2014英语(外国语)-上外考博入学试题

上海外国语大学2014年博士研究生入学考试英语（外国语）试题（考试时间180分钟，满分100分，共8页）I. Grammar and Vocabulary (30%)Directions: From the four choices given, choose ONE to complete the sentence. Section A Grammar (15%, @1%)1. I really wish I _____ all my money on those shoes yesterday.A. haven‟t spentB. didn‟t spendC. hadn‟t spentD. don‟t spend2. _____ that it closed after only a week.A. Such unpopular the exhibition wasB. Such unpopular was the exhibitionC. So unpopular the exhibition wasD. So unpopular was the exhibition3. His parents _____ his homework every night before he could watch TV.A. made him doB. allowed him to doC. let him doD. allowed him do4. _____ wake up the baby, they spoke quietly.A. Not wanted toB. Not wanting toC. Not want toD. Wanting not to5. If the concert _____, we wouldn‟t have left early.A. was not boringB. hasn‟t been boringC. were not boringD. hadn‟t been boring6. Many buildings were damaged by the hurricane, and a month later, they _____.A. are still repairingB. are still repairedC. are still being repairedD. have repaired7. Jeff had a terrible fight with his girlfriend, but they _____ later when he apologized.A. made overB. made it overC. made upD. made up it8. I saw Aliza yesterday. I _____ at the library.A. ran into herB. ran her intoC. ran her overD. ran in to her9. _____ are three early paintings by Picasso.A. Displaying in this roomB. Displayed in this roomC. To display in this roomD. Have displayed in this room10. Most students really do have topics _____.A. in which they can speakB. with which they can speakC. to which they can speakD. on which they can speak11. _____ what is generally assumed, the adjustment to this kind of work is relatively easily made.A. Apart fromB. Instead ofC. Contrary toD. In addition to12. I didn‟t hear my cell phone ring. I _____ turned it on.A. could haveB. should not haveC. may haveD. must not have13. The hotel _____ we stayed in had a private beach.A. whereB. thatC. at whichD. wherever14. After I take a big exam, I can‟t help _____ until I see my grade.A. worryB. worriedC. worryingD. to worry15. Mary keeps talking about the party—she had a very good time,_____?A. hadn‟t sheB. had sheC. didn‟t sheD. wasn‟t sheSection B Vocabulary (15%, @1%)1. The _____ of the movie Titanic is that love is stronger than death.A. lessonB. messageC. moralD. idea2. We got all new kitchen _____, including a stove, fridge, and microwave oven.A. appliancesB. gadgetsC. furnitureD. tools3. Vera is really _____ about becoming a physicist and winning the Nobel Prize!A. anxiousB. motivatedC. determinedD. ambitious4. Janet will have _____ for the new advertising campaign.A. obligationB. dutyC. requirementD. responsibility5. We need a(n) _____ person to decide what is fair.A. uninterestedB. indifferentC. disinterestedD. stubborn6. The novel was _____ for a TV series.A. adaptedB. adoptedC. admiredD. admitted7. The subway _____ in my city went up last month.A. priceB. fareC. chargeD. pay8. It was a long, slow _____ from Moscow to Beijing by train.A. crossingB. journeyC. voyageD. travel9. Many countries have emergency _____ systems for natural disasters.A. advisingB. tellingC. warningD. supporting10. You need to have a back-_____ light in case the electricity goes off.A. overB. downC. onD. up11. John and I are very _____. We‟re both very active and love to be outdoors.A. controllingB. committedC. considerateD. compatible12. All of the _____ were wearing blue and white, their team‟s colors.A. audienceB. viewersC. spectatorsD. visitors13. Last year Dan changed his _____ from chemistry to biology.A. majorB. lessonC. courseD. class14. When I heard the woman‟s _____, I could tell that she came from the northern part of our country.A. languageB. voiceC. dialectD. accent15. There was a _____ accident here last night. Many people were killed or injured.A. fearfulB. horribleC. frightenedD. terrifiedII. Cloze Test (20%, @1%)Direction: Fill in each blank of the following passage with an appropriate word.It often appears that we have more to gain by speaking than by listening. One big advantage of speaking is that it gives you a chance to control others‟thoughts and actions. Whatever your goal—to have a prospective boss hire you, to _____(1) others to vote for the candidate of your _____(2), or to describe the way you want your hair _____(3)—the key to success seems to be the ____(4) to speak well.Another apparent advantage of speaking is the chance it provides to _____(5) the admiration, respect, or liking of others. Tell jokes, and everyone will think you‟re a real _____(6). Offer advice, and they‟ll be _____(7) for your help. Tell them all you know, and they‟ll be _____(8) by your wisdom. But keep quiet… and it seems as if you‟ll look like a _____(9) nobody.Finally, talking gives you the chance to _____(10) energy in a way that listening can‟t. When you‟re _____(11), the chance to talk about your problems can often help you feel better. In the same way, you can often _____(12) your anger by letting it out verbally. It is also helpful to _____(13) your excitement with others by talking about it, for keeping it inside often _____(14) you feeling as if you might burst.While it is true that talking does have many advantages, it‟s important to realize that listening can _____(15) listeners, too. As you‟ll soon read, being a good listener is one good way to help others _____(16) their problems; and what better way is there tohave others _____(17) you? As for controlling others, it may be true that it‟s hard to be persuasive while you‟re listening, but your _____(18) to hear others out will often leave them _____(19) to thinking about your ideas in return, like defensiveness, listening is often reciprocal: you get what you _____(20).1. A) guarantee B) persuade C) convince D) promise2. A) associate B) relation C) choice D) opponent3. A) cutting B) cut C) to cut D) being cut4. A) adaptability B) probability C) flexibility D) capability5. A) gain B) grasp C) receive D) acquire6. A) master B) genius C) creator D) wit7. A) thoughtful B) delightful C) grateful D) trustful8. A) affected B) impressed C) influenced D) excited9. A) fruitless B) priceless C) worthless D) senseless10. A) reserve B) relieve C) remove D) release11. A) disturbed B) discharged C) disposed D) disgusted12. A) lessen B) decrease C) reduce D) compress13. A) divide B) share C) distribute D) provide14. A) makes B) causes C) leaves D) enables15. A) interest B) favor C) benefit D) improve16. A) from B) of C) beyond D) with17. A) appreciate B) understand C) comprehend D) gratify18. A) consciousness B) likeliness C) willingness D) eagerness19. A) free B) open C) clear D) pure20. A) lose B) exchange C) sacrifice D) giveIII. Reading Comprehension (10%, @1%)Directions: Read the following passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question.Passage 1Insurance is the sharing of risks. Nearly everyone is exposed to risk of some sort. The house owner, for example, knows that his property can be damaged by fire; the ship owner knows that his vessel may be lost at sea; the breadwinner knows that he may die at an early age and leave his family the poorer. On the other hand, not every house is damaged by fire nor every vessel lost at sea. If these persons each put a small sum into a pool, there will be enough to meet the needs of the few who do suffer loss. In other words, the losses of the few are met from the contributions of the many. This is the basis of insurance. Those who pay the contribution are known as “insured”and those who administer the pool of contributions as “insurers”.Not all risks lend themselves to being covered by insurance. Broadly speaking, the ordinary risks of business and speculation cannot be covered. The risk that buyers will not buy goods at the prices offered is not of a kind that can be statistically estimated—and risks can only be insured against if they can be so estimated.The legal basis of all insurance is the “policy”. This is a printed form of contracton stout paper of the best quality. It states that in return for the regular payment by the insured of a named sum of money, called the “premium”, which is usually paid every year, the insurer will pay a sum of money or compensation for loss, if the risk or event insured against actually happens. The wording of policies, particularly in marine insurance, often seems very old-fashioned, but there is a sound reason for this. Over a large number of years many law cases have been brought to clear up the meanings of doubtful phrases in policies. The law courts, in their judgments, have given these phrases a definite and indisputable meaning, and to avoid future disputes the phrases have continued to be used in policies even when they have paused out of normal use in speech.1. According to this passage, insurance is possible because _____.A. everyone at some time suffers lossB. only a small proportion of the insured suffer lossC. nearly everyone suffers lossD. only insured people suffer loss2. The “basis of insurance” refers to _____.A. the sharing of risksB. the administration of contributionsC. the payment of contributionsD. exposure to risks3. By “the pool of contributions” the writer means _____.A. money paid by the insuredB. money paid by the insurersC. the cost of administering insuranceD. the amount of each premium4. The insurance of ordinary business risks is not possible because _____.A.businessmen will not buy insuranceB.the risks are too highC.the risks cannot be estimatedD.the premiums would be too high5. Old-fashioned wording is sometimes used in insurance policies because _____.A.insurance is old-fashionedB.insurance has existed for a long timeC.it enables ordinary people to understand itD.the meaning of such wording has been agreed uponPassage 2After years of enduring tantalizing rumors that she would win the Nobel Prize for Literature, South African novelist Nadine Gordimer developed a pat response for nosy journalists: “I would say, …If I ever win it, I‟ll let you know,‟ and I‟d put the phone down.”Then one day in 1991, while standing in the kitchen, Gordimer—whose piercingly authoritative phone manner reflects the high moral seriousness of such books as Burger’s Daughter and July’s People—received the call that ended thespeculation. “I was, of course, delighted,” she says. “Everybody must be when they get the Nobel Prize.”Delighted at first, that is. Caribbean poet Derek Walcott, who won the prize in 1992, recalls a similar burst of joy followed by a prolonged state of siege. “The phone rang endlessly, and a lot of invitations came. It was a really terrible time, not terrible in a bad sense but terrible in how exacting it is. For a while you can‟t work, because it‟s so demanding.” What Walcott characterizes as the Nobel‟s less than phenomenal influence on his book sales didn‟t make up for the chaotic fuss. What did soothe him, however, was the prize money, as he frankly and cheerfully admits. “It was almost a million dollars,” he recalls. “What I‟m really grateful for is the fact that I could build a very nice house in a very nice little bay in St. Lucia with a studio.”Once labeled a potential “kiss of death” by novelist Saul Bellow, after he won the prize in 1976, the Nobel can be a bittersweet distinction. For William Faulkner and Ernest Hemingway, the prize was a swan song, a tribute to past masterpieces whose greatness their subsequent work did not approach. For others, it‟s just a very prestigious distraction. Polish poet Wislawa Szymborska, the 1996 laureate, complained that the prize destroyed her cherished privacy by turning her into an “official person.” According to Jonathan Galassi, editor in chief of Farrar, Straus and Giroux (Gordimer‟s and Walcott‟s publisher), the prize can “inundate” a writer. “People,” he says, “want a piece of your ass even more than they did before.”Judging by the pace at which they‟re working, both Gordimer and Walcott appear to be surviving the Nobel. Gordimer‟s new novel, The House Gun, which comes out this month, is a tense post-apartheid family drama as vital as anything she has ever written. The protagonists are a white upper middle-class couple who‟ve managed to glide through their country‟s revolution without so much as a hair out of place. Then their adult son confesses to murder, and the stalled karmic wheels begin to turn. The story deftly brings home a tricky truth: peace can be as perilous as war, and even more confusing to negotiate.As a member of the African National Congress, Gordimer has always been a deeply political creature, both in her public life and in her writing, but the resolution of her nation‟s great issue hasn‟t cooled her intellectual fires. With her son, documentary filmmaker Hugo Cassirer, she‟s currently working on a film that will contrast the recent histories of two long-divided but now reunified cities, Berlin and Johannesburg. Referring to the project, Gordimer may as well be speaking of her own experience with the Nobel: “We‟ve become fascinated by what happens after the initial euphoria, and how you deal with daily life.”Walcott‟s daily life is hectic. As the co-writer of the book and lyrics for Paul Simon‟s long-awaited musical The Capeman, he has a Broadway opening this month—an unusually suspenseful opening. The Capeman, which tells the story of Salvador Agron, a Puerto Rican teen who killed two white youths in a Manhattan playground in 1959, has been plagued by a drumbeat of doomsaying in the New York media, last-minute changes and a postponed opening date. The Nobel curse may be chasing Walcott, but his productivity seems unaffected. His most recent book of poetry, The Bounty, was published last summer to good reviews, and his next book—acollection of his paintings accompanied by a long poem—is due to appear later this year.The Nobel Prize isn‟t perfect. Not every great writer wins, and not every winner is a great writer. Still, the Nobel does bring the one thing every writer can always use, besides a nice house on a bay: self-confidence. “You could say, …Oh, yes, it was time the prize was given to a black woman or to a Caribbean writer,‟” says Walcott. “But one likes to believe that it is based on merit, even it sounds flattering to say that.”Sometimes literature‟s kiss of death, it seems, can be the breath of life.6. What annoyed Gordimer before she received the Nobel Prize?A. Speculation from the press.B. Lack of fame.C. AnxietyD. Heavy workload.7. All the following are true of Walcott after receiving the Nobel Prize EXCEPT _____.A.he was delighted to receive the Nobel PrizeB.for a while he was mired in social activitiesC.with the prize money he could find a better place to live and workD.the Nobel didn‟t boost his book sales8. Why does the writer mention Saul Bellow (paragraph. 3) ?A. To indicate the source of the term “kiss of death”.B. To imply that his subsequent work was a failure.C. To compare him with William Faulkner and Ernest Hemingway.D. To imply that he did not deserve the Nobel.9. It can be inferred that apartheid is a period characterized by _____.A. economic recessionB. clashes and conflictsC. peaceD. family drama10. Which of the following is NOT true of The Capeman?A. it is a story of racial conflict.B. It was to open some time this month.C. It has not been well received by the New York media.D. It has a suspenseful plot.IV. Translation (20%)Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese.Do you ever eat fish sticks? Do you know where most of the fish we eat comes from? Some come from lakes, like the Great Lakes, but most come from the ocean.Let‟s visit the “Ocean State.” That‟s Rhode Island. It‟s called that because not one person in the whole state lives more than 25 miles from the ocean. We‟re going to the port of Narragansett. A port is where ships and boats can load and unload cargo.In this port, you‟ll see many fishing boats. They must be unloading 1,000 poundsof lobster and about 8,500 pounds of crab. That‟s a lot of seafood salad!If you like eating shellfish, then travel south to the Chesapeake Bay. Native Americans living along this bay gave it an Algonquian (阿尔贡金语的) name, Chesepiook. The name means “great shellfish bay”and there are plenty of crabs, oysters, and clams in these waters.V. Writing (20%)Directions: Based on the following information, please write an essay of about 200 words on your answer sheet. A title is needed.With the ever-increasing number of private cars in China, some problems have been more and more conspicuous. What do you think those problems are? Are there any feasible solutions to them?。

山东大学考博英语2014年真题(总分：95.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Grammar and Vocabulary (总题数：30，分数：15.00)1.Most good writers use every means at their ______ to make the reader"s way smooth and easy. （分数：0.50）A.willB.disposal √C.requestD.convenience解析：[解析] 固定搭配。

没有at one"s will的搭配，而是at will“任意，随意”；at one"s disposal“可自行支配”；at one"s request“应某人请求”；at one"s convenience“在某人方便时”。

根据句意，只有B项符合题意。

2.John was so ______ in his book that he did not hear the doorbell ring.（分数：0.50）A.engagedB.occupiedC.absorbed √D.concentrated解析：[解析] 近义词辨析。

absorbed“全神贯注的”，只用于表示精力的集中，多用作表语，有be absorbed in(全神贯注于)这样一个搭配；concentrated“决心要做的，全力以赴的，集中的，密集的，浓缩的”，多用作定语。

concentrated表示精力的集中之意时，侧重于表示决心。

根据句中的was so的结构，absorbed 更符合句意。

故答案为C。

3.Too much ______ to X-rays can cause skin burns, cancer or other damage to the body.（分数：0.50）A.exposureB.disclosure √C.contactD.connection解析：[解析] 固定搭配。

上外考研英语真题作文IntroductionIn recent years, the examination for postgraduate studies in English at Shanghai International Studies University (SISU) has become increasingly competitive. Many students strive to pass the exam, known as the "SISU examination," in order to pursue their academic dreams. This article aims to delve into the characteristics of the SISU English postgraduate entrance exam and provide some tips for success.Section 1: Overview of the SISU English Postgraduate Entrance ExamThe SISU English postgraduate entrance exam is renowned for its rigorousness and comprehensive content. It consists of four sections: listening comprehension, reading comprehension, translation, and essay writing. Each section requires candidates to demonstrate their English proficiency and analytical skills.Section 2: Strategies for Listening ComprehensionListening comprehension is a challenging section for many test-takers. To improve scores in this section, candidates can employ the following strategies:1. Familiarize yourself with various English accents and practice listening to different recordings.2. Focus on understanding the main idea rather than individual details.3. Take notes while listening to help retain information and facilitate answering questions.4. Practice timed mock tests to enhance speed and accuracy.Section 3: Approaches for Reading ComprehensionReading comprehension tests the ability to comprehend and analyze written passages. Here are some approaches candidates can use to improve their performance in this section:1. Skim the passage first to get a general understanding of the topic and main points.2. Pay attention to keywords and their synonyms or antonyms.3. Make use of context clues to deduce the meaning of unfamiliar words.4. Practice summarizing and paraphrasing the main ideas of the passages.Section 4: Key Tips for TranslationThe translation section assesses candidates' ability to transfer meaning accurately between English and Chinese. To excel in this section, consider the following suggestions:1. Enhance vocabulary and grammar skills in both languages.2. Pay attention to the context and register of the original text in order to choose appropriate equivalents.3. Practice translating various types of texts, such as formal documents, news articles, and literary works.4. Review common translation errors and learn from them to avoid making similar mistakes.Section 5: Techniques for Essay WritingThe essay writing section evaluates candidates' ability to express opinions and arguments in English. To excel in this section, consider the following techniques:1. Practice different types of academic writing, such as argumentative essays, descriptive essays, and persuasive essays.2. Develop a clear and logical structure for your essay, including an introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion.3. Use appropriate vocabulary and grammar to convey your ideas effectively.4. Revise and proofread your essay to correct any spelling or grammatical errors.ConclusionThe SISU English postgraduate entrance exam is challenging but not insurmountable. By understanding the exam structure and employing effective strategies, test-takers can enhance their performance and increase their chances of success. Remember to practice regularly, seek feedback, and stay confident throughout the preparation process. Good luck to all aspiring candidates!。

上海外国语大学2014年研究生入学考试英语翻译基础样题、、写出下列英语词汇对应中文的全称（15分）Tory PartyIsisPPIUNFCCCLiberal ArtsMarine CorpsD-DayDiet Of JapanSub-Saharan AfricaRule of law、、写出下列中文的英文全称（15分）内阁成员指纹识别技术高清屏幕中共中央委员会痢疾中国招商银行存款准备金率比较优势十八届四中全会新型大国关系三、英译汉（60分）Britain’s Last EU Straw?LONDON – Is £1.7 billion ($2.7 billion) a lot of money for the British government to fork out? It is when it is a European Union budget demand that comes out of the blue. But the impact of the EU’s unexpected budget invoice is not just financial, for it has arrived at a time when the anti-EU, United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) is riding high in opinion polls. The episode reveals the arbitrary nature of EU budget setting, which puts the EU itself in a bad light – and could be the last straw for Britain’s EU membership.The bill originates from a statistical recalculation by Eurostat, the EU statistical office, of the UK’s economic performance over the past 20 years. The longer-terms costs, however, could be much greater than the relatively small amount (0.1% of GDP) involved. The political crisis – which originated with the calculation of national budget surcharges and rebates from the EU budget – stems from an institutional arbitrariness that seems unjust and fosters immense resentment. Like friendships or marriages that break down over seemingly trivial issues that in fact signify fundamental problems, this budget crisis has highlighted a serious flaw in the UK-EU relationship.The new financial demand surprised UK Prime Minister David Cameron, who called it “completely unacceptable.” For many Euroskeptics, this was yet another sign of a conspiracy by the European Commission against Britain. Referring to a children’s murder-detective board game, Cameron declared: “You don’t need a Cluedo set to know that someone has been clubbed with the lead piping in the library.” A better comparison might have been with the “Chance” cards in Monopoly, the Great Depression-era board game that highlighted the random injustice of capitalism.The timing of the spat could not be better for Britain’s EU opponents. UKIP could conceivably hold the balance of power following next May’s general election, and force the government to hold its promised “in-out” referendum on EU membership. Under electoral pressure, Britain’s two main parties – Conservatives and Labour – are already advocating limits on immigration that are incompatible with EU law and the core principles of European integration. The emotional escalation may lead many people, on both sides of the English Channel, to conclude that the UK and the EU would each be better off without the other.Pre-existing tensions have inevitably played a large part in the current flare-up. But is the EU’s budget calculation method also at fault?It is rational for a country’s EU budget contribution to reflect its real level of economic activity. In any case, the total EU budget, at around 1% of EU output, is relatively small, and has not changed for more than 30 years. The recalculation simply attempts to achieve a more accurate picture of the EU economy, correcting for activity not officially measured in national accounts, such as charity, drugs, and prostitution. Moreover, Britain was not the only EU member to fall foul of the recalculation. Italy’s economic performance also looked better than previously assumed, necessitating an additional payment. Italian Prime Minister Matteo Renzi duly joined the chorus of outrage, calling the recalculation a “lethal weapon.”To be sure, it is fundamentally sensible for governments to monitor and tax as much domestic economic activity as possible. An external assessment that attempts to account for the whole of the economy – and calculates the budget contribution on this basis – should increase tax efficiency. Poor taxation capacity has, after all, been an endemic problem in southern Europe, including in Italy (and especially in Greece), while France and Germany, which both received large rebates, are better tax collectors.Italy, like Greece, has been trying to broaden its tax base. Aerial surveys now detect garden swimming pools; tax assessors investigate yachts moored in harbors; and no transactions above €1,000 ($1,268) may be made in cash.Yet why should the EU’s budget calculations place such importance on national accounts, which constitute a set of arbitrary conventions? If, for example, wages were paid for housework, GDP would increase without any more activity taking place. In a rational world, EU budget contributions would not be arbitrarily set, but would be automatically determined, say, as a fixed proportion of value-added tax (VAT) receipts. Only a relatively small share would be needed, requiring no periodic recalculations.Assessing, and then reassessing, members’ dues in the current way damages the EU. Taken to its logical extreme, member countries would demand recalculations to reflect the different ways they measure income and wealth, thereby pitting potential beneficiary countries against contributors. Such a fiscal set-up has already threatened to break up member states – consider Scotland or Catalonia.If the EU is seen as being little more than a treasure chest that allots fiscal resources to its members, it is bound to fail. As geopolitical challenges mount, and Europe faces its first systemic security threat since the end of the Cold War, the stakes could not be higher. Europe cannot get bogged down in what should be a simple bureaucratic process. Rather, the EU must be able to explain what it truly represents, and these ideals must be reflected in actions that are clear, predictable, and non-arbitrary.、、汉译英（60分）朱镕基谈中国加入WTO中国和美国最近达成的关于中国进入WTO的双边协议。

南京大学2014年博士入学英语考试真题与答案解析题型有：1. Structure and Vocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English TranslationStructure and Vocabulary1． As the world’s largest grain exporter, the United States has______power over the world food distribution system.A．assortedB．unrivaledC．compoundedD．intrigued正确答案：B解析：形容词词义辨析。

assorted“组合的；混杂的”；unrivaled“无敌的，无比的，至高无上的”；compounded“复合的，化合的”；intrigued“好奇的；被迷住的”。

根据句意能与power(控制权)搭配的形容词只能是unrivaled。

故答案为B。

2．The gap between what we know and all that can be known seems not to______, but rather to increase with every new discovery.A．clarifyB．eliminateC．diminishD．extinguish正确答案：C解析：动词词义辨析。

空后的but一词表示转折，所以此空应填入与increase意思相反的词，选项中只有diminish(使减少；使变小)符合这个要求。

故答案为C。

eliminate“排除，消除”；extinguish“熄灭；压制”。

3． Fun is what we experience during an act. Happiness is what we experience after an act. It is a deeper, more______emotion.A．compellingB．abidingC．violentD．sophisticated正确答案：B解析：形容词词义辨析。

上海外国语大学2014年研究生入学考试翻译硕士英语样题Read the following passage and answer the questions below.Android wars are raging as rivals challenge Google’s dominanceThe phone in your pocket is probably an Android device, and if you live in a western country, it is almost certainly running the Google version of Android and thus is bristling with Google’s services: Gmail, YouTube, Docs and more.______The raw figures for Android’s market share make it look as though Google _____the smartphone world: of the 301.3m smartphones shipped in the second quarter of this year, 84.7 per cent were Android devices, up from 79.6 per cent in 2013, according to analysts IDC. But those _____hide a more complex story about how difficult it is to _____an ecosystem and bring customers into it.The next biggest player on the _____OS scene is Apple, which in September made a bold bid to draw users further into its clutches with the launch of a wearable device, the Apple Watch, and, more importantly, its Apple Pay system.Apple’s iOS _____been _____market share, according to IDC: in the second quarter of this year, it _____for 11.7 per cent of mobile device shipments, down from 13 per cent in the same quarter last year. Apple’s early-mover advantage has been eclipsed by the roaring success of _____.Google maintains and develops the “official” _____of Android, but the operating system itself is open-source, which _____anyone can fiddle with it, change it, add to it and take bits away, as _____and Nokia, for example, have done with their operating systems have done with their operating systems for, respectively, the Kindle Fire and the Nokia X range.Google leads the Android Open Handset Alliance, an association of device-makers such as Sony, LG, Samsung and Lenovo, mobile operators such as T-Mobile and Vodafone as well as chipmakers Arm, Qualcomm and Intel, and software companies, _____eBay and, of course, Google.In return for membership of the OHA, members can create devices that Google will license its services _____. It is important to note that while Android itself is _____ and free to use, Google’s services are not. Members of the alliance also pledge not to “fork” Android – in other words, create their own _____that exclude Google services. This is all great for Google, as it means its data-collecting apparatus, with its access to your email, searches, location data and so on, is in the hands of millions of people to whom “relevant” adverts can be directed.There is, however, a big part of the Android ecosystem that is nothing to do with Google. This is most significant in China, where Google and its services are persona non grata. But there are also trouble spots on the radar outside China that should worry Google.Google’s biggest concern is Samsung. The search giant’s relations with the South Korean smartphone maker have been strained, as Samsung has fired warning shots that indicate it probably doesn’t need Google as much as Google needs Samsung, which is by far the biggest vendor of Android OHA devices.Samsung has been tinkering with an alternative operating system, Tizen, and includes its own mail and other services alongside Google’s on its Galaxy Android devices. In theory, Samsung could drop Google’s version of Android and focus on developing Tizen further or move to the non-Google version of Android.That version is the Android Open Source Project – the one developers work with when they don’t want to join forces with Google. AOSP is free and is the version that Amazon has used in its Fire devices. Nokia used AOSP to create the well-received Nokia X range before Microsoft assimilated Nokia’s devices division and killed the project.Amazon and Nokia would do well to look to China, where local providers have built strong ecosystems on the AOSP version of Android. In hardware, Xiaomi has 31.6 per cent of the urban Chinese market, according to Carolina Milanesi, chief of research at Kantar Worldpanel, the market research company. “Xiaomi is the model that works,” she says.What works in China is a package of services delivered via the hardware. At the end of last year, Gartner, the research company, noted: “Chinese-based internet providers, such as Baidu, Alibaba Group and Tencent, [are] providing local featured apps, services and content through app stores that they themselves operate. This participation is preventing Google from being a major beneficiary of smartphone user growth in the China market.”If Google has lost out in China, it could lose out elsewhere. Microsoft is keen to get its services – , Bing, Office and OneDrive – into more hands, and while its Windows Phone OS has been well received, its market share of just 2.5 per cent in the second quarter of this year means it has a long way to go.Intriguingly, Microsoft chief executive Satya Nadella has been reported as talking to Cyanogen, which maintains a popular AOSP fork of Android. While Microsoft is unlikely to be considering buying Cyanogen, partnering with it to provide services as part of the package makes sense.Here’s a blue-sky suggestion for Mr Nadella: sit down with Jeff Bezos at Amazon to develop a good fork of Android. Microsoft has a compelling services offering but an almost non-existent platform for these services, despite the quality of the Lumia handsets. Amazon has compelling content with its Prime video but seems unable to get consumers to buy its Fire devices.For smaller providers, a Microsoft-Amazon-style joint venture would be a great way to become part of an ecosystem out of Google’s reach. I suspect consumers would find that attractive. How about it, Satya and Jeff?1 Filling the blanks with a word.(15’)2 Reading Comprehension (40’)1) How does Google, in corporation with other firms, manage to direct relevent ads to potential customers?2) According to Milanesi Carolina, what is the model that is effective in China?3) Why does the author say probably Samsumg does not need Google as much as Google needs Samsung?4) On what basis does the author suggest the CEOs of MS and Amazon to coorporate with each other?3 Composition of no less than 700 words. (45’)Some people say modern people are becoming slaves of smartphones rather than using them as traditional tools to make our lives convenient. What`s your opinion on this and what would you suggest to smartphone users so that they could be less constrained by these handsets?参考答案1.dominates2.figures3.build4.mobile5.has6.losing7.accounted8.Android9.version10.means11.Amazon12.including13.to14.open-source15.versions16.Member companies of the OHA can create devices that Google will lisence itsservice to, while they promise not to create versions that exclude Google services.Consequently, Google will be able to collect customer datas with mobile devices made by various manufacturers, and then send the relevant adverts to the targeted customers.17.This model includes a package of services delivered via the hardware. Forexample, they would provide local featured apps, services and content through app stores that they themselves operate.18.Samsumg is by far the biggest vendor of Android OHA devices, while Samsungis building its own operating system, Tizen, and it could well drop Google’sversion of Android and focus on developing Tizen further or move to the non-Google version of Android. We could say Google need to depend on Samsumg`shardware for promoting its operating system, while in the future, Samsumgprobably does not need Google as much for its operating system.19.MS has compelling services like , Bing, Office and OneDrive but itlacks a well-built platform. On the other hand, Amazon has its great content with its Prime video yet lacks other supporting services to attract enough customers.Given these facts, MS and Amazon could complement eache other throughcooporation.作文参考：I love smartphones. I've always loved cell phones to begin with, but I am still very much amazed at how much phones have progressed. From flip phones to these giant hunks of hardware that can do more than I could have ever imagined a phone doing, smartphones are certainly something to marvel. Smartphones can certainly make our lives easier for us as we use them for everyday tasks such as checking the calendar, as alarm clocks, as a calculator, as a phonebook and more. But as smartphones keep progressing with new ways to make our lives easier, are they hindering our natural need for social interactions?I realize lately that there are less and less things that I actually, physically have to go out and do now-a-days than when I did when I was younger. Meaning, there were certain things that I would go and do that I don't necessarily have to do anymore. Although I also see this as a convenience, because most of these interactions wouldn't be deemed acceptable to do in my pajamas and my hair looking like a hot mess otherwise, there's still the question that I have to ask that makes me wonder if I'm missing out on something. Like, that I'm missing out on something that, as a human, I might need to be doing.When I first started working for PhoneDog, I wrote an article that questioned whether we had become addicted to our phones. Without really needing to delve too deep into the article, it's pretty clear that at least I was addicted. I had a bad habit of caring less about the conversation happening in front of me rather than one that was constantly ongoing in my pocket. I lived for the buzz of a text message, and had a bad habit of needing to check it as soon as I possibly could. I have since re-assessed just how important text messages are and realized that there is a reason they were sent in text form, and that's so I could respond to them at my earliest convenience. That doesn't necessarily mean they should be checked right away. If something that was said in a text message was that important, they probably should have made a phone call.But it's not just text messages that are possibly crippling certain social aspects of our lives. There is so much more that we can do with our phones now than just communicate with our friends, family and colleagues. Things that we normally would get up and leave our house for is no longer a necessity. And yes, it is a convenience, but at the same time it makes me question just how far smartphones andcorresponding applications will take it before we hardly ever have a real reason to leave the house anymore.For example, back when I was younger and a new movie came out, my dad or brother would take me up to the local Blockbuster or some other video joint to rent one. But with apps like Netflix, Hulu+, Amazon Prime Instant Video and other similar applications, these video stores are no longer necessary. Not only is it more convenient to instantly stream a video anytime you want to from just about any device with a screen, but it's also so much cheaper. Also, you don't have to silently curse the kid that took the last copy of that movie that you initially came in to rent. Digital streaming means there's enough copies for everybody!And what about banking? You hardly ever have a reason to go to the bank now. We can do transfers and check deposits straight from our phones as well. You can order a pizza from just about any pizza joint through an app on your phone. You can shop from almost any store over the Internet that you have access to right on your phone. You can get FedEx to pick up and ship a package for you. You can just do so many things from your smartphone now!But it's convenient, that's for sure. While I do question what this is doing to our social practices, I also realize that it's my choice to continue to use these services because they're just more convenient. It's just that when you take the time to see how far we have come, where we are right now, and also where this could be heading, it's a little strange to realize just how antisocial society is becoming. At least, that's where we seem to be headed.。

英语试卷一【±q461533046】Part I Answer Dialogue Completion1. We will be shown around the city : schools , museums , and some other places , _________ othe r visitors seldom go .A. whatB. whichC. whereD. when2．The famous basketball star . __________ tried to make a comeback , attracted a lot of attention .A. whereB. whenC. whichD. who3．He is only one of the students who _________ a winner of scholarship for three years .A. isB. areC. have beenD. has been4. Is this the reason __________ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work ?A. he explainedB. what he explainedC. how he explainedD. why he explained5. The result of the experiment was very good , __________ we hadn’t expected .A. whenB. thatC. whichD. what6. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase . ________ was very reasonable .A. which priceB . the price of whichC. its priceD. the price of whose7. Caral said the work would be done by October , ________ personally I doubt very much .A. itB . thatC. whenD. which8. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play , __________ , of course , made the others unhappy .A. whoB. whichC. thisD. what9. John said he’d been working in the office for an hour , __________ was true .A. heB. thisC. whichD. who10. He must be from Africa, _________can be seen from his skin.A. thatB. asC. whoD. what11. Have you seen the film “Titanic”, _________ leading actor is world famous ?A. itsB. it’sC. whoseD. which12. He was very rude to the customs office , _________ of course made things even worse .A. whoB. whomC. whatD. which13. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town __________ he grew up as a c hild .A. whichB. thatC. whereD. when14. I don’t like _________ you speak to her .A. the wayB. the way in thatD. the way of which15. All of the flowers now raised here have developed from those _________ in the forest .A. once they growB. they grew onceC. they once grewD. once grew16. In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 pm , ________ many people have got h ome .A. whose timeB. thatC. on whichD. by which17. _________ we know , China will be an __________ powerful country in 20 or 30 years’ time .A. That ; advancingB. This ; advancedC. As ; advancedD. It ; advancing18. I shall never forget those years __________ I lived in the country with the farmers , ________ has a great effect on my life .A. that ; whichB. when ; whichC. which ; thatD. when ; who19. The weather turned out to be very good , ________ was more than we could expect .A. whatB. whichC. thatD. it20. In the dark street , there wasn’t a single person __________ she could turn for help .A. thatB. whoC. from whomD. to whom21. He made another wonderful discovery , __________ of great importance to science.A. which I think isC. which I think itD. I think which is25. His son has become a doctor, ________ he wanted to be.A. whichB. thatC. whoD. what26. She said she was busy, _________ was a lie.A. whichB. thatC. whatD. that。

北京大学2014年英语考博试题北京大学2014年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part II Structure and Written Expression (20%)Directions: For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.21. _________ before we leave the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful time together.[A] Had they arrived [B] Would they arrive [C] Were they arriving [D] Were they to arrive22._________ last year and is now earning his living as an advertising agent.[A] He would leave school [B] He left school [C] He had left school [D] He has left school23.Some people viewed the findings with caution, noting that a cause-and-effect relationship between passive smoking and cancer remained _________.[A] to be shown [B] to have been shown [C] to have shown[D] being shown24.__________ that should be given priority to.[A] It is the committee has decided[B] It is only the committee has decided [C] It is what the committee has decided[D] It is what has the committee decided25. The most interesting new cars may owe __________ the simple wisdom of hiring a few talented people and allowing them to work.[A] less local free-spiritedness than[B] less local free-spiritedness than to [C] to less local free-spiritedness than to[D] less to local free-spiritedness than to26. Over the years, Jimmy Connors __________ phenomenal displays of tennis and temper—and at the U.S. Open last week, he exhibited both again.[A] has treated spectators with[B] has treated spectator for [C] has treated spectators[D] has treated spectators to27. Summer holidays spent on the hot ghetto streets are __________ the time middle-class students devote to camps, exotic vacations and highly organized sports.[A] as hardly culturally enriching as[B] as hardly enriching culture as [C] hardly as culturally enriching as[D] hardly as cultural enriching as28. The major obstacle to the reform in New Orleans, __________, is money.[A] as is it across the country[B] as it is across the country [C] as it were across the country[D] as were it across the country29.Nearly all trees have seeds that fall to the earth, take root, and eventually __________.[A] generate new seeds[B] new seeds generated [C] generates new seeds[D] new seeds are generated30. The well-maintained facility in San Francisco _________ leagues in virtually every sport.[A] were home to [B] was the home of [C] was home to [D] was home of31. Students at these schools test far below the state averagein reading, and their scores have improved only __________.[A] marginally [B] marvelously [C] martially [D] markably32. I was in some doubt as to whether the Corporal had __________ us accidentally on his way out of the town or if he'd been deliberately tasked.[A]crashed on [B]bumped into [C]fallen against [D]puzzled about33. In previous time, when fresh meat was in short __________, pigeons were kept by many households as a source of food.[A] storage [B] reserve [C] supply [D] provision34. The hospital denies there is any connection between the disciplinary action and Dr. Reid’s __________ about health problems.[A] allegiance [B] alliance [C] allegations [D] alliteration35. The organization issued a cry of alarm last week, citing “__________ evidence” that those children are not receiving the same quality of education as their richer peers.[A] comparing [B] completing [C] compelling [D] composing36. Since no one could __________ his scribbling, the chief editor decided to replace him with another columnist.[A] encode [B] decipher [C] clear [D] identify37.Many Fine Art graduates take __________ professional practice as artists, and this course encourages them to consider their role as artists in the community by providing opportunities for short-term placements outside the Faculty.[A] down [B] up [C] out [D] in38. The statement said the people of Srebrenica __________ to the presidents of the United States and France to help halt the offensive.[A] aroused [B] ascribed [C] acclaimed [D] appealed39. The professor stopped for a drink and then __________ with his lecture on the Indian culture.[A] proceeded [B] processed [C] preferred [D] presented40. Although the false banknotes fooled many people, they did not __________ close examination.[A] put up with [B] keep up with [C] stand up to [D] look up toPart III: Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: Each of the following three passages is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%) Passage OneIn science the meaning of the word “explain” suffers with civilization’s every step in search o f reality. Science cannot really explain electricity, magnetism, and gravitation; their effects can be measured and predicted, but of their nature no more is known to the modern scientist than to Thales who first speculated on the electrification of amber. Most contemporary physicists reject the notion that man can ever discover what these mysterious forces “really” are. Electricity, Bertrand Russell says, “is not a thing, like St. Paul’s Cathedral; it is a way in which things behave. When we have told how things behave when they are electrified, and under what circumstances they are electrified, we have told all there is to tell.” Until recently scientists would have disapproved of such an idea. Aristotle, for example, whose natural science dominated Western thought for two thousand years, believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principles. He felt, forexample, that it is a self-evident principle that everything in the universe has its proper place, hence one can deduce that objects fall to the ground because that’s where they belong, and smoke goes up because that’s where it belongs. The goal of Aristotelian science was to explain why things happen. Modern science was born when Galileo began trying to explain how things happen and thus originated the method of controlled experiment which now forms the basis of scientific investigation.41. Bertrand Russell’s notion about electricity is __________.[A] disapproved of by most modern scientists[B] in agreeme nt with Aristotle’s theory of self-evident principles[C] in ag reement with scientific investigation directed toward “how” things happen[D] in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward “why” things happen42. The passage says that until recently scientists disagreed with the idea that __________.[A] there are self-evident principles[C] man cannot discover what forces “really” are [B] there are mysterious forces in the universe [D] we can discover why things behave as they do43. The expres sion “speculated on” (line 4) means __________ .[A] considered [B] suspected [C] expected [D] engaged in buying and sellingPassage TwoThe concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make soundpersonal health choices based upon current medical knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it restricted when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may concern our health. If we so desire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever foods we want, and live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise. The freedom to make such personal decisions is a fundamental aspect of our society, although the wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative to health often cause a difficulty. As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do. A multitude of factors, both inherited and environmental, influence the development of health-related behaviors, and it is beyond the scope of this text to discuss all these factors as they may affect any given individual. However, the decision to adopt a particular health-related behavior is usually one of personal choice. There are healthy choices and there are unhealthy choices. In discussing the morals of personal choice, Fries and Crapo draw a comparison. They suggest that to knowingly give oneself over to a behavior that has a statistical probability of shortening life is similar to attempting suicide. Thus, for those individuals who are interested in preserving both the quality and quantity of life, personal health choices should reflect those behaviors that are associated with a statistical probability of increased vitality and longevity.44. The concept of personal choice concerning health is important because __________.[A] it is essential to personal freedom in American society[B] it helps raise the level of our medical knowledge[C] personal health choices help cure most illnesses[D] wrong decisions could lead to poor health45. Sound personal health choice is often difficult to make because __________.[A] current medical knowledge is still insufficient[B] there are many factors influencing our decisions[C] people are usually influenced by the behavior of their friends[D] few people are willing to trade the quality of life for the quantity of life46. According to Fries and Crapo, sound health choice should be based on __________.[A] personal decisions [B] society’s laws[C]friends’ opinions[D] statistical evidencePassage ThreeFor gathering data about individuals or groups at different developmental levels, researchers can use two related research designs: longitudinal and cross-sectional.A longitudinal study is one that measures a behavior or a characteristic of an individual over a period of time, perhaps decades. An example of such a study is the Berkeley Growth Study begun in 1928 by Nancy Bayley. The study focused on a group of 74 white, middle-class newborns. As they grew older, extensive measures of their intellectual, personality, and motor development were recorded. The subjects were studied for more than thirty years.The longitudinal research design is a powerful technique for seeking understandings of the effects of early experiences onlater development. Also, differences in or stability of behaviors or characteristics at different ages can be determined. Longitudinal studies, however, are expensive to conduct, time-consuming, and heavily contingent on the patience and persistence of the researchers. The findings of a longitudinal study may be jeopardized by relocation of subjects to another part of the country and by boredom or irritation at repeated testing. Another disadvantage is that society changes from one time to another and the subjects participating in the study reflect to some degree such changes. The methods of study or the questions guiding the researchers may alsochange from one time to another. If properly conducted, however, longitudinal studies can produce useful, direct information about development.A cross-sectional study is one in which subjects of differing ages are selected and compared on a specific behavior or characteristic. They are alike with respect to socioeconomic status, sex, or educational level. For example, a researcher may be interested in looking at changes in intelligence over a thirty-year period. Three groups of subjects, ages ten, twenty, and thirty, may be selected and tested. Conclusions are drawn from the test data.The cross-sectional research design has the clear advantage of being less expensive to conduct and certainly less time-consuming. The major disadvantage is that different individuals who make up the study sample have not been observed over time. No information about past influences on development or about age-related changes is secured. Like longitudinal studies, the cross-sectional methods cannot erase the generational influence that exists when subjects studied are born at differenttime. Psychologists are now beginning to use an approach that combines longitudinal and cross-sectional research methods.47. Which of the following is NOT one of the disadvantages of a longitudinal research?[A] The subjects may become irritated at repeated testing.[B] The participants in the study may not stay in one place for many years.[C] The behavior of a subject in the study may be measured continuously for many years.[D] Social changes may be reflected in the behaviors of the subjects participating in the study.48. The word “contingent” in the third paragraph probably means __________.[A] dependent [B] consecutive [C] determined [D] continual49. Which of the following statements is true?[A] The subjects in a cross-sectional research are not of the same age group.[B] The methods of study in longitudinal research will not change over time.[C] Longitudinal research is reliable only in seeking understandings of the effects of early experiences on later development.[D] Cross-sectional methods are not usually adopted in studying, for example, the changes in intelligence over a thirty-year period.50.One of the differences between cross-sectional research and longitudinal research is that __________.[A] the latter usually focuses on only one subject, while the former involves groups of subjects[B] the former can be free from the influence of socialchanges[C] the latter can be free from the influence of social changes[D] the former costs less money and takes less timeSection BDirections: Read the following passage carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts. Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2). (15%)(51) It is useful to remember that history is to the nation as memory is to the individual. As persons deprived of memory become disoriented and lost, not knowing where they have been and where they are going, so a nation denied a conception of the past will be disabled in dealing with its present and its future. History is the best antidote to delusions of omnipotence and omniscience.(52) Self-knowledge is the indispensable prelude to self-control, for the nation as well as for the individual. History should forever remind us of the limits of our passing perspectives. It should strengthen us to resist the pressure to convert momentary impulses into moral absolutes. It should lead us to recognition of the fact, so often and so sadly displayed, that the future outwits all our certitudes and that the possibilities of the future are more various than the human intellect is designed to conceive.(53) A nation informed by a vivid understanding of the ironies of history is best equipped to manage the tragic temptations of military power. Let us not bully our way through life, but let a sensitivity to history temper andcivilize our use of power. In the meantime, let a thousand historical flowers bloom.(54) History is never a closed book or a final verdict. It is forever in the interests of an ideology, a religion, a race, and a nation. The great strength of history is its capacity for self-correction. This is the endless excitement of historical writing: the search to reconstruct what went before.(55) A nation’s history must be both the guide and the domain not so much of its historians as its citizens.Part IV: Cloze Test (10%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then fill in each numbered blank with ONE suitable word to complete the passage. Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).In Microsoft’s latest attempt to reach out to bloggers, the company recently gave away expensive laptops loaded(56) __________ its new Windows Vista operating system. But the gifts generated controversy as well as good(57) __________, with some bloggers accusing Microsoft of bribery and their peers. (58) __________ unethical behavior. Several bloggers reported last week that they had received Acer Ferrari laptops, which can sell (59) __________ more than $2,200, from Microsoft. A spokeswoman for Microsoft confirmed Friday that the (60) __________ had sent out about 90 computers to bloggers (61) __________ wrote about technology and other subjects that could be (62) __________ by the new operating system, like photography and, oddly, parenting. But while those on Microsoft’s mailing list initially greeted the machines with enthusiasm, many (63)__________ bloggers soon objected –not because they had been left off the list but, they said, because bloggers are bound by the (64) __________ rules as traditional journalists, who should not accept (65) __________ gifts from companies they cover.Part V: Proofreading (10%)Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash (/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words (in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (/). Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).(66) Prosperous alumni helped make 2006 a recorded fund-raising year for colleges and universities, which hauled in $28 billion—a 9.4 percent jump from 2005. (67) There were increases across the board, but for usual it was the already wealthy who fared best. (68) Stanford's $911 million was the most ever collected by a single university, and rose the possibility of a billion-dollar fund-raising year in the not-too-distant future. (69) "There were a set of ideas and a set of initiatives that the university is undertaking that people wanted to invest," said Martin Shell, Stanford's vice president for development. (70) "This is an unbelievably generous response from unbelievably philanthropic set of alumni, parents, and friends." (71) Harvard ranked two in fund-raising last year with $595 million. (72) National, donations from alumni rose 18.3 percent from 2005, according to figures released yesterday by the Council for Aid to Education. (73) Alumni donations account about 30 percent of giving to higher education. (74) Giving from other groups, such as corporations and foundations, increased by much small amounts. (75) Survey director Ann Kaplan said the strong economics played a role, but universities also were asking more aggressively as part of formal fund-raising campaigns.Part VI: Writing (15%)Directions: Read the following paragraph and then write a response paper of about 250 to 300 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET (2).Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a lawful institution in China and is still very popular. The Chinese government has a department in charge of TCM and there are a lot of TCM hospitals and pharmaceutical factories in the country. Yet TCM is never short of opponents, including fierce opponents calling for its abolition. Please comment on the controversial status of TCM.。

2014年上海外国语大学MTI翻译硕士真题翻译硕士英语2014一、（30分）关于汽车行业的发展史及现状前景（cloze）——长度：A4纸一页多一点。

20个空（无选项，凭语感填词）二、（30分）根据以上阅读，回答一下5个问题。

（可以在文章找到答案，或者需要总结答案）三、（40分）写一篇400字的英语作文：就china auto industry development 向Chinese government给出建议（advice）。

英语翻译基础2014一、用汉语解释下列词语（15分）1.Shanghai Free Trade Zone2.European parliament3.Climate change4.Stakeholder5.Linsanity二、用英语解释下列词语（15分）1.莫言2.中国梦3.负面清单4.尽职调查5.量化宽松（以上两道题共十个词，请注意，不仅仅是翻译，还要继续解释词语）三、英译汉（一篇英语文章60分）文章题目是：Work With China,Don’t Contain It（自己上网搜原文吧，外国人写的）（contain:遏制，牵制）全文翻译——长度：A4纸一页四、汉译英（段落翻译60分）文章题目是：第三届上海外国语大学与联合国签署高校合作协议大会开幕致辞翻译的那部分涉及上海外国语大学的简介，与国际组织的合作（很多国际翻译机构名称要翻译），以及祝福。

汉语写作与百科知识2014一、填空题(9道小题，30分)1．古代科举前三名分别叫状元、、探花。

2．六朝古都分别是南京、西安、北京、杭州、开封、。

3．京剧按传统，五角色分别是生、旦、。

4．花甲是岁，古稀岁，耄耋岁。

5．鲁迅说《》是史家之绝唱，无韵之离骚。

6．儒家继孔子后，是一大圣人；道家继老子后，是主要人物。

7．小说在唐朝被称作。

8．新文化运动运动德先生和赛先生分别指。

9．联合国五个常任理事国是。

二、成语解释，给出词义，典故出处，并造句。

装备学院2014年博士研究生入学考试英语(1001)试题（注意：答案必须写在答题纸上，本试卷满分100分）Part I Vocabulary (10 points, 0.5 point each)Direction:There are 20 questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with something missing. Below each sentence are four words or phrases marked A,B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Markthe corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on yourAnswer Sheet.1. Mourinho is a young and ________ coach who is prepared to lead his tem to win the championship in his first season.A. clumsyB. humorousC. ambitiousD. intimate2. Just wait for more second, I am ________ ready.A. all butB. all overC. at allD. at any moment3. If you can’t think of anywhere to go on Saturday, we ________ as well stay home.A. shouldB. mightC. canD. need4. A nation that does not know history is ________ to repeat it.A. discouragedB. characterizedC. linkedD. fated5. They preferred a British Commonwealth or European arrangement, because this wassubstantially ________ their British thinking.A. in touch withB. in line withC. with relation toD. with reference to6. The traffic accident that delayed our bus gave us a ________ reason for being late.A. promptB. vagueC. irritableD. legitimate7. The United States has 10 percent of the total petroleum ________ of the world in its ownterritory, and has been a major producer for decades.A. reservoirsB. reservationsC. reservesD. reproductions8. This is the world’s first accurate ________ model of human heart in computer.A. settingB. laboringC. showingD. working9. In 2000 I visited Berkeley, where I began my long ________ with this world famousuniversity.A. interactionB. nominationC. reconstructionD. association10. ________ ads for phony business opportunities appear in the classified pages of dailyand weekly newspapers and magazines, and online.A. SpeciallyB. TypicallyC. EspeciallyD. Commonly11. Too much time has ________ since we worked on this project.A. circulatedB. elapsedC. occupiedD. detached12. The girl fresh from college finally received a job ________ she had been expecting.A. requestB. pleaC. suggestionD. offer13. However busy we are, we’ll try to get back home ________ the dinner on the eve of theLunar New Year.A. in time forB. in exchange forC. in store forD. in return for14. Some difficult choices involving life and death are simply outside the ________ ofeconomic analysis.A. dimensionB. scaleC. domainD. space15. China’s economy, which was now on the brink of collapse, was beginning to ________after the implementation of reform and opening-up.A. pay offB. take offC. leave offD. drop off16. After a month or so, she came to dislike the subject and wished she had not _______ it_______.B. put…up B. given…upC. taken…upD. made…up17. It is considered a crime to ________ an election of any kind by bribing voters.A. fabricateB. launchC. populateD. manipulate18. Visitors to this plateau are likely to have a _______ headache for the first few days.A. splittingB. slappingC. slicingD. sprawling19. The central government is intensifying efforts to popularize _______ education in rurallocalities.A. voluntaryB. impulsiveC. instinctiveD. compulsory20. They are studying what kind of preferences might ________ this surging demand forhome-made TV sets.A. take a fancy toB. bring into playC. give rise toD. grow out ofPart II Cloze Test (15 points, 1 point each)Directions:There are 15 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D for eachblank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase youhave chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your AnswerSheet.New devices to aid in the manipulation of numbers were added to make the job fasterand more accurate. Electronic computers were 21 the fastest and most versatile instruments for storing and 22 now in use. Computers provide the means for greater speed and accuracy than 23 previously 23 possible. With the development of these new tools, it is as if man has suddenly become 24 of the mind.Although man 25 mentally richer ever since he started 26 , the electronic computer allows and will continue to allow him 27 tremendous “mental”tasks in a 28 short time. Great scientists of the past 29 ideas that sometimes had to wait for years before they 30 sufficiently well to be 31 . With the computer, the ideas of today’s scientists can be studied, tested, distributed and used more rapidly than 32 .Old lines and methods of communication do not work easily or efficiently as so much information 33 we have now. The repeated actions of preparing, sorting, filing, distributing and 34 records and publications can be 35 as calculating. Errors occur because people grow tired and can be distracted.Part III Reading Comprehension (30 point)Section A (20 points, 1 point each)Directions:In this part of the test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer fromthe four choices given and mark the corresponding letter with a single baracross the square brackets on your Answer Sheet.Passage OneA warning has been issued by the electricity board that there may be a repetition of yesterday evening’s block-outs in the London area. Although these were not serious or prolonged, there were voltage reductions in many homes of up to an hour, and the traffic lights in Piccadilly Circus were out for twenty minutes, causing considerable traffic congestion. Some commuter services were also affected. Some passengers had to face delays of up to two hours and at Victoria Station an angry argument broke out between a station inspector and a man on his way to visit his wife in hospital, and police had to be called. Both men were arrested. Local electricity switchboards were jammed with calls from housewives demanding to know how they were expected to cook supper for their families on a cold cooker. In one street in West London, all the lights went out without warning. Shops were closed but a relief service of candles and hand torches was set up by neighbors concerned about the risk of accident to old people and children. Today local hardware shops in the area report a run on candles and paraffin lamps normally sold to campers.A spokesman for the Electricity Board said they regretted the inconvenience the public had suffered, but there was no guarantee that further power cuts would not be necessary. Particularly after dark when there was an increased use of electrical appliances in the home.The trouble appears to be due to a work to rule by staff at power stations in remote areas, who are insisting on increased pay for night shifts and higher travel allowances. Although the work to rule is unofficial, Union leaders are to meet members of the electricity Board early next month to discuss these demands. It is hoped that both sides will be able to reach a satisfactory agreement and that the threat of more serious industrial action will be averted.36. According to the Electricity Board consumers may expect ________ .A. voltage reductions in a certain areaB. increased voltage reduction in the London areaC. power cuts of more than an hour in certain areasD. prolonged power cuts in many areas37. Owing to the delay at Victoria Station________.A. two passengers were arrestedB. a man was taken to hospitalC. evacuated the old people and childrenD. took care to prevent accidents38. When the lights in one street went out, people _________.A. ran to the shops to buy candlesB. were involved in a series of accidentsC. evacuated the old people and childrenD. took care to prevent accidents39. The main cause of the power cuts seems to be _________.A. a strike by all night shift workers at power stationsB. the worker’s refusal to travel to remote power stationsC. the worker’s unwillingness to work night shiftsD. dissatisfaction among workers over conditions of service40. From the passage we understand that the present industrial unrest ________.A. was initiated by Trade Union officialsB. has been set in motion without Trade Union approvalC. is to be settled by arbitrationD. is to be taken to government levelPassage TwoDespite the defeat of the Nazis and their allies and the setting up of the United Nations Organization in 1945, racism continues to haunt the world today. Men are denied employment, housing and educational opportunities because of their skin color; some rich countries still have racial immigration laws to keep out immigrants from poorer and hungrier lands; political leaders are imprisoned for life for demanding that all races should have the same political right; and even in the cities of the affluent Western world the Negro ghettoes burn, signaling to the world the blank despair of their inhabitants.The most striking instance of racism in the world today is that of the system of Apartheid（种族隔离制度）in South Africa. Apartheid is not as some people may still imagine a serious attempt to provide equal though separate facilities for all races. It is segregation carried through by men with white skins to their own advantage and to the disadvantage of the black and colored populations.Its viciousness lies not solely in the fact that different “races”must live in different areas, but far more in the fact that the areas assigned to the non-White groups are the overcrowded and eroded parts of the countryside. Inevitably those assigned to living there would face starvation unless they went as migrants and transients to seek work in the White areas. So what the theory of Apartheid means is this: that black men will work for white so long as political power lies where it does. Such a system as this is the product of conquest and of the monopoly of political power by a conquering group. The conquerors seize uponthe fact of skin color in order to imply that the inequality which they have created is given by Nature, that it is the inevitable consequence of biological differences, or even that it is the will of God.Such a political system could have established in many parts of the colonial world, but the process of decolonization set in train by the victory of 1945 and assisted by United Nations action succeeded in many countries in opening equal opportunities to all. Hence today we see many cases where those who govern a newly independent country are the children of peasants or of political prisoners.But where White supremacy and Apartheid prevail, colored people must either accept their inferior lot or be condemned for life to an island prison. A similar future is inevitable in other countries if their present political leaders establish governments based upon inequality of political rights between races.But racism and its social consequences are evident not only in the former colonial territories. They are an ever present feature of the life of advanced industrial countries. Increasingly in some at least of these countries the traditional political issues pale into insignificance beside the problem of racial inequality and men’s attempt to fight against it. Inevitably in the post 1945 world, with the advanced countries of Europe and North America undergoing a period of unparalleled economic prosperity, immigrants have come to their cities from the poorer countries, from the rural areas and from the areas where the old slave plantations were.There is much evidence to suggest that this migration has not represented an uncontrolled and uncontrollable flood, for the immigrants have exercised their own immigration control by going where the jobs are.Nevertheless this precisely how this immigration has been perceived in the countries concerned and they have reacted by throwing up barriers either to immigration itself or to full equality of opportunity for the immigrant in fields such as housing or employment. Such barriers may not have an explicitly racial form. They may affect all newcomers. But there can be little doubt that colored people are most affected by them and that the discrimination involved is widely thought to be based upon color and race.41. The passages states that victims of racism include ________.A. immigrantsB. people whose skin is not whiteC. people of different color, and political leaders who fight for them; as well as would-be immigrants from poorer and hungrier countriesD. all those who are denied employment, housing and educational opportunities.42. “The Negro ghettoes burn.” Is it possible to infer from the passage who set them on fire.A. Yes, the Negroes themselves in protest against their living conditions.B. Yes, racists.C. Yes, the inhabitants of the ghettoes.D. No, we cannot really be sure from this passage.43. Apartheid is particularly wicked because _________.A. different races have to live in different areasB. the areas assigned to the non-white groups are not rich enough to support themC. some people still imagine it is a serious attempt at equal but separate developmentD. it is to the disadvantage of the black population44. In paragraph three the writer says that the non-white populations are forced by ________.A. the Whites to work for themB. the law to work for the WhitesC. the threat of starvation to work for the WhitesD. claiming that “might is right”45. We can infer from this passage that the writer thinks that racism _________.A. is on the increase because of South Africa’s policiesB. is on the increase because of the growth of immigrant populationsC. has decreased because of the process of decolonizationD.continues to exist despite the defeat of the Nazis, the growth of UN and the process of decolonizationPassage 3A report published recently brings bad news about air pollution. It suggests that it could be as damaging to our health as exposure to the radiation from the 1986 Ukraine nuclear power disaster. The report was published by the UK Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. But what can city people do to reduce exposure to air pollution? Quite a lot, it turns out.Avoid walking in busy streets. Choose side streets and parks instead. Pollution levels can fall a considerable amount just by moving a few meters away from the main pollution source----exhaust fumes. Also don’t walk behind smokers. Walk on the windward side of the street where exposure to pollutants can be 50 percent less than on the downwind side.Sitting on the driver’s side of a bus can increase your exposure by 10 percent, compared with sitting on the side nearest the pavement. Sitting upstairs on a double-decker can reduce exposure. It is difficult to say whether traveling on an underground train is better or worse than taking the bus. Air pollution on underground trains tends to be less toxic that that at street level, because underground pollution is mostly made up of tiny iron particles thrown up by wheels hitting the rails. But diesel and petrol fumes have a mixture of pollutants.When you are crossing a road, stand well back from the curb while you wait for thelight to change. Every meter really does count when you are close to traffic. As the traffic begins to move, fumes can be reduced in just a few seconds. So holding your breath for just a moment can make a difference, even though it might sound silly.There are large sudden pollution increases during rush hours. Pollution levels fall during nighttime. The time of year also makes a big difference. Pollution levels tend to be at their lowest during spring and autumn when winds are freshest. Extreme cold or hot weather has a trapping effect and tends to cause a build-up of pollutants.46. What is the passage mainly about?A. How to fight air pollution in big cities.B. How to avoid air pollution in big citiesC. How to breathe fresh air in big citiesD. How serious air pollution is in big cities47. According to the report, air pollution in big cities _____________.lA. can be more serious than Chernobyl nuclear disasterB. cannot be compared with the disaster ChernobylC. can release as damaging radiation as the Chernobyl disasterD. can be more serious than we used to think.48. When you walk in a busy street, you should walk on the side ________.A. where the wind is comingB. where the wind is goingC. where the wind is weakerD. where the wind is stronger49. If you take a bus in a big city in china, you should sit _________.A. on the left side in the busB. on the right side on the busC. in the middle of the busD. at the back of the bus50. It is implied in the passage that __________.A. people should not take street level transportationB. tiny iron particles will not cause health problemsC. air pollution on an underground train is less poisonousD. traveling on an underground train is better than taking the busPassage 4The terrorist attacks in London Thursday served as a stunning reminder that today’s world, you never know that you might see when you pick up newspaper or turn on the TV. Disturbing images of terror can trigger an instinctive response no matter how close or far away from home the event happened.Throughout history, every military conflict has involved psychological warfare in one way or another as the enemy sought to break the morale of their opponent. But thanks to advances in technology, the popularity of the Internet, and proliferation news coverage, the rules of engagement in this type of mental battle have changed.Whether it’s a massive attack or a single horrific act, the effects of psychological warfare aren’t limited to the physical damage inflicted. Instead, the goal of these attacks is to instill a sense of fear that is much greater than the actual threat itself.Therefore, the impact of psychological terror depends largely on how the acts are publicized the interpreted. But that also means there are ways to defend yourself and your loved ones by putting these fears into perspective and protecting your children from horrific images.What Is Psychological Terror? “The use of terrorism as a tactic is based upon inducing a climate of fear that disproportionate with the actual threat,” says Middle Eastern historian Richard Bulliet of Columbia University. “Every time you have an act of violence, publicizing that violence becomes an important part of the act itself.”“There are various ways to have your impact. You can have your impact by the magnitude of what you do, by the symbolic character of target, or the horrific quality of what you do to a single person,” Bulliet tells WebMD. “The point is that it isn’t what you do, but it’s how it’s covered that determines the effect.” For example, bulliet says the Iranian hostage crisis, which began in 1979 and lasted for 444 days, was actually one of the most harmless things that happened in the Middle East in the last 25 years. All of the U.S. hostages were eventually released unharmed, but the event remains a psychological scar for many Americans who watched helplessly as each evening’s newscast counted the days the hostages were being held captive.Bulliet says terrorists frequently exploit images of a group of masked individuals exerting total power over their captives to send the message that the act is a collective demonstration of the group’s power rather than an individual criminal act. “You don’t have the notion that a certain person has taken a hostage. It’s an image of group power, and the force becomes generalized rather than personalized,” say Bulliet. “The randomness and the ubiquity（无处不在）of the threat give the impression of vastly greater capacities.”Psychiatrist Ansar Haroun, who served in the U.S. army Reserves in the first gulf War and more recently in Afghanistan, says that terrorist groups often resort to psychological warfare because it’s the only tactic they have available to them. “They don’t have M-16s, and we have M-16s. They don’t have the mighty military power that we have, and they only have access to things like kidnapping,”says Haroun, who is also a clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego.“In psychological warfare, even one beheading（斩首）can have the psychological impact that might be associated with killing 1,000 of the enemy,” Haround tells webMD.“You haven’t really harmed the enemy very much by killing one person on the other side. But in terms of inspiring fear, anxiety, terror, and making us all feel bad, you’ve achieved a lot of demoralization.”51. What has changed the rules of psychological warfare?A. Terrorist attacks.B. The increase of military conflicts.C. Advances in nuclear weapons.D. Prosperity of the media.52. The goal of psychological warfare is to __________.A. change the ideology of the opponentB. win a battle without military attacksC. generate a greater sense of fearD. bring about more physical damage53. According to Richard Bulliet, publicizing a act of violence becomes an important part of terrorism itself because ____________.A. psychological terrorism is a tacticB. terrorism depends on a climate of fear rather than on the actual threatC. the use of terrorism is to inspire fear that is more destructive than the actual threatD. publicizing the violence can make more people know the actual threat54. The Iranian hostage crisis shows that ___________.A. means determines effectsB. hostage crises are prevalentC. psychological terrors remain harmlessD. the American media is effective55. In this passage the author __________.A. emphasizes the great impact of psychological warfareB. criticizes the violence of terrorismC. calls for an end to psychological warfareD. opposes the hostage crisisSection B (10 points, 2 points each)Directions: In this section, there is a passage with five questions. After have read the passage, answer each question in English with no more than 15 words. Writedown your answer on the Answer Sheet.At the beginning of a country’s rise out of backwardness and poverty, more wealth does make a difference. However, citing surveys from china and south Korea, the economist Richard Easterlin points out: “In these countries, per capita income has doubled in 20 years but overall happiness does not seem to have followed the same path.”Economists aresurprised, because GNP（国民生产总值）has long been thought the best indicator of human welfare. More GNP generally means more money for most people, and more money improves the quality of life, and that means happiness.But, perhaps, the survey suggests that more money can make you happy only if those around you do not share in your good fortune. General prosperity may fail to enhance individual contentment. Perhaps it is a matter of being aware of your advantage, not that you need to get the highest salaries or be the object of envy. Maybe, individual goals vary too much to be generalized. Maybe one has nothing at all to do with the other. Freud was well aware that economic success did not make people happy. Most psychoanalysts and therapists today would agree. He thought only the realization of a deep childhood desire could provide such satisfaction.Another problem is that people are poor reporters of their own states of mind. They will usually tell you what they themselves want to believe. To know if someone is really happy or not, you have to catch him or her in the act of happiness. Being happy or acting happy are more reliable indicators than thinking too much about it.Professional therapists also know that what makes people happy defies explanation, but what prevents them from being happy doesn’t. Poor self-esteem undermines all feelings of success. Hunger and cold make it harder to relax and enjoy one’s experience. Insecurity and failure to engage one’s work leave one dissatisfied. Anxiety penetrates all our perceptions and feelings, and brings us down.Economists can probably hope to measure how well our basic needs for security and health are met in society, and if those are reasonably OK, people tend to find the happiness they seek. Most of us want to enjoy life, spend time with our children, play at sports, sing, dance and travel. If we can do those things without dread, the amount of money we have is irrelevant.56. According to the economist Richard Easterlin, what is the relationship between higher GDP and overall happiness?57. According to second paragraph, what does the individual happiness arise from?58. What does Freud’s doctrine show with relation to the wealth?59. In the 4th paragraph, what do the professional therapists imply?60. What is the author’s conclusion?Part IV Error Detection and Correction (10 points, 1 point each)Directions:Each of the following sentences contains an error. Your task is to identify that error and correct it. Write both the error and correction on your Answer Sheet61. Virginia Hamilton who has won consistent praise for her novels about Black children.62. When overall exports exceed imports, a country said to have a trade surplus63. Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when Frances Perkins became secretary of labor.64. Different species of octopuses（章鱼）may measure anywhere from two inches over thirty feet in length.65. Luminescence refers to the emission of light by means another than heat.66. Industrial buyers are responsible for supplying the goods and services that an organization required for its operations.67. The first national park in world, Yellowstone National Park, was established in 1872.68. Historians have never reached some general agreement about the precise causes of the Civil War in the United States.69. A leading Canadian feminist and author, Nellie McClung, struggled relentlessly in the early twentieth century to win politically and legal rights for Canadian women.70. Although they are in different countries, Windsor, Ontario, Detroit, and Michigan are close neighbors and cooperate on numerous matters of mutually interest.Part V Translation (15 points, 3 points each)Directions:Translate the five underlined sentences in the following passage into Chinese.Write down your translation on the Answer Sheet.(71)This Christmas season finds us a rather bewildered human race. We have neither peace within nor peace without. (72)Everywhere paralyzing fears harrow people by day and haunt them by night. Our world is sick with war; everywhere we turn see its ominous possibilities. And yet, my friends, the Christmas hope for peace and goodwill toward all men can no longer be dismissed as a kind of pious dream of some utopian. (73)If we don’t have goodwill toward men in this world, we will destroy ourselves by the misuse of our own instruments and our own power. Wisdom born of experience should tell us that war is out of date. (74)There may have a time when war served a negative good by preventing the spread and growth of an evil force, but the very destructive power of modern weapons of warfare eliminates even the possibility that war may any longer serve as a negative good. And so, if we assume that life is worth living, if we assume that mankind has a right to survive, then we must find an alternative to war---- and so let us this morning explore the conditions for peace. Let us this morning think anew on the meaning of that Christmas hope: “Peace on Earth, Goodwill toward Man.” And ad we explore these conditions, I would like to suggest that modern man really go all out to study the meaning of nonviolence, its philosophy and its strategy.(75)We have experimented with the meaning of nonviolence in our struggle for racial justice in the United States, but now the time has come for man to experiment with nonviolence in all areas of human conflict, and that means nonviolence on an international。