火灾的形成

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哈尔滨理工大学毕业设计题目:哈尔滨理工大学宿舍内火灾烟气流动仿真模拟分析院、系:测控技术与通信工程学院、安全工程姓名:赵寒指导教师:殷金英系主任:周真2013 年06 月16 日哈尔滨理工大学宿舍内火灾烟气流动仿真模拟分析摘要所有火灾都会产生大量的烟气,无论是两个不同的火场,还是同一火场的不同时刻,烟气的差别很大,成分也很复杂,总而言之,火灾烟气是由以下三类不同的物质组成的具有较高温度的均匀混合物,即(1)气相燃烧产物(2)未完全燃烧的液固相分解物和冷凝物微小颗粒,(3)未燃的可燃蒸汽和卷吸混入的大量空气。

火灾烟气中含有大量的有毒有害成份,腐蚀性成份以及颗粒物,加之火灾环境高温缺氧,对生命财产以及生态环境都造成很大伤害。

目前,烟气窒息和中毒成为火灾中致死的主要原因,因此,了解火灾烟气的产生、特性和运动规律,对于火灾的研究和防治都具有重要的意义。

近年来,高校学生宿舍火灾屡有发生,高等院校宿舍人员密度大,老式建筑多,火灾隐患多,再加上学生安全意识淡薄,违章使用大功率用电器,这些因素都有可能导致火灾的发生,无疑给学生的生命和财产安全带来极大的威胁。

因此,本文从学校角度,对哈尔滨理工大学西区11公寓宿舍及走廊进行火灾烟气运动的研究,建立模拟区域,通过查阅资料给出了模拟区域的边界条件和初始条件,然后利用FDS(fire dynamics simulation)软件对哈尔滨理工大学西区11公寓宿舍及走廊进行了火灾烟气运动三维数值模拟。

最后对FDS软件产生的结果进行分析发现,当火灾发生时,通道内温度超过70摄氏度,应尽快采用疏散的紧急预案使人群尽快撤离到安全区域。

并且得到烟气的运动速度偏低,烟气扩散较慢,使得通道内很难辨别方向,增大逃生的难度。

还有部分通道内的压强比标准大气压低,会是一些体质较弱的人不能安全撤离的主要因素。

以上的仿真实验结论,可以给公寓火灾安全研究人员、建筑物火灾人员疏散的研究者和建筑物设计者提供一定的参考,作为进一步研究的基础。

关键词:建筑火灾;烟气流动;FDS;三维数值模拟Three-dimensional Numerical Simulation of theFire Smoke Flow in a Building Corridor-roomAbstractAll fire will produce large amounts of smoke, regardless of whether they are two different fire, or a different time of the same type of fire, smoke the difference is very big, composition is very complicated, in general, fire smoke is composed of the following three kinds of different material with high temperature uniform mixture, namely (1)the gas (2) the gas phase combustion products of incomplete combustion of the liquid solid phase decomposition and condensate particles, (3) the unburned combustible mixed with steam and entrainment of air. Fire smoke contains a lot of poisonous and harmful ingredients, corrosive components and particulate matter, coupled with a high temperature oxygen fire environment, caused great damage to life and property as well as the ecological environment. at present, the flue gas asphyxiation and poisoning of the main causes of death, Therefore, understanding the emergence, characteristics and movement law of fire smoke, for fire prevention and control of research and has important significance.In recent years, the university student's dormitory fire happened frequently, university dormitory personnel density, old buildings, fire hidden trouble is much, coupled with the students' safety consciousness, the illegal use of high-power electrical appliances, to the life and property safety of students brings a great threat.Consequently, the 11 apartment building ,which is discussed in this paper, the west side of Harbin university of technology and corridor of fire smoke movement study, establishing simulation area, by looking at data gives a boundarycondition and initial condition of simulation area, then use FDS (fire dynamics simulation) software in Harbin university of science and the 11 apartment dormitory and corridor for the three dimensional numerical simulation of fire smoke movement. Finally analyze the FDS software results found that, when a fire occurs, the channel and temperature over 70 degrees Celsius, should adopt emergency evacuation plan as soon as possible to make people evacuated to safe areas as soon as possible. And get on the low side of the flue gas velocity, gas diffusion is slow, makes the channel and it is hard to tell direction and increase the difficulty of the escape. Some within the channel than standard atmospheric pressure, the lower will be some physically weaker people cannot safely evacuated. The main factors The above simulation, the conclusion can give the apartment fire security researchers, researchers in building fire evacuation and building designers to provide certain reference, as the basis of further research.Key Words:Building Fire;Flue Gas Flow; FDS; Numerical Simulation目录摘要 (Ⅰ)Abstract (Ⅱ)第1章绪论 (1)1.1 研究的目的及意义 (1)1.2 国内外研究现状 (2)1.2.1 火灾烟气流动国外的研究现状 (2)1.2.2 火灾烟气流动国内的研究现状 (3)1.3 本文主要研究内容 (4)第2章建筑物室内火灾的特点及其烟气运动过程的数学模型 (5)2.1 建筑物室内火灾烟气的特点及其危害 (5)2.1.1 宿舍内火灾烟气的运动特点 (5)2.1.2 室内火灾的危害 (6)2.2 建筑物室内火灾运动过程的模型 (6)2.2.1 宿舍内火灾烟气控制方程 (6)2.2.2 宿舍内火灾烟气控制方程的边界条件 (7)2.3 本章小结 (7)第3章利用FDS对宿舍内进行火灾烟气数值模拟 (8)3.1 FDS引言 (8)3.2 模型实验的设计 (9)3.2.1 模型的设计 (9)3.2.2 模型网格的划分 (11)3.2.3 模型实验方案的设置 (12)3.3 本章小结 (12)第4章宿舍火灾烟气运动的数值模拟结果分析 (13)4.1 火灾烟气中各项参数的模拟结果分析 (13)4.1.1 火灾烟气中烟气浓度的分析 (13)4.1.2 火灾烟气温度的分析 (15)4.1.3 火灾烟气中氧气浓度的分析 (18)4.1.4 火灾烟气中压强的分析 (20)4.1.5 火灾烟气中二氧化碳浓度的分析 (21)4.1.6 火灾烟气的二氧化碳能见度分析 (23)4.2 本章小结 (24)结论 (25)致谢 (26)参考文献 (27)附录A (29)附录B (47)第1章绪论1.1研究的目的及意义火灾是指在时间和空间上失去控制的燃烧所造成的灾害。

在各种灾害中,火灾是最经常的,最普遍的,是危害公众安全和社会发展的主要灾害之一。

人类能够对火进行利用和控制,是文明进步的一个标志。