经济学名词解释汇总中英文版

Equilibrium，competitive竞争均衡见竟争均衡（competitive equilibrium）。

Equilibrium，general⼀般均衡见⼀般均衡分析（general－equilibrium analysis） Equilibrium，macroeconomic宏观经济均衡意愿总需求等于意愿总供给的GDP⽔平。

在均衡时，意愿的消费（C），政府⽀出（G），投资（I）和净出⼝（X）的总量正好等于在当前价格⽔平下企业所愿意出售的总量。

Equimarginal principle等边际法则决定收⼊在不同消费品之间分配的法则。

消费者可按此法则选择消费组合，使花费在所有商品和服务上的每⼀美元的边际效⽤都相等，就能保证消费者所获得的效⽤化。

Exchange rate汇率见外汇汇率（foreign exchange rate） Exchange－rate system汇率制度国家之间进⾏⽀付时所依据的⼀组规则、安排和制度。

历最重要的汇率制度是⾦本位制、布雷顿森林体系和现在的浮动汇率制。

Excise tax vs.sales tax消费税和销售税消费税是对某种或某组商品，如酒和烟草的购买所课征的税。

销售税是对除少数特定商品（如⾷品）以外的所有商品所课征的税。

Exclusion principle排他原则私⼈品区别于公共品的⼀种性质。

当⽣产者将⼀种商品卖给A后，若能很容易地将B、C、D 等⼈排除在该商品益处享⽤过程之外，则排他原则就在发⽣作⽤，该商品也因此是⼀项私⼈品。

若不能轻易地把其他⼈排除在分享过程之外，如公共卫⽣或国防，则我们称该商品具有公共品的特征。

Exogenous vs.induced variables外⽣变量和引致变量外⽣变量是那些由经济体系以外的因素来决定的变量。

与外⽣变量相对应的是引致变量，后者是由经济体系的内在运⾏所决定的。

例如，天⽓变化是外⽣变量，⽽消费的变化则常常由收⼊变动所引致。

经济学常用英语词汇英汉对照经济学常用英语词汇英汉对照economist 经济学家socialist economy 社会主义经济capitalist economy 资本主义经济collective economy 集体经济planned economy 计划经济controlled economy 管制经济rural economics 农村经济liberal economy 自由经济mixed economy 混合经济political economy 政治经济学protectionism 保护主义autarchy 闭关自守primary sector 初级成分private sector 私营成分，私营部门public sector 公共部门，公共成分economic channels 经济渠道economic balance 经济平衡economic fluctuation 经济波动economic depression 经济衰退economic stability 经济稳定economic policy 经济政策economic recovery 经济复原understanding 约定concentration 集中holding company 控股公司trust 托拉斯cartel 卡特尔rate of growth 增长economic trend 经济趋势economic situation 经济形势infrastructure 基本建设standard of living 生活标准，生活水平purchasing power, buying power 购买力scarcity 短缺stagnation 停滞，萧条，不景气underdevelopment 不发达underdeveloped 不发达的` developing 发展中的。

国际经济学中英名词解释Absolute advantage: The greater efficiency that one nation may have over another in the production of a commodity. This was the basis for trade for Adam Smith.绝对优势Law of comparative advantage: The less efficient nation should specialize in and export the commodity in which its absolute disadvantage is smaller (this is the commodity of its comparative advantage), and should import the other commodity.比较优势原理Ad valorem tariff: A tariff expressed as a fixed percentage of the value of a traded commodity.从价税Specific tariff:从量税A tariff expressed as a fixed sum per unit of a traded commodity.Capital-intensive commodity: The commodity with the higher capital-labor ratio at all relative factor prices.资本密集型商品Labor-intensive commodity:The commodity with the higher labor-capital ratio (L/K) at all relative factor prices.劳动密集型产品Capital inflow: An increase of foreign assets in the nation or a reduction in the nation’s assets abroad.资本流入Capital outflow: A decrease of foreign assets in the nation or an increases the nation’s assets abroad.资本流出Community indifference curve: The curve that shows the various combinations of two commodities yielding equal satisfaction to the community or nation. Community indifference curves are negatively sloped, convex from the origin, and should not across.社会无差异曲线Consumer surplus: The difference between what consumers are willing to pay for a specific amount of a commodity and what they actually pay for it.消费者剩余Producer surplus: The revenue producers receive over and above the minimum amount required to induce them to supply the good.生产者剩余Current account: The account that includes all sales and purchases of currently produced goods and services, income on foreign investments, and unilateral transfers.经常项目Credit transactions:Transactions that involve the receipt of payments from foreigners. These include the export of goods and services, unilateral transfers from foreigners, and capital inflow.贷方交易Debit transactions: Transactions that involve payments to foreigners. These include the import of goods and services, unilateral transfers to foreigners, and capital outflows.借方交易Deficit in the balance of payments:The excess of debits over credits in the current and capital accounts, or autonomous transactions, equal to the net credit balance in the official reserve account, or accommodating transactions.国际收支逆差Factor abundance: The factor of production available in greater proportion and at a lower relative price in one nation than in another nation.要素丰裕度General equilibrium analysis: The study of the interdependence that exists among all markets in the economy.一般均衡分析General equilibrium model: An economic model that studies the behavior of all producers, and traders simultaneously.一般均衡模型Heckscher-Ohlin(H-O) theory: 赫克歇尔—俄林理论The theory that postulates that(1)a nation exports commodities intensive in its relatively abundant and cheap factor and(2)international trade brings about equalization in returns to homogeneous factors across countries.Infant-industry argument: The argument that temporary trade protection is needed to set up an industry and to protect it during its infancy against competition from more established and efficient foreign firms.幼稚工业保护税Marginal rate of substitution,MRS: The amount of one commodity that a nation could give up in exchange for one extra unit of a second commodity and still remain on the same indifference curve. It is given by the slope of the community indifference curve at the point of consumption and declines as the nation consumes more of the second commodity.边际替代率Marginal rate of transformation,MRT:The amount of one commodity that a nation must give up to produce each additional unit of another commodity. This is another name for the opportunity cost of a commodity and is given by the slope of the production frontier at the point of production.边际转换率Opportunity cost theory: The theory that the cost of a commodity is the amount of a second commodity that must be given up to release just enough resources to produce one more unit of the firstcommodity.机会成本理论Dumping:The export of a commodity at below cost or at a lower price than sold domestically.倾销Persistent dumping:The continuous tendency of a domestic monopolist to maximize total profits by selling the commodity at a lower price abroad than domestically, also called international price discrimination.持久性倾销Predatory dumping: The temporary sale of commodity at a lower price abroad in order to drive foreign producers out of business, after which prices are raised to take advantage of the newly acquired monopoly power abroad.掠夺性倾销Sporadic dumping:偶尔倾销The occasional sale of a commodity at a lower price abroad than domestically in order to sell an unforeseen and temporary surplus of the commodity abroad without having to reduce domestic prices.Product cycle model:The hypothesis, advanced by Vernon, that new products introduced by industrial nations and produced with skilled labor eventually become standardized and can be produced in other nations with less skilled labor.产品周期模型Production possibility frontier:A curve showing the various alternative combinations of two commodities that a nation can produce by fully utilizing all of its resources with the best technology available to it.生产可能性边界Purchasing-power parity(PPP) theory:The theory that postulates that the change in the exchange rate between two currencies is proportional to the change in the ratio in the two countries’ general price levels.购买力平价理论Rate of effective protection:The tariff calculated on the domestic value added in the production of a commodity.有效保护率Relative purchasing-power parity theory:Postulates that the change in the exchange rate over a period of time should be proportional to the relative change in the price levels in the two nations. This version of the PPP theory has some value.相对购买力平价Small-country case:The situation where trade takes place at the pretrade-relative commodity prices in the large nation so that the small nation receives all of the benefits from trade.小国情况Specific tariff:A tariff expressed as a fixed sum per unit of a traded commodity.特别关税Terms of trade:The ratio of the index price of a nation’s export to its import commodities.贸易条件Free-trade area:自由贸易区Remove all tariff and nontariff barriers among members and maintain its own trade restrictions against outsiders.Customs union:关税同盟Removes all barriers on trade among members and harmonizes trade policies toward the rest of the world.The best example is the European Union(EU).Common market:共同市场Removes all barriers on trade among members,harmonizes trade policies toward the rest of the world,and also allows the free movement of labor and capital among member nations.An example is the European Union(EU)since January 1,1993. Economic union:经济同盟A supranational institution harmonize and administer national,social,taxation,and fiscal policies.Dumping:倾销The export of a commodity at below cost or at a lower price than sold domestically.Direct investments:直接投资Real investments in factories,capitalgoods,land,and inventories where both capital and management are involved and the investor retains control over the use of the invested capital.Interdependence: 相互依赖The (economic) relationships among nation.Increasing opportunity costs: 机会成本递增The increasing amounts of one commodity that a nation must give up to release just enough resources to produce each additional unit of another commodity.This is reflected in a production frontier that is concave from the origin.Income terms of trade:收入贸易条件The ratio of the price index of the nation’s exports to the price index of its imports times the index of the nation’s volume of exports.Immiserizing growth:悲惨性增长The situation where a nation’s terms of trade deteriorate so much as a result of growth that the nation is worse off after growth than before,even if growth without trade tends to improve the nation’s welfare.Leontief paradox:里昂惕夫之谜The empirical finding that U.S import substitutes were more K intensive than U.S exports.This is contrary to the H-O trade model,which predicts that,as the most K-abundant nation,the United States should import L-intensive products andexport K-intensive products.Multinational corporations(MNCs):跨国公司Firms that own,control,or manage production and distribution facilities in several countries.Optimum tariff:最有关税The rate of tariff that maximizes the benefit resulting from improvement in the nation's terms of trade against the negative effect resulting from reduction in the volume of trade. Pattern of trade:贸易模式The commodities exported and imported by each nation.Production possibility frontier:生产可能性曲线A curve showing the various alternative combinations of two commodities that a nation can produce by fully utilizing all of its resources with the best technology available to it.Prohibitive tariff:禁止性关税A tariff sufficiently high to stop all international trade so that the nation returns to autarky. Preferential trade arrangements:优惠贸易安排The loosest from of economic integration;provides lower barriers to trade among participating nations than on trade with nonparticipating nations.An example is the British Commonwealth Preference Scheme.Stolper-Samuelson theorem: 施托尔珀－萨缪尔森定理It postulates that free international trade reduces the real income of the nation's relatively scarce factor and increases the real income of the nation's relatively abundant factor.Terms of trade:贸易条件The ratio of the index price of a nation's export to its import commodities.Trade creation:贸易创造Occurs when some domestic production in a member of the customs union is replaced by lower-cost imports from another member nation.This increases welfare.Trade diversion:贸易转移Occurs when lowercost imports from outside the union are replaced by higher-cost imports from another union member.Byitself,this reduces welfare.Transfer pricing:转移价格The overpricing or underpricing of products in the intrafirm trade of multinational corporations in an attempt to shift income and profits from high-to low-tax nations.。

完整版)经济学专业词汇中英文对照XXX and ChineseAAccounting - 会计Accounting cost - 会计成本Accounting profit - 会计利润Adverse n - 逆向选择n - 配置n of resources - 资源配置Allocative efficiency - 配置效率Antitrust n - 反托拉斯法Arc elasticity - 弧弹性n - 假设Asymmetric n - 非对称性信息Average - 平均Average cost - 平均成本Average cost pricing - 平均成本定价法Average fixed cost - 平均固定成本Average product of capital - 资本平均产量Average product of labour - 劳动平均产量Average revenue - 平均收益Average total cost - 平均总成本Average variable cost - 平均可变成本BBarriers to entry - 进入壁垒Base year - 基年XXX - 双边垄断Benefit - 收益Black market - 黑市Bliss point - 极乐点Boundary point - 边界点Break even point - 收支相抵点Budget - 预算Budget constraint - 预算约束Budget line - 预算线Budget set - 预算集CCapital - 资本Capital stock - 资本存量Capital output。

- 资本产出比率Capitalism - 资本主义XXX - 基数效用论Cartel - XXXCeteris paribus n - “其他条件不变”的假设Ceteris paribus demand curve - “其他因素不变”的需求曲线Chamberlain model - XXX模型Change in demand - 需求变化XXX - 需求量变化XXX - 供给量变化Change in supply - 供给变化Choice refers to the act of XXX。

经济学名词解释汇总1.绝对优势（Absolute advantage）如果一个国家用一单位资源生产的某种产品比另一个国家多，那么，这个国家在这种产品的生产上与另一国相比就具有绝对优势。

2.逆向选择（Adverse choice）在此状况下，保险公司发现它们的客户中有太大的一部分来自高风险群体。

3.选择成本（Alternative cost）如果以最好的另一种方式使用的某种资源，它所能生产的价值就是选择成本，也可以称之为机会成本。

4.需求的弧弹性（Arc elasticity of demand）如果P1和Q1分别是价格和需求量的初始值，P2 和Q2 为第二组值，那么，弧弹性就等于-（Q1-Q2）（P1＋P2）/（P1-P2）（Q1＋Q2）5.非对称的信息（Asymmetric information）在某些市场中，每个参与者拥有的信息并不相同。

例如，在旧车市场上，有关旧车质量的信息，卖者通常要比潜在的买者知道得多。

6.平均成本（Average cost）平均成本是总成本除以产量，也称为平均总成本。

7.平均固定成本( Average fixed cost）平均固定成本是总固定成本除以产量。

8.平均产品（Average product）平均产品是总产量除以投入品的数量。

9.平均可变成本（Average variable cost）平均可变成本是总可变成本除以产量。

10.投资的β(Beta）β度量的是与投资相联的不可分散的风险。

对于一种股票而言，它表示所有现行股票的收益发生变化时，一种股票的收益会如何敏感地变化。

11.债券收益(Bond yield）债券收益是债券所获得的利率。

12.收支平衡图（Break－even chart）收支平衡图表示一种产品所出售的总数量改变时总收益和总成本是如何变化的。

收支平衡点是为避免损失而必须卖出的最小数量。

13.预算线(Budget line）预算线表示消费者所能购买的商品X和商品Y的数量的全部组合。

经济学词典供给经济学词典.向他致敬 !Ability － to －pay principle （ of taxation ）（税收的）支付能力原则依照纳税人支付能力确立纳税负担的原则。

纳税人支付能力依照其收人或财富来衡量。

这一原则并不说明某经济状况较好的人终归该比别人多负担多少。

Absolute advantage(in international trade）(国际贸易中的）绝对优势 A 国所具有的比 B 国能更加有效地（即单位投入的产出水平比较高等）生产某种商品的能力。

这种优势其实不意味着 A 国必然能将该商品成功地出口到 B 国。

由于 B 国还可能有一种我们所说的比较优势或曰比较利益（ comparative advantage）。

Accelerator principle加速原理讲解产出率变动同方向地引致投资需求变动的理论。

Actual,cyc1ical ， and structual budget本质估量、周期预算和结构估量本质估量的赤字或盈余指的是某年份本质记录的赤字或盈余。

本质估量可划分成结构估量和周期估量。

结构预算假设经济在潜藏产出水平上运行，并据此测算该经济条件下的政府税入、支出和赤字等指标。

周期估量基于所展望的商业周期（及其经济颠簸）对估量的影响。

Adaptive expectations适应性预期见预期（expectations）。

Adjustable peg 可调整钉住一种（固定）汇率制度。

在该制度下，各国钱币对其他钱币保持一种固定的或曰“钉住的”汇率。

当某些基本要素发生变动、本来汇率失去合理依照的时候，这类汇率便不时地趋于凋整。

在1944 － 1971 年时期，世界各主要钱币都普遍推行这类制度，称为“布雷顿森林系统”。

Administered （ or inflexible ） prices管理（或非浮动）价格特指某类价格的术语。

依照有关规定，这类价格在某一段时间内、在若干种交易中能够保持不变。

经济学专业术语（中英文对照）目录1. 经济学原理 (2)2. 像经济学家一样思考 (2)3. 相互依存性与贸易的好处 (3)4. 供给与需求的市场力量 (3)5. 弹性及其应用 (4)6. 供给需求与政策 (4)7. 消费者、生产者与市场效率 (4)8. 赋税的应用 (4)9. 国际贸易 (5)10. 外部性 (5)11. 公共物品和公共资源 (5)12. 税制设计 (5)13. 生产成本 (6)14. 竞争市场上的企业 (7)15. 垄断 (7)16. 垄断竞争 (7)17. 寡头 (7)18. 生产要素市场 (8)19. 收入与歧视 (8)20. 收入不平等与贫困 (8)21. 消费者选择理论 (9)22. 微观经济学前沿 (9)23. 一国收入的衡量 (10)24. 生活费用的衡量 (10)25. 生产与增长 (10)26. 储蓄、投资和金融体系 (11)27. 金融学的基本工具 (11)28. 失业 (12)29. 货币制度 (12)30. 货币增长与通货膨胀 (13)31. 开放经济的宏观经济学 (14)32. 开放经济的宏观经济理论 (14)33. 总需求与总供给 (14)34. 货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响 (15)35. 通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍 (15)1.经济学原理经济:(economy)稀缺性:(scarcity)经济学:(economics)效率:(efficiency)平等:(equality)机会成本:(opporyunity cost)理性人:(rational people)边际变动:(marginal change)边际收益:(marginal benefit)边际成本:(marginal cost)激励:(incentive)市场经济:(market economy)产权:(property rights)市场失灵:(market failure)外部性:(externality)市场势力:(market power)生产率:(productivity)通货膨胀:(inflation)经济周期:(business cycle)2.像经济学家一样思考循环流量图:(circular-flow diagram)生产可能性边界:(production possibilities)微观经济学:(microeconomics)宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)实证表述:(positive statements)规范表述:(normative statements)有序数对:(ordered pair)3.相互依存性与贸易的好处绝对优势:(absolute advantage)机会成本:(apportunity cost)比较优势:(comparative advantage)进口品:(imports)出口品:(exports)4.供给与需求的市场力量市场:(market)竞争市场:(competitive market)需求量:(quantity demand)需求定理:(law of demand)需求表:(demand schedule)需求曲线:(demand curve)正常物品:(normal good)低档物品:(inferior good)替代品:(substitutes)互补品:(complements)供给量:(quantity supplied)供给定理:(law of supply)供给表:(supply schedule)供给曲线:(supply curve)均衡:(equilibrium)均衡价格:(equilibrium price)均衡数量:(equilibrium quantity)过剩:(surplus)短缺:(shortage)供求定理:(law of supply and demand)5.弹性及其应用弹性:(elasticity)需求价格弹性:(price elasticity of demand)总收益:(total revenue)需求收入弹性:(income elasticity)需求的交叉价格弹性:(cross-price elasticity)供给价格弹性:(price elasticity of supply)6.供给需求与政策价格上限:(price ceiling)价格下限:(price floor)税收归宿:(tax incidence)7.消费者、生产者与市场效率福利经济学:(welfare economics)支付意愿:(willingness to pay)消费者剩余:(consumer surplus)成本:(cost)生产者剩余:(producer surplus)效率:(efficiency)平等:(equality)8.赋税的应用无谓损失:(deadweight loss)9.国际贸易世界价格:(world price)关税:(tariff)10.外部性外部性:(externality)外部性内在化:(internalizing the externality)矫正税:(corrective taxes)科斯定理:(coase theorem)交易成本:(transaction cost)11.公共物品和公共资源排他性:(excludability)消费中的竞争性:(rivalry in consumption)私人物品:(private goods)公共物品:(public goods)公共资源:(common resources)俱乐部物品:(club goods)搭便车者:(free rider)成本-收益分析:(cost-benefit analysis)公地悲剧:(tragedy of commons)12.税制设计纳税义务:(tax lianility)预算赤字:(budget defict)预算盈余:(budget surplus)平均税率:(average tax rate)边际税率:(marginal tax rate)定额税:(lump-sum tax)受益原则:(benefits principle)支付能力原则:(ability-to-pay principle)纵向平等:(vertical equity)横向平等:(horizontal equity)比例税:(proportional tax)累退税:(regressive tax)累进税:(progressive tax)13.生产成本总收益:(total revenue)总成本:(total cost)利润:(profit)显性成本:(explicit costs)隐性成本:(implicit costs)经济利润:(economic profit)会计利润:(counting profit)生产函数:(production function)边际产量:(marginal product)边际产量递减:(diminishing marginal product)固定成本:(fixed costs)可变成本:(variable costs)平均总成本:(average total cost)平均固定成本:(average fixed costs)平均可变成本:(average variable costs)边际成本:(marginal cost)有效规模:(efficient scale)规模经济:(economies of scale)规模不经济:(diseconomies of scale)规模收益不变:(constant returns to scale) 14.竞争市场上的企业竞争市场:(competitive market)平均收益:(average revenue)边际收益:(marginal revenue)沉没成本:(sunk revenue)15.垄断垄断企业:(monopoly)自然垄断:(natural monopoly)价格歧视:(price discrimination)16.垄断竞争寡头:(oligopoly)垄断竞争:(monopolistic competition) 17.寡头博弈论:(game theory)勾结:(collusion)卡特尔:(cartel)纳什均衡:(Nash equilibrium)囚徒困境:(prisoners’ dilemma)占优策略:(dominant strategy)18.生产要素市场生产要素:(factors of production)生产函数:(production function)劳动的边际产量:(marginal product of labor)边际产量递减:(diminishing marginal product)边际产量值:(value of the marginal product)资本:(capital)19.收入与歧视补偿性工资差别:(compensating differential)人力资本:(human capital)工会:(union)罢工:(strike)效率工资:(efficiency)歧视:(discrimination)20.收入不平等与贫困贫困率:(poverty rate)贫困率:(poverty line)实物转移支付:(in-kind transfers)生命周期:(life cycle)持久收入:(permanent income)功利主义:(utilitariansm)效用:(utilitariansm)自由主义:(liberalism)最大最小准则:(maximin criterion)负所得税:(negative income tax)福利:(welfare)社会保险:(social insurance)自由至上主义:(libertarianism)21.消费者选择理论预算约束线:(budget constraint)无差异曲线:(indiffernnce curve)边际替代率:(marginal rate of subtitution)完全替代品:(perfect substitudes)完全互补品:(perfect complements)正常物品:(normal good)低档物品:(inferior good)收入效应:(income effect)替代效应:(substitution effect)吉芬物品:(Giffen good)22.微观经济学前沿道德风险:(moral hazard)代理人:(agent)委托人:(principal)逆向选择:(adverse selection)发信号:(signaling)筛选:(screening)政治经济学:(political economy)康多塞悖论:(condorcet paradox)阿罗不可能性定理:(Arrow’s impossibility)中值选民定理:(median vater theorem)行为经济学:(behavioral economics)23.一国收入的衡量微观经济学:(microeconomics)宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)国内生产总值:(gross domestic product,GDP)消费:(consumption)投资:(investment)政府购买:(government purchase)净出口:(net export)名义GDP:(nominal GDP)真实GDP:(real GDP)GDP平减指数:(GDP deflator)24.生活费用的衡量消费物价指数:(consumer price index,CPI)通货膨胀率:(inflation rate)生产物价指数:(produer price index,PPI)指数化:(indexation)生活费用津贴:(cost-of-living allowance,COLA)名义利率:(nominal interest rate)25.生产与增长生产率:(productivity)物质资本:(physical capital)人力资本:(human capital)自然资源:(natural resources)技术知识:(technological knoeledge)收益递减:(diminishing returns)追赶效应:(catch-up effect)26.储蓄、投资和金融体系金融体系:(financial system)金融市场:(financial markets)债券:(bond)股票:(stock)金融中介机构:(financial intermediaries)共同基金:(mutual fund)国民储蓄:(national saving)私人储蓄:(private saving)公共储蓄:(public saving)预算盈余:(budget surplus)预算赤字:(budget deficit)可贷资金市场:(market for loanable funds)挤出:(crowding out)27.金融学的基本工具金融学:(finance)现值:(present value)终值:(future value)复利:(compounding)风险厌恶:(risk aversion)多元化:(diversification)企业特有风险:(firm-specific risk)市场风险:(market risk)基本面风险:(fundamental analysis)有效市场假说:(efficient markets by pothesis)信息有效:(informational efficiency)随机游走:(random walk)28.失业劳动力:(laborforce)失业率:(unemployment rate)劳动力参与率:(labor-force participation rate)自然失业率:(natural rate of unemployment)周期性失业:(cyclical unemployment)失去信心的工人:(discouraged workers)摩擦性失业:(frictional unemployment)结构性失业:(structural unemployment)寻找工作:(job search)失业保险:(unemployment insurance)工会:(union)集体谈判:(collective bargaining)罢工:(strike)效率工资:(essiciency wages)29.货币制度货币:(money)交换媒介:(medium of exchange)计价单位:(unit of account)价值储藏手段:(store of value)流动性:(liquidity)商品货币:(commodity money)法定货币:(fiat money)通货:(currency)活期存款:(demand deposits)联邦储备局:(Federal Reserve)中央银行:(central bank)货币供给:(money supply)货币政策:(monetary policy)准备金:(reserves)部分准备金银行:(fractional-reserve banking)准备金率:(reserve ratio)货币乘数:(money multiplier)银行资本:(bank capital)杠杆:(leverage)杠杆率:(leverage ratio)资本需要量:(capital requirement)公开市场操作:(open-market operations)贴现率:(discount rate)法定准备金:(reserve requirements)补充金融计划:(supplementary financing program)联邦基金利率:(federal funds rate)30.货币增长与通货膨胀铲除通胀:(whip Inflation Now)货币数量论:(quantity theory of money)名义变量:(nominal variables)真实变量:(real variables)古典二分法:(classiacl dichotomy)货币中性:(monetary neutrality)货币流通速度:(velocity of money)数量方程式:(quantity equation)通货膨胀税:(inflation tax)费雪效应:(Fisher effect)皮鞋成本:(shoeleather cost)菜单成本:(menu costs)31.开放经济的宏观经济学封闭经济:(closed economy)开放经济:(open economy)出口:(exports)净出口:(net exports)贸易余额:(trade balance)贸易盈余:(trade surplus)贸易平衡:(balanced trade)贸易赤字:(trade deficit)资本净流出:(net capital outflow)名义汇率:(nominal exchange rate)升值:(appreciation)贬值:(depreciation)真实汇率:(real exchange rate)购买力平价:(purchasing-power parity)32.开放经济的宏观经济理论贸易政策:(trade policy)资本外逃:(capital flight)33.总需求与总供给衰退:(recession)萧条:(depression)总需求与总供给模型:(model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply)总需求曲线:(aggregate-demand curve)总供给曲线:(aggregate-supply curve)自然产出水平:(natural level of output)滞胀:(stagflation)34.货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响流动性偏好理论:(theory of liquidity)财政政策:(fisical policy)乘数效应:(multiplier effect)挤出效应:(crowding-out effect)自动稳定器:(automatic stabilizers)35.通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍菲利普斯曲线:(phillips curve)自然率假说:(natural-rate hypothesis)供给冲击:(supply shock)牺牲率:(sacrifice ratio)理性预期:(rational expectations)。

经济学词典提供经济学词典.向他致敬!Ability－to－pay principle（of taxation）（税收的）支付能力原则按照纳税人支付能力确定纳税负担的原则。

纳税人支付能力依据其收人或财富来衡量。

这一原则并不说明某经济状况较好的人到底该比别人多负担多少。

Absolute advantage(in international trade）(国际贸易中的）绝对优势A国所具有的比B国能更加有效地（即单位投入的产出水平比较高等）生产某种商品的能力。

这种优势并不意味着A国必然能将该商品成功地出口到B国。

因为B国还可能有一种我们所说的比较优势或曰比较利益（comparative advantage）。

Accelerator principle 加速原理解释产出率变动同方向地引致投资需求变动的理论。

Actual,cyc1ical，and structual budget 实际预算、周期预算和结构预算实际预算的赤字或盈余指的是某年份实际记录的赤字或盈余。

实际预算可划分成结构预算和周期预算。

结构预算假定经济在潜在产出水平上运行，并据此测算该经济条件下的政府税入、支出和赤字等指标。

周期预算基于所预测的商业周期（及其经济波动）对预算的影响。

Adaptive expectations 适应性预期见预期（expectations）。

Adjustable peg 可调整钉住一种（固定）汇率制度。

在该制度下，各国货币对其他货币保持一种固定的或曰“钉住的”汇率。

当某些基本因素发生变动、原先汇率失去合理依据的时候，这种汇率便不时地趋于凋整。

在1944－1971年期间，世界各主要货币都普遍实行这种制度，称为“布雷顿森林体系”。

Administered（or inflexible）prices 管理（或非浮动）价格特指某类价格的术语。

按照有关规定，这类价格在某一段时间内、在若干种交易中能够维持不变。

（见价格浮动，price flexibility）Adverse selection 逆向选择一种市场不灵。

经济术语价格术语trade term (price term)运费freight单价price码头费wharfage总值total value卸货费landing charges金额amount关税customs duty净价net price印花税stamp duty含佣价price including commission港口税portdues回佣return commission装运港portof shipment折扣discount,allowance卸货港port of discharge批发价wholesale price目的港portof destination零售价retail price进口许口证inportlicence现货价格spot price出口许口证exportlicence期货价格forward price现行价格（时价）current price国际市场价格world (International)Marketprice离岸价（船上交货价）FOB-free on board成本加运费价（离岸加运费价）C&F-cost and freight到岸价（成本加运费、保险费价）CIF-cost,insurance and freight裙带资本主义（Crony Capitalism）道德风险（Moral Hazard）产权（property rights）公地悲剧（Tragedy of the commons）垄断（monopoly）逆向选择（adverse selection）常用经济学术语：economist 经济学家socialist economy 社会主义经济capitalist economy 资本主义经济collective economy 集体经济planned economy 计划经济controlled economy 管制经济rural economics 农村经济liberal economy 自由经济mixed economy 混合经济political economy 政治经济学protectionism 保护主义autarchy 闭关自守primary sector 初级成分private sector 私营成分,私营部门public sector 公共部门,公共成分economic channels 经济渠道economic balance 经济平衡economic fluctuation 经济波动economic depression 经济衰退economic stability 经济稳定economic policy 经济政策economic recovery 经济复原understanding 约定concentration 集中holding company 控股公司trust 托拉斯cartel 卡特尔rate of growth 增长economic trend 经济趋势economic situation 经济形势infrastructure 基本建设standard of living 生活标准,生活水平purchasing power, buying power 购买力scarcity 短缺stagnation 停滞,萧条,不景气underdevelopment 不发达underdeveloped 不发达的developing 发展中的initial capital 创办资本frozen capital 冻结资金frozen assets 冻结资产fixed assets 固定资产real estate 不动产,房地产circulating capital, working capital 流动资本available capital 可用资产capital goods 资本货物reserve 准备金,储备金calling up of capital 催缴资本allocation of funds 资金分配contribution of funds 资金捐献working capital fund 周转基金revolving fund 循环基金,周转性基金contingency fund 意外开支,准备金reserve fund 准备金buffer fund 缓冲基金,平准基金sinking fund 偿债基金investment 投资,资产investor 投资人self-financing 自筹经费,经费自给current account 经常帐户(美作:checking account)current-account holder 支票帐户(美作:checking-account holder) cheque 支票(美作:check)bearer cheque, cheque payable to bearer 无记名支票,来人支票crossed cheque 划线支票traveller's cheque 旅行支票chequebook 支票簿,支票本(美作:checkbook) endorsement 背书transfer 转让,转帐,过户money 货币issue 发行ready money 现钱cash 现金ready money business, no credit given 现金交易,概不赊欠change 零钱banknote, note 钞票,纸币(美作:bill)to pay (in) cash 付现金domestic currency, local currency] 本国货币convertibility 可兑换性convertible currencies 可自由兑换货币exchange rate 汇率,兑换率foreign exchange 外汇floating exchange rate 浮动汇率free exchange rates 自由汇兑市场foreign exchange certificate 外汇兑换券hard currency 硬通货speculation 投机saving 储装,存款depreciation 减价,贬值devaluation (货币)贬值revaluation 重估价runaway inflation 无法控制的通货膨胀deflation 通货紧缩capital flight 资本外逃stock exchange 股票市场stock exchange corporation 证券交易所stock exchange 证券交易所,股票交易所quotation 报价,牌价share 股份,股票shareholder, stockholder 股票持有人,股东dividend 股息,红利cash dividend 现金配股stock investment 股票投资investment trust 投资信托stock-jobber 股票经纪人stock company, stock brokerage firm 证券公司securities 有价证券share, common stock 普通股preference stock 优先股income gain 股利收入issue 发行股票par value 股面价格, 票面价格bull 买手, 多头bear 卖手, 空头assigned 过户opening price 开盘closing price 收盘hard times 低潮business recession 景气衰退doldrums 景气停滞dull 盘整ease 松弛raising limit 涨停板break 暴跌bond, debenture 债券Wall Street 华尔街short term loan 短期贷款long term loan 长期贷款medium term loan 中期贷款lender 债权人creditor 债权人debtor 债务人,借方borrower 借方,借款人borrowing 借款interest 利息rate of interest 利率discount 贴现,折扣rediscount 再贴现annuity 年金maturity 到期日,偿还日amortization 摊销,摊还,分期偿付redemption 偿还insurance 保险mortgage 抵押allotment 拨款short term credit 短期信贷consolidated debt 合并债务funded debt 固定债务,长期债务floating debt 流动债务drawing 提款,提存aid 援助allowance, grant, subsidy 补贴,补助金,津贴output 产出,产量producer 生产者,制造者productive, producing 生产的products, goods 产品consumer goods 消费品article 物品,商品manufactured goods, finished goods 制成品,产成品raw product 初级产品semifinished goods 半成品by-product 副产品foodstuffs 食品raw material 原料supply 供应,补给input 投入productivity 生产率productiveness 赢利性overproduction 生产过剩农业farming林业forestry畜牧业animal husbandry副业sideline production渔业fishing第一产业primary industry第二产业secondary industry第三产业tertiary industry生产资料means of production生活资料means of livelihood/subsistence生产关系relations of production生产力productive forces公有制public ownership私有制private ownership全民所有制ownership by the entire/whole people社会主义集体所有制socialist collective ownership厉行节约，反对浪费to practice strict economy and combat waste外资企业foreign-funded enterprise合资企业joint venture合作企业cooperative enterprise独资企业wholly foreign owned/funded ente。

经济学专有名词-中英对照经济学专有名词-中英对照经济学专有名词Aaccounting:会计accounting cost :会计成本accounting profit :会计利润adverse selection :逆向选择allocation 配置allocation of resources :资源配置allocative efficiency :配置效率antitrust legislation :反托拉斯法arc elasticity :弧弹性Arrow's impossibility theorem :阿罗不可能定理Assumption :假设asymetric information :非对称性信息average :平均average cost :平均成本average cost pricing :平均成本定价法average fixed cost :平均固定成本average product of capital :资本平均产量average product of labour :劳动平均产量average revenue :平均收益average total cost :平均总成本average variable cost :平均可变成本Bbarriers to entry :进入壁垒base year :基年bilateral monopoly :双边垄断benefit :收益black market :黑市bliss point :极乐点boundary point :边界点break even point :收支相抵点budget :预算budget constraint :预算约束budget line :预算线budget set 预算集Ccapital :资本capital stock :资本存量capital output ratio :资本产出比率capitalism :资本主义cardinal utility theory :基数效用论cartel :卡特尔ceteris puribus assumption :“其他条件不变”的假设ceteris puribus demand curve :其他因素不变的需求曲线Chamberlin model :张伯伦模型change in demand :需求变化change in quantity demanded :需求量变化change in quantity supplied :供给量变化change in supply :供给变化choice :选择closed set :闭集Coase theorem :科斯定理Cobb—Douglas production function :柯布--道格拉斯生产函数cobweb model :蛛网模型collective bargaining :集体协议工资collusion :合谋command economy :指令经济commodity :商品commodity combination :商品组合commodity market :商品市场commodity space :商品空间common property :公用财产comparative static analysis :比较静态分析compensated budget line :补偿预算线compensated demand function :补偿需求函数compensation principles :补偿原则compensating variation in income :收入补偿变量competition :竞争competitive market :竞争性市场complement goods :互补品complete information :完全信息completeness :完备性condition for efficiency in exchange :交换的最优条件condition for efficiency in production :生产的最优条件concave :凹concave function :凹函数concave preference :凹偏好consistence :一致性constant cost industry :成本不变产业constant returns to scale :规模报酬不变constraints :约束consumer :消费者consumer behavior :消费者行为consumer choice :消费者选择consumer equilibrium :消费者均衡consumer optimization :消费者优化consumer preference :消费者偏好consumer surplus :消费者剩余consumer theory :消费者理论consumption :消费consumption bundle :消费束consumption combination :消费组合consumption possibility curve :消费可能曲线consumption possibility frontier :消费可能性前沿consumption set :消费集consumption space :消费空间continuity :连续性continuous function :连续函数contract curve :契约曲线convex :凸convex function :凸函数convex preference :凸偏好convex set :凸集corporatlon :公司cost :成本cost benefit analysis :成本收益分cost function :成本函数cost minimization :成本极小化Cournot equilihrium :古诺均衡Cournot model :古诺模型Cross—price elasticity :交叉价格弹性Ddead—weights loss :重负损失decreasing cost industry :成本递减产业decreasing returns to scale :规模报酬递减deduction :演绎法demand :需求demand curve :需求曲线demand elasticity :需求弹性demand function :需求函数demand price :需求价格demand schedule :需求表depreciation :折旧derivative :导数derive demand :派生需求difference equation :差分方程differential equation :微分方程differentiated good :差异商品differentiated oligoply :差异寡头diminishing marginal substitution :边际替代率递减diminishing marginal return :收益递减diminishing marginal utility :边际效用递减direct approach :直接法direct taxes :直接税discounting :贴税、折扣diseconomies of scale :规模不经济disequilibrium :非均衡distribution :分配division of labour :劳动分工distribution theory of marginal productivity :边际生产率分配论duoupoly :双头垄断、双寡duality :对偶durable goods :耐用品dynamic analysis :动态分析dynamic models :动态模型EEconomic agents :经济行为者economic cost :经济成本economic efficiency :经济效率economic goods :经济物品economic man :经济人economic mode :经济模型economic profit :经济利润economic region of production :生产的经济区域economic regulation :经济调节economic rent :经济租金exchange :交换economics :经济学exchange efficiency :交换效率economy :经济exchange contract curve :交换契约曲线economy of scale :规模经济Edgeworth box diagram :埃奇沃思图exclusion :排斥性、排他性Edgeworth contract curve :埃奇沃思契约线Edgeworth model :埃奇沃思模型efficiency :效率，效益efficiency parameter :效率参数elasticity :弹性elasticity of substitution :替代弹性endogenous variable :内生变量endowment :禀赋endowment of resources :资源禀赋Engel curve :恩格尔曲线entrepreneur :企业家entrepreneurship :企业家才能entry barriers :进入壁垒entry/exit decision :进出决策envolope curve :包络线equilibrium :均衡equilibrium condition :均衡条件equilibrium price :均衡价格equilibrium quantity :均衡产量eqity :公平equivalent variation in income :收入等价变量excess—capacity theorem :过度生产能力定理excess supply :过度供给exchange :交换exchange contract curve :交换契约曲线exclusion :排斥性、排他性exclusion principle :排他性原则existence :存在性existence of general equilibrium :总体均衡的存在性exogenous variables :外生变量expansion paths :扩展径expectation :期望expected utility :期望效用expected value :期望值expenditure :支出explicit cost :显性成本external benefit :外部收益external cost :外部成本external economy :外部经济external diseconomy :外部不经济externalities :外部性FFactor :要素factor demand :要素需求factor market :要素市场factors of production :生产要素factor substitution :要素替代factor supply :要素供给fallacy of composition :合成谬误final goods :最终产品firm :企业firms’demand curve for labor :企业劳动需求曲线firm supply curve :企业供给曲线first-degree price discrimination :第一级价格歧视first—order condition :一阶条件fixed costs :固定成本fixed input :固定投入fixed proportions production function :固定比例的生产函数flow :流量fluctuation :波动for whom to produce :为谁生产free entry :自由进入free goods :自由品，免费品free mobility of resources :资源自由流动free rider :搭便车，免费搭车function :函数future value :未来值Ggame theory :对策论、博弈论general equilibrium :总体均衡general goods :一般商品Giffen goods :吉芬晶收入补偿需求曲线Giffen's Paradox :吉芬之谜Gini coefficient :吉尼系数goldenrule :黄金规则goods :货物government failure :政府失败government regulation :政府调控grand utility possibility curve :总效用可能曲线grand utility possibility frontier :总效用可能前沿Hheterogeneous product :异质产品Hicks—kaldor welfare criterion :希克斯一卡尔多福利标准homogeneity :齐次性homogeneous demand function :齐次需求函数homogeneous product :同质产品homogeneous production function :齐次生产函数horizontal summation :水平和household :家庭how to produce :如何生产human capital :人力资本hypothesis :假说Iidentity :恒等式imperfect competion :不完全竞争implicitcost :隐性成本income :收入income compensated demand curve :收入补偿需求曲线income constraint :收入约束income consumption curve :收入消费曲线income distribution :收入分配income effect :收入效应income elasticity of demand :需求收入弹性increasing cost industry :成本递增产业increasing returns to scale :规模报酬递增inefficiency :缺乏效率index number :指数indifference :无差异indifference curve :无差异曲线indifference map :无差异族indifference relation :无差异关系indifference set :无差异集indirect approach :间接法individual analysis :个量分析individual demand curve :个人需求曲线individual demand function :个人需求函数induced variable :引致变量induction :归纳法industry :产业industry equilibrium :产业均衡industry supply curve :产业供给曲线inelastic :缺乏弹性的inferior goods :劣品inflection point :拐点information :信息information cost :信息成本initial condition :初始条件initial endowment :初始禀赋innovation :创新input :投入input—output :投入—产出institution :制度institutional economics :制度经济学insurance :保险intercept :截距interest :利息interest rate :利息率intermediate goods :中间产品internatization of externalities :外部性内部化invention :发明inverse demand function :逆需求函数investment :投资invisible hand :看不见的手isocost line :等成本线，isoprofit curve :等利润曲线isoquant curve :等产量曲线isoquant map :等产量族Kkinded—demand curve :弯折的需求曲线Llabour :劳动labour demand :劳动需求labour supply :劳动供给labour theory of value :劳动价值论labour unions :工会laissez faire :自由放任Lagrangian function :拉格朗日函数Lagrangian multiplier :拉格朗乘数，land :土地law :法则law of demand and supply :供需法law of diminishing marginal utility :边际效用递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of substitution :边际替代率递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution :边际技术替代率law of increasing cost :成本递增法则law of one price :单一价格法则leader—follower model :领导者--跟随者模型least—cost combination of inputs :最低成本的投入组合leisure :闲暇Leontief production function :列昂节夫生产函数licenses :许可证linear demand function :线性需求函数linear homogeneity :线性齐次性linear homogeneous production function :线性齐次生产函数long run :长期long run average cost :长期平均成本long run equilibrium :长期均衡long run industry supply curve :长期产业供给曲线long run marginal cost :长期边际成本long run total cost :长期总成本Lorenz curve :洛伦兹曲线loss minimization :损失极小化1ump sum tax :一次性征税luxury :奢侈品Mmacroeconomics :宏观经济学marginal :边际的marginal benefit :边际收益marginal cost :边际成本marginal cost pricing :边际成本定价marginal cost of factor :边际要素成本marginal physical productivity :实际实物生产率marginal product :边际产量marginal product of capital :资本的边际产量marginal product of 1abour :劳动的边际产量marginal productivity :边际生产率marginal rate of substitution :边替代率marginal rate of transformation 边际转换率marginal returns :边际回报marginal revenue :边际收益marginal revenue product :边际收益产品marginal revolution :边际革命marginal social benefit :社会边际收益marginal social cost :社会边际成本marginal utility :边际效用marginal value products :边际价值产品market :市场market clearance :市场结清，市场洗清market demand :市场需求market economy :市场经济market equilibrium :市场均衡market failure :市场失败market mechanism :市场机制market structure :市场结构market separation :市场分割market regulation :市场调节market share :市场份额markup pricing :加减定价法Marshallian demand function :马歇尔需求函数maximization :极大化microeconomics :微观经济学minimum wage :最低工资misallocation of resources :资源误置mixed economy :混合经济model :模型money :货币monopolistic competition :垄断竞争monopolistic exploitation :垄断剥削monopoly :垄断，卖方垄断monopoly equilibrium :垄断均衡monopoly pricing :垄断定价monopoly regulation :垄断调控monopoly rents :垄断租金monopsony :买方垄断NNash equilibrium :纳什均衡Natural monopoly :自然垄断Natural resources :自然资源Necessary condition :必要条件necessities :必需品net demand :净需求nonconvex preference :非凸性偏好nonconvexity :非凸性nonexclusion :非排斥性nonlinear pricing :非线性定价nonrivalry :非对抗性nonprice competition :非价格竞争nonsatiation :非饱和性non--zero—sum game :非零和对策normal goods :正常品normal profit :正常利润normative economics :规范经济学。

微观经济学名词解释和中英文对照【经济人】从事经济活动的人所采取的经济行为都是力图以自己的最小经济代价去获得自己的最大经济利益。

【需求】消费者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格水平愿意而且能够购买的该商品的数量。

【供给】生产者在一定时期内在各种价格水平下愿意并且能够提供出售的该种商品的数量。

【均衡价格】。

一种商品的均衡价格是指该种商品的市场需求量和市场供给量相等时的价格。

【供求定理】。

其他条件不变的情况下，需求变动分别引起均衡价格和均衡数量的同方向的变动，供给变动引起均衡价格的反方向变动，引起均衡数量的同方向变动。

【经济模型】。

经济模型是指用来描述所研究的经济事物的有关经济变量之间相关关系的理论结构。

【弹性】当一个经济变量发生1%的变动时，由它引起的另一个经济变量变动的百分比。

【弧弹性】表示某商品需求曲线上两点之间的需求量的变动对于价格的变动的反应程度。

【点弹性】表示需求曲线上某一点上的需求量变动对于价格变动的反应程度。

【需求的价格弹性】表示在一定时期内一种商品的需求量变动对于该商品的价格变动的反应程度。

或者说，表示在一定时期内当一种商品的价格变化百分之一时所引起的该商品的需求量变化的百分比。

【需求的交叉价格弹性】。

表示在一定时期内一种商品的需求量的变动相对于它的相关商品的价格变动的反应程度。

或者说，表示在一定时期内当一种商品的价格变化百分之一时所引起的另一种商品的需求量变化百分比。

【替代品】如果两种商品之间能够相互替代以满足消费者的某一种欲望，则称这两种商品之间存在着替代关系，这两种商品互为替代品。

【需求的收入弹性】需求的收入弹性表示在一定时期内消费者对某种商品的需求量变动对于消费者收入量变动的反应程度。

或者说，表示在一定时期内当消费者的收入变化百分之一时所引起的商品需求量变化的百分比。

【恩格尔定律】。

在一个家庭或在一个国家中，食物支出在收入中所占的比例随着收入的增加而减少。

用弹性的概念来表述它则可以是：对于一个家庭或一个国家来说，富裕程度越高，则食物支出的收入弹性就越小；反之，则越大。

经济学名词英汉对照稀缺scarcity自由物品Free goods经济物品Economic goods经纪人Economic man理性行为Rational behavior如果其他条件不变Ceteris paribus效率Efficiency公平Equity资源配置Allocation of resources交换Exchange市场经济Market economy‘看不见的手’An invisible hand经济自由Economic liberty自由放任Laissez farie计划经济Planned economy合约Contract，agreement需求Demand供给Supply价格Price均衡Equilibrium市场出清Market cleaning一价定律Law of one price弹性Elasticity边际Margin消费者主权Consumer sovereignty生产者主权Producer sovereignty机会集合Opportunity set预算约束与时间约束Budget constraint and time constraint偏好Preference效用Uility网络效应Network effect价值悖论Value paradox替代效应Substitution effect收入效应Income effect替代品Substitution goods互补品Complementary goods正常商品与低档商品Normal goods and inferior goods吉芬商品Giffen goods消费者剩余Consumers surplus闲暇Leisure企业Firm企业家Enrepreneur新经济New economy小业主制Single proprietorship ，sole proprietorship合伙制Partnership股份公司Corporation ，limited company公司治理Corporate governance生产可能性边界Production possibility frontier投入Input产出Output成本Cost机会成本Opportunity cost沉淀成本Deposited cost固定成本Fixed costs变动成本Variable costs销售成本Selling costs要素成本Factor cost正常利润Normal profit超额利润Super-normal profit利润最大化Profit maximization范围经济Economies of scope规模经济Economies of scale市场权力Market power竞争Competition完全竞争Perfect competition垄断Monopoly自然垄断Natural monopoly垄断竞争Monopolistic competiton寡头Oligopoly买方寡头Oligopsony勾结Collusion卡特尔Cartel托拉斯Trust兼并Merger产品差别Product differentiation劫掠性定价Perdatory pricing公用事业定价Public uility pricing引致需求Derived demand要素替代Factor substitution工资Wage非竞争集团Non_competing groups货币的时间价值The time value of money利息Interest租金Rent时间的价值The value of time迂回生产方式Round about methods of production 资产专用性Asset specificity资本Capital固定资本Fixed capital流动资本Circulating capital人力资本Human capital人口红利Demographic dividend资本形成Capital formation资本利用程度Capital utilization排队配给Rationing by queues歧视Discrimination制度Institution交易成本Transaction cost激励Incentive产权Property rights公地的悲剧Tragedy of the commons路径依赖Path dependence博弈论Game theory囚徒困境Prisoner’s dilemma集体行动Collective action不确定性Uncertainty风险Risk保险Insurance预期Expectations适应性预期Adaptive expectations理性预期Rational expectations搜寻Search信息不对称Asymmetry of information委托人与代理人Principal and agent逆向选择Adverse selection道德陷阱Moral hazard信号显示Signaling欺骗Cheat外部性Externalities公共物品Public goods搭便车Free-riding市场失灵Market failure政府失灵Public failure管制Regulation寻租Rent seeking最终产品与中间产品Final goods and intermediate goods收入循环流量Circular flow of income财富Wealth国民生产总值Gross national product，GNP国内生产总值Gross domestic product，GDP可支配收入Disposable personal income生活费用Cose of living生活标准Standarad of living恩格尔系数Engel coefficient基尼系数Gini coefficient帕累托最优Pareto optimality领先于滞后Leads and lags总需求与总供给Aggregate demand and aggregate supply劳动力Labor外包Outsourcing失业Unemployment自愿失业Voluntary unemployment非自愿失业Involuntary unemployment充分就业Full employment季节性失业Seasonal unemployment摩擦性失业Frictional unemployment结构性失业Structural unemployment周期性失业Cyclical unemployment就业不足Under-employment通货膨胀Inflation需求拉动通货膨胀Demand-pull inflation通货紧缩Deflation投资Investment人力资本投资Investment to human capital本能冲动Animal spirit示范效应Demonstration effect被迫储蓄Forced saving经济周期Business cycle节俭悖论Paradox of thrift大萧条The great depression凯恩斯革命Keynesian revolution菜单成本Menu cost财政幻觉Fiscal illusion预算平衡Balanced budget宏观调控Macro-economic control measures转移支付Transfer payment公共财政Public finance福利国家Welfare state免费。

How people make decisions:1. people face tradeoffs2. The cost of something is what you give up to get it3. Rational people think at the margin4. People respond to incentivesHow people interact:5.trade can make everyone better off6. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity7. Government can sometimes improve market outcomesHow the economy as A whole works:8. A country’s standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services9. Prices rise when the government prints too much money10. Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment Key concepts:Ability-to-pay principle（税收的）能力支付原则Absolute advantage绝对优势Accounting profit会计利润Adverse selection逆向选择Agent代理人Aggregate-demand curve总需求曲线Aggregate risk总体风险Aggregate-supply curve总供给曲线Appreciation增值: Arrow’s impossibility theorem阿罗不可能定理Average fixed cost平均固定成本Average evenue平均收益Average tax rate 平均税率Average total cost平均总成本Average variable cost平均可变成本Automatic stabilizers自动稳定 Balance trade贸易平衡Benefits principle受益原则Bond债券Budget constraint预算约束Budget deficit预算赤字Budget surplus预算盈余: Business cycle经济周期Capital资产 Capital flight资本外逃Cartel 卡特尔 Catch-up effect: 追赶效应Central bank央行Circular-flow diagram循环流向图Closed economy封闭经济Collective bargaining集体谈判Commodity money: 商品货币Coase theorem科斯定理: Collusion共谋 Common resources共同资源Comparative advantage比较优势Compensating differential 补偿性工资差别Competitive market竞争性市场Complements互补性商品Condorcet paradox孔多塞悖论: the failure of majority rule to produce transitivepreferences for society. Compounding: the accumulation of a sum of money in, say, a bank account, where the interest earned remains in the account to earn additional interest in the future. Constant returns to scale规模报酬不变Consumer price index (CPI):消费者价格指数Consumer surplus消费者剩余Consumption消耗量Cost成本 Cost-benefit analysis成本收益分析Crowding out 挤出效应Crowding-out effect财政政策Cross-price elasticity of demand需求的交叉价格弹性Currency货币Cyclical unemployment周期性失业 Deadweight loss无谓损失Demand curve需求曲线Demand deposits活期存款Demand schedule 需求表Depreciation折旧 Depression: 萧条Diminishing marginal product边际产品递减Discrimination歧视Diseconomies of scale规模不经济Discount rate 折现率Discouraged workers: individuals who would like to work but have given up looking for job. versification多样化: the reduction of risk achieved by replacing a single risk with a large number of smaller unrelated risks.Dominant strategy占优策略Economic profit经济利润Economics经济学Economies of scale规模经济Efficiency效率Efficiency wages效率工资Efficient scale有效规模Elasticity弹性Equilibrium均衡Equilibrium price 均衡价格Equilibrium quantity均衡产量 Equity股权Excludability排他性Explicit costs:显性成本Export出口Externality外部Factors of production 生产要素Federal reserve (Fed) 美联储: the central bank of the united states。

经济学基本词汇英文对照1. 供需关系（Supply and Demand）在经济学中，供需关系是指商品或服务的供给量与需求量之间的关系。

当供给量大于需求量时，价格往往下降；反之，当需求量大于供给量时，价格则会上升。

2. 市场均衡（Market Equilibrium）市场均衡是指在一个市场中，商品的供给量和需求量达到平衡状态，此时商品的价格稳定。

3. 边际效用（Marginal Utility）边际效用是指消费者在消费过程中，每增加一单位商品所获得的额外满足感。

随着消费量的增加，边际效用逐渐递减。

4. 机会成本（Opportunity Cost）机会成本是指为了得到某种东西而放弃的其他最有价值的机会。

在做决策时，我们需要考虑机会成本。

5. 生产要素（Factors of Production）生产要素是指在生产过程中所使用的资源，主要包括劳动力、土地、资本和企业家精神。

6. 宏观经济学（Macroeconomics）宏观经济学研究的是整个国家或地区的经济总量、经济增长、通货膨胀、失业等经济现象。

7. 微观经济学（Microeconomics）微观经济学研究的是个体经济单位（如家庭、企业）在资源有限的情况下如何进行选择，以及这些选择如何影响市场价格和资源配置。

8. 总需求（Aggregate Demand）总需求是指一个国家或地区在一定时期内，所有消费者、企业、政府和外国购买者对最终产品和服务的需求总和。

9. 总供给（Aggregate Supply）总供给是指一个国家或地区在一定时期内，所有生产者愿意提供的最终产品和服务的总量。

10. 通货膨胀（Inflation）通货膨胀是指货币供应量增加，导致物价普遍上涨，购买力下降的经济现象。

11. 失业（Unemployment）失业是指有劳动能力并愿意工作的人未能找到工作的情况。

失业率是衡量一个国家或地区经济状况的重要指标。

12. 货币政策（Monetary Policy）货币政策是指中央银行通过调整货币供应量和利率等手段，以达到控制通货膨胀、促进经济增长等目标的政策。

经济学专业名词中英文对照EnterpreneurArbitrage 套利non-arbitrage 无套利autarky 封闭的balance of paymentdividend 红利barriers to entry/exit 进入、退出壁垒capital adequacy ratioBretton woodscapital flight 资本外逃compound interest 复利Schumpetercurrency board system 货币局制度portfolio theory：diversification can produce the same total returns with less riskdivision of labor 劳动力分工efficient marketexternalityfederal reserve system 美联储gearing or leverage 杠杆hawala 地下钱庄hysteresis 滞后infrastructure 基础设施建设adverse selection and moral hazardintervention 干预、介入life cycle hypothesisliquidity 流动性mercantilism 重商主义mergers and acquisitions 企业并购M&Amaney has three main qualities: medium of exchange, unit of account, store of valuemultiplier 乘数nationalisation 国有化privatisation 私有化pligopoly 寡头垄断open-market operations 公开市场操作overshooting 超调Pigou effect：大的价格下跌会刺激消费Plaza accord 广场协议PPP pirchasing power parity 购买力平价proce discrimination 价格歧视progressive taxation 累进税property rights 产权prospect theoryreal option theory 实物期权理论（可以选择期权执行的时间，以在资金充足的时候执行期权）reciprocity 互惠reflation 通过扩大货币供给或减税等刺激经济增长regulatory arbitrage 监管套利（即利用制度漏洞）replacing cost 重置成本reserve currency 准备金reserve ratio 准备金率李嘉图认为，预算赤字和减税的效果是相同的，现期的赤字和减税将导致未来的高税收预期，从而家庭在现期会增加储蓄以应付未来的高税收，消费不发生变化。

经济学名词解释汇编（1-50）1、绝对优势（Absolute advantage）如果一个国家用一单位资源生产的某种产品比另一个国家多，那么，这个国家在这种产品的生产上与另一国相比就具有绝对优势。

2、逆向选择（Adverse choice）在此状况下，保险公司发现它们的客户中有太大的一部分来自高风险群体。

3、选择成本（Alternative cost）如果以最好的另一种方式使用的某种资源，它所能生产的价值就是选择成本，也可以称之为机会成本。

4、需求的弧弹性（Arc elasticity of demand）如果P1和Q1分别是价格和需求量的初始值，P2 和Q2 为第二组值，那么，弧弹性就等于-（Q1-Q2）（P1＋P2）/（P1-P2）（Q1＋Q2）5、非对称的信息（Asymmetric information）在某些市场中，每个参与者拥有的信息并不相同。

例如，在旧车市场上，有关旧车质量的信息，卖者通常要比潜在的买者知道得多。

6、平均成本（Average cost）平均成本是总成本除以产量。

也称为平均总成本。

7、平均固定成本( Average fixed cost）平均固定成本是总固定成本除以产量。

8、平均产品（Average product）平均产品是总产量除以投入品的数量。

9、平均可变成本（Average variable cost）平均可变成本是总可变成本除以产量。

10、投资的β(Beta）β度量的是与投资相联的不可分散的风险。

对于一种股票而言，它表示所有现行股票的收益发生变化时，一种股票的收益会如何敏感地变化。

11、债券收益(Bond yield）债券收益是债券所获得的利率。

12、收支平衡图（Break－even chart）收支平衡图表示一种产品所出售的总数量改变时总收益和总成本是如何变化的。

收支平衡点是为避免损失而必须卖出的最小数量。

13、预算线(Budget line）预算线表示消费者所能购买的商品X和商品Y的数量的全部组合。

【经济人】从事经济活动的人所采取的经济行为都是力图以自己的最小经济代价去获得自己的最大经济利益。

【需求】消费者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格水平愿意而且能够购买的该商品的数量。

【供给】生产者在一定时期内在各种价格水平下愿意并且能够提供出售的该种商品的数量。

【均衡价格】。

一种商品的均衡价格是指该种商品的市场需求量和市场供给量相等时的价格。

【供求定理】。

其他条件不变的情况下，需求变动分别引起均衡价格和均衡数量的同方向的变动，供给变动引起均衡价格的反方向变动，引起均衡数量的同方向变动。

【经济模型】。

经济模型是指用来描述所研究的经济事物的有关经济变量之间相关关系的理论结构。

【弹性】当一个经济变量发生1%的变动时，由它引起的另一个经济变量变动的百分比。

【弧弹性】表示某商品需求曲线上两点之间的需求量的变动对于价格的变动的反应程度。

【点弹性】表示需求曲线上某一点上的需求量变动对于价格变动的反应程度。

【需求的价格弹性】表示在一定时期内一种商品的需求量变动对于该商品的价格变动的反应程度。

或者说，表示在一定时期内当一种商品的价格变化百分之一时所引起的该商品的需求量变化的百分比。

【需求的交叉价格弹性】。

表示在一定时期内一种商品的需求量的变动相对于它的相关商品的价格变动的反应程度。

或者说，表示在一定时期内当一种商品的价格变化百分之一时所引起的另一种商品的需求量变化百分比。

【替代品】如果两种商品之间能够相互替代以满足消费者的某一种欲望，则称这两种商品之间存在着替代关系，这两种商品互为替代品。

【需求的收入弹性】需求的收入弹性表示在一定时期内消费者对某种商品的需求量变动对于消费者收入量变动的反应程度。

或者说，表示在一定时期内当消费者的收入变化百分之一时所引起的商品需求量变化的百分比。

【恩格尔定律】。

在一个家庭或在一个国家中，食物支出在收入中所占的比例随着收入的增加而减少。

用弹性的概念来表述它则可以是：对于一个家庭或一个国家来说，富裕程度越高，则食物支出的收入弹性就越小；反之，则越大。