area. The adult lessons are open to anyone aged 13 and over, and are suitable for all levels from beginners upwards. These take place on Wednesdays from 3:00 to 4:00 pm over a period of six weeks. Children’s lessons for 7-12 year old are held from 2:00 to 3:00 pm on Saturdays during term time.TennisThe Citisport tennis courses provide an opportunity for local people to develop their skills on the brand-new indoor tennis court at Newport Leisure Centre. All equipment can be provided, but please feel free to use your own racket (球拍) if you prefer. Our Starter course is held on Mondays from 7:00 to 8:00 pm, and is for beginners of 12 years and over. Our Improver course, which takes place on Tuesdays from 8:00 to 9:00 pm, is for players with some experience.Football for girlsBy popular request, Citisport is holding another one-day girls-only football course. This aims to give local girls the chance to learn essential skills and develop more advanced ones. The course will take place on Saturday, 9th November from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm, and is open to all girls aged 10-14 years living in theNewportarea.GymnasticsThis course is for beginners aged 8-14 and will provide an introduction to basic skills. There is a maximum of six pupils per coach in each class. At the end of the course there is a demonstration for friends and family of all the skills learnt there. The course will take place on Thursdays from 6:00 to 7:00 pm.1. What can we know about the Citisport golf lessons?A. You can take lessons at Kingsway Golf Centre insideNewport.B. The golf lessons can take place only in good weather.C. Teenagers can attend golf lessons on Wednesday afternoons.D. Children’s lessons usually last 2 or 3 hours on Saturday afternoons.2. Which of the following statements is true about the Citisport tennis courses?A. You can get the skills in an open-air court.B. You must take your own racket during the course.C. You can take the Monday course if you are a green hand.D. You can become an experienced player after the courses.3. Which course lasts only one day according to the text?A. Golf.B. Tennis.C. Football for girls.D. Gymnastics.BIf you think you’d like to live on Mars, you may have that possibility by 2023. A Dutch company called Mars One will soon advertise for people interested in colonizing (开拓) Mars. Ifyou have all the necessary skills, you could be one of the first colonists. Are you ready for the challenge?You won’t have to pay for the mission to Mars. Mars One has already received money from some donors and is hoping to get more from TV viewers who will become interested in the show where all applicants have a debate for the rare chances.The main responsibility of the first colonists is to create an artificial environment on Mars where there is no air to breathe and no land to farm. Scientists know it’s quite possible because something similar has already been done inAntarctica.Another problem is that space travel to Mars takes nearly a year to get to Mars and the colonists will live the rest of their lives there. When a human lives in an environment without gravity or with low gravity for a long time, the systems in the body weaken. Luckily, spinning (旋转) the spaceship can create artificial gravity, and artificial gravity can ease these problems. It will also be difficult for Mars colonists to be far from home, living in small spaces, and seeing the same people over and over. Colonists with depression could put the mission in danger. Fortunately, a few years ago, a joint Russian and European project called the Mars500 Mission studied people’s reactions in a Mars-like environment. It is viewed as a great success because scientists were able to see how people handle emotional and physical stresses.Recent studies show that seven percent of people would want to go on such an adventure.Mars One will soon start accepting its first colonists. Are you interested?4. What do we know about the applicants to Mars from the first two paragraphs?A. They will land on Mars in 2023.B. They can get money from donors.C. They will compete in a TV show.D. They do not need special skills.5. What will the first colonists do to solve the basic living problems on Mars?A. Create earth-like conditions.B. Build labs inAntarctica.C. Spin the spaceship.D. Start the Mars500Mission.6. What can the life of the first colonists be like according to the passage?A. Difficult and dangerous.B. Different but adaptable.C. Challenging and unbearable .D. Acceptable but depressing.7. What’s the best title for the text?A. Mars: our final destination?B. Ready to be Mars’ colonists?C. Space travel: a thrilling adventure?D. Are you a qualified Mars astronaut?CMy family and I never talked about school as the ticket to a future. I was in theclassroom, but I wasn't there to learn to write, read or even speak. When it was my turn to read, I wanted to hide. I was 13 years old, but I already hated being who I was.I had an English teacher, Mr.Creech, who knew I couldn't read. In one of my first lessons the teacher said that anyone who had a reading age below six had to stand up. I felt so embarrassed. But at the same time, it made me realize that I needed to change the situation. I was determined it wouldn't happen again. Later that day, Mr.Creech encouraged me and promised he would try his best to help me learn to read. From then on, I never gave up practicing reading.Then when I was 41 years old, one day, I planned to fly back toTexasto visit my friends and family. On my wayfrom the airport, I saw Mr.Creech buying himself a drink. I rushed over and reached into my pocket to pay for him. “Do I know you？” he asked. “Yes, sir, you do know me，” I answered excitedly. “My name is Anthony Hamilton. You taught me English.” The look on his face told me that he remembered the boy he'd once encouraged.“I'm so glad I had a chance to see you，” I said. “And Mr.Creech, I have great news to share.” I told him I had learned to read. But that wasn't all. I had become a published author and an active speaker. “The next time you get another Anthony Hamilton in your classroom, please encourage him to read as well，” I added.The experts say what once worried me has a name：dyslexia(诵读困难). But I can tell you it was a lack of desire for education.8. Why did the author want to hide?A. Because he felt sorry for himself.B. Because he hated being laughed at.C. Because he couldn't read at all.D. Because he didn't have a ticket.9. Which of the following could best describe Mr.Creech?A. Considerate and dutiful.B. thoughtful and enthusiastic.C. Emotional and devoted.D. Friendly and wise.10. Why couldn't the author read before meeting Mr.Creech?A. Because his reading age was not long enough.B. Because his parents didn't teach him how to read.C. Because he was afraid of reading before the class.D. Because he didn't have inner driving force to learn to read.11. What can we infer from the passage?A. Mr.Creech taught two students called Anthony Hamilton.B. The author had become a published author and an active speaker.C. Dyslexia was just the reason that made the author unable to read.D. The author was grateful to Mr.Creech.DWolves have a certain undeserved reputation: fierce, dangerous, good forhunting down deer and farmers’ livestock. However, wolves have a softer, more social side, one that has been embraced by a heart-warming new initiative.In a bid to save some of Europe’s last wolves, scientists have explored the willingness of these supposedly fierce creatures to help others of their kind. Female wolves, the scientists have discovered, make excellent fosterparents to wolf cubs that are not their own. The study, published in Zoo Biology, suggests that captive-bred wolfcubs(幼兽)could be placed with wild wolf families, boosting the wild population.The gray wolf was once the world’s most widely distributed mammal, but it became extinct as a result of widespread habitat destruction and the deliberate killing of wolves suspectedof preying on livestock. Fear and hatred of the wolf have since become culturally rooted, fuelled by myths, fables and stories.In Scandinavia, the gray wolf is endangered, the remaining population found by just five animals. As a result, European wolves are severely inbred and have little geneticvariability（变异性）, making them vulnerable to threats, such as outbreaks of disease that they can’t adapt to quickly. So Inger Scharis and Mats Amundin of Linkoping University, in Sweden, started Europe’s first gray wolf-fostering program. They worked with wolves keptat seven zoos across Scandinavia. Eight wolf cubs between four and six days old were removed from their natural parents and placed with other wolf packs in other zoos. The foster mothers accepted the new cubs placed in their midst.The welfare of the foster cubs and the wolves’ natural behavior were monitored using a system of surveillance cameras. The foster cubs had a similar growth rate as their step siblings in the recipient litter, as well as their biological siblings in the source litter. The foster cubs had a better overall survival rate, with 73% surviving until 33 weeks, than their biological siblings left behind, of which 63% survived. That rate of survival is similar to that seen in wild wolf cubs. Scientists believe that wolves can recognize their young, but this study suggests they can only do so once cubs are somewhere between three to seven weeks of age.If captive-bred cubs can be placed with wild-living families, which already have cubs of a similar age, not only will they have a good chance of survival, but they could help dramatically increase the diversity of the wild population, say the researchers. Just like the wild wolves they would join, these foster cubs would need protection from hunting. Their arrival could help preserve the future of one of nature’s most iconic and polarizing animals.12. What’s the theme of the passage?A. Giving wolf cubs a new lifeB. Foster wolf parents and foster cubsC. The fate of wild wolvesD. Changing diversity of wild wolves13. Which of the following flow chart best demonstrates the relationship between the wolves?A. B.C. D.14. Which of the following statements is true?A. Female wolves are willing to raise wolf cubs of 3 to 7 weeks old.B. Foster cubs are accepted by foster parents and are well bred.C. Man’s hostile attitude towards wolves roots in myths, fables and stories.D. Foster cubs and their biological siblings have similar growth rate and survival rate.15. What’s the purpose of the research?A. To help wolves survive various threatsB. To improve wolves’ habitat and stop deliberate killingC. To save endangered wolves by increasing their populationD. To raise man’s awareness of protecting wolves第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

2020年上海美国学校高三英语模拟试卷及答案解析第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项AIf you are looking for recommendations on biographies(传记) that will educate you, comedies that will make your belly ache or stories that present the unique challenges women face every day, read on.“Pride and Prejudice”by Jane AustenA classic thatnever gets old. Set in ruralEnglandin the early 19th century, this tale centers around the Bennet family, a family of five daughters and their two parents who are desperate to find at least one of the daughters a wealthy match. Austen’s story focuses on the tension between marrying for love instead of just for power and fame, and also the unique pressure on women to find financial security by way of marriage at the time.“Women in Science: 50 Fearless Pioneers Who Changed the WorldWomen in Science: 50 Fearless Pioneers Who Changed the World”by Rachel IgnotofskyIt is a sweetly illustrated and educational book that highlights the contributions of 50 women in the fields of technology, science, engineering and mathematics, from present day all the way back to 360 AD.“Good Night Stories for Rebel GirlsGood Night Stories for Rebel Girls”by Elena FavilliIt tells the stories of female heroes from years ago and present day. With color1 portraits and biographies that are short and sweet, this book is a page-turner for anyone wanting to learn about influential women in the past and present.“Becoming”by Michelle ObamaWe wouldn’t be able to write this list without including Michelle Obama’s memoir. “Becoming” has the former FLOTUS discussing her childhood, family, motherhood, her own FLOTUS impact, the pressures of being part of the first Black family in the White House and balancing her public life now. And of course she writes all about meeting her husband and the many unique challenges they faced too.1. What didthe Bennetsintend to do?A.To marry their daughters to rich men.B.To lessen pressure on their daughters.C. To help their daughters marry for true love.D. To make their daughters financially independent.2. Whose book will attract a teen interested in science?A. Jane Austen’s.B.Rachel Ignotofsky’s.C.Elena Favilli’s.D.Michelle Obama’s.3.What do the four books have in common?A.They are all classics.B.They are all biographies.C.They are all related to the female.D. They are all about heroes.BTexas has been one of the most restrictive gun-rights states in America.Thanks to a new law,however,the state will be one of the most relaxed,to the degree that police are discouraged from even asking about someone's guns. And if they do, they may not have much power to do anything if the person refuses to show a license.To be sure, the law is strict in its own way,offering a model for regulation. Under the law, open-carry citizens have to be licensed, a process that includes safety and shooting tests. They also have to show no prior psychological problems, and they have to be at least 21 years old.It is true that gun violence dropped sharply after restrictive laws were put in place in countries like Great Britain and Australia. However,the US public seems more interested than ever in weapons and the power they convey,despite gun control groups' concern over the increase of violence. Most states in America have steadily expanded gun rights since the end of a 10-year assault(攻击)weapons ban in 2004. Black Friday this year saw the biggest gun cache(贮存)ever purchased in one day.Considering those trends,there's a heated debate about whether the new Texas law is a model piece of legislation(立法)for a changing America,or a walking disaster just begging for trouble. As the law doesn't provide any punishment for those who refuse to show a license to a police officer, critics fear that officers may find it tough to handle potentially deadly situations. After all, armed citizens will no longer be considered suspicious, even though a lot of people might be alarmed by the sight. Most police in Texas have been told to not engage gun carriers unless they are doing something questionable or appear drunk.For sure,New Year's Day will be an exciting one for Texas gun owners. What's not yet known is how the rest of Texas will respond.4. All of the following are required in the new Texas law for open carry EXCEPTA. age limitB. mental conditionC. online registrationD. gun-operating skills5. What is mainly talked about in Paragraph 3?A. The reason for putting forward the new Texas law.B. The present situation of gun possession in America.C. The impact of the assault weapons ban in 2004.D. The inaction of the US government as to gun control.6. What do critics think the new Texas law will probably lead to?A. Heavier workload for policemen.B. Disrespect for officers.C. Lack of trust among citizens.D. Difficulty in crime prevention.7. What is the author's attitude towards the new Texas law?A. Negative.B. Cautious.C. Indifferent.D. Approving.CThe idea of growing food in a desert would make most people laugh but this is quickly becoming a reality. There are currently two desert farms in the world where quality vegetables are being planted cheaply and easily.Sundrop Farms, based in South Australia, uses experimental greenhouses to grow tomatoes, peppers and cucumbers. The biggest challenge of growing food in a desert, obviously, is the lack of available water. The researchers at Sundrop Farms have gotten aroundthis problemby using the sun to desalinate (淡化) sea water. It can also be used to control the temperature of the greenhouses.Without depending on limited resources such as land and fresh water Sundrop Farms has made farming a practice. This can increase the world’s food supplies. Another benefit ofthis kind of farming is that it can be done anywhere, thus reducing the costs of transporting food to distant locations. Yet another benefit is that it reduces the need for pesticides (杀虫剂).Another experimental desert farm is the Sahara Forest Project, which began in Qatar in December 2012. Greenhouses in the farm are cooled by saltwater. Solar power and other technologies are used together to help make vegetation (植被) grow in the desert environment. As deserts have expanded over recent years around theworld due to global warming, this project could solve the problem.The result form the Qatar project were better than expected and in June of 2014, Jordan agreed to host another one. This will be much bigger than the Qatar project and the project members will have even more opportunities to test their experiments on a much larger scale. It is not clear yet that desert farming resents the future of farming but these projects have shown some success in the field.8. What does “this problem” in paragraph 2 refer to?A. Sea water is bard to purify.B. The desert is short of water.C. The temperature is high in the desert.D. Desert farms aren’t fit to plant vegetables.9. What is one of the characters of desert farming?A. It needs more pesticides.B. It saves delivery costs.C. It has a location limit.D. It solves food waste problems10. What can we know about the Sabara Forest Project?A. It lives up to expectationsB. It can help produce more foodC. It is started to prevent global warmingD. It uses technology to produce saltwater11. What can be inferred about desert farming from the last paragraph?A. It still has problems to solve.B. It represents the future of farming.C. Its early success has aroused interest in it.D. Its aim is to create more job opportunities.DThose who are concerned that robots are taking over the world can rest easy—for now. Though the androids have proved useful at performing ordinary tasks, they are not ready for the greatest time. At least that appears to be the case atJapan’s Henn-na Hotel chain where over half of the robot staff are being replaced by humans.The first location of the unique hotel opened in July 2015 was atNagasaki’s Huis Ten Bosch Theme Park. The hotel’s owner, Hideo Sawada, promised the hotel to be managed primarily by robots. Guests were greeted and checked-in by a dinosaur robot, while a cute android called Churi, placed inside each room, provided informationabout attractions. Not surprisingly, the lodging, recognized in 2016 as the world’s first robot-staffed hotel by Guinness World Records, drew in curious visitors from all around the world.But as the years have passed, the hotel’s main draw is becoming less novel and more unsatisfactory. Also as the robots are “aging”, they are costing more to repair. Among the 283 androids being replaced are the chain’s two dinosaur receptionists. In addition to scaring young guests, they are also unable to photocopy guests’ passports, forcing human employees to step in each time. Also out are the cute Churi robots, which annoyed guests by interrupting their conversations. For example, one guest told The Wall Street Journal that Churi mistook his snoring for a command and kept asking him to repeat his request all night.Sawada told The Wall Street Journal, “When you actually use robots you realize there are places where they aren’t needed—or just annoy people.” While Sawada may be cutting back on his use of androids, the recently-opened Smart LYZ Hotel and the Fly Zoo Hotel inChina, are run entirely by robots, with not a human in sight. Whether the employees have more competence than those “hired” by the Henn-na Hotel chain remains to be seen.12. What makesJapan’s Henn-na Hotel unique?A. Its robot employees.B. Its advanced equipment.C. Its convenient location.D. Its successful management.13. What is the author’s purpose with the example in paragraph 3?A. To entertain readers.B. To prove Churi’s drawback.C. To introduce Churi’s functions.D. To persuade people not to book the hotel.14. What does the owner ofJapan’s Henn-na Hotel think of his robot staff now?A. Attractive.B. Costly.C. Pioneering.D. Disappointing.15. What is the best title for the text?A. Robots Are Taking Over the World.B. The Boom of Robots-staffed Hotel.C. Robot Staff Are Fired For No Competence.D. The First Robots-staffed Hotel Won Guinness World Record.第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。