Chapter 4The Income Statement and Statement of Cash FlowsQUESTIONS FOR REVIEW OF KEY TOPICSQuestion 4-5The term earnings quality refers to the ability of reported earnings (income) to predict a company’s future earnings. After all, an income statement simply reports on events that already have occurred. The relevance of any historical-based financial statement hinges on its predictive value.Question 4-7The process of intraperiod tax allocation matches tax expense or tax benefit with each major component of income, specifically continuing operations and any item reported below continuing operations. The process is necessary to achieve the desired result of separating the total income effects of continuing operations from the two separately reported items - discontinued operations and extraordinary items, and also to show the after-tax effect of each of those two components.Question 4-9Extraordinary items are material gains and losses that are both unusual in nature and infrequent in occurrence, taking into account the environment in which the entity operates.Question 4-11GAAP permit alternative treatments for similar transactions. Common examples are the choice among FIFO, LIFO, and average cost for the measurement of inventory and the choice among alternative revenue recognition methods. A change in accounting principle occurs when a company changes from one generally accepted treatment to another.In general, we report voluntary changes in accounting principles retrospectively. This means revising all previous periods’ financial statements as if the new method were used in those periods. In other words, for each year in the comparative statements reported, we revise the balance of each account affected. Specifically, we make those statements appear as if the newly adopted accounting method had been applied all along. Also, if retained earnings is one of the accounts whose balance requires adjustment (and it usually is), we revise the beginning balance of retained earnings for the earliest period reported in the comparative statements of shareholders’ equity (or statements of retained earnings if they’re presented instead).Then we create a journal entry to adjust all account balances affected as of the date of the change. In the first set of financial statements after the change, a disclosure note would describe the change and justify the new method as preferable. It also would describe the effects of the change on all items affected, including the fact that the retained earnings balance was revised in the statement of shareholders’ equity along with the cumulative effect of the change in retained earnings.An exception is a change in depreciation, amortization, or depletion method. These changes are accounted for as a change in estimate, rather than as a change in accounting principle. Changes in estimates are accounted for prospectively. The remaining book value is depreciated, amortized, or depleted, using the new method, over the remaining useful life.Question 4-15Comprehensive income is the total change in equity for a reporting period other than from transactions with owners. Reporting comprehensive income can be accomplished with a separate statement or by including the information in either the income statement or the statement of changes in shareholders’ equity.Question 4-22U.S. GAAP designates cash outflows for interest payments and cash inflows from interest and dividends received as operating cash flows. Dividends paid to shareholders are classified as financing cash flows. IFRS allows more flexibility. Companies can report interest and dividends paid as either operating or financing cash flows and interest and dividends received as either operating or investing cash flows. Interest and dividend payments usually are reported as financing activities. Interest and dividends received normally are classified as investing activitiesBRIEF EXERCISESBrief Exercise 4-6*$850,000 x 40%Note: Restructuring costs, interest revenue, and loss on sale of investments are included in income before income taxes and extraordinary item.Brief Exercise 4-9*$5,800,000 x 30%** Loss from operations of discontinued component:Impairment loss ($8 million book value less$7 million net fair value) $(1,000,000) Operating loss (3,600,000) Total before-tax loss $(4,600,000)EXERCISES Exercise 4-3* 30% x $440,000Pretax income from continuing operations $14,000,000Income tax expense (5,600,000) Income from continuing operations 8,400,000 Less: Net income 7,200,000 Loss from discontinued operations $1,200,000 $1,200,000 60%* = $2,000,000 = before tax loss from discontinued operations.*1-tax rate of 40% = 60%Pretax income of division $4,000,000 Add: Loss from discontinued operations 2,000,000 Impairment loss $6,000,000 Fair value of division’s assets$11,000,000 Add: Impairment loss 6,000,000 Book value of division’s assets$17,000,000Requirement 1This is a change in accounting estimate.Requirement 2$2,400,000 Cost$240,000 Previous annual amortization ($2,400,000 ÷ 10 years) x 21/2 yrs. 600,000 Amortization to date (2009-2011)1,800,000 Book value÷ 5 yrs. Estimated remaining life(given)$ 360,000 New annual amortizationTiger EnterprisesStatement of Cash FlowsFor the Year Ended December 31, 2011($ in thousands)Cash flows from operating activities:Net income $ 900Adjustments for noncash effects:Depreciation expense 240Changes in operating assets and liabilities:Decrease in accounts receivable 80Increase in inventory (40)Increase in prepaid insurance (30)Decrease in accounts payable (60)Decrease in administrative and other payables (100)Increase in income taxes payable 50Net cash flows from operating activities $1,040 Cash flows from investing activities:Purchase of plant and equipment (300) Cash flows from financing activities:Proceeds from issuance of common stock 100Proceeds from note payable 200Payment of dividends (1) (940)Net cash flows from financing activities(640)Net increase in cash 100 Cash, January 1 200 Cash, December 31 $ 300(1)Retained earnings, beginning $540+ Net income 900- Dividends x x = $940Retained earnings, ending $500The T-account analysis of the transactions related to operating cash flows is shown below. To derive the cash flows, the beginning and ending balances in the related assets and liabilities are inserted, together with the revenue and expense amounts from the income statements. In each balance sheet account, the remaining (plug) figure is the other half of the cash increases or decreases.Based on the information in the T-accounts above, the operating activities section of the SCF for Tiger Enterprises would be as shown next.Exercise 4-23 (concluded)Tiger EnterprisesStatement of Cash FlowsFor the Year Ended December 31, 2011($ in thousands)Cash flows from operating activities:Collections from customers $ 7,080Prepayment of insurance (130)Payment to inventory suppliers (3,460)Payment for administrative & other exp. (1,900)Payment of income taxes (550)Net cash flows from operating activities $ 1,040CPA / CMA REVIEW QUESTIONSCPA Exam Questions1. c. U.S. GAAP requires that discontinued operations be disclosed separatelybelow income from continuing operations.2. d.Other than sales, COGS, and administrative expenses, only the gain or lossfrom disposal of equipment is considered part of income from continuingoperations. Income from continuing operations was ($5,000,000 - 3,000,000- 1,000,000 + 200,000) = $1,200,000.3. a. In a single-step income statement, revenues include sales as well as otherrevenues and gains.Sales revenue $187,000Interest revenue 10,200Gain on sale of equipment 4,700Total $201,900The discontinued operations and the extraordinary gain are reported belowincome from continuing operations.4.a.The $400,000 impairment loss and the $1,000,000 loss from operationsshould be combined for a total loss of $1,400,000.5.d. The change in the estimate for warranty costs is based on new informationobtained from experience and qualifies as a change in accounting estimate. Achange in accounting estimate affects current and future periods and is notaccounted for by restating prior periods. The accounting change is a part ofcontinuing operations.6. a. Dividends paid to shareholders is considered a financing cash flow, not anoperating cash flow.7. c. Issuing common stock for cash is considered a financing cash flow, not aninvesting cash flow.CMA Exam Questions1.d. Discontinued operations and extraordinary gains and losses are shownseparately in the income statement, below income from continuing operations.The cumulative effect of most voluntary changes in accounting principle isaccounted for by retrospectively revising prior years’ financial statements.2.c.The operating section of a retailer’s income statement includes all revenuesand costs necessary for the operation of the retail establishment, e.g., sales,cost of goods sold, administrative expenses, and selling expenses.3 a. Extraordinary items should be presented net of tax after income fromoperations.PROBLEMSProblem 4-9Requirement 1Diversified Portfolio CorporationStatement of Cash FlowsFor the Year Ended December 31, 2011Cash flows from operating activities:Collections from customers (1)$880,000Payment of operating expenses (2)(660,000)Payment of income taxes (3)(85,000)Net cash flows from operating activities $135,000Cash flows from investing activities:Sale of investments 50,000Net cash flows from investing activities 50,000Cash flows from financing activities:Proceeds from issue of common stock 100,000Payment of dividends (80,000)Net cash flows from financing activities 20,000Increase in cash 205,000Cash and cash equivalents, January 1 70,000Cash and cash equivalents, December 31 $275,000(1)$900,000 in service revenue less $20,000 increase in accounts receivable.(2) $700,000 in operating expenses less $30,000 in depreciation less $10,000 increase in accounts payable.(3)$80,000 in income tax expense plus $5,000 decrease in income taxes payable.Problem 4-9 (concluded)Requirement 2Diversified Portfolio CorporationStatement of Cash FlowsFor the Year Ended December 31, 2011Cash flows from operating activities:Net income $120,000Adjustments for noncash effects:Depreciation expense 30,000Changes in operating assets and liabilities:Increase in accounts receivable (20,000)Increase in accounts payable 10,000Decrease in income taxes payable (5,000)Net cash flows from operating activities $135,000。
