下载文档原格式
众所周知，由于中西在历史文化、传统习惯和思维方式等方面的差异，英语和汉语都具有自己独特的表达方式，翻译时并不是一一对应的，难以直接转化，这便大大增加了翻译难度。
因此，除了掌握一些必要的翻译技巧，还要大量练习，对比并掌握英汉两种语言的主要差异及处理方法。
这里结合历年考研英语一的真题，总结出英汉语言在结构方面的一些主要差异，愿对各位有所裨益。
一、英语重形合，汉语重意合英语和汉语分属于不同的语系。
就结构和表达方式而言，英语偏重形式，句式通常按照固定的结构和方式来组织，通过连接词、标点和时态得以体现，而汉语句式则是由一个个意群连接而成的，汉语句子之间的关系要靠句子本身的语意来表现。
例如：He believes / / that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, / and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.（08年硕士研究生入学考试英语试题）译文：他认为，正是这个困难起了弥补能力欠缺的作用，迫使他长时间专注地思考每一个句子，从而在推理和自己的观察中发现错误。
分析：本句是一个由主句、宾语从句和分词状语组成的复合句，主句用一般现在时，从句用现在完成时，再加上一个由thus连接的现在分词作状语，通过时态、逗号、关联词和分词短语把各句之间的关系表现清楚。
而汉语则在对句子简单陈述的基础上通过调整语序和运用“使”、“从而”的词义把层层递进的因果关系表达出来。
掌握英语重形合、汉语重意合的原则对于做好英汉互译至关重要。
英译汉时，要尽量理清英语句子之间的关系，打乱原有句式结构，按照汉语的表达习惯进行重组。
全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题答题卡报考单位考生姓名A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A AA A A A A A AB B B B B E BB BB B B B B B E B B B B B B B B B E B B B B B B B B B E B B B B B B B B B E B B B BC C C C C F C C C C C C C C C F C C C C C C C C C F C C C C C C C C C F C C C C C C C C C F C C C CD D D D D G D D D DDD D DD GDD D DDD D DD GDD D DD D D D D GD D D DD D D D D G D D D D111213141616263631323334381828382122232427172737414243444919293951525354510203040Section ⅠSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionUse of English Part A Part B第1页（共4页）Section Ⅲ Translation 46.考生信息条形码粘贴位置试卷条形码粘贴位置请在各题目的答题区域内作答，超出答题区域的答案无效请在各题目的答题区域内作答，超出答题区域的答案无效第2页（共4页）Section Ⅳ Writing Part ASection Ⅳ WritingPart B 47.48.请在各题目的答题区域内作答，超出答题区域的答案无效请在各题目的答题区域内作答，超出答题区域的答案无效请在各题目的答题区域内作答，超出答题区域的答案无效请在各题目的答题区域内作答，超出答题区域的答案无效第3页（共4页）第4页（共4页）考生姓名：____________________98。
2009年全国硕士研究生考试英语完型填空试题及分析在2009年全国硕士研究生考试中，英语科目是一个重要的部分。
其中，完型填空是一个常见的题型，需要考生根据上下文语境和词语意义，选择最合适的单词或短语来填入空白处，使整篇文章表达通顺、连贯。
下面是2009年全国硕士研究生考试英语完型填空试题及分析。
题目：阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从1～21各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
(1)One day, while I was in line at the supermarket, I saw a young girlwho looked about five years old. She was in a wheelchair, her body 1 and weak. Her mother was doing her best to put her groceries onto the 2 while the little girl just watched.(2)Suddenly, the little girl spoke up, "Mommy, can I 3 ride in one of those cars?" She was pointing at those 4 shopping carts shaped like small cars. I saw the mother look at the price of 5 shopping cart, and then I saw her shake her head. After a moment, she bent down and asked her daughterif she could go _her.(6)The little girl replied, "Mommy, I know they don't have any seats and there is no steering wheel (方向盘)." Her 7 was not loud enough for me to see her mother respond, but I saw a weak smile. The mother then 8 her daughter to one of the carts (with a seat for little children), where the girl 9 the grocery basket her mother was pushing.(10)As they moved through the store, customers and employees 11 as they saw the young girl sitting in the cart. They all smiled and said the same thing, "How did you get to ride? I've been 12 for a long time." The little girl 13 . As 14 passed her by, she would say, "Pick me up." One-by-one, they did just that.(15)I don't think I have ever seen such a 16 little girl, and I've also never heard so many conversations in a store. Everyone who 17 that girl's voice could not help but be touched. When the time came for me to pay, I walked 18 the little girl once more. I bent down next to her and gave her some coins so she could play with the small cars as her mother 19 the groceries into the car.(20)Although my coins were quite small, I was fulfilled. They 21 to be more in the eyes of that little girl.1. A. strong B. slim C. tired D. awkward2. A. floor B. cart C. desk D. shelf3. A. happily B. safely C. personally D. freely4. A. interesting B. ordinary C. special D. popular5. A. one B. a C. each D. none6. A. with B. to C. from D. after7. A. voice B. request C. courage D. difficulty8. A. led B. encouraged C. abandoned D. escorted9. A. noticed B. measured C. rented D. returned10. A. Meanwhile B. Occasionally C. Naturally D. Regularly11. A. hesitated B. cheered C. wondered D. recognized12. A. waiting B. questioning C. complaining D. helping13. A. mumbled B. screamed C. whispered D. replied14. A. friends B. strangers C. employees D. customers15. A. delightful B. brave C. polite D. talented16. A. lively B. ordinary C. weak D. naughty17. A. overheard B. misunderstood C. ignored D. appreciated18. A. past B. over C. beside D. under19. A. loaded B. delivered C. carried D. selected20. A. Often B. Somehow C. Never D. Seldom21. A. appeared B. proved C. turned D. seemed答案与分析：1. C. tired分析：根据第一段的描述，女孩体力虚弱，应选C. tired。
全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题简介全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试（以下简称“硕士研究生入学考试”）是中国教育部主管的全国性考试，旨在考察考生的综合素质和专业能力。
其中的英语考试是对考生英语能力的全面评估，是每年同学们人心翘翘期待的科目之一。
英语试题是由中国研究生招生信息网编制的，其难度范围按照大多数考生英语能力的水平进行设计。
以下是硕士研究生入学考试英语试题的一些信息和考试要求。
考试形式硕士研究生入学考试英语试题包括两部分：英语语言知识与阅读理解，共计150分。
英语语言知识部分包括词汇、语法和词汇语法结构三个部分，共计60分。
阅读理解部分包括阅读文章和回答问题两部分，共计90分。
考试时间为120分钟，需要注意的是考生应严格按照考场安排的时间进行答题，避免时间不足。
考试要求硕士研究生入学考试英语试题注重综合能力的考察，主要考察考生对英语语言知识和阅读理解的掌握程度。
具体要求如下：1.对英语语言知识的掌握程度：考察考生对英语的词汇、语法、词汇语法结构方面掌握是否扎实。
2.对阅读理解的掌握程度：考察考生对英语阅读文章的理解和分析、判断推断、细节认知等能力的掌握程度，要求考生能理解把握文章的主旨、目的、关系以及相关细节。
3.高效解题能力：考生需要在规定的时间内完成试题，要求考试能独立思考，严格按照考场安排的时间，迅速而准确地解答试题。
试题样例以下是硕士研究生入学考试英语试题的样例：英语语言知识1.Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed inorder for the sentence to be correct.Penguins, which live in Antarctica (1), are able to tolerate (2) extremely low temperatures (3) and to swim long distances (4).A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 42.Which of the following options correctly completes the sentencebelow?While traveling in Europe, I always try to visit museums and galleries ______ possible.A. as manyB. as muchC. as far asD. as long as阅读理解3.According to the passage, all of the following were factors in the riseof political machines EXCEPT:A. widespread immigration to AmericaB. the growth of citiesC. the introduction of the secret ballotD. increased political corruption4.According to the passage, the progressive movement advocated for:A. The reduction of immigrants in AmericaB. Increased power over the political machineC. The introduction of equal rights for womenD. The end of city government总结硕士研究生入学考试英语试题是对考生英语能力的全面评估，考生需要在规定的时间内完成试题并正确地回答问题。
2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案与解析Section I Use of English一、文章结构本文是一篇有关动物智力话题的文章。
文章源自2008年5月的The New York Times （《纽约时报》），作者是Verlyn Klingkenberg ，原文标题为“The Cost of Smarts ” （《聪明的代价》）。
全文结构思路如下所示：二、试题解析Ⅰ○1Research on animal intelligence always makes us wonder just how smart humans are. ○2 1 the fruit-fly experiments described by Carl Zimmer in the Science Times. ○3Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. ○4This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is a(n) 4 in not being too bright. 对动物的智力研究总使我们想知道人类是如何得聪明。
就以《科学时代》里Carl Zimmer 的论文所描述的果蝇实验为例吧。
经过训练比一般果蝇更聪明的那些果蝇趋向于有更短的寿命。
这表明光线暗淡的灯泡使用时间更长一些，暗淡也是一种优势。
1. [A] Suppose 假设、猜想 [B] Consider 考虑 [C] Observe 观察 [D] Imagine 设想【正确答案】[B] 【试题考点】语义衔接/词汇辨析【解题思路】文章开篇指出：Research on animal intelligence always makes us wonder just how smart humans are （对动物智力的研究总是让我们对人类到底有多聪明感到好奇”，接着举了果蝇的例子。
2001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案Part I Structure and V ocabularySection ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked［A],［B］,［C］and［D］. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:I have been to the Great Wall three times _______ 1979.［A］from ［B］after ［C］for ［D］sinceThe sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.”Therefore, you should choose ［D］Sample Answer ［A］［B］［C］［■］1.If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I______ my head in my hands for a cry. ［A］bury ［B］am burying ［C］buried ［D］would bury2.Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port _______ half a day before the defenders actually surrendered.［A］to announce ［B］announced ［C］announcing ［D］was announced3.According to one belief, if truth is to be known it will make itself ap parent, so one ______ wait instead of searching for it.［A］would rather ［B］had to ［C］cannot but ［D］had best4.She felt suitably humble just as she _______ when he had first taken a good look at her city self, hair waved and golden, nails red and pointed.［A］had ［B］had had ［C］would have had ［D］has had5.There was no sign that Mr Jospin, who keeps a firm control on the party despite from _______ leadership of it, would intervene personally.［A］being resigned ［B］having resigned ［C］going to resign［D］resign6.So involved with their computers _______ that leaders at summer computer caps often have to force them to break for sports and games.［A］became the cildren ［B］become the children ［C］had the children become ［D］do the children become7.The individual TV viewer invariably senses that he or she is _______ an anonymous, statistically insignificant part of a huge and diverse audience.［A］everything except ［B］anything but ［C］no less than ［D］nothing more than8.One difficulty in translation lies in obtaining a concept match._______ this is meant that a concept in one language is lost or changed in meaning in translation.［A］By ［B］In ［C］No less than ［D］Nothing more than9.Conversation becomes weaker in a society that spends so much time listening and being talked to _______ it has all but lost the will and the skill to speak for itself.［A］as ［B］which ［C］that ［D］what10.Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions,_______ they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist,Jewish, and so on.［A］be ［B］being ［C］were ［D］areSection BDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked［A］,［B］,［C］and［D］. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Example:The lost car of the Lees was found _______ in the woods off the highway.［A］vanished ［B］scattered ［C］abandoned ［D］rejectedThe sentence should read, “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in thewoods off the highway.”Therefore, you should choose ［C］.Sample Answer［A］［B］［■］［D］11.He is too young to be able to _______ between right and wrong.［A］discard ［B］discern ［C］disperse ［D］disregard12.It was no _______ that his car was seen near the bank at the time of the robbery.［A］coincidence ［B］convention ［C］certainty ［D］complication13.One of the responsibilities of the Coast Guard is to make sure that all ships _______ follow traffic rules in busy harbors.［A］cautiously ［B］dutifully ［C］faithfully ［D］skillfully14.The Eskimo is perhaps one of the most trusting and considerate of all Indians but seems to be the _______ welfare of his animals.［A］critical about ［B］indignant at ［C］indifferent to ［D］subject to15.The chairman of the board _______ on me the unpleasant job of dismissing good workers the firm can no longer afford to employ.［A］compelled ［B］posed ［C］pressed ［D］tempted16.It is naive to expect that any society can resolve all the social problems it is faced with _______ .［A］for long ［B］in and out ［C］once for all ［D］by natureing extremely different decorating schemes in adjoining rooms may result in _______and lack of unity in style.［A］conflict ［B］confrontation ［C］disturbance ［D］disharmony18.The Timber rattlesnake is now on the endangered species list, and is extinct in two eastern states in which it once _______ .［A］thrived ［B］swelled ［C］prospered ［D］flourished19.However, growth in the fabricated metals industry was able to _______ some of the decline in the iron and steel industry.［A］overturn ［B］overtake ［C］offset ［D］oppress20.Because of its intimacy, radio is usually more than just a medium; it is _______ .［A］firm ［B］company ［C］corporation ［D］enterprise21.When any non human organ is transplanted into a person, the body immediately recognizes it as _______ .［A］novel ［B］remote ［C］distant ［D］foreign22.My favorite radio song is the one I first heard on a thick 1923 Edison disc I _______ at a garage sale.［A］trifled with ［B］scraped through ［C］stumbled upon ［D］thirsted for23.Some day software will translate both written and spoken language so well that the need for any common second language could _______ .［A］descend ［B］decline ［C］deteriorate ［D］depress24.Equipment not ______ official safety standards has all been removed from the workshop. ［A］conforming to ［B］consistent with ［C］predominant over［D］providing for25.As an industry, biotechnology stands to _______ electronics in dollar volume and perhaps surpass it in social impact by 2020.［A］contend ［B］contest ［C］rival ［D］strive26.The authors of the United States constitution attempted to establish an effective national government while preserving ______for the states and liberty for individuals.［A］autonomy ［B］dignity ［C］monopoly ［D］stability27.For three quarters of its span on Earth, life evolved almost _______ as microorganisms. ［A］precisely ［B］instantly ［C］initially ［D］exclusively28.The introduction of gunpowder gradually made the bow and arrow _______ , particularly inWestern Europe.［A］obscure ［B］obsolete ［C］optional ［D］overlapping29.Whoever formulated the theory of the origin of the universe, it is just _______ and needs proving. ［A］spontaneous ［B］hypothetical ［C］intuitive ［D］empirical30.The future of this company is _______ : many of its talented employees are flowing into more profitable net based businesses.［A］at odds ［B］in trouble ［C］in vain ［D］at stakePart ⅡCloze TestDirection:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked ［A］,［B］,［C］and［D］. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(10 points)The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 31 the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant 32 of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introducea 33 bill that will propose making payments to witnesses 34 and will strictly control the amount of35 that can be given to a case 36 a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of commons media selectcommittee, Lord Irvine said he 37 with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not 38 sufficient control.39 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 40 of media protest when he said the41 of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges 42 to Parliament. The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which 43 the European Convention on Human Rights legally 44 in Britain, laid down that everybody was 45 to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.“Press freedoms will be in safe hands 46 our British judges," he said.Witness payments became an 47 after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were 48 to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Conerns were raised 49 witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to 50 guilty verdicts.31.［A］as to ［B］for instance ［C］in particular ［D］such as32.［A］tightening ［B］intensifying ［C］focusing ［D］fastening33.［A］sketch ［B］rough ［C］preliminary ［D］improper34.［A］illogical ［B］illegal ［C］improbable ［D］improper35.［A］publicity ［B］penalty ［C］popularity ［D］peculiarity36.［A］since ［B］if ［C］before ［D］as37.［A］sided ［B］shared ［C］complied ［D］agreed38.［A］present ［B］offer ［C］manifest ［D］indicate39.［A］Release ［B］Publication ［C］Printing ［D］Exposure40.［A］storm ［B］rage ［C］flare ［D］flash41.［A］translation ［B］interpretation ［C］exhibition ［D］demonstration42.［A］better than ［B］other than ［C］rather than ［D］sooner than43.［A］changes ［B］makes ［C］sets ［D］turns44.［A］binding ［B］convincing ［C］restraining ［D］sustaining45.［A］authorized ［B］credited ［C］entitled ［D］qualified46.［A］with ［B］to ［C］from ［D］by47.［A］impact ［B］incident ［C］inference ［D］issue48.［A］stated ［B］remarked ［C］said ［D］told49.［A］what ［B］when ［C］which ［D］that50.［A］assure ［B］confide ［C］ensure ［D］guaranteePart ⅢReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers ［A］,［B］,［C］and［D］. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(40 points)Passage 1Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialisation was only oneof a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.No clear cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs inscience: exceptions can be found to any rule. Neverthelss, the word `amateur' does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widesprad introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, where as the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.51.The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in scien-ces such as _______ .［A］sociology and chemistry［B］physics and psychology［C］sociology and psychology［D］physics and chemistry52.We can infer from the passage that _______.［A］there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalisation［B］amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science［C］professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community［D］amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones53.The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate _______.［A］the process of specialisation and professionalisation［B］the hardship of amateurs in scientific study［C］the change of policies in scientific publications［D］the discrimination of professionals against amateurs54.The direct reason for specialisation is _______。
2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. History and news become confused, and one’s impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism. 46) Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed -- and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene. 47) In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group, while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind.Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly-contested market. 48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution.49) Creating a “European identity”that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice -- that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own.In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more on co-productions, the exchange of news, documentary services and training. This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank for Television Production which, on the model of the European Investments Bank, will handle the finances necessary for production costs. 50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “Unit ed we stand, divided we fall” -- and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.” A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied2006年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckberger told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected America. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not America, who have become anti-intellectual.First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? 46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic (苏格拉底) way about moral problems.He explores such problems consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. 47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals -- the average scientist, for one. 48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in the everyday performance of his routine duties -- he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. 49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his waking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. 50) They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.This description even fits the majority of eminent scholars. Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing, living in "public and ill ustrious thoughts,” as Emerson would say, is something else.The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. (46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.(48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. (49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley.(47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.This, he thought, could not be true, because the “Origin of Species”is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.”(49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.”Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he said: “Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.” (50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive.Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试（英语二）46.Directions:In this section there is a text in English .Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)“Suatainability” has become apopul ar word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured apainful period of unsustainability in his own life made itclear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed though everyday action and choice.Ning recalls spending aconfusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance. He’d been though the dot-com boom and burst and,desperate for ajob,signed on with a Boulder agency.It didin’t go well. “It was a really had move because that’s not my passion,” says Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales. “I was miserable, I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling. I had no money and needed the job. Everyone sai d, ‘Just wait, you’ll trun the corner, give it some time.’”Section Ⅲ Translation最近，“承受力”\坚持不懈”成了一个流行词，但对Ted Ning来说，他对其含义有自己亲身的体会。
2009考研英语二真题及答案解析【篇一：2009考研英语(二)真题及答案解析】ass=txt>directions：for each numbered blank in the following passage，there are four choices marked a, b, c and d. choose the best one and mark your answer on the answer sheet with a pencil.in1999, the price of oil hovered around $16 a barrel. by 2008, it had 21 the $100 a barrel mark. the reasons for the surge 22 from the dramatic growth of the economies of china and india to widespread 23 in oil-producing regions, including iraq and nigerias delta region. triple-digit oil prices have 24 the economic and political map of the world, 25 some old notions of power. oil-rich nations are enjoying historic gains and opportunities, 26 major importers—including china and india, home to a third of the worlds population 27 rising economic and social costs.managing this new order is fast becoming a central 28 of global politics. countries that need oil are clawing at each other to 29 scarce supplies, and are willing to deal with any government, 30 how unpleasant, to do it .in many poor nations with oil , the profits are being ,lost to corruption, 31 these countries of their best hope for development. and oil is fueling enormous investment funds run by foreign governments, 32 some in the west see as a new threat.countries like russia, venezuela and iran are well supplied with rising oil 33 , a change reflected in newly aggressive foreign policies. but some unexpected countries are reaping benefits, 34 costs, from higher prices. consider germany. 35 it imports virtually all its oil, it has prospered from extensive trade with a booming russia and the middle east. german exports to russia 36 128 percent from 2001 to 2006.in the united states, as already high gas prices rose 37 higher in the spring of 2008,the issue cropped up in the presidential campaign, with senators mccain and obama 38 for a federal gas tax holiday during the peak summer driving months. and driving habits began to 39 ,as sales of small cars jumped and mass transport systems 40 the country reported a sharp increase in riders.21. a. come b. gone c. crossed d. arrived22. a. covered b. discovered c. arranged d. ranged23. a. intensity b. infinity c. insecurity d. instability24. a. drawn b. redrawn c. retained d. reviewed25. a. fighting b. struggling c. challenging d. threatening26. a. and b. while c. thus d. though27. a. confine b. conflict c. conform d. confront28. a. problem b. question c. matter d. event29. a. look for b. lock up c. send out d. keep off30. a. no matter b. what if c. only if d. in spite of31. a. abolishing b. depriving c. destroying d. eliminating32. a. what b. that c. which d. whom33. a. interests b. taxes c. incomes d. revenues34. a. as many as b. as good as c. as far as d. as well as35. a. although b. because c. since d. as36. a. advanced b. grew c. reduces d. multiplied37. a. even b. still c. rather d. fairly38. a. asking b. requesting c. calling d. demanding39. a. change b. turn c. shift d. transform40. a. for b. from c. across d. overpart iii reading comprehension (40%)direction: there are 4 passages in this part. each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. for each of them there are four choices marked a, b, c, and d. you should decide on the best choice. then blacken the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a pencil.passage1.heic ibsen ,author of the playa dolls house, in which a pretty, helpless housewife abandons her husband and children to seek a more serious life, would surely have approved.. from january ist ,2008, all public companies in norway are obliged to ensure that at least 40% of their board directors are women. most firms have obeyed the law, which was passed in 2003.but about 75 out of the 480 or so companies it affects are still too male for the governments liking. they will shortly receive a letter informing them that they have until the end of february to act , or face the legal consequences---which could include being dissolved.before the law was proposed, about 7% of board members in norway were female , according to the centre for corporatediversity .the number has since jumped to 36%. that is far higher than the average of 9% for big companies across europe or americas 15% for the fortune 500.norways stock exchange and its main business lobby oppose the law, as do many businessmen. i am against quotas for women or men as a matter of principle, says sverre munck , head of international operations at a media firm. board members of public companies should be chosen solely on the basis of merit and experience,be says. several firms have even given up their public status in order to escape the new law.companies have had to recruit about 1,000 women in four years. many complain that it has been difficult to find experienced candidates. because of this, some of the best women have collected as many as 25-35 directorships each, and are known in norwegian business circles as the golden skirts. one reason for the scarcity is that there are fairly few women in management in norwegian companies---they occupy around 15% of senior positions. it has been particularly hard for firms in the oil, technology and financial industries to find women with a enough experience.some people worry that their relative lack of experience may keep women quiet on boards, and that in turn could mean that boards might become less able to hold managers to account. recent history in norway, however, suggests that the right women can make strong directors. women feel more compelled than men to do their homework, says ms reksten skaugen , who was voted norways chairman of the year for 2007, and we can afford to ask the hard questions, because women are not always expected to know the answers.41. the author mentions ibsens play in the first paragraph in order to .a. depict womens dilemma at workb. explain the newly passed lawc. support norwegian governmentd. introduce the topic under discussion42. a public company that fails to obey the new law could be forced to .a. pay a heavy fineb. close down its businessc. change to a private businessd. sign a document promising to act43. to which of the following is sverre munck most likely to agree?a. a set ratio of women in a board is ueasonable.b. a reasonable quota for women at work needs to be set.c. a common principle should be followed by all companies.d. an inexperienced businessman is not subject to the new law.44.the author attributes the phenomenon of golden skirts to .a. the small number of qualified females in managementb. the over-recruitment of female managers in public companiesc. the advantage women enjoy when competing for senior positionsd. the discrimination toward women in norwegian business circles45. the main idea of the passage might be .a. female power and liberation in norwayb. the significance of heic ibsens playc. womens status in norwegian firmsd. the constitution of board members in norway凯程教育：凯程考研成立于2005年，国内首家全日制集训机构考研，一直从事高端全日制辅导，由李海洋教授、张鑫教授、卢营教授、王洋教授、杨武金教授、张释然教授、索玉柱教授、方浩教授等一批高级考研教研队伍组成，为学员全程高质量授课、答疑、测试、督导、报考指导、方法指导、联系导师、复试等全方位的考研服务。
2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer‘s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual 7 — instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they‘ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That‘s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we‘ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I‘ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. ―Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,‖ William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word ―habit‖ carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don‘t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they‘re ther e to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.―The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,‖ says Dawna Markova, author of ―The Open Mind‖ and an e xecutive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. ―But we are taught instead to ‗decide,‘ just as our president calls himself ‗the Decider.‘‖ She adds, however, that ―to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.‖All of us work through problems in ways of which we‘re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuableduring the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. ―This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything,‖ explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book ―This Y ear I Will...‖ and Ms. Markova‘s business partner. ―That‘s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you‘re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.‖ This is where d eveloping new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.‖ ruts‖(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova‘s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ? A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom –or at least confirm that he‘s the kid‘s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family‘s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, ―There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they ar e doing ancestry testing,‖ says Trey Duster, a NewY ork University sociologist. He notes that each individual has manyancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Y et most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father‘s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six othergreat-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don‘t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK‘s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one‘s birth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It‘s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of theseand all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living. Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader inautomotive-assembly productivity. Y et the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job. More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry‘s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don‘t force it. After all, that‘s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn‘t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity‘s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formaled ucation. A lack of formal education, however, doesn‘t constrain the ability of the developing world‘s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn‘t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system__________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America wa s ―So much important attached to intellectual pursuits ‖ According to many books and articles, New England‘s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans‘ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about thechurch-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, leftliterary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: ―come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.‖ One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane‘s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . ―Our main end was to catch fish. ‖36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the―survival of the fittest,‖ in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals tha t appeared to preserve a people‘s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children‘s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Y our translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions.―White pollution ‖is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1)give your opinions briefly and2)make two or three suggestionsY ou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Y ou do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.Y ou should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2009考研英语试题答案1—5 BADBC6—10 ADCBD11—15 DBCDA16—20 CBAAC21—25 ABCAA26—30 ACDAB31—35 DBBAC36—40 BBDAC41—45 CEABG46．It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience ,but this effect is not a part of its original motive尽管人们可以这样说，对任何一个社会制度价值的衡量就是其在增长和丰富经验方面所产生的影响，但是这种影响并不是其最初（原来）动机的一部分。
