Understanding Prediction Systems for HLA-Binding Peptides and T-cell Epitope Identification

2022-2023学年山东省济宁市高二（下）期中英语试卷ADiscover the best things to do in Beijing with our round-up of art and exhibitions，performances and popular activities.Jazz With JLCO and Wynton MarsalisJazz at Lincon Centre Orchesra and trumpet master Wynton Marsalis will join hands to tour three Chinese cities：Shenzhen，Beijing and Tianjin in April，bringing the most popular jazz music from the US.Their Beijing stop will be on March 20，at the Forbidden City Concert Hall.If you go：7：30 p.m.April 24.Ticket：180-1，080 yuanChen Sa Piano RecitalChinese pianist Chen Sa has appeared at many music festivals，including the Schleswig-Holstein Musik Festival and the Purl Piano Festival.The performance at the National Centre for the Performing Arts features the melodies of French composer Debussy.If you go：7：30 p.m.December 20.Ticket：80-500 yuanAfrican Wood CarvingsAfrican art motivated artists such as Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse in the early 20th century.But besides art，the continent has a long and rich heritage of wood carving.Tree of Life，an exhibition at the National Art Museum of China，features African wood carvings from countries such as Tanzania，Mozambique and Benin.If you go：9 a.m.-5 p.m.January 21.Ticket：FreeAnother Way of TellingThis exhibition，staged at the Three Shadows Photography Art Centre，shows almost 100 works of Anna Fox and Karen Knorr，two leading documentary photographers in the UK.It features different series of works，such as photographs discussing problems of social classes，working environments，andself-awareness.If you go：10 a.m.-5 p.m.January 6.Ticket：60 yuan1. When can we enjoy music composed by Debussy？______A. At 3 p.m.January 6.B. At 10 a.m.January 21.C. At 7：30 p.m.April 24.D. At 7：30 p.m.December 20.2. What can we do at the Tree of Life exhibition______A. Enjoy classical music.B. Appreciate Pablo Picasso's works.C. Learn basic skills of wood carving.D. Get to know a special art form from Tanzania.3. Where will Karen Knorr's works be exhibited？______A. At the Forbidden City Concert Hall.B. At the National Art Museum of China.C. At the National Centre for the Performing Arts.D. At the Three Shadows Photography Art Centre.BFrom the top of Mount Qomolangma to the bottom of the Mariana Trench，plastic continues to pollute the environment，and it creates a significant threat to all life forms on Earth.Despite knowing the effects of plastic pollution，we have not been able to ban the use of plastic products.Now，thanks to the invention of a 17-year-old girl，Arora，we finally have a better choice.This plastic-like material is made from prawn （大虾）shells，and it breaks down 1.5 million times faster than most of the commercial plastic products we use today.The Australian teen first became aware of the impact of plastic waste on the environment when shopping with her mother.She wondered why her mother had to pay for the plastic bags.When asked，the cashier informed her how plastic hurts the planet and that the additional charge was there to encourage people not to use it.This inspired Arora to create a kind of plastic that would break down faster than the conventional one.But the journey of inventing "eco-friendly plastic" was not easy.She experimented with a number of organic materials such as cornflour and banana peels，both of which had to be ruled out because of theirsolubility （溶解性）.One night，while having dinner，she noticed that the shells of prawns look plasticky.She immediately went to the lab to ter，she would describe that dinner as her "Eureka" moment.She extracted the material called "chitin" from the shells and then mixed it with an insoluble protein called "fibroin"，which is found in silk ing the combination of these two organic materials，Arora created a plastic-like material that breaks down completely within just 33 days.Moreover，this plastic releases nitrogen when breaking down，which is why it can be used as plant fertilizer.Arora's invention has caused a stir，and she has won a number of awards.As an inspiring young woman，Arora wants to make a difference in the world，and she wants to encourage other young people to follow their passion and make a positive difference however they can.4. What inspired Arora to create a kind of special plastic？______A. A cashier's words about paid plastic bags.B. Her determination to protect the prawns.C. A class about plastic's impact on the planet.D. Her plan to save money on plastic products.5. What could be a "Eureka" moment？______A. A moment of needing reflection.B. A moment of finding the truth.C. A moment of having sudden inspiration.D. A moment of enjoying the celebration.6. What can be known about the new plastic in paragraph 4？______A. It is made from non-organic materials.B. It can break down totally in a month.C. It can be used to help plants to grow.D. It is extracted from an insoluble protein.7. Which of the following can best describe Arora？______A. Brave and clever.B. Creative and inspiring.C. Active and considerate.D. Humorous and friendly.CParenting styles have changed over the years in response to the rapid changes in the world.Whether it is tapping technology or applying the best parenting practices to meet a parenting need，parents nowadays generally invest more time in finding out how best to raise their children.Modern parents often look to the Internet and social media for parenting advice.A parent can post questions from how to manage the constant cries of an infant to how to talk to a moody teenager，and chances are，the parent will be flooded instantly with advice and relevant articles.The availability of resources has helped modern parents engage more in their children's development，both academically and emotionally.A modern parenting style that has emerged is helicopter parenting，where parents are much too focused on their children.They help children with tasks they're capable of doing on their own，like selecting activities and friends for them.Such a parenting style can hold back the development of the children's ability to handle responsibilities independently.Children might be ill-equipped with life skills such as doing laundry （洗衣），clearing their plates or coping with their schoolwork.Always protecting children from failures may also prevent them developing adaptability and acquiring skills like problem-solving.On the other hand，parents in the past tended to monitor less.Children weren't given more control over how to manage their schoolwork and choose their friends.They were often expected to shoulder the responsibilities of caring for younger brothers and sisters and managing housework.Living in thepre-internet age，parents were less informed about different parenting methods，and personalities. There is no one right way to raise a child.Each child is unique and should be raised differently by parents who are present but not wandering，who are supportive but not controlling，and who protect but not care too much.8. What does the author explain by mentioning"an infant"and"a moody teenager"in paragraph 2？______A. Devotion to kids.B. Tricky parenting problems.C. Effective parenting.D. Easy access to guidance.9. What is a distinctive characteristic of helicopter parenting？______A. Flexible.B. Efficient.C. Over involved.D. Conventional.10. What do we know about parents in the past？______A. They educated kids in a rigid way.B. They afforded kids more space for self-growth.C. They overestimated their kids' independence.D. They tended to stay away from social activities.11. What's the author's attitude towards the two parenting modes mentioned in the passage？______A. Subjective.B. Opposed.C. Favorable.D. Objective.DThere is a profound relationship between science fiction and science.It is often said that stories change the world，what is less often heard is that stories change science，and therefore the future.The use of science fiction to explore our world is similar to scenario （剧情）planning in Futures Studies，which shapes our ideas about the future，and goes beyond predicting artifacts that once seemed impossible to us like Verne's submarine or the satellites of 2001 Space Odyssey.In the words of Dutch researcher Sofia Kaloterakis，"Science fiction narratives structure our imaginative models about technoscientific projects such as robotics or space exploration".Have you ever wondered how science fiction novels have impacted the idea we have about Artificial Intelligence or how Snow Crash，Neal Stephenson's novel，has impacted what we now call the Metaverse （元宇宙）？Science fiction helps us define possible futures.It provides us with an understanding of the rules underlying fictional worlds.It also allows us to put technological prototypes （原型）in the context of their use by humans.But most importantly，it determines the way we structure scientific thought and intervene （干预）in the future.Alex McDowell，Creator of the Minority Report worldbuilding in 2002，and Peter von Stackelberg explain what fictional narratives can bring to the table：The richness of "storyworlds" — the "universes" within which stories take place — provides us with detailed rules of the context in which a larger reality unfolds that extends beyond a single story，and has the potential to provide us with deeper learning about the underlying systems that regulate those worlds. Lastly，the relationship of futures narratives to theories such as Social Constructivism has been highlighted by several scholars.A central idea of this sociological theory is that whenever we use words or other symbols to refer to objects in our world we are constructing them.And，therefore，prediction is also a social construction.In narrating we intervene in the world.In narrating the world，we construct it.In writing science fiction we intervene in the science of the future.12. What is the text mainly about？______A. The storyworlds created by science fictions.B. Artifacts and technologies in science fictions.C. Science fiction narratives affecting future studies.D. The relation between science and science fictions.13. What is the most important role of science fiction______A. It provides us with technologies and tools.B. It allows us to establish reasonable future.C. It decides our thinking and affects the future.D. It helps us learn the rules of fictional world.14. What do we know about "storyworlds"？______A. There are general rules for a single story.B. They are the "universes" where stories happen.C. There are no regulations or guiding systems.D. They have a potential context within a story.15. What can be inferred from the last paragraph？______A. Science fiction narratives can construct future worlds.B. The science of future intervenes in today's science.C. Objects can't be constructed by words or symbols.D. Scholars care little about narratives about future.Efficient ways to improve your speechFind it difficult to make a wonderful speech in public（1）______Use more facial expressionsOne psychologist feels that our facial expression is responsible more than anything else for the impression others have of us.A smile in which the eyes participate is extremely communicative.（2）______ People tend to mirror your expression，so try to show how you feel about a topic or an idea through your facial expression.Get rid of your inner fear（3）______ The way to handle it is to put it to work for you，get into action，as Shakespeare observed，action cures fear.The first is to admit it.Do the thing you fear and it will be the death of fear itself.Anothersimple aid at the last minute before you begin，is to take a few deep breaths.This will help get the butterflies in formation and also keep your voice under control.Polish your voiceOur voice is the main instrument we possess for communicating with people.So invest in a tape recorder，practice your speech by speaking it into the microphone and then listen to it.You can even have others join in the evaluation of your strong points and your weaknesses or faults as well.Simply reading a newspaper，a magazine or stories to your children out loud can help.（4）______Strengthen your memoryPsychologists tell us that most individuals don't use above ten percent of their inherent capacity for memory.How to enhance the power of memory？First，have a burning desire to remember.It's difficult to recall anything without wanting to do so.（5）______ Our success depends greatly on our ability to concentrate.The next principle is repetition，we learned many things in school by repetition.16. A. A B. B C. C D. D E. EF. FG. G17. A. A B. B C. C D. D E. EF. FG. G18. A. A B. B C. C D. D E. EF. FG. G19. A. A B. B C. C D. D E. EF. FG. G20. A. A B. B C. C D. D E. EF. FG. GMy high school life was a very fulfilling one.Apart from studying in class，I got a part-time job at a local （1）______ shop.I hoped it would be easy，and for the most part，（2）______ .I imagined myself pouring coffee and becoming close friends with my customers.But what I hadn't （3）______ was the people with so many orders and the moments when I couldn't seem to （4）______ anyone.There was always too much sugar，too little ice，or not enough skim milk. （5）______ ，I kept at it.One day，one of my customers dropped in，（6）______ .Before he left，I handed him a bag along with his iced coffee.He looked at me （7）______ because he had ordered nothing but the coffee.He opened the bag and saw his favorite doughnut （甜甜圈）I had （8）______ him.He smiled and thanked me before （9）______ out into the rain.The next evening，he came.Instead of （10）______ something，he handed me a single pink rose and a note. "Thanks for being so sweet and （11）______ yesterday.It is so nice to meet someone who is warm.Please don't （12）______ your ways because I truly believe that you will do better.Have a great day!"As time went on，I did （13）______ some customers really particular.But whenever I felt cast down，that man and his kindness would occur to me.Then I would （14）______ ，hold my head up high，clear my throat and ask politely，"How can I （15）______ you？"21. A. fashion B. coffee C. bakery D. furniture22. A. flexible B. romantic C. back-breaking D. stress-free23. A. expected B. detected C. grasped D. managed24. A. recognize B. reach C. please D. convince25. A. Moreover B. However C. Instead D. Hence26. A. excited B. rigid C. dynamic D. depressed27. A. questioningly B. curiously C. gratefully D. angrily28. A. assigned B. awarded C. given D. served29. A. coming B. heading C. storming D. sliding30. A. ordering B. whispering C. reporting D. obtaining31. A. outgoing B. straightforwardC. thoughtfulD. tolerant32. A. continue B. keep C. improve D. change33. A. inquire about B. come across C. knock into D. hear of34. A. smile B. pray C. weep D. sigh35. A. treat B. thank C. contact D. help36. I don't have much ______ （同情）for her —I think she's brought her troubles on herself.37. She wanted to work for a bigger and more ______ （有影响力的）newspaper.38. There's a growing ______ （认可）that our city is becoming more and more beautiful.39. We ought to hire several public relationship ______ （顾问）to help improve our image.40. Cheating on exams can be no longer ______ （容忍）again.41. When you finish your essay，you'd better turn to your teacher to p ______ it，which makes it more readable.42. According to the report s ______ by researchers，about 23 percent of all annual carbon dioxide emissions are caused by the destruction of tropical forests.43. On Wednesday，a polar wind brought b ______ cold to the Midwest.44. The company will r ______ him for his years of service with a grand farewell party and several presents.45. I'm sorry to d ______ you so late，but my car's broken down and I don't have my phone with me.46. I was walking around the woods when I found a poor dog ______ （abandon）there.47. ______ （fortune），many documents，masterpieces，and personal papers with regard to these questions are preserved in time.48. Since the time humankind started gardening，we ______ （try）to make our environment more beautiful.49. Previously，water quality in the Li River had suffered greatly from an increasing volume of tourists，many of ______ frequently threw garbage into the river.50. The purpose of education is______（develop）a fine personality in children.51. 假如你是李华，4月22日，第54个"世界地球日"即将来临，主题为"众生的地球（Earth for All）"。

《光伏发电系统接入配电网技术规定》标准解读和修订建议Interpretation and revision proposals ofGB/T 29319-2012, Technical requirements for connecting photovoltaic power system to distribution networkAbstract: In the context of clean and low-carbon energy transformation and new power system, China’s photovoltaic power generation will usher in great development. Its large-scale access impacts the safe and stable operation of the power grid with increasing significance. In order to strengthen the support and leading roles of the standards, it is urgent to revise the national standard GB/T 29319-2012, Technical requirements for connecting photovoltaic power system to distribution network , based on the current development trend of photovoltaic power generation and power grid transformation needs. This paper firstly interprets the important technical provisions of the standard, then analyzes the problems in its implementation and finally proposes some revision suggestions in terms of grid adaptability, power control and fault crossing, to facilitate safe and orderly development of photovoltaic power generation in China.Keywords: photovoltaic power generation, distribution network, standard guide, amendmentsBy Lu Minhui 1 Sun Wenwen 2 He Guoqing 2文/路民辉1 孙文文2 何国庆2(1. State Grid Gansu Electric Power Company; 2. China Electric Power Research Institute)1. IntroductionTo exert the supporting and leading roles of the standards, the paper interprets the important provisions of GB/T 29319-2012, for two purposes, on the one hand, enhancing the industry personnel’s understanding of the technical provisions to better implement the standard; and on the other hand, analyzing the limitations of these provisions and proposing reasonable revision suggestions for those which cannot meet current and future development needs of PV power in China.2. Interpretation of the technical standard for grid connection2.1 ScopeThis standard is applicable for building, rebuilding or expanding PV power system connected to the grid with voltage of 380V, or to the user-side with voltage of 10(6)kV. The PV power system should meet other requirements in case of connecting to the public power grid with voltage of 10(6)kV or 35kV or above.BETTER COMMUNICATION ｜ GREATER VALUE2.2 Power control2.2.1 Active power controlActive power control means that, the PV power system has the ability of active power regulation and is able to accept the command signals of power grid scheduling dept. to adjust its active power output. Due to the small scale of PV power development at an early stage, given to the cost and technical considerations, the standard doesn’t specify mandatory requirements on the active power control of the PV power system.2.2.2 Reactive power controlConnected to the grid through inverters, PV power has strong ability of reactive power control. Therefore, according to the standard, the power factor of the PV power system should be adjustable continuously in the range of ±0.95. Moreover, it should be able to adjust reactive output based on the voltage of the connecting points and to participate in adjusting the voltage of the grid.2.3 Operational adaptabilityThe purpose of demanding the operational adaptability of PV power system is to enhance the operational reliability of the PV power system. It is unavoidable for various disturbances to occur in the course of grid operation. When the voltage and frequency are within the specified limits, the PV power system is required to be able to operate normally, to avoid its frequent start-stop to impact users’ interest and grid safety and stability. The operational adaptability means mainly the voltage adaptability and frequency adaptability.3. Problems in connection technical standards3.1 Overlapping and inconsistency of some provisionsImpacted by the revision cycle, some standards are inconsistent, or even contradictory, in terms of the provisions of voltage adaptability and frequency adaptability. For instance, for the PV power system connecting to the user-side with 10(6)kV voltage, the operating range of voltage is specified as 0.9p.u.~1.1p.u. in GB/T 29319, but 0.85p.u.~1.1p.u. in GB/T 3359.3.2 Low requirements of some provisionsAs constant increase of the installed capacity of PV power in recent years, its large-scale connection impacts grid safety more and more significantly. Countries around the world have revised their technical standards for PV power connection timely. Comparison with them suggested that, the requirements in national technical standards of PV power connection are lower, in terms of power control, fault crossing, frequency/voltage tolerance and grid supporting capacity.3.3 Some provisions unavailableThe PV power witnessed the histor y of slow development in the early stage to explosive growth in the later stage. The standard adapted itself to the development of PV power at the time. The core concept was that PV power did not participate in adjusting the frequency and voltage. That is to say, the system frequency and voltage were adjusted by the grid. However, as technological progresses and the new challenges produced by large-scale connection of PV power to the grid, the PV power needs new requirements, like cluster control, primary frequency regulation and power prediction, to improve the hospitality of PV power connection.4. Revision proposals4.1 Active power control1) The PV power system connected to the grid with voltage of 10(6)kV~35kV should be provided with active power control system to have the ability of smooth regulation of active power. The PV power system should be able to receive and automatically execute the control orders of active power and active power change issued by the power scheduling dept. The active power and active power change rate should meet the requirements of the scheduling control of the power system.2) The PV power system connected to the grid withvoltage of 380V should have the ability of active power control and receive the control orders of the scheduling dept. in the manner of cluster control. Based on the actual connection situation of the PV power system in China, the cluster control is illustrated in Figure 1.3) A PV power project of a whole county developed by one owner should be provided with the centralized monitoring system, which is able to receive the scheduling control orders.4.2 Primary frequency regulation1) The PV power system connected with voltage of 10(6)kV~35kV should have the ability of primary frequency regulation. When the system frequency is without the dead zone, the PV power system should be able to regulate the active power output automatically as per the frequencies. The parameters of frequency dead zone, difference coefficient and response time should be determined after negotiating with the grid scheduling dept.2) The PV power system connected with voltage of 380V should have the ability of primary frequency regulation.4.3 Grid adaptabilityThe voltage and frequency ranges should be enlarged for continuous and stable operation of the PV power system.1) When the voltage of the connecting points of the PV power system is within 0.85p.u.~1.1p.u. nominal voltage, the PV power system should be able to operate normally.2) When the frequency of the connecting points of the PV power system is within 48.5Hz~50.5Hz, the PV power system should be able to operate normally.4.4 Power prediction1) The PV power system, of which the connecting voltage is 10(6)kV~35kV and the installed capacity is above 10MW, should be provided with power prediction system, which should have the ability of short-term prediction of 0h~72h and super short-term prediction of 0.25h~4h.2) For the PV power system connected to the grid with voltage of 380V, since there is a great number of it and it cannot provide a power prediction system for a single PV system, the regional power prediction can be adopted, so as to achieve power prediction to all the PV systems in the region. The prediction methods usually include gridding and statistical scaling.4.5 Fault crossing1) The PV power system connected with voltage of 10(6) kV~35kV should have the ability of zero voltage crossing. Within and below the voltage contour in Figure 2, the PV power system should be able to operate continuously without disconnection; otherwise, it will be disconnected.2) For the PV power system connected with voltage of 10(6)kV~35kV, within the voltage contour in Figure 3, the PV power system should be able to operate continuously without disconnection; otherwise, it will be disconnected.Figure 1: Technical routine of low-voltage distributed PVcontrolFigure 2: Requirement on low-voltage crossing of PVpower system BETTER COMMUNICATION ｜ GREATER VALUE3) The PV power system, which connects the grid with voltage of 10(6)kV~35kV and has not disconnected from the grid during low/high-voltage crossing, should recover the power before the fault with at least 20% of the PN/ s power change rate when the voltage at the connecting points is between 0.85p.u.~1.1p.u. nominal voltage.5. ConclusionsThe paper interprets the important provisions of GB/T 29319-2012 and analyzes the problems in its implementation, on which basis, proposes reasonable revision suggestions: first, enhance vertically the technical requirements on PV power system connected with the grid and elevate the voltage/frequency tolerance and fault crossing of the PV power system; second, extend horizontally the coverage of the standard to add new technical requirements like power prediction, primary frequency regulation, low-voltage crossing and high-voltage crossing.6. AcknowledgementsThis paper is sponsored by the science and technology project: Research on electromagnetic and electromechanical transient modeling of Gansu Power Grid based on UHV AC/DC transmission of high proportion renewable energy and its influence on transmission capacity.Figure 3: Requirement on high-voltage crossing of PVpower system[1] , Important Speech of President Xi Jinping on the General Debate of the 75th United Nations General Assembly [N/OL]. (2020-09-23). /n1/2020/0923/ c64094-31871240.html.[2] , the Speech of President Xi Jinping on the Climate Ambition Summit [N/OL]. (2020-09-23). http://cpc.people. /n1/2020/1213/c64036-31964469.html.[3] General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of P.R.C., Standardization Administration of P.R.C. GB/ T 29319-2012 Technical Requirements for Connecting Photovoltaic Power System to Distribution Network [S]. Beijing: China Standards Press, 2017 .[4] Chen Hu, Zhang Tian, Pei Huiming, et al. Analysis of Distributed Photovoltaic Power Influence on Grid Voltage and Power Losses [J]. Electrical Measurement & Instrumentation, 2015, 52 (23): 63-69 . [5] Xie Xiaorong, He Jingbo, Mao Hangyin, et al. New Issues and Classification of Power System Stability with High Shares of Renewable and Power Electronics [J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2021, 41 (2): 461-475 .[6] Ding Ming, Wang Weisheng, Wang Xiuli, et al. A Review on the Effect of Large-scale PV Generation on Power Systems [J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2014, 34 (1): 1-14 .[7] Zeng Ming, Yang Yongqi, Li Yuanfei, et al. The Preliminary Research for Key Operation Mode and Technologies of Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources Under Energy Internet [J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2016, 36 (3): 681-691 .[8] Bai Jianhua, Xin Songxu, Liu Jun, et al. Roadmap of Realizing the High Penetration Renewable Energy in China [J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2015, 35 (14): 3699-3705 .[9] Liang Zhifeng, Ye Chang, Liu Ziwen, et al.Grid-Connected Scheduling and Control of Distributed Generations Clusters: Architecture and Key Technologies [J]. Power System Technology, 2021, 45 (10): 3791-3802 .[10] Wu J unpeng, Yang Xiaodong, Zhai Xue, et al. Analysis of Primary Frequency Regulation of Grid-connected PV Station in Power System [J]. Electrical Measurement & Instrumentation, 2016, 53 (18): 88-92.About the authors:Lu Minhui, Professorate Senior Engineer, engaged primarily in the research on grid connection technology of new energy power generation. Sun Wenwen, Corresponding Author, Engineer, engaged primarily in the research on grid connection technology of new energy power generation. He Guoqing, Professorate Senior Engineer, engaged primarily in the research on grid connection technology of new energy power generation. References。

生物信息学英文介绍Introduction to Bioinformatics.Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field that combines biology, computer science, mathematics, statistics, and other disciplines to analyze and interpret biological data. At its core, bioinformatics leverages computational tools and algorithms to process, manage, and minebiological information, enabling a deeper understanding of the molecular basis of life and its diverse phenomena.The field of bioinformatics has exploded in recent years, driven by the exponential growth of biological data generated by high-throughput sequencing technologies, proteomics, genomics, and other omics approaches. This data deluge has presented both challenges and opportunities for researchers. On one hand, the sheer volume and complexityof the data require sophisticated computational methods for analysis. On the other hand, the wealth of information contained within these data holds the promise oftransformative insights into the functions, interactions, and evolution of biological systems.The core tasks of bioinformatics encompass genome annotation, sequence alignment and comparison, gene expression analysis, protein structure prediction and function annotation, and the integration of multi-omic data. These tasks require a range of computational tools and algorithms, often developed by bioinformatics experts in collaboration with biologists and other researchers.Genome annotation, for example, involves the identification of genes and other genetic elements within a genome and the prediction of their functions. This process involves the use of bioinformatics algorithms to identify protein-coding genes, non-coding RNAs, and regulatory elements based on sequence patterns and other features. The resulting annotations provide a foundation forunderstanding the genetic basis of traits and diseases.Sequence alignment and comparison are crucial for understanding the evolutionary relationships betweenspecies and for identifying conserved regions within genomes. Bioinformatics algorithms, such as BLAST and multiple sequence alignment tools, are widely used for these purposes. These algorithms enable researchers to compare sequences quickly and accurately, revealing patterns of conservation and divergence that inform our understanding of biological diversity and function.Gene expression analysis is another key area of bioinformatics. It involves the quantification of thelevels of mRNAs, proteins, and other molecules within cells and tissues, and the interpretation of these data to understand the regulation of gene expression and its impact on cellular phenotypes. Bioinformatics tools and algorithms are essential for processing and analyzing the vast amounts of data generated by high-throughput sequencing and other experimental techniques.Protein structure prediction and function annotation are also important areas of bioinformatics. The structure of a protein determines its function, and bioinformatics methods can help predict the three-dimensional structure ofa protein based on its amino acid sequence. These predictions can then be used to infer the protein'sfunction and to understand how it interacts with other molecules within the cell.The integration of multi-omic data is a rapidly emerging area of bioinformatics. It involves theintegration and analysis of data from different omics platforms, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. This approach enables researchers to understand the interconnectedness of different biological processes and to identify complex relationships between genes, proteins, and metabolites.In addition to these core tasks, bioinformatics also plays a crucial role in translational research and personalized medicine. It enables the identification of disease-associated genes and the development of targeted therapeutics. By analyzing genetic and other biological data from patients, bioinformatics can help predict disease outcomes and guide treatment decisions.The future of bioinformatics is bright. With the continued development of high-throughput sequencing technologies and other omics approaches, the amount of biological data available for analysis will continue to grow. This will drive the need for more sophisticated computational methods and algorithms to process and interpret these data. At the same time, the integration of bioinformatics with other disciplines, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, will open up new possibilities for understanding the complex systems that underlie life.In conclusion, bioinformatics is an essential field for understanding the molecular basis of life and its diverse phenomena. It leverages computational tools and algorithms to process, manage, and mine biological information, enabling a deeper understanding of the functions, interactions, and evolution of biological systems. As the amount of biological data continues to grow, the role of bioinformatics in research and medicine will become increasingly important.。

数学建模论文英文Abstract:Mathematical modeling is an essential tool in various scientific and engineering disciplines, facilitating the understanding and prediction of complex systems. This paper explores the fundamental principles of mathematical modeling, its applications, and the methodologies employed in constructing and analyzing models. Through case studies, we demonstrate the power of mathematical models in solving real-world problems.Introduction:The introduction of mathematical modeling serves as a foundation for the entire paper. It provides an overview of the significance of mathematical modeling in modern problem-solving and sets the stage for the subsequent sections. It also outlines the objectives and scope of the paper.Literature Review:This section reviews existing literature on mathematical modeling, highlighting the evolution of the field, key concepts, and the diverse range of applications. It also identifies gaps in current knowledge that the present study aims to address.Methodology:The methodology section describes the approach taken to construct and analyze mathematical models. It includes theselection of appropriate mathematical tools, the formulation of the model, and the validation process. This section is crucial for ensuring the scientific rigor of the study.Model Development:In this section, we delve into the process of model development, including the identification of variables, the establishment of relationships, and the formulation of equations. The development of the model is presented in a step-by-step manner to ensure clarity and reproducibility.Case Studies:Case studies are presented to demonstrate the practical application of mathematical models. Each case study is carefully selected to illustrate the versatility and effectiveness of mathematical modeling in addressing specific problems.Results and Discussion:This section presents the results obtained from the application of the mathematical models to the case studies. The results are analyzed to draw insights and conclusions about the effectiveness of the models. The discussion also includes an evaluation of the model's limitations and potential areas for improvement.Conclusion:The conclusion summarizes the key findings of the paper and reflects on the implications of the study. It also suggests directions for future research in the field of mathematical modeling.References:A comprehensive list of references is provided to acknowledge the sources of information and ideas presented in the paper. The references are formatted according to a recognizedcitation style.Appendices:The appendices contain any additional information that supports the paper, such as detailed mathematical derivations, supplementary data, or extended tables and figures.Acknowledgments:The acknowledgments section, if present, expresses gratitudeto individuals or organizations that contributed to the research but are not authors of the paper.This structure ensures that the mathematical modeling paperis comprehensive, logically organized, and adheres to academic standards.。

外文翻译原文Consumer perceived risk:conceptualisations and models Material Source:European Journal of Marketing /V olume 33 issue 1/2Author:Vincent-Wayne Mitchell Keywords Consumer behaviour, Consumer’s risk, Marketing strate gy, Model, Perception, RiskAbstract Reviews the literature on consumer-perceived risk over the past 30 years. The review begins by establishing perceived risk’s relationship with related marketing constructs such as involvement and trust. It then tackles some debates within the literature, concerning subjective and objective risk and differences between the concepts of risk and uncertainty. It describes how different models have been devised and operationalised to measure risk and how these have developed over the years. Aims to identify and report the theoretical and model developments over the past 30 years and to propose criteria which researchers can use in deciding the most useful model for their own research. The criteria are: understanding, prediction, suitability for reliability and validity assessment, practicality and usability. It is suggested that the basic two-component model is still the most generally useful for researchers and practitioners alike.IntroductionIn 1960, when Bauer first brought the concept of risk to the attention of the American marketing community he stated that:I have neither confidence nor anxiety that my proposal will cause any major stir. At most, it is to be hoped that it will attract the attention of a few researchers and practitioners and at least survive through infancy (Bauer, 1960, p. 389).So, why do marketing practitioners and researchers continue to be interested? First, perceived risk theory has intuitive appeal and plays a role in facilitating marketers seeing the world through their customer’s eyes. Second, it can be almost universally applied and its versatility has been demonstrated in a wide range of applications, from spaghetti(Cunningham, 1967) to industrial reprographic equipment (Newall, 1977). Third, it is suggested that perceived risk is morepowerful at explaining consumers’ behaviour since consumers are more often motivated to avoid mistakes than to maximise utility in purchasing. Fourth, risk analysis can be used in marketing resource allocation decisions. For example, a study of risk relievers used by consumers can help to increase marketing efficiency by channelling resources into strategies which consumers find more useful, while withdrawing them from those which they find less useful. Risk perceptionanalysis can also be helpful in brand-image development, targeting, positioning and segmentation; e.g. by highlighting risk aspects in comparative advertising; repositioning commodity products to give added value, and segmenting consumers as on the basis of their risk-reducing strategy usage. Finally, examining risk perceptions can generate new product ideas. In a recent study of breakfast cereals, one of the risks consumers perceived was a result of disliking milk. This suggested the development of non-milk-based breakfast products such as Kellogg’s Pop Tarts (Mitchell and Boustani, 1993).Perceived risk applicationsAlthough perceived risk has found application in many areas, it is beyond the scope of this paper to review all of these[1]. Instead, this section outlines the main areas of application in consumer and organisational markets and draws distinctions between high and low involvement goods and between goods and services.A number of authors have shown that services are riskier than products (Guseman, 1981; Lewis, 1976; Mitchell and Greatorex, 1993). This is because of the inherent properties of services, i.e. heterogeneity, perishability, inseparability and intangibility which undermine consumer confidence and increase the perceived risk, mainly by augmenting the degree of uncertainty in the decision. The most frequently studied services are life insurance, doctors and hairdressers, then legal services, banks and dry cleaners with more recent studies focusing on professional services (e.g. Boze, 1987; Crocker, 1983; Garner and Garner, 1985; Motilla, 1983).The versatility of perceived risk and its universal appeal for researchers keen to explain less usual consumer phenomena is demonstrated by studies on topics such as experts systems and artificial intelligence (Taunton, 1989; Wong, 1988), flexible manufacturing systems (Phillips, 1987), complaints about advertising (Lawson, 1985), financial risk assessment (Farrelly et al., 1985), top executive travel (Brown, 1987) and diffusion theory (Onkvisit and Shaw, 1989).Very many studies have examined fairly low-cost convenience food and nonfood stuffs, with which consumers are little involved and within which there isminimal perceived risk. This is a problem because when risk is below a risk threshold, perceived risk theory has little explicatory power; except when these products are the subject of a consumer “scare”. A priority for future research should be to use high-value products or services, for example, cars, fridges, washing machines, brown goods, boats, caravans, houses, time-share accommodation, jewellery, objets d’art, holidays, wedding arrangements, private pension plans, etc.Applications in the organisational purchasing area have been fewer, but have shown that one of the main differences between organisational and consumer risk is the degree of complexity of consequences. Recent work has suggested that organisational buyers perceived not only personal and organizational risks, but also professional risks which are associated with their role as a professional within an organisation (Mitchell, 1998). Hakansson and Wootz(1979) refer to a model of organisational decision making with three dimensions of uncertainty:(1) need uncertainty;(2) transaction uncertaintywhile Valla (1982) identified five categories of risk with which a buyer must contend. These were:(1) technical risk;(2) financial risk;(3) delivery risk;(4) service risk; and(5) risk related to supplier/customer long-term relationships.Proposed model assessment criteriaWhen examining the models and conceptualizations presented in the literature,some framework is required. Here, several criteria are proposed on which to judge the usefulness of perceived risk models. These include:•the level of concept understanding generated;•predictive success;•suitability for reliability and validity testing;•level of practical and managerial insight offered; and•usability.Developing any proposed model should increase our understanding of the construct or concept. Rivett (1994) notes that an important quality of a model should be its capacity to reach out into the unknown or the unknowable. He points out a model’s first quality is to cut out irrelevance and to simplify.One main objective of model building is prediction. In doing this, “we must always remember that mathematics is the vehicle which takes us to our destination and is not our destination itself” (Rivett, 1994, p. 26). In consumer behaviour research, this mainly takes the form of predicting consumers’ propensity to purchase. This criterion overlaps with the validity criterion, since known-group validity can often use purchasers and non-purchasers as criterion groups to separate high and low-risk perceivers. This criterion focuses our attention on why the model is being constructed and highlights the comparison problems caused by the potential diversity of answers.The suitability for reliability and validity assessment criterion is clearly underpinned by a positivist research paradigm. Much of the literature, while using the paradigm, has not followed through on assessing the reliability and validity of models. It is not always expected that once a model is proposed the researcher should provide all the necessary data relating to its reliability and validity in order to assess its usefulness in describing or explaining the concept, however, not to provide any data or assessment of how the model could be subject to such tests has regrettably been a common occurrence in the literature; even after 1979 when Churchill (1979) had identified assessing construct validity as being essential for developing good measures. In terms of further research, a major contribution to the marketing literature is waiting to be made from comparing the various perceived risk models and measures using known-group validity and multi-trait-multi-method matrices. Some limitedreliability and validity evidence is available (see e.g. Lumpkin and Massey,1983); however, the quest remains a major challenge for future researchers.Consumer perceived risk measurement modelsOperationalizing perceived risk has resulted in many models, some of which are similar. This section considers the more useful measurement models (see Table I) beginning with the simplest and moving to the more complicated.Basic modelsCunningham (1967) was one of the first to suggest a two-component model, with each dimension, uncertainty and dangerousness of consequence, measured on four-point scales. These were collapsed to three-point scales then combined multiplicatively to give a one-to-nine risk scale. The decision to group the perceived risk scale into three equivalent gradations was based primarily on an evaluation of the resultant cell sizes. As Cunningham himself admits, “an arbitrary method ofconstructing the perceived risk index was used”(Cunningham, 1967, p. 84).This two-component model or variations on it has been the mainstay of perceived risk research over the past 30 years. A major preoccupation with researchers is deciding how the various elements of perceived risk should be combined, i.e. should the basic components of risk be multiplied or added?In 1976, Peter and Ryan commented that the two components are usually combined multiplicatively to give an overall indication of perceived risk: Risk = probability of negative consequences occurring Importance of negative consequencesAlthough the logic of this multiplicative model is not provided in the literature, it is likely to come from probability theory, where probabilities are multiplied by monetary value to determine the expected values of gambles (Peter and Ryan,1976, p. 184). Peter and Ryan (1976) measured probabilities and importance of loss and correlated them with brand preference. For five out of six brands the summated perceived risk model for the high-importance segment was correlated more highly with brand preference than was the multiplicative form.They also concluded that the importance of losses may be more useful as a segmentation variable than as a component of a multiplicative perceived risk model. Most of the work in the risk area has proposed some sort of multiplicative formation (e.g. Cunningham, 1967; Sieber and Lanzetta, 1964). By contrast, Wright (1973) forcefully argues that such mathematical representations of consumer decision processes may be overly complicated.The argument of multiplicative versus additive has continued to engage researchers over the three decades. Bettman (1973) provided evidence that an additive model fits slightly better; although the R2 values were quite close for the two models, and the model coefficients had very similar patterns. Horton(1976) too reported that the linear model is generally superior to the multiplicative model at both the product class and aggregated levels. Finally, work by Lanzetta and Driscoll (1968) is supportive of a linear model. They suggested that a positive correlation between importance and uncertainty of consequences might lead to an additive model being better. Recent work by Joag et al. (1990) using a simulated industrial setting revealed that when a decision had multiple plays (e.g. purchasing 100 personal computers) decision makers combined probabilities and outcomes to form their risk perceptions in a manner consistent with a multiplicative informationintegration model. In contrast, when a decision had a single trial (e.g. purchasing one large mainframe computer), information was combined in a manner consistent with a nonmultiplicative integration pattern. Given the research evidence, an additive model might better predict risk perception in more cases than a multiplicative model, but the careful researcher should test both formulations.Complex risk modelsRecently Dowling and Staelin (1994) have incorporated Bettman’s inherent and handled risk notion into a formal model. They refer a person’s pre disposition towards a product category (inherent risk) as product-category risk, while the second component (handled risk) is referred to as product-specific risk.Acknowledgement is given to other antecedents of risk including:(1) levels of the attributes of a specific product, e.g. price, quality rating etc.;(2) the likelihood of failure that leads to negative consequences;(3) the individual’s purchase goals;(4) other conditions, e.g. purchase channel.A third major component is their concept of two types of acceptable risk related to the product category (e.g. sky diving) and a specific product within the product category. The acceptable risk level was defined as the lowest productspecific risk score associated with a subject’s response that he/she wou ld prefer to seek more information. Their study is one of the first to assess empirically the effect of an acceptance level of risk on any type of consumer behaviour. The model also incorporates risk reduction activity. For example, when productspecific risk is less than a person’s acceptable risk level, the person’s intention to engage in search behaviour is hypothesised not to be influenced by productspecific risk. A new method was used to assess risk by using a conjoint methodology in which the part worths (i.e. risk utilities) are estimated for each potential consequence for all product attributes for every individual.One of the most complex measurement models has been developed by Deering and Jacoby (1972) who measured risk using ten questions (see Table I). The first composite measure (CM-1) combined responses to two questions used in previous studies (e.g. Cunningham, 1967a), questions one and two in Table I. These items formed a nine-point scale on which high values indicated a high degree of danger or uncertainty. In the second composite measure (CM-2), the uncertainty questions emphasise an individual’s specific differences in their ability to predict product attributes. Questions, 3, 4 and 5 were combined asfollows:CM-2 = (3) (4 + 5)/2In the third composite risk measure (CM-3), consequences were again represented by ratings of importance (4) and investment (5) as in CM-2. The unpredictability component included the perceived unpredictability of product dependability with repeated use (6), product construction and materials (7), results of product failure (8), and the degree (9) and kind (10) of goal fulfillment involved. The formula for obtaining CM-3 is seen in Table I.This has remained one of the most comprehensive measures of product risk to the present day, rivalled only by a number of models which have taken a multi-attribute approach (e.g. Dowling and Staelin, 1994; Greatorex and Mitchell, 1993; Zikmund and Scott, 1977). The number of other studies using a similar approach has been negligible; perhaps because of the amount of data required. It is unfortunate that Deering and Jacoby (1972) did not report on thevariation between the measures. Perhaps if they had been able to demonstrate the benefits which might be reaped from collecting such additional information, their expanded measure may have been more extensively used by subsequent researchers. The amount of data required and the lack of information on loss types may have resulted in the decision by many researchers not to use the model.ConclusionThe perceived risk concept, with its 38 years of tradition, has stood the test of time and continues to motivate researchers to use its tenet. This is despite, orperhaps because of, the multiple definitions of the concept. A universallyagreed theoretical or operational definition still eludes marketing academics in the field. Meanwhile, the weight of empirical research has used Cunningham’s (1967) two-component model for which there continues to be a good rationale for so doing. The two-component model appears to be the most generally useful and comes out well on the five proposed evaluative criteria of usability, practical implications, prediction, suitability for reliability and validity testing, and developing understanding. However, controversy still exists over whether the two components of probability and consequence should be combined additively or multiplicatively; although the evidence indicates that the additive model is likely to be superior in most cases. Some reservations have been expressed about the independence assumption of the two components and researchers await the results of further work on this question. Until such work is forthcoming, an additive model of probability of loss plus importance of loss is suggested as a working measure.Good models of perceived risk can only really be judged on what the researcher is attempting to achieve by designing the model. In this respect, each researcher has licence to design objective-specific models which may have very limited general use. Far from this being discouraged, it should be encouraged, but only when other existing models, many of which are presented with this paper, have been evaluated for fitness for purpose.译文消费者感知风险：概念和模型资料来源: 欧洲市场营销/音量杂志33卷1/2作者：文森特，韦恩米切尔关键词消费者行为，消费者的风险，营销策略，模型，感知，风险摘要综述了过去30年间通过建立感知风险与相关市场的关系如参与和信任结构，在消费者感知风险领域的研究。

当前,计算机技术与网络技术得到了较快发展,计算机软件工程进入到社会各个领域当中,使很多操作实现了自动化,得到了人们的普遍欢迎,解放了大量的人力.为了适应时代的发展,社会各个领域大力引进计算机软件工程.下面是软件工程英文参考文献105个，供大家参考阅读。

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Unit 8 教案Pre-reading Activities:Warm-up Questions1.What do you know about Bill Gates and his company Microsoft? What is Gates most famous for?2. What do you consider to be the most important technological achievements of the last 20 years? Why is each important?3. What kind of technological innovations might we see in the next 20 years?4. Skim the text to get the answers to the following questions:a). What sort of “revolution” does Gates believe is currently occurring?b). What stage of the revolution are we in now?c). How long does Gates expect it to go on?Text –related Information1.Bill (William) Gates (1955—)Bill Gates is an American computer programmer and businessman who in 1975 co-founded Microsoft (later Microsoft ) with Paul Allen, a private company for the manufacture and sale ofcomputers. As a teenager, he helped computerize his high school’s payroll 发薪簿system and founded a company that sold traffic-counting systems to local governments. At 19 he dropped out of Harvard University and co-founded Microsoft Corp. with Paul G. Allen (b. 1954). Microsoft began its domination of the fledgling乳臭小儿microcomputer industry when Gates licensed the operating system MS-DOS to IBM in 1980 for use in IBM’s fist personal computer. As Microsoft’s largest shareholder,chairman and chief executive Gates became a the youngest multi-billionaire in 1986, and within a de cade he was the world’s richest private individual. Beginning in 1995, he refocused Microsoft on the development of software solutions for the Internet, and he also moved the company into the computer hardware and gaming markets with the Xbox video machine. In 1999 he and his wife created the largest charitable foundation in the U.S.2. The Road AheadAuthored by Bill Gates, The Road Ahead was first published by the Penguin Group (New Y ork) in 1995. In the book, Bill Gates looks ahead to show how the emerging technologies of the digital age will transform all our lives and gives us his vision of the undiscovered territory on the information highway.3. Harvard SquareHarvard Square is a large triangular area in the center of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Often traffic-congested, it is located next to Harvard University at the intersection of Massachusetts A venue and John F. Kennedy Street, and is a highly traveled space for Harvard and MIT students, along with residents of Boston, Cambridge, and other nearby cities. In an extended sense, the name “Harvard Square” can refer to the entire neighborhood surrounding this intersection for several blocks in each direction.4. Microsoft Corp.In 1975, two young men from Seattle founded a company that would be to the Computer Age what the Ford Motor Company was to the Automobile Age. Like Henry Ford, William H. Gates Ⅲand Paul Allen transformed a new technology by building on the inventions of others, creating a mass market for what had once been a novelty for the few. Their company—originally called Micro-soft, an abbreviation for microcomputer software—helped change the living, working, and recreational habits of hundreds of millions of people around the world.ⅡSummary of the TextIn this foreword the author described some features of his oncoming chapters. His own adventure with PCs started 20 years ago. It was a technology literally ignored by the public then. Bu now, it concerns with PC-related technology flourished, together with widespread misunderstandings. The book was meant to give a general idea of the future development. The author was trying to be serious, but maybe his prediction will be rather humorous in ten or twenty years. Personal career was ignored in this book, technical detail was also not given, and it was a book written for a largest possible audience. Meant to be prolonged speech, although hundreds of times more difficult than writing a speech.III Text StructurePart I (para.1): Beginning with his story, the author pointed out the personal compute revolution has affected millions of lives.Part II (para.2-7): The upcoming communications revolution and misunderstanding: The wide spread misunderstanding of the information highway makes it necessary for a broad set of peopleto participate in the debate on the communication revolution.1.(para.2): The author explained the profound meaning, condition, upcoming change, even problem and benefits of the communications revolution.2.(para.3):PC industry is the foundation for the Communication Revolution.3.(para4-7): The author made clear about some misunderstanding on information highway.Part III.(para8-12) The purpose for which Bill Gates wrote the book1.(para.8-10): The author explained the purpose of writing the book further. The book is a travel guide for the forth coming journey.2.(para.11-12): The author told us his feeling of writing the book.para.11 The process of thinking about and writing the book longer than I expected.para.12 Hope: I hope it stimulates understanding, debate, and creative ideas.3.Skill learning in writing and reading1) Reading skill: “Metaphor”暗喻Metaphor i s a way of thinking of one thing in terms of another thing makes a COMPARISION between two unlike elements. This comparison is IMPLIED rather than STA TED(1). Make a list of all the words and phrases you can find with which Gates refers to computer technology as if it were a road, journey, or adventure.(2). Do you think this comparison of computer technologies to a journey is an effective one? If so, explain how the image of travel fits well with the new technologies. If not, what would be a better comparison?a. The past twenty years have been an incredible adventure for me. (Line 1)b.It has led us to places we had barely imagined. (Line 9)c.We are all beginning another great journey. (Line 11)d. We aren’t sure where this one will lead u s either. (Line 11)e. This revolution will ... take us all farther. (Line 13)f. There is never a reliable map for unexplored territory.(Line 18)g. But this next journey, to the so-called information highway.(Line 30)h. I hope it can serve as a travel guide for the forthcoming journey. (Line 61)W ords & Expressions1. Incredible:adj. 1. impossible to believe, 难以置信的The plot of the book is incredible. 这本书的情节让人难以置信。