CH10.2 Coded cooperation in wireless communications

FEATURES• Two bay charger for SL D W, ew D1 a nd AVX • Universal charging slots for either bodypack orhandheld • External DC adaptorThe CHG 2 charger makes battery management real-ly easy. The mobile transmitters, while not in use, are charged in the two charging bays. Thus, the devices are always ready-to-use when needed. The bi-color LED pro-vides the status (charging or fully charged). For seamless installation, the external power supply provides the neces-sary flexibility.DELIVERY INCLUDES• CHG 2• External power supply (EU, UK, US or AU version)• Quick Guide • Safety GuideSPECIFICATIONSInput voltage 12 VInput current max. 1100 m ADC connection Charging voltage 5 VCharging current max. 2 x 1000 m ACompatible accupacks Sennheiser BA 10, BA 30Charging time for full charge at 20 °C 100 % = approx. 160 m in = green Temperature rangeOperation:Storage:0 °C to 45 °C (32 °F to 113 °F)-20 °C to 70 °C (-4 °F to 158 °F)Relative air humidity,non-condensing Operation:Storage:25 % to 95 %5 % to 95 %IP protection class according to IEC/EN 60529IP2XDimensions (W x D x H)175 m m x 135 m m x 93 m m (6.89" x 5.31" x 3.66")Weight (without power supply unit)approx. 375 g (13.23 o z)PRODUCT VARIANTSCHG 2 EU Art. No. 505980CHG 2 UK Art. No. 506218CHG 2 US Art. No. 506219CHG 2 AUArt. No. 506220ARCHITECT‘S SPECIFICATIONThe charger shall be capable of simultaneously charging up to two handheld and/or bodypack transmitters of the Sennheiser SL D W, ew D 1 or AVX series. A bi-color LED at each charging bay shall indicate charge status.The charger shall operate on 12 V D C input voltage sup-plied from an external power supply unit, the input current shall be maximum 1.100 m A. Charging voltage shall be 5 V D C, charging current shall be maximum 1.000 m A per charging bay.Charging time for full charge at 20 °C (- 4 °F) shall be below 3 h ours. Operating temperature shall range from 0 °C to 45 °C (32 °F to 113 °F). The charger dimensions shall be 175 x 135 x 93 m m (6.89" x 5.31" x 3.66"). Weight (un-equipped and without power supply unit) shall be approxi-mately 375 g rams (13.23 o z).The charger shall be the Sennheiser CHG 2.DIMENSIONSDIMENSIONS。

MC-CDMA信号子载波参数盲估计杨凯;张天骐;赵亮;张婷【摘要】为解决多载波码分多址(MC CDMA)信号子载波参数估计问题,提出四阶循环累积量算法.利用MC-CDMA信号子载波之间的正交性,对信号的每一路子载波分别求其四阶循环累积量,进行累加求出信号的四阶循环累积量,估计出MC-CDMA信号的子载波数目和子载波频率间隔.通过分析单载波信号的四阶循环累积量,估计单载波信号的载波频率,进一步识别出MC-CDMA信号和单载波信号.仿真结果表明,该算法在较低信噪比下可以有效估计MC-CDMA信号的子载波参数和单载波信号的载波频率.%To solve the subcarrier parameter estimation problem in multi carrier-code division multiple access MC-CDMA) signal,the fourth-order cyclic cumulants method was ing the orthogonality between subcarriers of the MC-CDMA signal,the fourth-order cyclic cumulants was obtained for each subcarrier of the signal,and the fourth-order cyclic cumulants of the signal was accumulated.The number of subcarriers and the subcarrier frequency interval of the MC-CDMA signal were estimated.Based on the analysis of the fourth-order cyclic cumulants of the single carrier signal,carrier frequency of the signal was estimated.The MC-CDMA signal and the single carrier signal were identified.The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively estimate the subcarrier parameters of the MC-CDMA signal and the carrier frequency of the single carrier signal at lower signal-to-noise ratio.【期刊名称】《计算机工程与设计》【年(卷),期】2018(039)002【总页数】5页(P311-315)【关键词】多载波码分多址信号;单载波信号;四阶循环累积量;子载波参数;信噪比【作者】杨凯;张天骐;赵亮;张婷【作者单位】重庆邮电大学信号与信息处理重庆市重点实验室,重庆400065;重庆邮电大学信号与信息处理重庆市重点实验室,重庆400065;重庆邮电大学信号与信息处理重庆市重点实验室,重庆400065;重庆邮电大学信号与信息处理重庆市重点实验室,重庆400065【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TN911.70 引言目前对多载波码分多址(MC-CDMA)[1,2]信号参数估计的研究主要集中在MC-CDMA信道估计[3]、频偏[4]或误比特[5]性能分析上。

Instruction Manual Wireless SystemCompact Remote unitSeries EX600-WD#A1 / EX600-WD#E1The intended use of this product is to provide a connection from the SMC wireless communication system to pneumatic devices.These safety instructions are intended to prevent hazardous situations and/or equipment damage. These instructions indicate the level of potential hazard with the labels of “Caution,” “Warning” or “Danger.”They are all important notes for safety and must be followed in addition to International Standards (ISO/IEC) *1), and other safety regulations. *1)ISO 4414: Pneumatic fluid power - General rules relating to systems. ISO 4413: Hydraulic fluid power - General rules relating to systems. IEC 60204-1: Safety of machinery - Electrical equipment of machines. (Part 1: General requirements)ISO 10218-1: Manipulating industrial robots -Safety. etc.• Refer to product catalogue, Operation Manual and Handling Precautions for SMC Products for additional information. • Keep this manual in a safe place for future reference.CautionCaution indicates a hazard with a low level of risk which, if not avoided, could result in minor or moderate injury.WarningWarning indicates a hazard with a medium level of riskwhich, if not avoided, could result in death or serious injury.DangerDanger indicates a hazard with a high level of risk which, ifnot avoided, will result in death or serious injury.Warning• Always ensure compliance with relevant safety laws and standards.All work must be carried out in a safe manner by a qualified person in compliance with applicable national regulations.2.1 General specifications2.2 Electrical specifications: e-CON type (EX600-WD#E1)2.3 Electrical specifications: Grommet type (EX600-WD#A1)2.4 Wireless Communication specifications ProtocolSMC original protocol(SMC encryption)Radio wave typeFrequency Hopping Spread Spectrum(FHSS)Frequency 2.4 GHz (2403 to 2481 MHz) No. of Frequency channels 79 ch (Bandwidth: 1.0 MHz) Communication speed 250 kbpsCommunication distanceWithin 10 m (depending on the operatingenvironment)Radio Law certificatesRefer to the operation manual on theSMC website2.5 NFC Communication specifications Communication standard ISO/IEC14443B (Type-B)Frequency13.56 MHz Communication speed 20 to 100 kHz (I2C)Communication distanceUp to 1 cm• Compact Remote Input unit: e-CON type (EX600-WDXE1)No.ItemDescription1 NFC antenna area This area is for close contact with the NFC reader/writer. "O" marks the centre of the NFC antenna.2 Status indication LEDLED display to indicate the unit status. 3 Mounting hole Hole for mounting the unit (M4 x 2) 4 FG Terminal * Terminal for connecting to Ground (for improved noise immunity).5 Power supply connector Connector to supply power to the unit.6 Connector for Inputs Connectors for input equipment7Pairing buttonButton to select pairing mode* Grounding should be as close as possible to the product and the grounding wire should be as short as possible• Compact Remote Output unit: e-CON type (EX600-WDYE1)No. ItemDescription1 NFC antenna area This area is for close contact with the NFC reader/writer. "O" marks the centre of the NFC antenna.2 Status indication LEDLED display to indicate the unit status. 3 Mounting hole Hole for mounting the unit (M4 x 2) 4 FG Terminal * Terminal for connecting to Ground (for improved noise immunity).5 Power supply connector Connector to supply power to the unit.6 Connector for Outputs Connectors for output equipment 7Pairing buttonButton to select pairing mode* Grounding should be as close as possible to the product and the grounding wire should be as short as possible• Compact Remote Input unit: Grommet type (EX600-WDXA1)• Compact Remote Output unit: Grommet type (EX600-WDYA1)No. ItemDescription1 NFC antenna area This area is for close contact with the NFC reader/writer. "O" marks the centre of the NFC antenna.2 Status indication LEDLED display to indicate the unit status. 3 Mounting hole Hole for mounting the unit (M5 x 4) 4 FG Terminal * Terminal for connecting to Ground (for improved noise immunity).5 Power supply cable Connect power supply for control.6 Input cable (E/F) Connect the input equipment (M12)7 Input cable (C/D) Connect the input equipment (M12)8 Input cable (A/B) Connect the input equipment (M12)9 Input cable (8/9) Connect the input equipment (M12) 10 Input cable (6/7) Connect the input equipment (M12) 11 Input cable (4/5) Connect the input equipment (M12) 12 Input cable (2/3) Connect the input equipment (M12) 13 Input cable (0/1) Connect the input equipment (M12) 14Pairing cableCable used to select pairing mode.15 Shorting jumperConnect the jumper connector in normal use and disconnect when pairing.No. Item Description 1 NFC antenna area This area is for close contact with the NFC reader/writer. "O" marks the centre of the NFC antenna. 2 Status indicationLEDLED display to indicate the unit status. 3 Mounting hole Hole for mounting the unit (M5 x 4) 4 FG Terminal * Terminal for connecting to Ground (for improved noise immunity).5 Power supply cable Connect power supply for control.6 Output cable (E/F) Connect the output equipment (M12)7 Output cable (C/D) Connect the output equipment (M12)8 Output cable (A/B) Connect the output equipment (M12)9 Output cable (8/9) Connect the output equipment (M12) 10 Output cable (6/7) Connect the output equipment (M12) 11 Output cable (4/5) Connect the output equipment (M12) 12 Output cable (2/3)Connect the output equipment (M12) 13 Output cable (0/1)Connect the output equipment (M12) 14 Pairing cable Cable used to select pairing mode. 15 Shorting jumperConnect the jumper connector in normal use and disconnect when pairing. * Grounding should be as close as possible to the product and the grounding wire should be as short as possible. * Attach a waterproof cap (EX9-AWTS) to any unused M12 connector to maintain the IP67 enclosure rating. Enclosuree-CON type IP20 Grommet type IP67 Cable tensile strength e-CON type 10 N Grommet type 100 N Ambient operating temperature -10 to +50o CAmbient humidity 35 to 85% RH (no condensation) Withstand voltage 500 VAC for 1 minute between external terminals and metallic parts Insulation resistance 10 MΩ or more (500 VDC between external terminals and metallicparts)Vibration resistanceEN61131-2: 5 ≤ f < 8.4 Hz 3.5 mm8.4 ≤ f < 150 Hz 9.8 m/s 2 Impact resistance EN61131-2: 147 m/s 2, 11 msMountinge-CON type M4 (2 locations) Grommet type M5 (4 locations) Weight e-CON type130 g (body only) Grommet type 480 g (body only)ORIGINAL INSTRUCTIONSItem Specification Power supply for control and inputs (US1)24 VDC ±10% Power supply voltage foroutputs (US2) 24 VDC ±10%Currentconsumption Input unit 100 mA or less Output unit50 mA or less I n p u t Number of inputs 8 inputs (1 input / connector) Input polarity PNP (-COM)Connector type e-CON (4 pin) Maximum sensor supply current 0.3 A / connector 2 A / unitInput resistance 1.5 k Ω Rated input current 5 mA or less Criteria value OFF voltage OFF current5 VDC or less /2 mA or less ON voltage ON current 15 VDC or more /5 mA or more Protection Short circuit protection O u t p u t No. of outputs 8 outputs (1 output / connector)Output polarity PNP (-COM) Connector type e-CON (4 pin) Max. load current 100 mA / outputProtection Short circuit protectionItem SpecificationPower supply for control and inputs (US1)24 VDC ±10% Power supply voltage foroutputs (US2) 24 VDC ±10%Currentconsumption Input unit 100 mA or less Output unit50 mA or less I n p u t Number of inputs 16 inputs (2 inputs / connector) Input polarity PNP (-COM) Connector type M12 5 pin socket (female) Maximum sensor supply current 0.3 A / connector 2 A / unit Input resistance 1.5 k Ω Rated input current 5 mA or lessCriteriavalue OFF voltage OFF current 5 VDC or less / 2 mA or less ON voltage ON current 15 VDC or more / 5 mA or moreProtection Short circuit protectionO u t p u tNo. of outputs 16 outputs (2 outputs / connector) Output polarity PNP (-COM) Connector type M12 5 pin socket (female)Max. load current 100 mA / output Protection Short circuit protection4.1 InstallationWarning• Do not install the product unless the safety instructions have been read and understood.• Direct mounting EX600-WD#E#Mount the unit with M4 screws (not supplied) using the 2 holes in the unit. (Tightening torque: 1.35 to 1.65 N•m)EX600-WD#A#4.2 EnvironmentWarning•Do not use in an environment where corrosive gases, chemicals, salt water or steam are present.• Do not use in an explosive atmosphere.• Do not expose to direct sunlight. Use a suitable protective cover.• Do not install in a location subject to vibration or impact in excess of the product’s specifications.• Do not mount in a location exposed to radiant heat that would result in temperatures in excess of the product’s specifications.5 Wiring5.1 Wiring and Connection: e-CON type Input unit (EX600-WDXE1)• Power Connector (socket)Pin No. Signal name124 V (Control and Inputs) 2 N.C.3 0 V (Control and inputs) 4N.C.• Input Connector (socket)Pin No. Signal name1 24 V (Control and Inputs)2 N.C.3 0 V (Control and inputs) 4InputOutput unit (EX600-WDYE1) • Power Connector (socket)Pin No. Signal name1 24 V (Control and Inputs)2 24 V (Outputs)3 0 V (Control and inputs) 40 V (Outputs)• Output Connector (socket)Pin No. Signal name1 N.C.2 N.C.30 V (Outputs) 4OUT5.2 Wiring and Connection: Grommet type Input unit (EX600-WDXA1)• Pairing Cable - M12 4 pin plug (male) A-codedPin No.Signal name1Shorting Jumper Connector • When connected: Normal operation mode• When not connected: Pairingmode2 3 4• Input Cable - M12 5 pin socket (female) A-codedPin No. Signal name1 24 V (Control and Inputs)2 Input n+13 0 V (Control and Inputs)4 Input n 5N.C.Output unit (EX600-WDYA1)• Pairing Cable - M12 4 pin plug (male) A-codedPin No. Signal name1 Shorting Jumper Connector • When connected: Normal operation mode• When not connected: Pairing mode2 3 4• Power Supply Cable - M12 4 pin plug (male) A-codedPin No. Signal name1 24 V (Control and Inputs)2 24 V (Outputs)3 0 V (Control and Inputs) 40 V (Outputs)• Output Cable - M12 5 pin socket (female) A-codedPin No. Signal name1 N.C.2 Output n+13 0 V (Outputs)4 Output n 5N.C.• Flow chart for using the wireless systemStep 3 Connection to PLCNote) Refer to the operation manual of the PLC manufacturer for connection to a PLC and Configurator.Refer to the operation manual for the I/O Configurator (NFC version) for details of the SMC wireless system I/O Configurator on the SMC website (URL: https:// ).7 LED DisplayE-CON type LED displayGrommet type LED display7.1Compact Remote: Input unit (continued)Refer to the Operation manual on the SMC website (URL: https:// ) for further LED Display details.LED LED ColourOperation W-SS Green LEDON Received Radio wave intensity level 3Green LED flashing (1 Hz) Received Radio wave intensity level 2 Green LEDflashing (2 Hz) Received Radio wave intensity level 1 Red LEDflashingWireless communication is not connected. OFF Base not registered W-NS Green LED ON Remote input is connected correctlyRed LED flashing Remote input not connected. Red LED ON Remote input not connected (non-restorable error in wireless communication). Red/Green Wireless communication connection underconstruction (pairing).Orange LED flashing Pairing operation in progress (EX600-WDXE1e-CON type input unit only).OFF Base is not connected 7.2 Compact Remote: Output unit (EX600-WDY#1) LED LED ColourOperation PWR Green LED ON. Normal power supply voltage for control andinput (US1) ON, and normal power supplyvoltage level for outputs (US2).Red LEDflashingAbnormal power supply voltage level for outputs (US2) (applicable when the power supply voltage monitor is enabled). OFFPower supply for control and input (US1) isnot supplied.MS Green LEDON Operating normallyRed LED flashing Restorable error is detected. • Short circuit of US1 power supply detected. • Abnormal power supply for US1 (applicable when power supply monitor is enabled). Red LED ON Unrestorable error is detected. OFF Power supply for control and inputs (US1) notsupplied.W-SS Green LEDONReceived Radio wave intensity level 3 Green LED flashing (1 Hz) Received Radio wave intensity level 2 Green LED flashing (2 Hz) Received Radio wave intensity level 1 Red LEDflashingWireless communication is not connected.OFF Base not registered W-NSGreen LEDON Remote output connected correctlyRed LEDflashingRemote output not connected. Red LED ON Remote output not connected (non-restorableerror in wireless communication).Red/GreenWireless communication connection under construction (pairing). Orange LED flashing Pairing operation in progress (EX600-WDYE1 e-CON type output unit only). OFF Base is not connectedLED LED Colour Operation PWR Green LED ON. Power supply voltage for control and inputs (US1) is normal. OFF Power supply for control and input (US1) isnot supplied.MSGreen LED ON Operating normallyRed LED flashing Restorable error is detected. • Short circuit of US1 power supply detected. • Abnormal power supply for US1 (applicable when power supply monitor is enabled). Red LED ON Unrestorable error is detected. OFFPower supply for control and inputs (US1) not supplied.Refer to the Operation manual or catalogue on the SMC website (URL: https:// ) for How to Order information.Refer to the Operation manual or catalogue on the SMC website (URL: https:// ) for Outline dimensions.10.1 General MaintenanceCaution• Not following proper maintenance procedures could cause the product to malfunction and lead to equipment damage. • If handled improperly, compressed air can be dangerous.• Maintenance of pneumatic systems should be performed only by qualified personnel.• Before performing maintenance, turn off the power supply and be sure to cut off the supply pressure. Confirm that the air is released to atmosphere.• After installation and maintenance, apply operating pressure and power to the equipment and perform appropriate functional and leakage tests to make sure the equipment is installed correctly.• If any electrical connections are disturbed during maintenance, ensure they are reconnected correctly and safety checks are carried out as required to ensure continued compliance with applicable national regulations.• Do not make any modification to the product.• Do not disassemble the product, unless required by installation or maintenance instructions. 11.1 Limited warranty and Disclaimer/Compliance Requirements Refer to Handling Precautions for SMC Products.NOTEThis equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules.These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment.This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause harmful interference to radio communications.Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause harmful interference in which case the user will be required to correct the interference at his own expense.• Influence of radio frequency on implantable medical devices: The radio frequency generated by this product may give an adverse effect on implantable medical devices, such as implantable cardiac pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Please read catalogues or instruction manuals of the equipment and device which may be affected by radio frequencies for any instructions for use or contact their manufacturers.This product shall not be disposed of as municipal waste. Check your local regulations and guidelines to dispose of this product correctly, in order to reduce the impact on human health and the environment.Refer to or www.smc.eu for your local distributor / importer.URL: https:// (Global) https:// (Europe) SMC Corporation, 4-14-1, Sotokanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0021, Japan Specifications are subject to change without prior notice from the manufacturer. © 2021 SMC Corporation All Rights Reserved. Template DKP50047-F-085M。

AbstractNowadays, there is a trend for communication system that the whole network system is becoming dynamic so that there are always having devices should be embedded and removed. Conventional wired communication, due to the complexity of cabling, does not adapt to the modern communication system. Wireless technique has been used widely because devices can be connected by electromagnetism wave without cabling. However, low transmitting reliablity because of inter-interference between electromagnetism waves is the key problem of wireless communication. Based on this, this thesis investigates oneof the technique called cooperative communication and it cooperative protocols.Cooperative communication is a virtual multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) system. To increase the reliability of signal transmitted without increasing the amount of communication devices, this technology tries to make each antennas have one or more partners that assist them to transmit the signal. In wireless network, the devices not only transmit their own signal but also assist their “partner” to transmit their signal for saving the cost of installation of additional antennas at both receiver and senderIn this thesis, we focus on introducing three main protocols in cooperative communication: Amplify-and –Forward(AF), Decode-and-Forward(DF) and Coded Cooperation(CC). The performance and mathematical equations of AF and DF are analysed , and then MATLAB programs were created to simulate the performance of these two protocols.About the three protocols, the main procedures are also introduced. The performance comparison for AF and DF in different signal-to-noise(SNR) are demonstrated. The result presents that the DF protocols has better performance than AF. Finally, some recommendations and future work are mentioned at the end of the thesis.Table of ContentsAbstractTable of containsList of figuresList of abbreviations and Symbols1 Introduction (9)1.1Background (9)1.2Objectives (9)1.3Approaches (9)1.4Thesis outline (10)2Literature Review (12)2.1Overview (12)2.2Spatial diversity technology (13)2.3Basic Model for Wireless (13)2.3.1S ISO system (13)2.3.2M IMO system (14)2.3.3C ooperative model (14)2.4Cooperative schemes (15)2.4.1A mplify-and-forward method (16)2.4.2D ecode-and-forward method (16)2.4.3C oded cooperation (17)3Simulation and Analyses of AF (21)3.1Overview (21)3.2Maximum likelihood method (21)3.3Simulation and Analysis (21)3.3.1T he whole procedure and analysis (21)3.3.2S imulation (24)3.4Summary (26)4Simulation and Analysis of DF (27)4.1Overview (27)4.2Quantization method (27)4.3Convolutional Code and Viterbi decode (27)4.3.1C onvolutional code (28)4.3.2V iterbi decode (28)4.4Simulation and analysis (28)4.4.1T he whole procedure and analysis (29)4.4.2S imulation (30)4.5Performance comparison between AF and DF (31)4.6Main challenges (32)4.7Summary (33)5Conclusions and future work (34)5.1Conclusion (34)5.2Prospect (34)5.3Future work (35)Reference (36)Appendix A Thesis specification (37)Appendix B Logbook Summary Signature (40)Appendix C MATLAB programs (41)C.1 Amplify-and-Forward Protocol (41)C.2 Decode-and –Forward protocol (42)C.3 Rayleigh channel (45)List of FiguresFigure 2.1 virtual MIMO system (13)Figure 2.2 Cooperative communication (14)Figure 2.3 MIMO system (15)Figure 2.4 Cooperative model (16)Figure 2.5 Relay amplify model (17)Figure 2.6 Decoded and forward model (18)Figure 2.7 Coded cooperative model (19)Figure 2.8 Coded cooperation data allocation (20)Figure 2.9 Four cases in coded cooperative (20)Figure 3.1 first time slot in AF method (23)Figure 3.2 Second time slot in AF method (24)Figure 3.3 AF protocol BER diagram (26)Figure 4.1 (n,k,m) convolutional encoder (29)Figure 4.2 first time slot of DF (30)Figure 4.3 Second time slot (30)Figure 4.4 DF protocol BER diagram (32)Figure 4.5 DF whole procedures (32)Figure 4.6 performance compared between AF and DF (33)List of Abbreviations and Symbols1 Introduction1.1 BackgroundWireless communication is, recently, the fastest improving segment and most widely used way of the communication industry. For utilizing the broadcast property of electromagnetism wave, the information can be transmitted in wireless environment, which saves much cost for cabling and makes the change of network structure easily. On the other hand, as wireless technique is used more widely, there are also many problems appearing. For example, the wireless signal can be affected a lot by the transmitting medium and interfered with other signal and the destination will receive not only the direct wave but also some extra waves. These sorts of wave signal will generate and form the received signal at the destination, which will result in sharply differing with the original signal so that decreases the quality of signal and reliability. This is called multipath fading[11]. To solve these problems, cooperative communication is one of the methods.Cooperative communication technique is a method based on MIMO(multiple-input multiple-output)system. MIMO system is a model that installing more than one antennas in both the sender and receiver, which achieve one signal is transmitted by different channels. In practical, due to the limitation of size, power waste and hardware, it is hard to install a lot of antennas in one communication device so that MIMO technique is hard to utilize in practical directly. Thus, cooperative communication is a model that builds a virtual MIMO system among existing antennas instead of building additional antennas but achieves the gain of MIMO system[8].Compared with traditional transmitting method, cooperative communication builds a cooperative work relationship between each antenna which means each antenna will have a helper to assist them to transmit signal and these helper antennas will take some measures to optimize the quality of signal. Therefore, at the destination, lots of signalswill be received so that receiver can have gain of diversity. Some protocols describe what functions these antennas apply for optimizing signal. In this report, some explanations and literature reviews focused on amplify and forward protocol, decoded and forward protocol and coded cooperative protocol are demonstrated. Otherwise, simulation result for amplify and forward and decoded and forward protocol is made.1.2 ObjectivesThe purpose of this project is to analyse the advantages of cooperative communication by analysis of three main cooperative protocols. In this half year, this project can have a conclusion about three objectives:1.Trying to understand the concept of cooperative communication and its workingsystem models. Research for how the signal delivered through nodes.2.Finding the three cooperative protocols that antennas obey—AF ( amplify—and--forward), DF (decode- and- forward) and CC (coded cooperation) protocols andhow they works.e the MATLAB to simulate the performance of AF and DF and do a comparisonabout them.1.3 ApproachesFirstly, analyzing the concept of cooperative communication and finding the fundamental protocols about it. Secondly, finding the important described equations and the used coefficients. Finally, use MATLAB to simulate the procedures of AF and DF and try to get the BER( bit error rate)-SNR(signal-Noise ratio) diagram and compare the their performance.1.4 Thesis outlineThis report includes five parts: first part introduce the background of cooperative communication. Second part explains several literature reviews about wireless, diversity technology, MIMO and cooperative protocols. Third and forth parts demonstrate the simulation about AF and DF and get the result diagram. Additional, the forth part also includes the performance comparison between AF and DF. Last part makes a conclusion and the future work about the project.2 Literature Review2.1 OverviewTo overcome the lack of multiple antennas limited by size or hardware complexity, cooperative communication is proposed. Cooperative communication can be understood a virtual multiple input multiple output(MIMO) system between source and destination.In another words, the cooperative communication build a cooperative relationship among existing antennas. For utilizing the broadcast property of electromagnetism wave, not only the destination, there are also some other antennas receive the source signal. Instead of discarding this signal, this relationship asks these antennas to take some measures to process this signal and retransmit it to the appointed destination.Figure 2.1 virtual MIMO systemTo decrease the bit error rate and recover the source signal well, there are three common protocols for the helper antennas applying: amplify and forward(AF) protocol, decoded and forward (DF) protocol and coded cooperative(CC) protocol.Figure 2.2 Cooperative communication2.2 Spatial diversity technologyCooperative communication utilizes the spatial diversity technology. Diversity is an idea that transmitting a signal through many independent channels, it is described in [1]. When source sends one signal in different independent channels, the destination will receive many formats about this signal. In this way, it can increase the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) at the receiver which result in recovering the source signal better. There are three common diversity technologies: time diversity, frequency diversity and spatial diversity. Spatial technology is to build many relays to retransmit the signal which creates additional channels in space. The cooperative communication applies the spatial diversity technology mainly[4].2.3 Basic Model for Wireless2.3.1 Single input and single output (SISO) systemSingle input and single output is the tradition model which both transmitter and receiver have one antenna to send or receive signal. In this way, the information is transmitted by electromagnetism wave in the air. Due to the effect of multiple path fading, the destination is hard to recover the source signal from receiver signal.2.3.2 Multiple input and multiple output(MIMO) systemAs the name said, MIMO allows both the source and destination to have multiple antennas to send and receive signal[9]. Due to the effect of multiple path fading, the quality of signal will be decreased. However, by building additional ways between source and destination, more information will be transmitted at the same time and for the destination many formats of source signal will be received so that MIMO can greatly improve the spectrum utilization and channel capacity without increasing the bandwidth. But more antennas mean more communication devices in both source and destination. It has to cost a lot to build enormous system to support the multiplexing technology[9].Figure 2.3 MIMO system2.3.3 Cooperative modelThe basic cooperative model is the source-relay-destination model. Here we defined the cooperative antenna as relay. This model is naturally represented by the graph below [3]. Here we set the source-to-relay channel gain to H1, noise is N1; the gain of source-to-destination to H2, noise is N2; the gain of relay-to-destination to H3, noise is N3. At the first time slot, the source sent the source signal X1 to the relay and destination:Y2=H1*X1+N1Y3=H2*X1+N2At the second time slot, the relay takes some measures to process the received signal Y2, we set the process to C: X2=C*Y2. Then, the relay retransmitted the X2 to the destination: Y4=H3*X2+N3. As a result, at the destination Y4 and Y3 are received:Y3=H2*X1+N2Y4=C*H3*H1*X1+C*H3*N1+N2The destination’s task is recovering X1 from Y3 and Y4.2.4 Cooperative schemesAlthough the spatial diversity technology can increase the rate of successful packet receipt and the receiver SNR, during the signal transmitting through the channel (Rayleigh fading channel), the signal still suffer from the fading like noise. Due to the negative effect of Rayleigh fading, the signal density and phase will be changed. To weakened this effect, the relay node need to take some cooperative coding strategies.2.4.1 Amplify-and-forward method (AF)In practical, during the signal transmitted in channel, one of the fading problems is amplitude fading, which may lead to packets loss and power efficiency decreasing [4].Amplify-and-forward method is quite simple. After the relay received the signal from source, the relay just amplifies the signal and retransmits it to the destination. Although the noise part is amplified as well, the destination can have gain of diversity[8]. However, the amplify coefficient should meet the constraint of power. Here, we set the power of source sending signal to P, the power of noise between source and relay is n1. The power of retransmitting is P1. We can get(the energy is amplified, not the power): sqrt*P1=B*sqrt*(P+n1) B=sqrt*(P1/(P+n1))Figure 2.5 Relay amplify model2.4.2 Decoded-and-forward (DF) methodThere is another method for the relay to process the received signal. Compared to the AF, this method is more complex.In this method the relay attempts to detect the received signal from source. At the first time slot, the source sends the signal to relay and source in 50% of total power respectively. At the second time slot, after the relay received the signal from source, it will decode it and detect if error happens during source-to-relay channel. If there are errors, the relay will stay silent and the source will send the signal to the destination in 50% of total power again. If no errors, the relay will encode the signal and retransmit it to the destination. In this way, because the relay only retransmits the right signal the error bits will be decreased. However, it should notice that DF is limited by the quality of source-to-relay channel[8].Figure 2.6 Decoded and forward model2.4.3 Coded cooperationInstead of simple processing signal by relay in the AF or DF method, coded cooperation is a combination of channel coding and cooperative communication[6]. Coded cooperation is a idea that by two independently and identically distribution channels transmitting one host’s different parts of data bits. Its basic idea is that each hosts transmit their incremental redundancy to their partner. If the quality of channel between hosts is bad, it will change to non-cooperative model.Figure 2.7 Coded cooperative modelThe communication among users is with no feedback for the transmission operated automatically through the code design. The signal to be transmitted will be divided into blocks and each block will be sent in two frames[6].Figure 2.8 Coded cooperation data allocationIn the first frame, each user tries to decode partner’s data. If decoded successf ully, it will send partner’s second part data. If not, send the second part data of its own. Due to no feedback among users, each user does not know if partner decoded its first data part successfully or not so there are four possible situations. Each user decoded partner’s data successfully, no user decoded successfully. One of users decoded successfully.Figure 2.9 Four cases in coded cooperative[6]For recovering the original signal from the corresponding users, the destination needs to know which case is occurred. One of the methods is that destination thinks about and checks every case according to their emergence possibilities until the CRC bits present correct result. The other method is each user attaches an additional information bits in their second part codeword that includes which case is occurred [6]. The first method takes too much time and the second method makes the whole process complex.3 Simulations and Analyses of AF3.1 OverviewAmplify and forward method is a simple method to decrease the bit error rate at receiver based on diversity technology. Its main idea is to amplify the signal and noise. Then this signal is retransmitted to the destination. The challenge is how to recover the original signal at the receiver. The Maximum Likelihood method (ML) can meet the requirement.3.2 Maximum likelihood methodAs the destination receives much signal with noise, it is the destination’s responsibility for recovering the original signal from received signal. Maximum likelihood method is just an estimation method instead of getting accurate signal, which is described in [7]. The data set and the statistical model are known. The task is to estimate the model's parameters. Always, the maximum likelihood makes a approximate model with some selected parameters to forecast the wanted value. Here we consider QPSK signal. For a discrete time block and the signal is transmitted through Rayleigh fading channel. The received signal can be: y=Hx+n, where H is a known channel matrix and n is the noise. The fading coefficients are i.i.d. To recover the original signal x, where x i is one of (1, -1, -i, i), then minimizes |y-Hx|2 [10].3.3 Simulation and Analysis3.3.1 The whole procedure and analysisBefore source broadcasting the signal, the source will modulate the digital signal into Quadrature Phase Shift Keying(QPSK) signal Xs (1, -1, i, -i). The whole procedure is divided into two time slot. At the first time slot, the source sent the signal to the relay and destination respectively. The mathematical equation can be present as below:Source to relay: Y1=sqrt(P*1/2)*h1*S+n1(3.1)Source to destination: Y2=sqrt(P*1/2)*h2*S+n2(3.2)Where P means the signal power, h1 and h2 is the Rayleigh channel gain of source to relay and destination respectively. n1 and n2 are the additive Gaussian noise during each channel. The figure below describes the behaviour of the source at the first time slot.At the second time slot, the relay receive the noisy signal Y1 from source and amplifies it by amplify coefficient B. For efficient B, there are some constraints for it. It is impossible that the signal will not be amplified infinite. To ensure the power of the relay is limited, B needs to satisfy the condition:B=sqrt(P/(P*|h1|2+N0)) (3.3)Where N0 is the power of the noise.After amplified, the signal will be:Y3=b*Y1= sqrt(P/(P*|h1|2+N0))* (sqrt(P*1/2)*h1*S+n1) (3.4) The Y3 is transmitted to destination through Rayleigh channelY4=sqrt(P)*h3*Y3+n3=sqrt(P)*h3* sqrt(P/(P*|h1|2+N0))* (sqrt(P)*h1*S+n1)+n3=sqrt(P)*h3* sqrt(P/(P*|h1|2+N0))* sqrt(P)*h1*S+sqrt(P)*h3* sqrt(P/(P*|h1|2+N0))*n1+n3(3.5)So far, the destination received Y4 and Y3 two signal. The destination’s responsibility here is to recover “S” by Y4 and Y3 used Maximum Likelihood(ML) method. After the digital signal transmitted to QPSK signal, every symbol of the signal has four different valuesdh=[1 -1 i -i] (3.6)By selecting the value of “S(i)” from the dh that minimums the D3, constitute a string of signal which is likely to the original signal.D1=|Y4- sqrt(P)*h3* sqrt(P/(P*|h1|2+N0))* sqrt(P)*h1*S|2(3.7)D2=|Y2- sqrt(P)*h2*S|2(3.8)D3=D1+D2 (3.9)(which S selected from dh)Using this method, we can get the processed signal “S’ “. Finally, the destination will use the QPSK demodulation method to get the original signal “s’ “.To judge the performance of AF protocol, a parameter “bit error rate(BER)” is used.BER=E/N (3.10)Which E is the error bits of processed signal compared with the original, N is the number bits of original signal. The BER is changed in different number of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) due to the noise amplitude.SNR=P s/P n (3.11)Where Ps stands for the signal power and Pn means the noise power. As the increasing of the SNR, it can be seen that the noise is decreasing in the channel which leads to the decreasing of BER.3.3.2 SimulationTo make the result more accurate, it is a good idea to use the as much as symbols signal. The signal length is set to 100000. Otherwise, due the signal power is calculated by SNR, we set the range of SNR to 0 to 30 .Before transform the signal, the source will modulate the binary signal to QPSK signal. Build the QPSK modulator:x=randint(1,N);X=modulate(modem.pskmod(4),x)For simple the program , we assume that the transmitting channel is Rayleigh channel which the signal magnitude is random distribution. This channel can be simulated as: For example:function H=Rayleigh(signal_size)H=sqrt(1/2)*(randn(1,signal_size)+j*randn(1,signal_size)); Apart for that, during signal transmitted in Rayleigh channel, it will be affected by noise. Here, we assume the noise is additive white Gaussion noise(AWGN). Using the MATLAB we can simulate the noise below:For example:N=sqrt(1/2)*(randn+j*randn);After destination received two signals from relay and source, it will use ML method to recover the original signal. The ML method can be simulated below:For example:dh = [1 -1 j -j];l=1:4;D2=abs(Ysd-sqrt(R*sig)*Hsd*dh(l)).^2;D1=abs(Yrd-Hrd*(sqrt(R*sig)*Hsr*dh(l)+Nsr)*B).^2; D3=D1+D2;[minScale1 positionmin1]=min(D3);Xd=[Xd dh(positionmin1)]Xd is the signal that has recovered. Then, as Xd is QPSK signal it is needed to demodulate Xd to binary signal xd. By comparing xd with the original x, it easy to find the error bits and its number. Recording the error number and the corresponding SNR value, the diagram that show the relationship between SNR and BER can be obtained. The simulation result is illustrated below:5101520253010101010t h e a v e r a g e B E RSNR(db)Figure 3.3 AF protocol BER diagram3.4 SummaryEven though it is successful to simulate AF use MATLAB, but it seems that the line isshown with many curves and it is not smooth. By increasing the number of symbols and the times of repeating the experiment, the line became more smooth.4 Simulations and Analysis of DF4.1 OverviewThe decoded and forward (DF) method is more complex than AF. The source will use not only QPSK modulation method but also convolution coding and viterbi decoding method to process the signal. Otherwise, to adapt the data to the fading channel, the quantization method is used.4.2 Quantization methodWhen the data signal is transmitted in the format of beamforming, the performance can be improved[5]. But the quantization is needed. Quantization is a method that mapping several data bits to a symbol and assigning level to each symbols. For using these continuous symbol levels to make a data beamforming. For example, a bits flow [00 10 11 01 01 10 11]. Because we use the QPSK signal, there are four symbols and assigning two bits to a symbol. 00=0*21+0*20=0, 01=0*21+1*20=1, 10=1*21+0*20=2,11=1*21+1*20=3.So the bits flow can be described as a beamforming like:4.3 Convolutional Code and Viterbi decodeConvolutional code is a method of error correction coding and viterbi decode is the corresponding decoding method. The main reason to apply error correction coding in a wireless system is to decrease the effects of fading channel and reduce the probabilityof bit error. The bit error probability for a coded system is the probability that a bit is decoded in error.4.3.1 Convolutional codeConvolutional code is an idea that adding redundancy after a code flow. The common pattern of convolutional code is like this:Figure 4.1 (n,k,m) convolutional encoderIt means that every k input symbols have n output symbols. The n-k is the redundancy code. The redundancy code plays a role of supervising. The n output symbols are called a group. The redundancy code has a relationship with n group’s input symbols before it. Plus the input symbol in its own group, there are n+1 correlation symbols. We calledn+1 traceback length[2].4.3.2 Viterbi decodeViterbi decode is a common decoding method for convolutional code. It applies the correlation property between redundancy codes to recover the original symbols. Otherwise, it should note that the decoding operation causes a delay in bits that equal to the traceback length[2].4.4 Simulation and analysis4.4.1 The whole procedure and analysisThe whole procedure of DF is divided into 3 time slot. In the first time slot, the source acts same as AF source dose that broadcast the signal to the relay and destination. A little different is that the source will quantize the input data and encode it using convolutional code.Figure 4.2 first time slot of DFSource to relay: Y1=sqrt(P*1/2)*h1*S+n1 (4.2) Source to destination: Y2=sqrt(P*1/2)*h2*S+n2 (4.3)At the second time slot, as soon as relay receives the signal, it will de-quantize “S” and decode it, then check if error happens during the transmitting in channel.Figure 4.3 Second time slotAfter the check step, if there is error appearing, relay will stop working and the source will send the signal in 50% of total power again. The destination will just receive signals just from source. Else, the relay will encode the signal and retransmit it to the destination.4.4.2 SimulationWe set the signal length to 100000. SNR is set to the range of 0 db to 30 db .Compared with AF, the source firstly converts the input signal to QPSK signal and secondly encodes the data using convolutional code, it is needed to build an encoder. Here we use the (2,1,3) encoder. The code is like :trellis=poly2trellis(3,[6 7]);After that, quantizing the encoded singal:x_Q=bi2de(reshape(x_conv,2,length(x_conv)/2).','left-msb')After relay received the signal, it would decode it and check . Here, the programme should give two different marks for error happens or not. After compared with the original data, when the relay can correctly decode make number_of_errors==0, else number_of_errors~=0.When the program detected errors, the relay will stay silent for the purpose of avoiding to transmit the wrong information. In this situation, it is simply equal to direct transmitting.The simulation result is below:5101520253010-510-410-310-210-110t h e a v e r a g e B E RSNR(db)DF protocolFigure 4.4 DF protocol BER diagramFigure 4.5 DF whole procedures4.5 Performance comparison between AF and DFBased on the analysis Compared the performance of two protocols, AF is worse than DF. Because AF just applies the simple signal amplifying method but DF uses error detection method in relay. In another words, DF has removed parts of noise during the signal arrived at relay.101010101010t h e a v e r a g e B E RSNR(db)Figure 4.6 performance compared between AF and DF4.6 Main challengesFirstly, the transmitting power is different from if the relay received signal is right or not. When the relay checks with error conclusion, the source would transmit the signal in full power. Else, the relay and the source would transmit their signal in 50% of the total power respectively.Secondly, after the relay receives the processed signal that has affected by AWGN, the relay will use ML method to recover the received data:for i=1:M%have GWNN=sqrt(1/2)*(randn+j*randn);%chennel gainsHsr=RayleighCH(1)/(dsr)^2;H=RayleighCH(1)/(drd)^2;%cooperative nodes gains%===============================ML methodB=sqrt(r*P/(conj(H)*H*r*P+1));l=1:4;dh = [1 -1 -j j];% constellationYsr=sqrt(r*P)*Hsr*X(i)+N;% relay receives the signal from sourceD4=abs(Ysr-sqrt(r*P)*Hsr*dh(l)).^2;[minScale2 positionmin2]=min(D4);Xsr=[Xsr dh(positionmin2)];endThe ML must be operated in a loo p of “for i=1:length(X)-end”. When I was doing the simulation about the DF, I did not realise this problem which result in the Xsr only has 1 bits output which result in viterbi decoding can not operate.4.7 SummaryIn the program, the relay decodes the signal and detects the errors in the signal. Due to low SNR at the beginning, the error happens during transmitting quite often so that the BER is high. Compared with AF line, DF appears better performance in high SNR.。

Cheecent CR202Print Server’sPrinter Compatibility List1.Introduction(Read Me Before Check The List)✓This Printer Compatibility List is collected from customer feedback.Thisdocumentation is intended as a guideline only and is subject to change at any time.✓Compatibility explanation:1)If your printer in this list“Compatibility”is“Yes”,it means it is supported.2)If your printer in this list“Compatibility”is“No”,it means it is not supported.3)If your printer is not on this list,it doesn’t mean it is not supported,just means there is no customer feedback yet,it should be supported in most cases (Except EPSON PHOTO series,HP1007/1008,Canon LBP series and Toshiba E-studio series).If it is not supported,we support your return and refund request.✓The print server supports two ways to add a networked printer in your computersystem(Windows/Mac/Linux):“Printer HTTP link”and“TCP/IP Port”.Some printer models need to use one specific way remarked in the list.✓This device is NOT bi-directional,when your printer throw errors or it cannotdetect ink levels or it keep printing without stop(ex.PH1005/PH1020),you need to turn off the“bidirectional mode”following our guide in Point3.*This device supports Windows,Linux,and Mac OS,but you must have your printer driver for these systems(get from the printer manufacturer).On Mac OS,only support printers with“HP jetdirect-socket”protocol.SCANING is not support.2.Printer Compatibility ListBand Printer Model Compatibility(Yes/No)NoteDYMO DYMO LabelWriter550Yes Thermal Label Printer DYMO DYMO LabelWriter450Yes Thermal Label Printer DYMO DYMO LabelWriter450Twin TurboYes Thermal Label Printer DYMO DYMO LabelWriter4XL Yes Thermal Label Printer iDPRT iDPRT SP410Yes Thermal Label Printer HPRT HPRT SK41Yes Thermal Label Printer Brother Brother DCP-1518YesBrother Brother DCP-1608YesBrother Brother DCP-1618W YesBrother Brother DCP-7057YesBrother Brother DCP-7060D YesBrother Brother DCP-7080Yes Add Printer using"Printer HTTPLink",NOT support"TCP/IP Port" Brother Brother DCP-7180DN YesBrother Brother DCP-B7500D Yes Add Printer using"TCP/IP Port",NOT support"Printer HTTP Link" Brother Brother FAX-2890YesBrother Brother HL52black&white laserYesBrother Brother HL5450D YesBrother Brother HL-1208YesBrother Brother HL-2030YesBrother Brother HL-2140YesBrother Brother HL-2260YesBrother Brother HL-MFC7470D YesBrother Brother MFC-1919NW YesBrother BrotherMFC-7340/7360YesBrother Brother MFC-7360YesBrother Brother MFC-7450YesBrother Brother MFC-7470D NoBrother Brother MFC-7480D YesBrother Brother MFC-J5720DW Yes Add Printer using"Printer HTTPLink",NOT support"TCP/IP Port" HP HP1020Plus Yes Add Printer support"Printer HTTPLink","TCP/IP Port"need todisable"Bidirectional Support"inboth print server and printerpropertiesHP HP1025NoHP HP1200YesHP HP4610YesHP HP Color LaserJetCP1215YesHP HP Color LaserJet MFPM178-M181PCL-6No Not support for file print,PDF issupportHP HP Color LaserJet ProMFP M177YesHP HP Color LaserJet ProMFP M180nYesHP HP Color LaserJet ProMFP M181fwYesHP HP Color LaserJet ProMFP M281fdwYesHP HP Deskjet1000NoHP HP DeskJet1110YesHP HP DeskJet1111YesHP HP DeskJet2130YesHP HP DeskJet GT5820YesHP HP Ink Tank310series YesHP HP Laser MFP136a NoNoHP HP Laser NS MFP1005wHP HP LaserJet1018NoHP HP LaserJet1020Yes Add Printer support"Printer HTTPLink","TCP/IP Port"need todisable"Bidirectional Support"inboth print server and printerpropertiesHP HP LaserJet1020Plus Yes Add Printer support"Printer HTTPLink","TCP/IP Port"need todisable"Bidirectional Support"inboth print server and printerpropertiesHP HP LaserJet1022Yes Add Printer support"Printer HTTPLink","TCP/IP Port"need todisable"Bidirectional Support"inboth print server and printerpropertiesHP HP LaserJet1080PendingHP HP LaserJet1160Yes WIN7OK,WIN XP/10Pro hasissue.HP HP LaserJet1200YesHP HP LaserJet3050YesHP HP LaserJet5100series Yes Add Printer using"TCP/IP Port",NOT support"Printer HTTP Link" HP HP LaserJet5200LX YesHP HP LaserJet M1005Yes Add Printer support"Printer HTTPLink","TCP/IP Port"need todisable"Bidirectional Support"inboth print server and printerpropertiesHP HP LaserJet M1136YesHP HP LaserJet M1213NoHP HP LaserJet M1319f YesHP HP LaserJet M1536NoHP HP LaserJet M400YesHP HP LaserJet M433a Yes Add Printer using"TCP/IP Port",NOT support"Printer HTTP Link" HP HP LaserJet M439n YesHP HP LaserJet MFPM129-M134YesHP HP LaserJet MFPM227-M232No It work at first,but it may haveissue after work for a period oftimeHP HP LaserJet MFP M433Yes Add Printer using"TCP/IP Port",NOT support"Printer HTTP Link" HP HP LaserJet MFPM433aYesHP HP LaserJet MFP M436Yes Add Printer using"Printer HTTPLink",NOT support"TCP/IP Port"HP HP LaserJet MFPM437-M443Yes Add Printer using"TCP/IP Port",NOT support"Printer HTTP Link"HP HP LaserJet M1536dnf YesHP HP LaserJet P1007No Add Printer NOT support"PrinterHTTP Link","TCP/IP Port"need todisable"Bidirectional Support"inboth print server and printerpropertiesHP HP LaserJet P1008NoHP HP LaserJet P1505NoHP HP LaserJet P1505n YesHP HP LaserJet P2015d NoHP HP LaserJet P2035Yes Add Printer using"TCP/IP Port",NOT support"Printer HTTP Link" HP HP LaserJet P2055d Yes Add printer using"TCP/IP Port"need to disable"BidirectionalSupport"in both print server andprinter propertiesHP HP LaserJet Pro200color M251PCL6NoHP HP LaserJet Pro200M251nYesHP HP LaserJet Pro400M401dYesHP HP LaserJet Pro400MFP M425dnYesHP HP LaserJet ProCM1415fn Color MFPPeindingHP HP LaserJet Pro CP1025Yes Add Printer using"TCP/IP Port"need to disable"Bidirectional Support"in both print server and printer,close CD toolHP HP LaserJet Pro M1136MFP Yes When installing the printer driverdirectly,you need to use the HPofficial driver tool to disable itsusb port installation service,otherwise the print serverrecognizes that the printer isabnormal or unstableHP HP LaserJet ProM1216nfh MFP Yes When installing the printer driverdirectly,you need to use the HPofficial driver tool to disable itsusb port installation service,otherwise the print serverrecognizes that the printer isabnormal or unstableHP HP LaserJet ProM1219nfh MFPYesHP HP LaserJet Pro M126aMFP Yes Add Printer using"TCP/IP Port",NOT support"Printer HTTP Link"HP HP LaserJet ProM128fn MFP Yes Add Printer using"TCP/IP Port",NOT support"Printer HTTP Link"HP HP LaserJet ProM402-M403Yes Add Printer using"Printer HTTPLink",NOT support"TCP/IP Port"HP HP LaserJet Pro M403d No HP HP LaserJet Pro M405d Yes HP HP LaserJet Pro MFPM126nwYesHP HP LaserJet Pro MFPM128YesHP HP LaserJet Pro MFPM132aNoHP HP LaserJet Pro MFPM132snwYesHP HP LaserJet Pro MFPM225dwYesHP HP LaserJet Pro MFPM227sdn Yes Add Printer using"TCP/IP Port",NOT support"Printer HTTP Link"HP HP LaserJet Pro MFPM427dwYesHP HP LaserJet Pro P1106Yes When installing the printer driverdirectly,you need to use the HPofficial driver tool to disable itsusb port installation service,otherwise the print serverrecognizes that the printer isabnormal or unstableHP HP LaserJet Pro P1108Yes Add Printer using"Printer HTTPLink",NOT support"TCP/IP Port" HP HP LaserJet Pro P1566Yes When installing the printer driverdirectly,you need to use the HPofficial driver tool to disable itsusb port installation service,otherwise the print serverrecognizes that the printer isabnormal or unstableHP HP LaserJet Pro P1606YesYesHP HP LaserJet ProP1606dnHP HP M120a YesHP HP M176a No Office software is support.WPSsoftware is NOT support.HP HP MFP M128YesHP HP OfficeJet7110YesHP HP Officejet Pro3610YesEPSON Epson AL-C4000YesEPSON EPSON L1118YesEPSON Epson L1119YesEPSON EPSON L1300YesEPSON Epson L1300Series YesEPSON EPSON L1800Yes Add Printer using"TCP/IP Port",NOT support"Printer HTTP Link" EPSON EPSON L220Series YesEPSON Epson L300YesEPSON Epson L310YesEPSON Epson L313No Print Job take long time EPSON Epson L3151YesEPSON Epson L350Series YesEPSON Epson L355YesEPSON Epson L360YesEPSON Epson L363YesEPSON Epson L380Series YesEPSON Epson L850YesEPSON EPSON LQ-1600K YesEPSON Epson LQ-1900KIIH YesEPSON Epson LQ-610KII YesEPSON Epson LQ-615KII YesEPSON Epson LQ-630K YesEPSON Epson LQ-680K NoEPSON Epson LQ-730K YesEPSON Epson LQ-735KII YesEPSON Epson LQ-90KP YesEPSON Epson Stylus PhotoNo1390NoEPSON Epson Stylus PhotoR330EPSON Epson Stylus Photo T50NoEPSON Epson WF-100Series YesYesEPSON EPSON XP-243245247SeriesSHARP Sharp AR-2718NoSHARP Sharp AR-2048S Yes Add Printer using"TCP/IP Port",NOT support"Printer HTTP Link" SHARP Sharp AR-2348SV YesSHARP Sharp AR-1808S Yes Add printer using"TCP/IP Port"need to disable"BidirectionalSupport"in both print server andprinter propertiesSHARP Sharp AR-4818S YesSHARP Sharp AR-2820NoSHARP Sharp AR-2921YesSHARP Sharp AR-2221R YesSHARP Sharp AR-2006D NoSHARP Sharp AR-316L Yes Add Printer NOT support"PrinterHTTP Link","TCP/IP Port"need todisable"Bidirectional Support"inboth print server and printerpropertiesCanon Canon BJC-85YesCanon Canon D323NoCanon Canon G1010Yes Add Printer using"TCP/IP Port",NOT support"Printer HTTP Link" Canon Canon G1810YesCanon Canon G2000YesCanon Canon G2810YesCanon Canon G4010YesNoCanon Canon ImageCLASSMF4712Canon Canon ImageCLASSMF635CxNoCanon Canon imageRUNNER2204LYesCanon Canon imageRUNNERadvanceC7275YesCanon Canon iP2700series Yes Canon Canon iP2780YesCanon Canon IR2004/2204/2422No Add Printer using"TCP/IP Port",NOT support"Printer HTTP Link"Canon Canon iR ADV C5255YesCanon Canon IR2318/2320YesCanon Canon LBP2900NoCanon Canon LBP3500NoCanon Canon MF210series YesCanon Canon MF215YesCanon Canon MF240Series YesCanon Canon MF243d YesCanon Canon MF3010YesCanon Canon MF4010Series YesCanon Canon MF4010B YesCanon CanonMF4700/4750/12NoCanon Canon MF4752NoCanon Canon MF4800Series YesCanon Canon MG2580S YesCanon Canon MG2500YesCanon Canon MP280series YesCanon Canon MP288YesCanon Canon MX398NoCanon Canon PIXMA iP1188NoCanon Canon Pixma MG3500series MPYesRicoh Ricoh MP2014NoRicoh Ricoh MP2014AD YesRicoh Ricoh SP210SU YesRicoh Ricoh MP2501L YesRicoh Ricoh Aficio MP2001L YesRicoh Ricoh MP2500YesRicoh Ricoh SP221S Yes Driver installation requiresmanual installation Ricoh Ricoh Aficio MP C2800YesRicoh Ricoh Aficio MPNo2001LDRicoh Ricoh Aficio MP1812YesRicoh Ricoh SP360YesRicoh Ricoh MP1813L Yes Add Printer using"Printer HTTPLink",NOT support"TCP/IP Port",not able to wake printer from"sleep mode"Kodak Kodak305NoSamsung Samsung CLP-320YesSamsung Samsung SL-K2200YesYesSamsung Samsung SCX-3400SeriesSamsung Samsung SCX-4623FH Yes DO NOT select SNMP driverduring printer driver installationYesSamsung Samsung SCX-4x21SeriesSamsung Samsung SCX-4650Yes4x21S SeriesSamsung Samsung M2876HN YesSamsung Samsung2070YesSamsung Samsung SCX-4725F YesSamsung Samsung SCX-4521F YesSamsung Samsung XpressYesM267NSamsung Samsung K2200NoNoSamsung Samsung Xpress SLM2071Fujitsu Fujitsu DPK700K YesFujitsu Fujitsu DPK750Yes Add Printer using"TCP/IP Port",NOT support"Printer HTTP Link" Fujitsu Fujitsu DPL4010X YesXprinter Xprinter XP-DT108B YesXprinter Xprinter XP-365B YesGainscha Gainscha GP-1324D NoGainscha Gainscha GP-3120TU NoGainscha Gainscha GP-L80180I YesTSC TSC344YesPanasonic KX-MB228YesPanasonicPanasoniPanasonic KX-MB1665YescKonica Konica Minolta bizhub YesMinolta7818eKonica Minolta Konica Minolta bizhub185YesKonica Minolta Konica Minolta bizhub184No It can NOT wake the printer from"Sleep Mode"Konica Minolta Konica Minolta6180e Yes Print server identify printer modelto be"Generic_16BW-7-8",selectdriver"Generic16BW-7-8"Konica Minolta Konica Minolta bizhub206YesKonica Minolta Konica Minolta bizhub7719No It can NOT wake the printer from"Sleep Mode"Konica Minolta Konica Minolta bizhub163YesKonica Minolta Konica Minolta bizhub 7622YesKonica Minolta Konica Minolta bizhub185eYesKonica Minolta Konica Minolta bizhub 7223NoKonica Minolta Konica Minolta bizhub7616vYes Print server identify printer modelto be"Generic16BW-5",selectdriver"Generic16BW-5"Konica Minolta Konica Minolta6180MFYesKonica Minolta Konica Minolta bizhub283Yes Add Printer using"TCP/IP Port",NOT support"Printer HTTP Link".Win XP ok,NOT support WIN7Konica Minolta Konica Minolta PagePro6180eNoOKI OKI ML5500F YesOKI OKI MICROLINE7700F+YesOKI OKI MICROLINE6300F YesToshiba Toshiba e-studio181NoToshiba Toshibae-studio2802AMNoPantum Pantum MS6000NoPantum Pantum P1050Yes Print job take long time Kyocera Kyocera TASKalfa180Yes It can NOT wake the printer from"Sleep Mode"Kyocera Kyocera TASKalfa2010YesKyocera Kyocera M4226i NoKyocera Kyocera1020/2010YesKyocera Kyocera FS-1020MFP Yes Add Printer using"TCP/IP Port",NOT support"Printer HTTP Link" Kyocera Kyocera ECOSYSp2035d KXYesKyocera Kyocera taskalfa180GX NoKyocera Kyocera2020NoLenovo Lenovo M7206YesLenovo Lenovo M7450F YesLenovo Lenovo M7605DF YesLenovo Lenovo M7218YesLenovo Lenovo M7615DNA YesLenovo Lenovo7455DHF YesLenovo Lenovo6500YesLenovo Lenovo2727YesLenovo Lenovo M7400pro YesLenovo Lenovo CS1821Yes Add Printer using"TCP/IP Port",NOT support"Printer HTTP Link" Lenovo Lenovo M7216YesLenovo Lenovo M2041F2072YesLenovo Lenovo LJ1680YesLenovo Lenovo M7205YesFujiXerox FujiXerox DocuPrintM228bYesFujiXerox FujiXerox Phaser3200MFPNoFujiXerox FujiXerox DocuPrintM118wYesFujiXerox FujiXerox DocuCentreS1810YesFujiXerox FujiXerox DocuCentreS2520NoFujiXerox FujiXerox DocuPrintM115b Yes It can NOT wake the printer from"Sleep Mode"FujiXerox FujiXerox DocuCentreS2011No It can NOT wake the printer from"Sleep Mode"FujiXerox FujiXerox ApeosPort-IIIC6500YesFujiXerox FujiXerox DocuPrintM205YesFujiXerox FujiXerox DocuPrintP115bYes FujiXerox FujiXerox Phaser3210Yes FujiXerox FujiXerox DocuPrint NoCP215FujiXerox FujiXerox DocuCentreS2110Yes Add Printer using"TCP/IP Port",NOT support"Printer HTTP Link"FujiXerox FujiXerox DocuPrintP118wNoFujiXerox FujiXerox3119NoFujiXerox FujiXerox DocuPrintP225DBYesJIAPUWEI JIAPUWEI TH880Yes Add Printer using"TCP/IP Port",NOT support"Printer HTTP Link" JIAPUWEI JIAPUWEI TH850YesJIAPUWEI JIAPUWEI JPW830Yes Add Printer using"TCP/IP Port",NOT support"Printer HTTP Link" Aurora Aurora Generic20BW-7YesAurora Aurora Generic24BW-7Yes Add Printer using"TCP/IP Port",NOT support"Printer HTTP Link"Aurora Aurora ADC287Yes Aurora Aurora AD181/188No Aurora Aurora AD289S Yes Aurora Aurora308YesAurora Aurora Generic16BW-5Yes Add Printer using"TCP/IP Port",NOT support"Printer HTTP Link"Aurora Aurora Generic16BW-7-8YesJolimark Jolimark FP-538K YesJolimark Jolimark FP-570K YesJolimark Jolimark FP-630K YesJolimark Jolimark FP-530KIII+YesJolimark Jolimark FP-312k Yes Add Printer using"TCP/IP Port",NOT support"Printer HTTP Link" QiRui QiRui QR-586Yes Add Printer using"TCP/IP Port",NOT support"Printer HTTP Link" Deli Deli DL-590K YesDeli Deli DE-620K YesDeli Deli DB-618K YesDeli Deli DL-888B Yes Add Printer using"TCP/IP Port",NOT support"Printer HTTP Link" Deli Deli DL-730C YesDascom Dascom DL-218NoDascom Dascom DS650NoRiso Riso RM5023Yes Add Printer using"TCP/IP Port",NOT support"Printer HTTP Link"Gestetner Gestetner1120ad YesArgox Argox X-3200PPLB Yes It will need to restart when theprint job breakArgox Argox CP-3140L PPLB YesDNP DNP DS-RX1HS Yes Print job take long timeDNP DNP DP-DS620NoZebra Zebra GK888T Yes Add Printer using"TCP/IP Port",NOT support"Printer HTTP Link" Zebra Zebra ZT410Yes Add Printer using"TCP/IP Port",NOT support"Printer HTTP Link" Aisino Aisino SK-860II YesZhongYing NX-500YesZhongYing3.Turn off“Bidirectional Mode”GuideThis device is not bi-directional,some printer models using“TCP/IP Port”to add networked printer in computer system may throw errors that it cannot detect ink levels or it keep printing without stop(ex.PH1005/PH1020),you need to turn off the “bidirectional mode”following below steps:1)Disable“Bidirectional Mode”in print serverLogin Print Server,Select Advanced Network>Print Service>Bidirectional mode> disable,Click SAVE&APPLY.Power off and power on to Restart the print server.2)Disable“Bidirectional Support”in computer’s printerClick computer Start>Setting>Devices>Printers&Scanners,Select your printer name Manage>Printer properties>Ports>Disable“Enable bidirectional support”, Click OK to confirm.4.Customer ServiceIf you have any question or need any assistance during the print server usage.Please feel free to contact us via our skype/email:********************,we will try to respond to you as soon as we can.。

IntroductionSpecificationsAWK-3131-M12-RCC SeriesThe AWK-3131-M12-RCC series industrial 802.11n wireless AP/bridge/client is an ideal wireless solution for applications such as onboard passenger infotainment systems and inter-carriage wireless backbone networks. The AWK-3131-M12-RCC series provides a faster data rate than the 802.11g model and is ideal for a great variety of wireless configurations and applications. The auto carriage connection (ACC) feature provides simple deployment and increases the reliability of wireless carriage backbone networks. The AWK-3131-M12-RCC series is also optimized for passenger Wi-Fi services and complies with a portion of EN 50155 specifications, covering operating temperature, power input voltage, surge, ESD, and vibration, making the products suitable for a variety of industrial applications. The AWK-3131-M12-RCC series can also be powered via PoE for easier deployment.Improved Higher Data Rate and Bandwidth• High-speed wireless connectivity with up to 300 Mbps data rate • MIMO technology to improve the capability of transmitting and receiving multiple data streams• Increased channel width with channel bonding technologySpecifications for Industrial-Grade Applications• Industrial-grade QoS and VLAN for efficient data traffic management• Integrated DI/DO for on-site monitoring and warnings• Signal strength LEDs for easy deployment and antenna alignmentWLAN InterfaceStandards:IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n for Wireless LAN IEEE 802.11i for Wireless Security IEEE 802.3 for 10BaseTIEEE 802.3u for 100BaseT(X) IEEE 802.3ab for 1000BaseTIEEE 802.3af for Power-over-Ethernet IEEE 802.1D for Spanning Tree Protocol IEEE 802.1w for Rapid STP IEEE 802.1Q for VLANSpread Spectrum and Modulation (typical): • DSSS with DBPSK, DQPSK, CCK• OFDM with BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM• 802.11b: CCK @ 11/5.5 Mbps, DQPSK @ 2 Mbps, DBPSK @ 1 Mbps• 802.11a/g: 64QAM @ 54/48 Mbps, 16QAM @ 36/24 Mbps, QPSK @ 18/12 Mbps, BPSK @ 9/6 Mbpssupported)Operating Channels (central frequency): US:2.412 to 2.462 GHz (11 channels) 5.18 to 5.24 GHz (4 channels)EU:2.412 to 2.472 GHz (13 channels) 5.18 to 5.24 GHz (4 channels) JP:2.412 to 2.472 GHz (13 channels, OFDM) 2.412 to 2.484 GHz (14 channels, DSSS) 5.18 to 5.24 GHz (4 channels for W52)Security:• SSID broadcast enable/disable• Firewall for MAC/IP/Protocol/Port-based filtering• 64-bit and 128-bit WEP encryption, WPA/WPA2-Personal and Enterprise (IEEE 802.1X/RADIUS, TKIP, and AES)Transmission Rates:802.11b: 1, 2, 5.5, 11 Mbps802.11a/g: 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 Mbps802.11n: 6.5 to 300 Mbps (multiple rates supported)TX Transmit Power: 802.11b:1 to 11 Mbps: Typ. 18 dBm (± 1.5 dBm) 802.11g:6 to 24 Mbps: Typ. 18 dBm (± 1.5 dBm) 36 to 48 Mbps: Typ. 17 dBm (± 1.5 dBm) 54 Mbps: Typ. 15 dBm (± 1.5 dBm)802.11a:6 to 24 Mbps: Typ. 17 dBm (± 1.5 dBm) 36 to 48 Mbps: Typ. 16 dBm (± 1.5 dBm) 54 Mbps: Typ. 14 dBm (± 1.5 dBm)TX Transmit Power MIMO (per connector): 802.11a/n (20/40 MHz):MCS15 20 MHz: Typ. 13 dBm (±1.5 dBm) MCS15 40 MHz: Typ. 12 dBm (±1.5 dBm) 802.11g/n (20 MHz):MCS15 20 MHz: Typ. 14 dBm (±1.5 dBm)RX Sensitivity: 802.11b:-92dBm@1Mbps,-90dBm@2Mbps,**************,-84dBm @ 11 Mbps 802.11g:-87 dBm @ 6 Mbps, -86 dBm @ 9 Mbps, -85 dBm @ 12 Mbps, -82 dBm @ 18 Mbps, -80 dBm @ 24 Mbps, -76 dBm @ 36 Mbps, -72 dBm @ 48 Mbps, -70 dBm @ 54 Mbps 802.11a:-87 dBm @ 6 Mbps, -86 dBm @ 9 Mbps, -85 dBm @ 12 Mbps, -82 dBm @ 18 Mbps,-80 dBm @ 24 Mbps, -76 dBm @ 36 Mbps, -72 dBm @ 48 Mbps, -70 dBm @ 54 MbpsRX Sensitivity MIMO: 802.11a/n:-68 dBm @ MCS15 40 MHz, -69 dBm @ MCS15 20 MHz, -70 dBm @ MCS7 40 MHz, -71 dBm @ MCS7 20 MHz 802.11g/n:-69 dBm @ MCS15 20 MHz, -71 dBm @ MCS7 20 MHzProtocol SupportGeneral Protocols: Proxy ARP, DNS, HTTP, HTTPS, IP, ICMP, SNTP, TCP, UDP, RADIUS, SNMP, PPPoE, DHCPAP-only Protocols: ARP, BOOTP, DHCP, STP/RSTP (IEEE 802.1D/w)InterfaceConnector for External Antennas: QMA (female)M12 Ports: 1, M12 A-coded 8-pin female connector,10/100/1000BaseT(X) auto negotiation speed, F/H duplex mode, auto MDI/MDI-X connectionConsole Port: RS-232 (RJ45-type)Reset: PresentLED Indicators: PWR1, PWR2, PoE, FAULT, STATE, signal strength, WLAN, LANAlarm Contact (digital output): 1 relay output with current carrying capacity of 1 A @ 24 VDCDigital Inputs: 2 electrically isolated inputs • +13 to +30 V for state “1” • +3 to -30 V for state “0” • Max. input current: 8 mAPhysical CharacteristicsHousing: Metal, IP30 protection Weight: 970 g (2.14 lb)Dimensions: 53 x 135 x 105 mm (2.08 x 5.31 x 4.13 in)Installation: DIN-rail mounting (standard), wall mounting (optional)Environmental LimitsOperating Temperature:Standard Models: -25 to 60°C (-13 to 140°F) Wide Temp. Models: -40 to 75°C (-40 to 167°F)Storage Temperature: -40 to 85°C (-40 to 185°F)Ambient Relative Humidity: 5% to 95% (non-condensing)Power RequirementsInput Voltage: 12 to 48 VDC, redundant dual DC power inputs or 48 VDC Power-over-Ethernet (IEEE 802.3af compliant)Input Current: 0.7 A @ 12 VDCConnector: 10-pin removable terminal block Reverse Polarity Protection: PresentStandards and CertificationsSafety: EN 60950-1(LVD), UL 60950-1, IEC 60950-1(CB)EMC: EN 55032/24EMI: CISPR 32, FCC Part 15B Class B EMS:IEC 61000-4-2 ESD: Contact: 8 kV; Air: 15 kV IEC 61000-4-3 RS: 80 MHz to 1 GHz: 20 V/m IEC 61000-4-4 EFT: Power: 2 kV; Signal: 2 kV IEC 61000-4-5 Surge: Power: 2 kV; Signal: 2 kV IEC 61000-4-6 CS: 10 V IEC 61000-4-8Radio:EU: EN 300 328, EN 301 893 US: FCC ID SLE-WAPN001 JP: TELECRail Traffic: EN 50155*, EN 50121-4, EN 45545-2*Complies with a portion of EN 50155 specifications.Note: Please check Moxa’s website for the most up-to-date certification status.MTBF (mean time between failures)Time: 407,416 hrsStandard: Telcordia SR332WarrantyWarranty Period: 5 yearsDetails: See /warrantyOrdering InformationOptional Accessories (can be purchased separately)WK-51-01: DIN-rail/wall-mounting kit, 2 plates with 6 screws。

采用分布式编码的协作HARQ协议吴熹;龙华;唐嘉麒;彭永杰【摘要】In order to improve the reliability of the cooperative communication system, a new HARQ protocol is pro-posed by combining the distributed code with the averaged diversity combining technology. The collaborative hybrid repeat request system is constructed by distributed Turbo code. In the destination terminal, the retransmission of relay is processed by incremental redundancy technology, and the Chase combining technology is used to process the source infor-mation. Jointsoft decision decoding is adopted at the destination terminal. The outage probability and average throughput are deduced. Compared with non-collaborative HARQ protocols, the collaborative HARQ protocol with distributed code can achieve better performance on flat Rayleigh fading channel.%为提高协作通信系统的可靠性，将分布式编码和码合并技术相结合，提出了一种新的混合自动重传协议，构造了基于分布式Turbo码的协作重传系统模型。

Distributed Energy-Efficient Cooperative Routing in Wireless Networks Ahmed S.Ibrahim,Zhu Han†,and K.J.Ray LiuDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering,University of Maryland,College Park,MD20742,USA †Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Boise State University,Boise,ID83725,USAAbstract—Recently,cooperative routing in wireless networks has gained much interest due to its ability to exploit the broadcast nature of the wireless medium in designing power-efficient routing algorithms.Most of the existing cooperation-based routing algorithms are implemented byfinding a shortest-path routefirst.As such,these routing algorithms do not fully exploit the merits of cooperative communications at the physical layer.In this paper,we propose a cooperation-based routing algorithm,namely,Minimum Power Cooperative Routing (MPCR)algorithm,which makes full use of the cooperative communications while constructing the minimum-power route. The MPCR algorithm constructs the minimum-power route as a cascade of the minimum-power single-relay building blocks from the source to the destination.Hence,any distributed shortest-path algorithm can be utilized tofind the optimal route with polynomial complexity,while guaranteeing certain throughput. We show that the MPCR algorithm can achieve power saving of57.36%compared to the conventional shortest-path routing algorithms.Furthermore,the MPCR algorithm can achieve power saving of37.64%compared to the existing cooperative routing algorithms,in which the selected routes are constructed based on the noncooperative routes.I.I NTRODUCTIONIn wireless networks such as ad hoc networks,nodes spend most of their power in communication,either sending their own data or relaying other nodes’data[1].Therefore,de-signing power-efficient routing algorithms is one of the major concerns in wireless networks.Furthermore,the communi-cation power can be reduced by jointly considering other layers’protocols,which make use of the broadcast nature of the wireless medium.Moreover,these algorithms should be implemented in a distributed way.Therefore,the main goal of this paper is to design a distributed minimum-power routing algorithm for wireless networks,which exploits the broadcast nature of the wireless medium.Recently,cooperative communication for wireless networks has gained much interest due to its ability to mitigate fading through achieving spatial diversity,while resolving the diffi-culties of installing multiple antennas on small communication terminals.In cooperative communications,relays are assigned to help a sender in forwarding its information to its receiver. Thus,the receiver gets several replicas of the same informa-tion via independent channels.Various cooperative diversity protocols were proposed and analyzed in[2]-[10].The classical relay channel model based on additive white Gaussian noise(AWGN)channels was presented in[2].In[3], Laneman et al.described various techniques of cooperative communication,such as decode-and-forward,amplify-and-forward,selection relaying,and incremental relaying.In[4],a distributed space-time coded(STC)cooperative scheme was proposed by Laneman et al.In[5]and[6],Sendonaris et al.introduced user cooperation diversity.A two-user CDMA cooperative system,where both users are active and use orthogonal codes,was implemented in this two-part series. In[7],[8],relay-selection schemes for single-and multi-node decode-and-forward cooperative systems were proposed.In [9],the authors have provided SER performance analysis for the decode-and-forward multi-node scheme.Finally,a distrib-uted relay-assignment algorithm for wireless communications has been proposed in[10].The merits of the cooperative communications in the phys-ical layer have been explored.However,the impact of the co-operative communications on the design of the higher layers is not well-understood yet.Routing algorithms,which are based on the cooperative communications and known as cooperative routing[11],is an interesting research area and can lead to significant power savings.The cooperative routing proposed in [11]makes use of two facts:the Wireless Broadcast Advantage (WBA)in the broadcast mode and the Wireless Cooperative Advantage(WCA)in the cooperative mode.In the broadcast mode each node sends its data to more than one node,while in the cooperative mode many nodes send the same data to the same destination.The cooperative routing problem has been recently consid-ered in the literature[11]-[15].In[11],the optimum route is found through a dynamic programming algorithm.In[12], the minimum-power route is chosen while guaranteeingfixed transmission rate.In[13],Li et al.proposed the Cooperative Shortest Path(CSP)algorithm,which chooses the next node in the route that minimizes the power transmitted by the last L nodes added to the route.Sikora et al.presented in[14] an information-theoretic viewpoint of the cooperative routing in linear wireless network for both the power-limited and bandwidth-limited regimes.In addition,the authors in[14] analyzed the transmitted power,required to achieve a desired end-to-end rate.In[15],the authors proposed three cooperative routing algorithms,namely,relay-by-flooding,relay-assisted routing,and relay-enhanced routing.Most of the existing cooperation-based routing algorithms are implemented byfinding a shortest-path routefirst.Since the cooperative route is based on the shortest-path one,these routing algorithms do not fully exploit the merits of cooper-ative communications at the physical layer.This is our main motivation to propose a cooperation-based routing algorithm that takes into consideration the effect of the cooperative communications while constructing the minimum-power route. In this paper,we consider the minimum-power routing prob-lem with cooperation in wireless networks.The optimum route is defined as the route that requires the minimum transmitted power while guaranteeing certain Quality of Service(QoS).The QoS is characterized by the end-to-end throughput.We derive a cooperation-based link cost formula,which represents the minimum transmitted power that is required to guarantee the desired QoS over a particular link.The main contribu-tion of this paper is the proposed cooperation-based routing algorithm,namely the Minimum Power Cooperative Routing (MPCR)algorithm,which can choose the minimum-power route while guaranteeing the desired QoS.It will be shown that the MPCR algorithm can achieve power saving of57.36% compared to the conventional shortest-path routing algorithms. Furthermore it can achieve power saving of37.64%with re-spect to the Cooperation Along the Shortest Non-Cooperative Path(CASNCP)algorithm,whichfinds the shortest-path route first then it applies the cooperative communication upon the constructed route to reduce the transmitted power.The rest of the paper is organized as follows.In the next section,we formulate the minimum-power routing problem.In addition,we describe the network model and derive closed-form expressions for the minimum transmitted power per hop in Section II.We describe two cooperation-based routing algorithms in Section III.In Section IV,we show the numer-ical results for the power savings of the proposed algorithm. Finally,Section V concludes the paper.II.S YSTEM M ODEL AND L INK A NALYSISIn this section,we describe the network model and formulate the minimum-power routing problem.Then,we present the di-rect transmission and cooperative transmission modes.Finally, we derive the required power for these two transmission modes in order to achieve certain throughput.work ModelWe consider a graph G(N,E)with N nodes and E edges. Given any source-destination pair(S,D)∈{1,...,N},the goal is tofind the S−D route that minimizes the total transmitted power,while satisfying a specific throughput.For a given source-destination pair,denoteΩas the set of all possible routes,where each route is defined as a set consisting of its hops.For a routeω∈Ω,denoteωi as the i-th hop of this route.Thus,the problem can be formulated asmin ω∈Ωωi∈ωPωis.t.ηω≥ηo,(1)where Pωi denotes the transmitted power over the i-th hop,ηωis the end-to-end throughput,andηo represents the minimumdesired value of the end-to-end throughput.Letηωi denote thethroughput of the i-th hop,which is defined as the number of successfully transmitted bits per second per hertz(b/s/Hz)of a given hop.Furthermore,the end-to-end throughput of a certain routeωis defined as the minimum of the throughput values of the hops constituting this route,i.e.,ηω=minωi∈ωηωi.(2)It has been proven in[13]that the Minimum Energy Cooperative Path(MECP)routing problem,i.e.,tofind the minimum-energy route using cooperative radio transmission,isDTFig.1.Cooperative Transmission(CT)and Direct Transmission(DT)modes as building blocks for any route.NP-complete.This is due to the fact that the optimal path could be a combination of cooperative transmissions and broadcast transmissions.Therefore,we consider two types of building blocks:direct transmission(DT)and cooperative transmission (CT)building blocks.In Fig.1the DT block is represented by the link(i,j),where node i is the sender and node j is the receiver.In addition,the CT block is represented by the links (x,y),(x,z),and(y,z),where node x is the sender,node y is a relay,and node z is the receiver.The route can be considered as a cascade of any number of these two building blocks,and the total power of the route is the summation of the transmitted powers along the route.Thus,the minimization problem in(1) can be solved by applying any distributed shortest-path routing algorithm such as the Bellman-Ford algorithm[16].B.Direct and Cooperative Transmission ModesLet h u,v,d u,v,and n u,v represent the channel coefficient, length,and additive noise of the link(u,v),respectively.For the direct transmission between node i and node j,the received symbol can be modeled asr D i,j=P D d−αi,jh i,j s+n i,j,(3) where P D is the transmitted power in the direct transmission mode,αis the path loss exponent,and s is the transmitted symbol.For the cooperative transmission,we consider a modified version of the decode-and-forward incremental relaying coop-erative scheme,proposed in[3].The transmission scheme for a sender x,a relay y,and a receiver z,can be described as follows.The sender sends its symbol in the current time slot. Due to the broadcast nature of the wireless medium,both the receiver and the relay receive noisy versions of the transmitted symbol.The received symbols at the receiver and the relay can be modeled asr C x,z=P C d−αx,zh x,z s+n x,z,(4) andr C x,y=P C d−αx,yh x,y s+n x,y,(5) respectively,where P C is the source transmitted power in the cooperative transmission mode.Once the symbol is received,the receiver and the relay decode it.We assume that the relay and the receiver decide that the received symbol is correctly received if the received signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)is greater than a certain threshold, which depends on the transmitter and the receiver structures. Such system suffers from error propagation but its effect can be neglected.The rationale behind this is that when the relays operate in a high SNR regime,the dominant source of error isthe channel being in outage,i.e.,deep fade,which corresponds to the SNR falling below some threshold.This result has been proven in [17].If the receiver decodes the symbol correctly,then it sends an acknowledgment (ACK)to the sender and the relay to confirm a correct reception.Otherwise,it sends a negative acknowledgment (NACK)that allows the relay,if it received the symbol correctly,to transmit this symbol to the receiver in the next time slot.This model represents a modified form of the Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ),where the relay retransmits the data instead of the sender,if necessary.The received symbol at the receiver can be written asr Cy,z =P C d −αy,z h y,z s +n y,z .(6)In general,the relay can transmit with a power that is differentfrom the sender power P C .However,this complicates the problem of finding the minimum-power formula,as will be derived later.For simplicity,we consider that both the sender and the relay send their data employing the same power P C .In this paper,flat quasi-static fading channels are con-sidered,hence,the channel coefficients are assumed to be constant during a complete frame,and may vary from a frame to another.We assume that all the channel terms are independent complex Gaussian random variables with zero mean and unit variance.Finally,the noise terms are modeled as zero-mean,complex Gaussian random variables with equal variance N 0.C.Link Cost FormulationSince the throughput is a continuous monotonously-increasing function of the transmission power,the optimization problem in (1)has the minimum when ηω=ηo ,∀ω∈Ω.Since the end-to-end throughput ηω=min ωi ∈ωηωi ,then the optimum power allocation,which achieves a desired throughput ηo along the route ω,forces the throughput at all the hops ηωi to be equal to the desired one,i.e.,ηωi =ηo ,∀ωi ∈ω.(7)Thisresult can be explained as follows.LetP ∗ω1,P ∗ω2,···,P ∗ωnrepresent the required powers on a route consisting of n hops,where P ∗ωiresults in ηωi =ηo for i =1,···,n .If we increase the power of the i-th blockto P ωi >P ∗ωithen the resulting throughput of the i-th block increases,i.e.ηωi >ηo ,while the end-to-end throughput does not change as min ωi ∈ωηωi =ηo .Therefore,no need to increase the throughput of any hop over ηo ,which is indicated in (7).Since the throughput of a given link ωi is defined as the number of successfully transmitted bits per second per hertz,thus it can be calculated asηωi =p S ωi ×R ωi ,(8)where p S ωi and R ωi denote the per-link probability of success and transmission rate,respectively.We assume that the desired throughput can be factorized asηo =p S ×R o ,(9)where p S o and R o denote the desired per-link probability ofsuccess and transmission rate,respectively.In the sequel,we calculate the required transmitted power in order to achieve the desired per-link probability of success and transmission rate for both the direct and cooperative transmission modes.We note that the channel gain |h u,v |2between any two nodes u and v ,is exponentially distributed with parameter one [18].For the direct transmission mode in (3),the mutual infor-mation between sender i and receiver j can be given byI i,j =log1+P D d −αi,j |h i,j |2N 0.(10)Without loss of generality,we have assumed unit bandwidth in (10).The outage probability is defined as the probability that the mutual information is less than the required transmission rate R o .Thus,the outage probability of the link (i,j )is calculated asp Oi,j =Pr(I i,j ≤R o )=1−exp −(2R o −1)N 0d αi,j P o.(11)If an outage occurs,the data is considered lost.The probabilityof success is calculated as p S i,j =1−p Oi,j .Thus,to achieve the desired p S o and R o for direct transmission mode,the required transmitted power isP D=(2R o −1)N 0d αi,j−log(p o ).(12)For the cooperative transmission mode,the total outage probability is given byp O x,y,z=Pr(I x,z ≤R C )·Pr(I x,y ≤R C )+Pr(I x,z ≤R C )×1−Pr(I x,y ≤R C ) ×Pr(I y,z ≤R C ),(13)where R C denotes the transmission rate for each time slot.In (13),the first term corresponds to the event when both the sender-receiver and the sender-relay channels are in outage,and the second term corresponds to the event when both the sender-receiver and relay-receiver channels are in outage but the sender-relay is not.Consequently,the probability of success of the cooperative transmission mode can be calculated asp S =exp −g d αx,z +exp −g (d αx,y +d αy,z) −exp −g (d αx,y +d αy,z +d αx,z ) ,(14)whereg =(2R C−1)N 0P .(15)In (13)and (14),we assume that the receiver decodes the signals received from the relay either at the first time slot or at the second time slot,instead of combining the received signals together.In general,Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC)[19]at the receiver gives a better result.However,it requires the receiver to store an analog version of the received data from the sender,which is not practical.The probability that the source transmits only,denoted by Pr(φ),is calculated as Pr(φ)=1−Pr(I x,z ≤R C )+Pr(I x,z ≤R C )Pr(I x,y ≤R C )=1−exp −g d αx,y +exp −g (d αx,y +d αx,z ) ,(16)where the term 1−Pr(I x,z ≤R C )corresponds to the event when the sender-receiver channel is not in outage,while the other term corresponds to the event when both the sender-receiver and the sender-relay channels are in outage.The probability that the relay cooperates with the source is calculated asPr(φ)=1−Pr(φ).(17)Thus,the average transmission rate of the cooperative trans-mission mode can be calculated asR =R C·Pr(φ)+R C 2·Pr(φ)=R C 21+Pr(φ) ,(18)where R C corresponds to the transmission rate if the sender is sending alone in one time slot and R C /2corresponds to the transmission rate if the relay cooperates with the sender in the consecutive time slot.We set the probability of success in (14)as p S =p S o and the average transmission rate in (18)as R =R o .By approximating the exponential functions in (14)as exp(−x )≈1−x +x 2/2,we obtaing ≈1−p S od eq,(19)where d eq =d αx,z (d αx,y +d αy,z).Thus,R C can be obtained using (18)asR C =2R o 1+Pr(φ)≈2R o 2−exp − 1−p S o d eq d αx,y +exp − 1−p S o d eq (d αx,y +d αx,z ),(20)where we substituted (19)in (16).In addition,the required power per link can be calculated using (15)and (19)as P C ≈(2R C −1)N 0d eq1−p S o .(21)Finally,the average transmitted power of the cooperative transmission can be calculated asP C avg =P C ·Pr(φ)+2P C ·Pr(φ)=P C2−Pr(φ) ,(22)where Pr(φ)and P C are given in (16)and (21),respectively.III.C OOPERATION -B ASED R OUTING A LGORITHMS In this section,we propose two cooperation-based routing algorithms,which require polynomial complexity to find the minimum-power route.We assume that each node broad-casts periodically HELLO packet to its neighbors to update the topology information.In addition,we consider a simple Medium Access Control (MAC)protocol,which is the conven-tional Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)scheme with equal time slots.First,we describe the proposed MPCR algorithm for a wireless network of N nodes.The MPCR algorithm can be distributively implemented by the Bellman-Ford shortest path TABLE I MPCR Algorithm.Step 1Each node x ∈{1,...,N }behaving as a sender calcu-lates the cost of the its outgoing link (x,z ),where z ∈N (x )isthe receiver as follows.For each other node y ∈N (x ),y =z ,node x calculates the cost of the cooperative transmission in (22)employing node y as a relay.Step 2The cost of the (x,z )-th link is the minimum cost among all the costs obtained in Step 1.Step 3If the minimum cost corresponds to a certain relay y ∗,node x employs this relay to help the transmission over that hop.Otherwise,it uses the direct transmission over this hop.algorithm [16].The derived power formulas for direct trans-mission and cooperative transmission are utilized to construct the minimum-power route.In the Bellman-Ford shortest path algorithm,each node i ∈{1,...,N }executes the iteration D i =min j ∈N (i )(d αi,j +D j ),where N (i )denotes the set of neighboring nodes of node i and D j represents the latest estimate of the shortest path from node j to the destination [16],which is included in the HELLO packet.Therefore,the MPCR algorithm is implemented by letting each node calcu-late the costs of its outgoing links then apply the Bellman-Ford algorithm.Table I describes the MPCR algorithm in details.The worst-case computational complexity of calculating thecosts at each node is O (N 2)since it requires two nested loops,and each has the maximum length of N to calculate all the possible cooperative transmission blocks.Second,we propose a cooperation-based routing algorithm,namely,Cooperation Along the Shortest Non-Cooperative Path(CASNCP)algorithm.The CASNCP algorithm is similar to the heuristic algorithms proposed by Khandani et al.in [11]and Yang et al.in [12]as it applies cooperative communica-tions upon the shortest-path route.However,it is implementedin a different way using the proposed cooperation-based link cost formula.First,it chooses the shortest-path route then itapplies the cooperative transmission mode upon each threeconsecutive nodes in the chosen route;first node as the sender,second node as the relay,and third node as the receiver.Table II describes the CASNCP algorithm.IV.N UMERICAL R ESULTS In this section,we present some computer simulations to illustrate the power savings of our proposed MPCR algorithm.We consider a 200×200grid,where N nodes are uniformlydistributed.The additive white Gaussian noise has varianceN 0=−70dBm.Given a certain network topology,we randomly choose a source-destination pair and apply the various routing algorithms,discussed in Section III,to choose the corresponding route.For each algorithm,we calculate the total transmitted power per route.Finally,these quantities are averaged over 1000different network topologies.First,we illustrate the effect of varying the desired through-put on the required transmitted power per route.Fig.2depicts the transmitted power per route,required by the different routing algorithms for path loss α=2and α=4.As shown,the transmitted power increases with α,which is obvious in (12),and can be shown in (22),that the transmitted power isTABLE II CASNCP Algorithm.Step 1Implement the Shortest Non-Cooperative Path (SNCP)algorithm using the distributed Bellman-Ford algorithm to choose the conventional shortest-path route ωS as follows.Each node i ∈{1,...,N }executes the iteration D i =min j ∈N (i )(d αi,j +D j ),where N (i )denotes the set of neigh-boring nodes of node i and D j represents the latest estimate of the shortest path from node j to the destination.Step 2For each three consecutive nodes on ωS ,the first,second,and third nodesbehave as the sender,relay,and receiver,respectively,i.e.,the first node sends its data to the third node with the help of the second node as discussed in the cooperative transmission mode.Fig.2.Required power per route versus the desired throughput for N =20nodes,N 0=−70dBm,and R d =2b/s/Hz in a 200×200grid.proportional to the distance to the power α.Since,both cases look similar with a shift in the transmitted power values,we will consider only α=4in the rest of this section as it is more appropriate to represent the wireless medium.It is shown that the SNCP algorithm,which applies the Bellman-Ford shortest-path algorithm,requires the most transmitted power per route.Applying the cooperative communication mode on each three consecutive nodes in the SNCP route results in reduction in the required transmitted power as shown in the CASNCP algorithm’s curve.Moreover,the MPCR algorithm requires the least transmitted power among the other routing algorithms.One of the major results of this paper is that the MPCR algorithm requires less transmitted power than the CASNCP algorithm.Intuitively,this result is because the MPCR ap-plies the cooperation-based link cost formula to construct the minimum-power route.On the contrary,the CASNCP algorithm first constructs shortest-path route then it applies the cooperative communication protocol on the established route.Therefore,the CASNCP algorithm is limited to applying the cooperative-communication protocol on certain number of nodes,while the MPCR algorithm can consider any node in the network to be in the CT blocks,which constitute the route.Thus,the MPCR algorithm reduces the required transmitted power more than the CASNCP algorithm.Fig.3depicts the required transmitted power per route by the different routing algorithms for different number of nodes at p S o =0.95and ηo =1.9b/s/Hz.As shown,the required transmitted power by any routing algorithm decreases with theFig.3.Required transmitted power per route versus the number of nodes for ηo =1.9b/s/Hz and α=4in a 200×200grid.Fig.4.Power savings per route versus the number of nodes for ηo =1.9b/s/Hz and α=4in a 200×200grid.number of nodes.Intuitively,the higher the number of nodes in a fixed area,the closer the nodes to each other,the lower the required transmitted power between these nodes,which results in lower required end-to-end transmitted power.We also calculate the power saving ratio as a measure of the improvement of the MPCR algorithm.The power saving of scheme 2with respect to scheme 1is defined asP ower Saving =P T (Scheme 1)−P T (Scheme 2)P T (Scheme 1)%,(23)where P T (.)denotes the total transmitted power for certain scheme.Fig.4depicts the power saving of the different routing algorithms with respect to each other.The shown curves are obtained through direct substitutions of the required transmitted power by each algorithm in (23).At N =100nodes,p S o =0.95,and ηo =1.9b/s/Hz,the power savings of MPCR algorithm with respect to the SNCP and CASNCP algorithms are 57.36%and 37.64%,respectively.In addition,the power saving of the CASNCP algorithm with respect to the SNCP algorithm is 31.62%.Fig.5depicts the required transmitted power per route of the different routing algorithms with respect to the desired bandwidth efficiency for N =20and N =100nodes.As mentioned with respect to Fig.2,the proposed MPCR algorithm requires the least transmitted power per route.In addition,we calculate the power saving of the MPCR algo-rithm as in (23).At R o =6b/s/Hz and N =100nodes,the MPCR algorithm reduces the transmitted power by 50.22%Fig.5.Required power per route versus the desired bandwidth efficiency for N0=−70dBm,p Sd=0.95b/s/Hz,andα=4in a200×200grid. and41.79%with respect to the SNCP and the CASNCP algorithms,respectively.In Fig.6,the average number of hops in each route, constructed by the different routing algorithms,is shown versus the number of nodes in the network.For the cooperative transmission mode,the average number of hops is defined ash C=1·Pr(φ)+2·Pr(φ)=2−Pr(φ),(24) and the average number of hops for the direct transmission mode is one.As shown,the routes constructed by either the CASNCP or the MPCR algorithms consist of number of hops that is less than the routes constructed by the SNCP algorithm. Moreover,the average number of hops increases with N as there are more available nodes in the network,which can be employed to reduce the transmitted power.In this section,we have illustrated using the numerical results the power savings of our proposed MPCR algorithm with respect to the SNCP and CASNCP algorithms.V.C ONCLUSIONSIn this paper,we have investigated the impacts of the co-operative communications on the minimum-power routing problem in wireless networks.For a given source-destination pair,the optimum route requires the minimum end-to-end transmitted power while guaranteeing certain throughput.We have proposed the MPCR algorithm,which applies the co-operative communication while constructing the route.The MPCR algorithm constructs the minimum-power route us-ing any number of the proposed cooperation-based building blocks,which require the least possible transmitted power. For comparison issues,we have also presented the CASNCP algorithm,which is similar to most of the existing cooperative routing algorithms.The CASNCP algorithmfirst constructs the conventional shortest-path route then applies a cooperative-communication protocol upon the established route.From the simulation results,the power savings of the MPCR algorithm with respect to the shortest-path and CASNCP algorithms are 57.36%and37.64%,respectively.R EFERENCES[1]L.M.Feeney and M.Nilsson,“Investigating the energy consumption ofa wireless network interface in an ad hoc networking environment,”inProc.of IEEE INFOCOM,Anchorage,AK,Apr.2001.Fig.6.Average number of hops per route versus the number of nodes for ηo=1.9b/s/Hz andα=4in a200×200grid.[2]T.M.Cover and A.El Gamal,“Capacity theorems for the relay channel,”IEEE .Theory,vol.25,no.5,pp.572-584,Sept.1979. [3]neman,D.N.C.Tse,and G.W.Wornell,“Cooperative diversityin wireless networks:efficient protocols and outage behaviour,”IEEE rm.Theory,vol.50,pp.3062-3080,Dec.2004.[4]neman and G.W.Wornell,“Distributed space-time coded pro-tocols for exploiting cooperative diversity in wireless networks,”IEEE rm.Theory,vol.49,pp.2415-2525,Oct.2003.[5] A.Sendonaris,E.Erkip,and B.Aazhang,“User cooperation diversity-Part I:system description,”IEEE m.,vol.51,pp.1927-1938, Nov.2003.[6] A.Sendonaris,E.Erkip,and B.Aazhang,“User cooperation diversity-Part II:implementation aspects and performance analysis,”IEEE Trans.Comm.,vol.51,pp.1939-1948,Nov.2003.[7] A.S.Ibrahim,A.K.Sadek,W.Su,and K.J.Ray Liu,“Cooperative com-munications with partial channel state information:when to cooperate?,”in Proc.of IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference(Globecom’05), pp.3068-3072,vol.5,Dallas,TX,28Nov.-2Dec.2005.[8] A.S.Ibrahim,A.K.Sadek,W.Su,and K.J.Ray Liu,“Relay Selec-tion in multi-node cooperative communications:When to cooperate and whom to cooperate with?,”in Proc.of IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference(Globecom’06),San Francisco,CA,Nov.2006.[9] A.K.Sadek,W.Su,and K.J.Ray Liu,“A class of cooperativecommunication protocols for multi-node wireless networks”,in Proc.of IEEE International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications(SPAWC’05),pp.560-564,New York,NJ,June2005.[10] A.K.Sadek,Z.Han,and K.J.Ray Liu,“A distributed relay-assignmentalgorithm for cooperative communications in wireless networks”,in Proc.of IEEE International Conference on Communications,Istanbul,Turkey, June2006.[11] A.E.Khandani,E.Modiano,L.Zheng,and J.Abounadi,“Cooperativerouting in wireless networks,”Chapter in Advances in Pervasive Comput-ing and Networking,Kluwer Academic Publishers,Eds.B.K.Szymanski and B.Yener,2004.[12]Z.Yang,J.Liu,and A.Host-Madsen,“Cooperative routing and powerallocation in ad-hoc networks,”in Proc.of IEEE Global Telecommunica-tion Conference,Globecom,Dallas,TX,Nov.2005.[13] F.Li,K.Wu,and A.Lippman,“Energy-efficient cooperative routingin multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks,”in Proc.of IEEE International Performance,Computing,and Communications Conference,pp.215-222,Phoenix,AZ,Apr.2006.[14]M.Sikora,neman,M.Haenggi,D.J.Costello,and T.E.Fuja,“Bandwidth-and power-efficient routing in linear wireless networks,”IEEE rm.Theory,vol.52,pp.2624-2633,Jun.2006.[15]J.Luo,R.S.Blum,L.J.Greenstein,L.J.Cimini,and A.M.Haimovich,“New approaches for cooperative use of multiple antennas in ad hoc wire-less networks,”in Proc.of IEEE60th Vehicular Technology Conference, vol.4,pp.2769-2773,Los Angels,CA,Sept.2004.[16] D.Bertsekas and R.Gallager,Data networks,2nd ed.,Prentice Hall,1991.[17]L.Zheng and D.N.C.Tse,“Diversity and multiplexing:a fundamentaltradeoff in multiple-antenna channels,”IEEE Trans.on Info.Theory,vol.49,pp.1073-1096,May2003.[18]J.G.Proakis,Digital communications,4th ed.,McGraw-Hill,2000.[19] D.G.Brennan,“Linear diversity combining techniques,”Proceedingsof the IEEE,vol.91,no.2,pp.331-356,Feb.2003.。