词汇学 考点
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Word-formationWord-formation Word-formation or or or word-building word-building word-building is is that that branch branch branch of of of lexicology lexicology lexicology which which which studies studies studies the the the patterns patterns patterns on on which a language, in this case, the English language, coins new words. Percentage of new words coined by the different word-formation processes after World War The three major processes of word formation: Composition or CompoundingDefinition : Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or or more more more bases bases bases to to to form form form a a a new new new unit, unit, unit, a a a compound compound compound word. word. word. Compounding Compounding Compounding is is is the the the most most productive word-formation process in contemporary English . Identity crisis 个性危机stand-up collar 竖领hit-and-run tactics 打了就跑的战术spoon-feed 填鸭式灌输,娇养糊里糊涂muddle-headed/minded 笨嘴笨舌heavy-tongued 无忧无虑carefree 饱经风霜weather-beaten/worn 令人心碎heart-breaking 半死不活dead-alive/dead-and-alive 不合时宜ill-timed/badly-timed 批量生产mass-produce Compounds are very often used because of their brevity and vividness. For example, A schoolboy is more concise than “a boy attending school ”; “U p-to-the-minute information information” ” is more vivid than “the latest information ”; “The The old old old man man man would would would sit sit sit for for for hours, hours, hours, thinking thinking thinking sadly sadly sadly of of of all all all the the might-have-beens ” ” is is is more more compact and expressive than “…thinking sadly of the desirable things that could have happened in the past .”The relative criteria of a compound wordOrthographic criterion (书写标准) : Compounds are written in three ways, e.g. solid: airmail ;hyphenated: air-conditioning ; open: air force, air raid.Phonological criterion (语音标准) : Compound accent: a single stress on the first element; or a main stress on the first element and a secondary stress on the second element. E.g. 'blackboard, 'blue ‘bottle (a large buzzing fly with blue body ) ) Normal phrase accent : : a a a secondary secondary secondary stress stress stress on on on the the the first first first element element element and and and a a a main main main stress stress stress on on on the the second element. E.g. ‘ blue 'bottle (a bottle which is blue) Semantic criterion (语义标准) : A compound is a combination forming a unit expressing a a single single single idea. idea. idea. The The The lexical lexical lexical meaning meaning meaning of of of the the the components components components are are are closely closely closely joined joined joined together together together to to to create create create a a compound compound with with with a a a meaning meaning meaning which which which one one one can can can easily easily easily recognize, recognize, recognize, e.g. e.g. e.g. backdoor, backdoor, backdoor, sunset, sunset, sunset, workday. workday. However, the meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts, e.g. dog days, flatfoot ( a policeman), greenhouse, greenback (美钞),green-hand(生手), greenroom (演员休息室), mother wit (天生的智力), Indian paper (字典纸). More examples:home letters(家信), home voyage (归程), home life (家庭生活), home affairs (家庭事务),home bird (不爱外出的人)(不爱外出的人), home economics (家政学), home front (大后方), home games (在本地举行的比赛), home help (家务女佣)(家务女佣), homemaker (主妇)(主妇), home plate(棒球的本垒打), home sickness (思家病)(思家病). Word order: A flower pot (花盆) a pot flower (盆花) tiptoe(脚尖) deaf-mute (聋哑者)(聋哑者)Some of them were influenced by French : court martial(军事法庭) ; president elect (当选总统); ambassador designate (尚未上任的大使)(尚未上任的大使)Classification of compoundsCompounds can be classified according to parts of speech of the compounds . noun compounds : airplane , flower potadjective compounds: w eather-beaten weather-beaten , snowwhite verb compounds: p roof-read, proof-read, baby-sit proposition compounds: notwithstanding, alongside of conjunction compounds : whenever ,whereas pronoun compounds: a nother another , myselfThe three commonest types are noun compounds, adjective compounds, andverb compounds.noun compounds• Noun + nounrainwater 雨水; ; springwater springwater 泉水; ; houseplants houseplants 室内植物;fireball 火球火球 ; ; firecracker firecracker 鞭炮 ; spacecraft/spaceship 太空船;spacesuits 太空服;mousemat ; 鼠标垫鼠标垫 Dream Team ;bar code 条形码;条形码; lip service 口头上说得好听的话;口头上说得好听的话; information highway 信息高速公路; science fiction 科幻小说;科幻小说; sugar cane 甘蔗;gaslight 煤气灯;煤气灯;• Noun + verbdaybreak 拂晓; nightfall 夜幕降临;sunset/sunrise 日落, earthquake 地震;landslip/landslide (山体滑坡); headache toothache ;stomachache ;heartbeat drumbeat ; footbeat 脚步节拍 ; wingbeat 翅翼振动 ; window-dress 布置橱窗;布置橱窗; water-supply 自来水自来水 ; snowfall 降雪量; toothpick 牙签;牙签; haircut ; pickpocket ; scarecrow 稻草人稻草人 ( scare the crow) • V erb + noun cry baby (爱哭的婴儿); playboy (花花公子) ;glowworm (发光虫); watch-dog (看家狗), swearword (骂人话), breakwater (防波提)(防波提), driveway (车道), jump suit (伞兵跳伞服,连衣裤工作服);rattle snake(响尾蛇响尾蛇) • V erb + adv / prep changeover (转变进程) ; setback (挫折挫折); breakdown (崩溃), show-off(炫耀), slip-up(疏忽,不幸事故), put-off (推迟,搪塞), follow-up (连续广告法)(连续广告法)sit-in, dropout, breakdown, walk-on, walkout, setback, take-off• Adjective + nounclear-way(超速道路), easy-chair, deadline, hard disk, soft disk ,red tape(官样文章官样文章) • adverb + noununder-clothes(内衣), after-effect (后效,副作用)(后效,副作用), upgrade(升级), overburden • V+ing + nounchewing gum(口香糖), baking powder (发酵粉), reading lamp (台灯), lodging house (分间出租供人休息用的房屋),leading article(社论), working party (作业队)(作业队)• Adverb + verb outlet(出口), upset (颠覆)(颠覆), downfall (垮台,陷落)(垮台,陷落), upstart (暴发户)(暴发户), onflow (滚滚向前)前)adjective compounds• Pre-modifier VS. Post-modifier Post-modifier ( ( ( describe describe describe a a a noun noun noun phrase phrase phrase or or or restrict restrict restrict its its its meaning meaning meaning in in some way) • Compound modifiers, because of their expressiveness and brevity, are used quite flexibly in current English, especially in journalistic writings. • noun + adjective• skin-hungry, power-hungry, news-hungry, career-hungry (急于成名的) , bloodthirsty • duty-free, tax-free, fat-free, toll-free, maintenance-free, dust-free, interest-free, care-free, ice-free, danger-free, nuclear-weapon-free • water-proof, fire-proof, bullet-proof, rain-proof, bomb-proof, vibration-proof • air-sick, seasick, car-sick, home-sick, heartsick (沮丧的) • user-friendly, reader-friendly • profit-conscious,time-conscious, class-conscious, environment-conscious, security-conscious • slap-happy(被打得晕头转向的) boxer , trigger-happy (嗜杀成性的)gangster , travel-happy(对旅游入迷的) • accident-prone, crisis-prone (危机四伏的),error-prone, • air-tight(不透气的),water-tight, light-tight(不透光的), rain-tight • work-shy(不愿工作的),camera-shy(怕上镜头的), publicity-shy (不愿出头露面的) • color-blind, night-blind • blood-weary (厌战的),travel-weary(旅途劳累的) •stone-deaf, skin-deep, snow-white, ice-cold, knee-deep, paper-thin, mirror-bright, feather-light, fire-hot, crystal-clear, waist-high, shoulder-high, life-long, grass-green, dog-tired, threadbare (穿旧的)(穿旧的) • college-bound/preparatory (准备考大学的),labor-short (缺乏劳动力的),top-heavy(头重脚轻的),penny-wise(小事聪明的) , oven-fresh (刚出炉的) line-dry(一晾就干的一晾就干的),world-famous • adjective + adjectivewet-cold, wet-cold, icy-cold, icy-cold, icy-cold, red-hot, red-hot, red-hot, white-hot, white-hot, white-hot, bitter-sweet, bitter-sweet, bitter-sweet, deaf-mute, deaf-mute, deaf-mute, shabby-genteel(shabby-genteel(穷酸的),dead-alive(半死不活的),dark-blue, dark-blue, deep-blue, deep-blue, deep-blue, light-blue, light-blue, light-blue, pale-blue, pale-blue, pale-blue, bright-red, bright-red, bright-red, bloody-red, bloody-red, yellow-green, yellowish-green ,social-political• V+ing + adjectivesteaming-hot/smoking-hot steaming-hot/smoking-hot ((滚烫的,热气腾腾的),soaking-wet/wringing-wet(湿淋淋的,湿得可拧出水来的),biting-cold/freezing-cold (冷得刺骨的,冰冷的) • Adverb/Prep + adjectiveever-victorious (战无不胜的),over-cautious, all-round (全面的全面的), far-reaching (深远的,广泛的),evergreen (tree), wide-awake (机警的),over-sensitive, over-anxious, under-ripe (不成熟的),too-rapid • noun +V+ingpeace-loving, time/space/energy/labor-saving, time-consuming, summer-flowering(夏季开花的), ocean-going (远洋的), fault-finding, record-breaking, heart-breaking, hair-raising, side-splitting (令人捧腹的),thirst-quenching (解渴的),man-eating• noun + V+edheart-felt(衷心的), air-born (空降的,(空降的,空运的), home-made, travel-worn (旅行得疲乏的), hen-pecked, book-filled, poverty-stricken, weather-beaten, thunder-struck, suntanned • adjective/adverb + V+ingfresh-frozen(速冻的), easy-going(随和的), familiar-sounding (听起来熟悉的),hard-working, ever-lasting (永恒的) • adjective/adverb + V+ednewly-developed, well-balanced, far-fetched (牵强附会的),half-baked(烤得半生不熟的,肤浅的), hard-won (来之不易的),quick-frozen (速冻的), new-laid (eggs), so-called, fresh-caught, newly-built, well-informed, well-organized • noun + Noun+edhot-tempered(急性子的),chicken-hearted (胆怯的,软弱的),honey-mouthed, paper-backed (平装本的), eagle-eyed(目光尖锐地) • adjective/adv. + Noun+edshort-sighted, short-sighted, tender-hearted, tender-hearted, tender-hearted, sweet-hearted(sweet-hearted(性情温和的), ), green-fingered(green-fingered(擅长园艺的),open-handed, single-handed, bald-headed, empty-headed, hot-headed, kind-hearted, light-hearted, whole/half-hearted, absent-minded, narrow/broad-minded, double-faced, straight-faced, blue-eyed, muddle-minded/headed muddle-minded/headed ((糊里糊涂) ) , , , commercially-minded, commercially-minded, commercially-minded, heavy-tongued heavy-tongued heavy-tongued ((笨嘴笨舌的),middle-aged, middle-aged, cold-blooded, cold-blooded, cold-blooded, strong-bodied, strong-bodied, strong-bodied, rosy-cheeked, rosy-cheeked, rosy-cheeked, apple-cheeked, apple-cheeked, apple-cheeked, close/tight-fisted(close/tight-fisted(吝啬的), bare-footed, white-haired, high-heeled, ill-intentioned, weak-kneed (易屈服的),long-legged, close/tight-lipped (嘴紧的), ill-mannered, thick/thin-skinned (脸皮厚/薄),high-spirited, iron-willed, iron-willed, quick/short/slow/bad-tempered, quick/short/slow/bad-tempered, quick/short/slow/bad-tempered, glib-tongued glib-tongued glib-tongued ((油嘴滑舌的),loose-tongued(嘴不严的) • adjective + Nounlong-distance, full-length (未删节的),white-collar, red-letter(喜庆的), ,full-time, first-rate, high-speed, high-level, low-frequency, left-hand, real-time(实时的), long-range, deep-sea (fish) • Verb + Nounbreak-neck (危险的), telltale(搬弄是非的), cut-rate (减价的,次等的减价的,次等的)• Phrases or sentencesat-risk (处境危险的), in-your-face (明目张胆的), devil-may-care(不顾一切的), dog-eat-dog (狗咬狗的), round-the-clock, on-the-spot, cards-on-the-table, matter-of-fact, never-to-be-forgotten, once-in-a-life-time, off-the-cuff (临时想起的意见)opinion, back-up (备用) a stand-up collar (竖领), a walk-in closet (走入式大壁橱),a see-through shirt (透明的衬衫)(透明的衬衫)(透明的衬衫) take-home pay ,cross-border raid ,a keep-fit class (保健班)(保健班)(保健班) verb compoundsThe common way to form a compound verb is by means of back-formation. The back-formation back-formation is is is a a a process process process of of of word word word formation formation formation by by by which which which a a a word word word is is is created created created by by by dropping dropping dropping the the supposed or imagined affixes Housekeeping → housekeep, test-drive(试车),machine-gun, nickname, spotlight, honeymoon, honeymoon, outline, outline, outline, speed-read, speed-read, speed-read, soft-land, soft-land, soft-land, vacuum-clean, vacuum-clean, vacuum-clean, mass-produce, mass-produce, mass-produce, sight-see, sight-see, sight-see, proof-read, proof-read, tape-record, chain-smoke, ghost-write, air-condition, baby-sit, window-shop, spoon-feed, hen-peck, snowball, middle-road(走中间道路), chain-react, face-harden(使表面硬化), wire-pull (幕后操纵),daydream, skyrocket, sleepwalk, highlight, safeguard, whitewash, sweet-talk,job-hop A compound verb can also be formed by means of analogy1.chain-drink: from chain-smoke 2.bottle-feed: feed from a bottle. from breast-feed:• feed from a mother's breast A compound verb can also be formed by means of verb phrasesoverwork, withhold(扣留), cross-question(盘问),upbuild (建立建立), uplift, uproot, fast-talk(花言巧语地企图说服),off-load(卸货),outeat(吃得比……多),outgo, outgrow , ill-treat, overhear, overtake, undergo, underline, undermine, undertake, Affixation or DerivationIt is a process of forming new words by the addition of a word element, such as a prefix, suffix, or combining form, to an already existing word. A combining form is a bound morpheme, which was originally a full word in Latin or Greek, such as auto-(from GK a utosautos self). 据统计下列14个词根和20个词缀出现在词典里10,000多个英语单词中词根词前缀前缀 词根Precept pre- (before) capere (take, seize) detain de- (away, from) tenere (hold, have) intermittent inter- (between) mittre (send) offer ob- (against) ferre (bear, carry) Insist in- (into) stare (stand) monograph mono- (alone, one) graph (write) epilogue epi (upon) egein (say, study) 词根词前缀前缀 词根aspect ad- (to, toward) spicere (see) com- (together) plicare (fold) uncomplicated un- (not); c omnonextended non- (not); e x ex- (out of) tendere (stretch) reproduction re- (back, again); pro- (forward) ducere (lead) dis- (apart from) ponere (put, place) indisposed in- (not); d isoversufficient over - (above); s ub sub - (under) facere (make, do) mistranscribe mis - (wrong); t rans trans - (across) scribere (write) Number-related prefixes from Latin prefix meaning examples uni- one uniform duo- two duet (二重唱二重唱/奏)奏) tri- three trio (三人组)三人组)三人组) quad-, quart- four quadruplets (四胞胎)四胞胎)四胞胎) quint- five quintuplets sext six sexet (六人组)六人组)六人组) sept seven september (7th month, Roman calendar) oct- eight october nona nine nonagenarian (90-99岁的人)岁的人)Number-related prefixes from Latin deca- ten decade cent- hundred centigrade (一百度的)一百度的)一百度的) multi- many multiply prim-, prin- first primary secund second secondary ambi both (双)双)双) ambivalent (两种价值观的,有矛盾心理的)两种价值观的,有矛盾心理的) equi- equal equidistant (等距离的)等距离的)等距离的) omni- all omnipotence (全能)全能) semi-, sem half semester (half a year 学期)学期)demi- half demitasse (half a cup for serving coffee (一小杯清咖啡)一小杯清咖啡)Number-related prefixes from Greek prefix meaning examples Mono- one monologue duo-, di- two dialogue tri- three triangle tetra- four tetrameter (四音步诗)四音步诗) penta- five pentameter ,pentagon hexa- six hexagon hepta- seven heptagon deka-, dec- ten decathlon hemi- half hemisphere pan- all pandemic (大流行病)大流行病)I.Prefixation The definition of prefixation Prefixation Prefixation is is is the the the formation formation formation of of of new new new words words words by by by adding adding adding prefixes prefixes prefixes to to to stems. stems. stems. Prefixes Prefixes Prefixes do do do not not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. However, there is an insignificant number of class-changing prefixes Non-class-changing prefixes: n atural-unnatural, like-dislike, fair-unfair natural-unnatural, like-dislike, fair-unfairClass-changing prefixes: force-enforce, danger-endanger , form-deform, little-belittle, war-postwar, college-intercollegeThe classification of prefixes In some reference books, prefixes (and suffixes) are classified according to their source, but this does not seem to help from a practical point of view. view. It seems It seems more helpful to classify the most important productive prefixes by their meaning into the following ten categories: The most productive prefixesPrefixes which are negative a-, dis-, in-, non-, un- Prefixes which are reversative or privative de-, dis-, un- Prefixes which are pejorative mal-, mis-, pseudo-Prefixes which are of degree or size arch-, arch-, extra-, extra-, extra-, hyper-, hyper-, hyper-, macro-, macro-, macro-, mini-, mini-, mini-, out-, out-, out-, over-, over-, sub-, super, sur-, ultra-, under- Prefixes which are of attitude anti-, co-, contra- counter-, pro- Prefixes which are locative extra-, fore-, inter-, intra-, super-, tele-, trans-, Prefixes which are of time and order ex-, fore-, pre-, post-, re- Prefixes which are of number semi-, uni-, mono-, bi-, di-, tri-, multi-, poly- Prefixes which are of a miscellaneous category Auto-, neo- pan-, proto-, vice-1.Negative prefix a-/an- amoral, asexual, atheism, anacid, anarchy, dis- dishonest, discontent, disobey, disagree in- Incomplete, Incomplete, inconsistent, inconsistent, inconsistent, incorrect, incorrect, incorrect, invulnerable, invulnerable, invulnerable, illogical, illogical, illogical, illegal, illegal, impolite, immoral, imbalance, irrational, irregular non- nonviolent, non-cooperation, nonautomatic, nonadjustable, nonalcoholic un- uninformative, unexpected, unease, unrest 2.Reversative or privative prefix 含“消除”意思意思 de- defrost, deregulation, degeneration, denationalize ,dehydrate depollute, devalue, decentralize un- undo, unpack, untie, unwrap, unmask dis- disconnect, dishearten, disinterested(公正的,无私的), disambigulate 3.Pejorative prefix mis- misguide, misapplication, misbehavior, mischoice, mal- maladjustment, maldigestion, malfunction, maldevelopment,maltreat, malodorous, malnutrition pseudo- pseudonym, pseudoscience, pseudoclassic, pseudo-friend, pseudodemocratic, 4) Prefixes of degree or size hyper- hyperactive, hypercritical, hyperaggressive, hypercautious ultra- ultramodern, ultrasecret, ultraclean, ultrasonic, ultraconservative mini- minibus, minicamera, miniskirt out- outdo, outgrown, outlive over- overwork, overestimate, overemphasize, overabundance, overburden under- underdeveloped, underpopulation, undergraduate super- supermarket, superpower, superstar sub- subadult, subtitle, subbreed, subatom 5) Prefixes of orientation and attitude co- Co-author, co-star, co-prosperity, cooperation counter- Counterexample, counterclaim, counteractive, counterattack, counterculture, counterpart anti- anti-abortion, anti-art, antiwar, antibacterial, antisocial, anticancer, antibody pro- pro-American, pro-American亲美的, pro-Communist, pro-student, proslavery 6) Locative prefixes fore- forearm, forehead inter- international, intergovernmental, interdisciplinary, intercollege trans- transatlantic, transoceanic, transform, transplant tele- telephone, telegram, telecommunication U.S. intercontinental missile洲际导弹洲际导弹 是指射程在8000千米以上的导弹。
词汇期末复习(C1-C7)Chapter 1一、Word 词的定义(1) a minimal free form(最小的自由形式)(2) a sound unity(3) a semantic unity(meaning)(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.(具有句法功能)二、Vocabulary词汇的定义All the words in a language make up what is generally known as vocabulary.一般来说,词汇指的是一种语言里所有单词的总和。
词的总和构成语言的词汇。
词与词汇之间的关系是个体与总体之间的关系。
三、Sound&Meaning发音和意义The connection between the sound (form) and meaning is arbitrary (任意的) and conventional. 二者的关系是约定俗成、随意的四、Sound & Form发音和形式(1)The written form of a natural language is the orthographical(正字的)record of the oralform.自然语言的书写形式是口语形式的书写记录。
(2)The reasons of differences occur between sound and form: 发音与形式不同的原因:①English alphabet was adopted from the Romans 英语字母表来自罗马②the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. 发音改变快速③Differences created by professional scribes. 专业抄写员的不同④More differences brought by the continuing change of sounds and the standardization of spelling.发音不断变化,书写标准化。
1.词的概念。
(领会)2.词的分类。
(熟记)3.基本词汇的特点。
(熟记)4.本族语的重要性。
(熟记)Chapter21.印欧语系中的西部语系。
(熟记)2.古英语(熟记)3.中古英语(熟记)4.现代英语的发展模式。
(领会)Chapter31.词素的变体。
(熟记)2.总的词素的分类。
(领会)3.词缀法。
(熟记)4.指出例词的词素数量和类型。
(领会)1.前缀的分类。
(熟记)2.转类法的类型。
(领会)3.部分转类法和完全转类法区别.(熟记)4.拼缀法类型。
(领会)5.截断法的概念。
(熟记)6.指出给的例词属于合成词,派生词,转类法的词,拼缀法,截断法,首字母缩略词,首字母拼音词,逆生法,来自于专有名词的词中的哪一个。
Chapter51.所指的概念。
(熟记)2.词的理据。
(熟记)3.理据的分类。
(领会)4.概念意义。
(熟记)5.褒义和贬义。
(领会)Chpter61.同义词的分类。
(熟记)2.反义词的分类。
(领会)3.上下义关系概念。
(熟记)4.语义场的作用。
(熟记)Chapter71.语义的扩大和缩小。
(领会)2.语义的降格。
(熟记)3.语境的作用。
(熟记)Chapter91.习语的特点。
(领会)2.习语的变异形式。
(领会)Chapter101. 单语词典和双语词典。
(熟记)。
英语词汇学知识点归纳总结
1.词汇分类:英语词汇可以分为实词和虚词两大类。
实词包括名词、
动词、形容词和副词,是能独立存在并具有词义的词类;虚词包括冠词、
介词、连词、代词和助词,是不能独立存在或不具有词义的词类。
2.词根与词缀:英语词汇中有很多词根和词缀,词根是词的核心部分,词缀是附加在词根上的,可以改变词的词义、词性或词形。
3.词义:英语词汇的词义可以通过定义、同义词、反义词、上下义词
等方式进行描述和解释。
词义可以有直观意义、引申意义和隐喻意义等。
4.词汇建构:英语词汇的建构可以通过合成、派生、转化、缩略等方
式进行。
合成是通过将两个或多个词根组合成一个新词,派生是通过添加
前缀或后缀来构成新词,转化是通过改变词的词类来构成新词,缩略是通
过省略部分词组或词根来构成新词。
5.词汇变化:英语词汇的变化形式包括时态、语态、人称、数和比较等。
词汇的变化形式可以通过词形变化、语法变化和语义变化等方式进行。
6.外借词:英语词汇中存在大量的外借词,这些词汇主要来自拉丁语、希腊语、法语、德语等其他语言。
外借词在英语中经过适当的拼写、读音
和意义调整后被接受和使用。
7.同源词:英语词汇中存在一些同源词,这些词源于同一词根或词源,并在语音、形态或词义上有一定的相似性。
了解同源词可以帮助理解和记
忆词汇。
8.词汇扩展:英语词汇在发展的过程中会发生扩展,即一个词从最初的特定意义扩展到更广泛的意义。
词汇扩展可以通过引申、转义、隐喻等方式进行。
这些是英语词汇学中的一些主要知识点,通过对这些知识点的学习和理解,可以更好地掌握和应用英语词汇。
词汇学知识点词汇学是语言学的一个重要分支,研究词汇的形态、构词法、含义、语法功能和使用规律等方面的知识。
词汇学知识点有助于我们更深入地了解语言的结构和规律,提高我们的语言运用能力和沟通能力。
下面将就词汇学的一些重要知识点进行详细介绍。
1. 词汇的分类根据词性的不同,词汇可以分为名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、介词、连词和感叹词等不同种类。
名词是表示人、事、物、地点或抽象概念的词,如“学校”、“朋友”;动词是表示动作或状态的词,如“看”、“跑”;形容词是用来描述名词或代词的性质或特征的词,如“美丽”、“聪明”;副词是用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词的词,如“很”、“非常”。
2. 词汇的构词法构词法是指词汇的构成规律和方法。
词汇可以通过加前缀、后缀、派生、复合、缩略、转化等方式形成新词。
比如,“美”+“丽”=“美丽”;“快”+“速”=“快速”;“快速”+“度”=“快速度”。
3. 词汇的含义词汇的含义是指词汇所代表的概念或事物。
词汇的含义可以根据词义的延伸、转义、比喻、象征等方式进行词义推论。
比如,“明星”原指天空中的星星,后引申为受人尊敬或崇拜的人。
4. 词汇的语法功能词汇在句子中具有不同的语法功能,如名词可以作主语、宾语、定语、表语等;动词可以表示主谓关系、宾语关系、状语关系等;形容词和副词可以修饰名词或代词等。
5. 词汇的使用规律词汇在语言运用中有一定的使用规律,比如词的搭配、语法环境、语言风格等。
正确地运用词汇有助于提高语言表达的准确性和丰富性。
通过以上对词汇学知识点的介绍,我们可以更系统地了解词汇在语言中的作用和重要性,进一步提高我们的语言水平和表达能力。
希望大家都能在学习词汇学知识点的过程中取得更好的成绩,展现自己在语言运用方面的能力。
【正文结束】。
词汇学知识点总结词汇学是语言学的一个重要分支,研究的是词汇的形成、结构和意义等方面的问题。
在学习英语等外语的过程中,词汇是其中一个重要的组成部分。
下面,本文将对词汇学的一些知识点进行总结与归纳。
一、词的形态学词的形态学是词汇学中必须掌握的一个重要方面,主要包括词的构词法、屈折变化和派生变化等。
词的构词法指的是如何通过组合原有的词来创造新词,包括派生法、合成法、缩略法、转化法等。
屈折变化指根据语法要求,变化词的形态以表示不同的格、时、数、性等。
派生变化则指通过在原有词基础上添加字母或词缀等来产生新的词。
掌握词的形态学是很有必要的,因为它和词汇的理解和使用密切相关。
二、词的分类在英语中,词可以根据其不同的语法特征被归为不同的类别,常见的类别包括名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词和感叹词等。
不同的词在句子中扮演着不同的角色,掌握各类别之间的区别以及它们在句子中的作用,可以帮助我们更好地理解和表达语言。
三、词义词义是从语言学的角度定义词的意义,包括原义和引申义。
原义指的是一个词最基本的意思,而引申义则是在原义基础上经过延伸、扩展而得到的新意义。
同一个词的不同意义和语言环境等也会导致其含义的变化,例如“bank”既可以表示银行,也可以表示河岸等。
在学习外语的过程中,掌握词义是十分重要的。
四、词汇的学习方法词汇的学习是英语学习中最基础也最重要的部分之一,因此选择适合自己的学习方法对于提高词汇量、扩大词汇面积至关重要。
常用的学习方法包括反复背诵、积累单词簿、整理词根词缀、阅读和听力等。
在学习方法上,以选择适合自己和有用的方法为主,同时注意与语言运用的联系,不断地推广和实践。
五、词汇的应用掌握了词汇学的知识和学习方法后,其实就迈出了学习英语的第一步。
在实际运用中,如何运用得当也是至关重要的环节。
为了提高语言的流利度,需要在口语和书面语两个方面加强实践,增强实际运用能力。
另外,可以较晚多在社交网络等平台上与外国人联系,使用所学的词汇,将知识应用到实际交流之中,效果更佳。
词汇期末复习(C1-C7)Chapter 1一、Word 词的定义(1) a minimal free form(最小的自由形式)(2) a sound unity(3) a semantic unity(meaning)(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.(具有句法功能)二、Vocabulary词汇的定义All the words in a language make up what is generally known as vocabulary.一般来说,词汇指的是一种语言里所有单词的总和。
词的总和构成语言的词汇。
词与词汇之间的关系是个体与总体之间的关系。
三、Sound&Meaning发音和意义The connection between the sound (form) and meaning is arbitrary (任意的) and conventional. 二者的关系是约定俗成、随意的四、Sound & Form发音和形式(1)The written form of a natural language is the orthographical(正字的)record of the oralform.自然语言的书写形式是口语形式的书写记录。
(2)The reasons of differences occur between sound and form: 发音与形式不同的原因:①English alphabet was adopted from the Romans 英语字母表来自罗马②the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. 发音改变快速③Differences created by professional scribes. 专业抄写员的不同④More differences brought by the continuing change of sounds and the standardization of spelling.发音不断变化,书写标准化。
词汇学知识点总结词汇学是研究词汇的学科,它是语言学的一个重要分支,涉及了语言的构成、变化和使用等方面。
词汇学对于语言的理解和应用具有重要的意义,它不仅可以帮助我们更好地掌握语言知识,还可以帮助我们提高语言运用能力。
在这篇文章中,我们将对词汇学的知识点进行总结,帮助读者更好地理解和掌握这一学科。
一、词的定义和分类词是语言中的最小意义单位,是构成句子和表达意思的基本单位。
按照在句子中的功能和语法特征,词可以分为实词和虚词两大类。
实词包括名词、动词、形容词、副词等,它们能够表示具体的事物或抽象的概念;虚词包括代词、连词、介词、助词等,它们通常用来连接或修饰实词,没有明确的词义。
二、词汇的构成词汇的构成是指词的组成方式和形态特征。
在词汇的构成中,我们可以看到一些常见的构词法,如前缀、后缀、派生、合成、转化等。
通过这些构词法,我们可以对词汇进行灵活组合和创造,丰富语言的表达能力。
1.前缀前缀是指加在词根前面的一个字,可以改变词的词义或语法特征。
比如,“un-”表示否定,“re-”表示再次,“pre-”表示在前面等。
2.后缀后缀是指加在词根后面的一个字,同样可以改变词的词义或语法特征。
比如,“-ing”表示进行时,“-ful”表示充满的意思,“-ment”表示名词化等。
3.派生派生是指通过词根和词缀的组合来创造和衍生新的词。
比如,“happy”是一个形容词,通过加上“-ness”后缀就可以派生出名词“happiness”。
4.合成合成是指两个或多个词汇组合在一起,形成一个新的词。
比如,“blackboard”由“black”和“board”两个实词组合而成。
5.转化转化是指一个词汇的词类发生改变,但词形不变。
比如,“work”可以作为动词,也可以作为名词,它的词形都不发生变化。
词汇的构成方式是多种多样的,通过学习这些构词法,我们可以更好地理解和掌握词汇的形态特征,有助于提高我们的语言表达能力。
三、词汇的语义特征语义是指词汇所携带的意义,它是语言交流和理解的基础。
英语词汇学知识点归纳英语词汇学是研究词汇的学科,主要研究词汇的形成、发展、构造和使用规律。
以下是一些英语词汇学的主要知识点。
1. 词汇分类:英语词汇可以分为原生词汇和派生词汇。
原生词汇是指直接来源于英语语言的词汇,而派生词汇则是通过加前缀、后缀或改变词性形成的新词。
2. 词根、前缀和后缀:许多英语单词都有共同的词根,通过添加前缀和后缀,可以构成各种派生词。
例如,'un-'是一个常见的前缀,表示否定,如'unhappy'(不快乐)。
3. 同义词和反义词:同义词具有相似的意思,可以在不同的上下文中互换使用,例如'big'和'large'。
反义词则是意思相反的词汇,如'hot'和'cold'。
4. 合成词:合成词是由两个或多个独立的词组合而成的词汇。
例如,'sunflower'(向日葵)由'sun'(太阳)和'flower'(花)组成。
5. 词源学:词源学研究词汇的起源和演变过程。
许多英语单词来自其他语言,如拉丁语、法语和希腊语。
了解词源可以帮助我们理解词汇的含义和用法。
6. 词义的变化:词汇的意义会随时间和语境的变化而变化。
一些词汇可能会产生新的意义或失去原有的意义。
例如,'mouse'(老鼠)最初是指一种小动物,现在也可以指计算机的输入设备。
7. 词汇的语法功能:词汇在句子中扮演不同的语法角色,如名词、动词、形容词等。
了解词汇的语法功能可以帮助我们正确使用它们。
8. 语义关系:词汇之间存在各种语义关系,如同义关系、反义关系、上下位关系等。
了解这些关系可以帮助我们扩展词汇量,提高语言表达能力。
9. 词汇的习得和记忆:习得和记忆词汇是学习英语的重要一部分。
采用合适的记忆方法,如使用词汇卡片、词汇表等,可以帮助我们更好地掌握词汇。
以上是英语词汇学的一些主要知识点。
英语词汇学知识点归纳Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you! In addition, this shop provides you with various types of practical materials, such as educational essays, diary appreciation, sentence excerpts, ancient poems, classic articles, topic composition, work summary, word parsing, copy excerpts, other materials and so on, want to know different data formats and writing methods, please pay attention!1. 词汇分类:动词、名词、形容词、副词、连词、代词、介词、数词等。
2. 词性转换:同一单词的不同词性有不同的用法和含义,如:think(动词)和thought(名词),slowly(副词)和slow(形容词)。
3. 词义辨析:同一单词有不同的含义,如:bank可以指银行,也可以指河岸。
4. 词源研究:研究单词的来源和变化过程,了解其背后的文化、历史和社会等方面的知识。
Chapter One Basic Concepts of Words and VocabularyA word is a minimal free form of language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.A word may be defined as one of the fundamental units of speech and as having a minimum free form. It is a unity of sound and meaning, capable of performing a given syntactical function.The relation between sound and meaning is almost always arbitrary and there is no logical relationship between them.The relation between sound and form:the written form of English is an imperfect representation of spoken form, yet in spite of the differences between sound and form, at least 80% of the English words fit consistent spelling pattern.All the words in a language make up its vocabularyAll the words in a language together constitute its vocabulary.Classification of words:By use frequency: basic word stock(natural phenomena/human body and relations/plants and animals/action, size, domain, state/num, pron, prep, conj)non basic word:by notion: content words(实词n. v. adj. adv. Num)functional words( prep, conj, aux. Art)by origin: native wordsborrowed/loan words(Denizens同化Aliens非同化Translation-loans译借词Semantic-loans借义词)Chapter 2 Morphological Structure of English WordsMorpheme: 1.minimal meaningful unit. 2.The smallest functioning unit in the composition of wordsTypes of morphemes:Free morpheme自由词素=free roots彼此之间互相独立的词素叫自由词素,本身具有完整的意义,在句子中可以用作自由的语法单位e.g. man, foot, earthBound morpheme粘着词素:Bound root粘着词根Affix词缀:inflectional affix屈折词缀(语法关系) e.g. -s (es) -er, -est -ed: -ingderivational affix派生词缀(prefix, suffix)Morpheme and word-formation: We know that words can be analyzed into morphemes, which are the minimal meaningful units in the composition of words. In word-formation, however, morphemes are conventionally labeled as root, stem and affix.1 affix are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or functionAll affixes are bound2 root the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identityStem is used only when we deal with affixes词干是讲到词缀现象时候用的术语Chapter 3 Word FormationAffixation词缀法/ Derivation 派生法Prefixation:Suffixation:Compounding复合法the formation of new words by joining two or more stems Characteristics of compoundsFormation of compoundsConversion转类法:词性活用 e.g. to pocket the moneyBlending拼缀法head+ tail: e.g. motor + hotel=motel smoke + fog=smogchannel+tunnel=chunnel Chocolate+alcoholic=chocoholichead+ head: e.g. Communication+satellite=comsat teleprinter+ exchange=telexSituation+comedy=sitcom American+Indian=Amerindhead +word: e.g. Medical+care=medicare Europe+Asia=EurasiaTelephone+quiz=telequiz automobile+camp=autocampword+ tail: e.g. Work+welfare=workfare Reagan+economics=ReaganomicsTour+automobile=tourmobileClipping截短法Front clipping截前留后: e.g. earthquake →quake helicopter →coptertelephone →phone aerodrome →dromeBack clipping截后留前:e.g. dormitory →dorm memorandum →memodiscotheque →discoFront and back clipping截前后留中间: e.g. influenza →flu refrigerator →fridge pajamas →jamsPhrase clipping截词组: e.g. public house →pub popular music →popzoological garden →zooAbbreviation缩略法Initialisms 首字母缩略词:e.g. VOA BBC A.D B.C UFO CIA IOC VIP p.m. Acronyms 首字母缩拼词(可拼读)e.g. NATOTEFLUNESCOOPECAPECSARSBack-formation 逆构法e.g. edit←editor beg←beggar diagnose←diagnosis enthuse ←enthusiasm sculpt ←sculptor burgle ←burglar babysit←babysitterChapter 4 Word meaningword meaning:Meaning is what the form stands for.reference所指:the relationship between language and the world.Although reference is a kind of abstraction, with the help of context, it can refer to something definite.concept 概念:Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.sense语义the meaning of meaning is perhaps what is termed sense.Every word that has meaning has sense but not every word has reference.e.g. probable, nearly, and , if, but, yesMotivation词义的理据refers to the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.1.onomatopoetic motivation拟声理据:words that were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises; their phonetic forms suggest their meaningse.g. crow by cocks, quack by ducks,trumpet by elephants,buzz by bees or flies,croak by frogs2.morphological motivation 形态理据:Compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many of them are the sum total of the morphemes combinede.g. airmail, reading-lamp, miniskirt, hopeful3.semantic motivation语义理据is the mental association bases on the conceptual meaning of a word. It is the figurative sense of the word. 由词的概念意义所暗示的联想意义,语义理据是一种心理联想,指词义的引申和比喻e.g. the mouth of a river the foot of the mountain He is fond of the bottle.4.etymological motivation 词源理据:The origins of words more often than not throw light on their meanings. All the words communized from proper names can be explained in terms of their origins.Types of meaning:1.grammatical meaning and lexical meaning 语法意义和词汇意义:如词类、名词的单复数意义、动词的时态意义、词的屈折形式等方面的意义。