The Greenhouse Environment Monitoring System温室环境监测系统中文翻译请进我空间

温室环境监测和控制系统外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)New Environment Parameters Monitoring And Control System For Greenhouse Based On Master-slave DistributedAbstractAccording to the actual need of monitoring and control of greenhouse environment parameters in rural areas,a master-slave distributed measurement and control system is designed,in which PC is taken as the host. The system consists of PC ,soil moisture measurement and control module,temperature and humidity, andCO2 monitoring and control module. In the system,PC has large amount of data storage which is easy to make use of fuzzy control expert system,configuration software-KingView is used to develop software for PC,by which the development cycle is shorten and a friendly human-computer interaction is provided.Each monitoring and control module consists of STC12 series of microcontrollers,sensors,relays etc.Different modules are select based on the need if system to achieve control greenhouse in partition and block.I INTRODUCTIONTo modern indoor agriculture, the automatic measurement and control of environment parameters is the key to achieve crop yield and quality of greenhouse.In recent years,facilities agriculture develops vigorously in our country,matched with it,the monitoring and control instrument of greenhouse have also made certain development.After nearly 10 years of unremitting hard work,our research team of measurement and control system of agriculture environment parameters,designed an intelligent measurement and control system of distribution combined of greenhouse which can be popularized in the vast rural areas.This system is mainly control of temperature,humidity,CO2 concentration,soil moisture and illumination of greenhouse.OF SCM,as the data storage is small,display interface is single,amount of information is limited,but its capability price ratio is high,so it is used as a front unit of data acquisition and control;and of PC,it has a large amount of data storage,rich software,convenient human-computer interaction,and so on.If we use outdated and low-priced PC,taking the PC as the upper machine,taking the different function control modules composed of multiple microcomputers as the lower machines,then a master-slave distributed and intelligent control system bases on microcomputer is made up,by which both better monitoring and control,display and data collection or management are achieved,but also lower cost of system is get according to the actual need.II SYSTEM STRUCTURE AND PRINCIPLEThe most marked feature of the distribution combined and intelligent control system greenhouse is that of incorporating with data acquisition, control and management as a whole,module combination, simple structure,convenient human-computer interaction,and using technology of intelligent expert fuzzycontrol,which can adapt to a variety of crop management control in greenhouse.The basic structure of the system is shown in Fig.1.The structure of the distributed system is composed of two layers:the upper and lower.In the top-price PC is taken as the host to make system management and experts fuzzy operation in intelligent,and to provide a friendlyhuman-computer interface,and to realize the united monitoring and management of greenhouse; the lower is composed of a series of modules of different function,and in each module,a single chip of AT89C is adopted as the lower machine,RS485 is used to communicate PC with all AT89C,and then the collection,processing and control of the greenhouse parameters is achieved.Each function module is completely isolated in electrical,any failure on the nodule does not produce any effect on other modules.The system collects separately ways of environment information through each monitoring and control module,and sends it to host PC through the RS485 interface.And in the PC configuration control system,the acquired parameters are compared with the values of setting,then according to a variety of expert intelligent fuzzy control system of crops at different growth stages,the fuzzy control instructions on the environment temperature,humidity,CO2 concentration,soil water content and the corresponding operation instructions or alarm are given.The system is applied in rural greenhouses in ually at 1/4 near East and West end in a greenhouse,and at the height of 1.5m from the ground in the middle in the northern half (near the wet curtain) and the southern half (near the fan ),a module of air temperature and humidity ,CO2 concentration and a module of soil moisture content are set;a module of soil moisture content will be added in the middle of the greenhouse according to the actual condition;at the height of 1.5m in the main entrance,a water tank is set,of which the solenoid of drip tube should be set based on the need and controlled by module of soil moisture content;and the PC is placed in the main entrance to the greenhouse.III HARDWARE DESIGNA.The CP and communication systemIn the distributed system of data acquisition and control,as the micro control unit is limited in data storage and slow in calculating of complex functions,so PC is used and the master-slave module is adopted in the system,that is a system of,taking PC as the host and taking the SCM systems located in the scene as slave.In this distributed system,communication is the key to it.Generally,the serial port of PC is standard RS232,of which transmission distance is shorter.But in agriculture control system.its communication distance is of tens of meters or several kilometers, so RS232/RS485 converter is used to achieve communication between the PC and SCM.To reduce investment,both considering the user convenience and friendly human-computer interaction,low-price PC of above 486 and below PIV is adopted;and considering the operation of configuration software,it is required that memory is 64M or above and hard disk is 10Gb or above.B. The control modules of temperature and humidity,illuminance and CO2 concentrationEach control unit consists of SCM,sensors,signal processing circuit,RS485 interface and output circuit.The hardware structure of module of temperature and humidity,CO2 concentration is shown in Fig.2.CO2concentration is measured by sensor based on NDIR technology,measurement is of 0~2×103mol.Through the sensor,control system,by software of digital filter,linear interpolation and temperature compensation,the CO2 concentration is output as digital adhered to UART protocol,and then is input directly to the SCM.The new intelligent sensor of SHT11 based on CMOSens technology is chosen in the measurement of temperature and humidity.In SHT11,the temperature and humidity sensors,signal amplification,A/D,I2C bus are all integrated in a chip;it has full-scale calibration,second-line digital output,and humidity measuring range of 0~100% RH,temperature measurement range of -40℃~+123.8℃,humidity measurement accuracy of ±3.0% RH,temperature measurement accuracy of ±0.4℃,the response time of <4s.The illuminance sensor of JY1-TBQ-6 of silicon photovoltaic detection is used Light measuring.Its measurement range is 0~200,000 Lux;spectral range is 400~700(nm) visible light;measurement error is less than 2%; output is 4~20mA or 0~20mV;output signal can be directly send to the A/D of the SCM after being amplified to 0~4V.Modules accept the instructions form the the Upper,and output via the output circuit .The output circuit consists of optical isolation,the signal driver and the output relays.C. The measurement and control modules of soil moistureWater is a polar medium, the dielectric constant of the soil containing water is mainly determined by the water,when water content is different,the wave impedance is different.The soil moisture is measured by standing wave radio method in thissystem.Based on the theory of Engineering Electromagnetic Field,for lossy medium,the electromagnetic wave impedance as follows:Z0=√μ/ε(1+jλ/(ωε))Where μ is medium permeability,and μ of soil is μ≈μ0 is the vacuum permeability;ε is medium dielectric constant;λ is medium conductivity;ω is electromagnetic wave frequency.In the very low audio(<2000Hz),the loss tangent of dry soil dielectric is λ/ωε≈0.07,if you choose the frequency of the si gnal source at above 20MHz.then,ε≈ε∞,the imaginary part of the soil wave impedance is neglect,only the real part,which amounts to a pure resistance.Soil moisture sensor consists of 100MHz signal source,a coaxial transmission line and a 4-pin stainless probe.The electromagnetic waves of signal transmit to the probe along the lines.As the probe impedance and line impedance are different,the superimposition of incident waves and reflected waves forms a standing waves.Taking the coaxial transmission line as a lossless uniform line,wave impedance is Z0,Z l is the load impedance.Then the reflected coefficient of voltage wave at the probe is:Γ=（Z L-Z0）/(Z L+Z0)Choosing the length of transmission line is l=λ/4,the maximum and minimum of both ends of the line are U max and U min,Then the standing wave radio in the line can be expressed as:S=U max /U min =(1-|Γ|)/(1+|Γ|)In the way,the soil moisture radio can be measured by measuring the standing wave rate of transmission line.As shown in Fig.3.,soil moisture module consists of sensors and controllers,the sensors are subordinated to controllers,controllers can be omitted without the need of irrigation in greenhouse.To simplify the control,irrigation technology of node-type in partition is adopted in the control soil moisture in this system.To a certain extent,the parameters of upper and lower the ground can be decoupled by adopting this technology.IV CONTROL SYSTEM PROGRAMMINGThe software of PC is developed by KingView 6.51 of Beijing-controlled Asia.This configuration software has high reliability,shorter development cycle,perfect capability of graphical interface generation,and friendly human-computer interaction;and can create dynamic images and charts in accordance with the layout of equipment in the scene;can visually display the changes of parameters,control status,and can give an alarm when over-limited;and can achieve fuzzy control of greenhouse parameters by using the history curve of environment parameters stored in the specific database and adopting the agricultural expert system.The software of SCM of the slave is developed by Keil C51 to achieve real-time collecting,processing,uploading of the parameters and accept the fuzzy control instructions from the host computer and complete local control of the device.A.Program design of the control moduleThe software of the sub-slave machine of soil moisture module,that include the main function,subroutines of data acquisition and processing,interrupt handling andcommunicating etc,read the value of standing wave voltage through the parallel data port and obtained the value of soil moisture content by function calculating.The software of the slave machine of monitoring and control of soil moisture mainly complete data communication with the sub-slave machine,uploading measurement data and current control state to the host computer,accepting the fuzzy control instructions from the host computer and output the implementation instructions.The software of the slave machine of temperature and humidity,and CO2 mainly complete reading data of CO2 concentrations and temperature and humidity through the I2C concentration,uploading measurement data and current control state to the host computer,accepting the fuzzy control instructions from the host computer and output the implementation instructions.The structure of the main program and interrupt subroutine of temperature and humidity module are shown in Fig.4.The serial interrupt mode 3 is adopted by all slaves to communicate with the host,transmit the digital collecting and receive instructions.B. Program design of PC and fuzzy control system1)The communication settings of KingView 6.51:In order to ensure the correctness of communication,the upper and lower must follow the same communication protocol,set the communication ually in communication,master-slave mode is adopted in style and responder is adopted in the process.That is ,the master sent a command to the slave first,then et slave give an answer after receiving the command,thus once communication is completed.In KingView ,a scheduled polling method is adopted to do reading and writing between the lower machine by PC.In the project browser of KingView,first,click device →COM1;in the wizard of device configuration,select intelligent modules→SCM→current SCM of HEX→serial port,and then ser parameters for the host computer’s communication.2)The connection of KingView 6.51 and database:Database is the core of the software,that not only contains the definition of variables,real-time parameters and the historical parameters,but also is needed by parameters alarming,fuzzy calculating,reporting ,and displaying.Access2003 desktop database is used as records database of the system,and by using SQL,it is operated by KingView via ODBC.The procedure is :to create data variables in KingView to create a body of records toestablish a data source of ODBC to create query screens and make the screen connection.To connected with Microsoft Access2003,the functions of SQLConnect(),SQLSelect(),SQLLast(),SQLNext(),SQLFist(),SQLPrew(),SQLInsrt() ,and so on,should be implemented in the command language,and then real-time storage and inquiry of data are completed.3)Software design of PC :For the control system of greenhouse,data storage capacity of the PC is unlimited,so if the existing mature software modules are include into the system,it both be relaxed and can improve the system reliability.The software of software consists of control module and management module.V CONCLUSIONAccording to the economic bearing capacity of farmer in Qinhuangdao ,with the existing technology of monitoring and control of environment parameters of greenhouse,a master-slave distributed automatic control system of greenhouse environment in which PC is taken as the host computer is developed.The system has following characteristics:1)With the large amount of data storage of PC,fuzzy control expert system is easy of data storage,modification and system upgrading.2)By using KingView to develop software of PC,the system reliability is improved,and the development cycle is shorten,and a friendly human-computer interface is get.3)A distributed and modular structure is used in the system,it makes the system maintenance easier and adapts to production needs more. The monitoring and control modules of the slave are connected to the host through the RS485 bus based on needs,then the control of greenhouse in partition or block can be achieved.基于新的温室环境参数监测和控制系统根据实际在农村地区的温室环境参数的监测和控制，主从分布式测量和控制系统的设计需要，以其中一台计算机作为主机，该系统由PC、土壤水分测量和控制模块，温度、湿度、CO2监测和控制模块组成。

安徽工程科技学院毕业设计（论文）基于单片机的温室大棚CO2浓度测控系统的设计摘要温室是设施农业的重要组成部分，温室大棚测控系统是实现温室生产管理自动化、科学化的基本保证。

通过对监测数据的分析，结合作物生长规律，控制环境条件，使作物在不适宜生长的反季节中，可获得比室外生长更优的环境条件，从而使作物达到优质、高产、高效的栽培目的。

本系统利用计算机自动控制技术，将检测与控制过程完全自动化，实现温室内二氧化碳浓度的自动调控。

系统的总体布置有四个组成部分，即：数据采集部分、信号处理部分、控制和执行部分、串口通讯部分。

本系统可以实时检测并显示温室内二氧化碳浓度，根据作物适宜浓度发出执行输出，以便为作物提供一个良好的环境。

系统主要具有如下功能：对当前的环境因子测量并记录，采用了4位LED显示数码管，能实时显示当前测量值；当采集到的当前值高于上限值或低于下限值时，能够实现超限报警，其中长鸣声代表超低限报警，短鸣声代表超高限报警，与此同时相应的报警指示灯亮；当测量值低于或高于适宜值时，输出开关量控制；提供人机对话界面，采用一根串口线与电脑串口相连进行通讯，可以在电脑上显示当前的采集值，并可随时修改数据，设置高、低阀值。

关健词：温室；环境控制；C02浓度；串口通讯XXX：基于单片机的温室大棚CO2浓度测控系统的设计Design Of The CO2 Concentration Measure And Control SystemIn Greenhouse Based On MCUABSTRACTGreenhouse is an important component of protected agriculture. Measuring and controlling system is the basis of the management automation in the greenhouse. With the growth rules analyzing measurement data and controlling circumstance condition, it makes greenhouse better condition than outdoor in the unfit season, and more productive and high quality.Environmental monitoring of the greenhouse, namely control the environment condition which influence crop growth, such as suitable temperature, humidity, illuminance, C02 density water content of soil, etc. According to the biological characteristic of the crop. Most greenhouses of our country produce and carry on the production process to manage according to experience at present. The technological means lagsbehind, labor intensity is great, production efficiency is not high, And existing computer control system is mostly to introduce foreign technology, With high costs, and is not fit for the domestic environment.In this paper, the system that originally studies utilizes automatic control technology of the computer, observing and control the course will totally be automatic. Realize that the density of carbon dioxide is adjusted and control automatically in the greenhouse. Systematic totality fixes up and hate four parts to make up，namely: Gather signal part, and deal with part, control and carrying out part, bunches of communication part in data. The software includes: the real-time Control module, the data processing module，the intellectual control module, the parameter-establish module, and the communication module, etc.Through research, the density of carbon dioxide is made to be in optimum value all right in this system in real-time control greenhouse. In order to offer a good environment for crop，it mainly have the following functions: Can measure the record of combining to the environmental factor; Can show the present meanswement value in real time; Can give a alarm when reach ultra limit ,and the amount of switch controlled is exported; On revise the data at any time via serial communication with PC ,and etc.Keyword: greenhouse ; CO2 density sensor ;observes and control the environmental factor安徽工程科技学院毕业设计（论文）目录摘要 (I)ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................................... I I 插图清单 . (V)第1章概述 (2)1. 1引言 ............................................................................................................. 错误！未定义书签。

环境检测功能模块内容## Environmental Monitoring Features ##。

General Overview.Environmental monitoring is the process of measuring and analyzing environmental parameters to assess their impact on human health, ecosystems, and the environment as a whole. Environmental monitoring systems can be used to detect and track changes in the environment, identify potential risks, and develop mitigation strategies.Types of Environmental Monitoring.There are many different types of environmental monitoring, each with its own specific purpose. Some of the most common types of environmental monitoring include:Air Quality Monitoring.Air quality monitoring measures the levels ofpollutants in the air, such as particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. Air qualitymonitoring data can be used to assess the health risks associated with air pollution and to develop policies to reduce air pollution levels.Water Quality Monitoring.Water quality monitoring measures the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of water bodies, such as rivers, lakes, and groundwater. Water quality monitoring data can be used to assess the health of water bodies and to identify sources of pollution.Soil Quality Monitoring.Soil quality monitoring measures the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of soil. Soil quality monitoring data can be used to assess the health of soils and to identify potential risks to soil health.Greenhouse Gas Monitoring.Greenhouse gas monitoring measures the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Greenhouse gas monitoring data can be used to track changes in greenhouse gas concentrations and to assess the impacts of climate change.Wildlife Monitoring.Wildlife monitoring tracks the abundance anddistribution of wildlife populations. Wildlife monitoring data can be used to assess the health of wildlife populations and to identify potential threats to wildlife.Data Collection and Analysis.Environmental monitoring data is collected using a variety of methods, including:Manual Sampling.Manual sampling involves collecting environmental samples by hand. Manual sampling is often used to collect samples for laboratory analysis.Automated Monitoring.Automated monitoring uses sensors to collect environmental data. Automated monitoring systems can be used to collect data continuously or at specific intervals.Remote Sensing.Remote sensing uses satellites and other remote sensing technologies to collect environmental data. Remote sensing data can be used to monitor large areas of land or water.Data analysis is used to interpret environmental monitoring data. Data analysis can be used to identify trends, patterns, and relationships in environmental data.Applications of Environmental Monitoring.Environmental monitoring data can be used for a variety of purposes, including:Protecting Human Health.Environmental monitoring data can be used to identify health risks associated with environmental pollution. Environmental monitoring data can also be used to develop policies to reduce environmental pollution and protect human health.Protecting the Environment.Environmental monitoring data can be used to identify and mitigate threats to the environment. Environmental monitoring data can also be used to develop policies to protect the environment.Tracking Climate Change.Environmental monitoring data can be used to track changes in the environment over time. Environmentalmonitoring data can be used to assess the impacts of climate change and to develop strategies to adapt to climate change.Environmental Monitoring Systems.Environmental monitoring systems are the hardware and software used to collect, analyze, and store environmental monitoring data. Environmental monitoring systems can be used to monitor a wide range of environmental parameters.Environmental Monitoring Software.Environmental monitoring software is used to analyze and visualize environmental monitoring data. Environmental monitoring software can be used to identify trends, patterns, and relationships in environmental data.Environmental Monitoring Hardware.Environmental monitoring hardware is used to collect environmental data. Environmental monitoring hardwareincludes sensors, data loggers, and other devices.Environmental Monitoring Services.Environmental monitoring services provide environmental monitoring data and analysis to customers. Environmental monitoring services can help customers to comply with environmental regulations, protect human health, andprotect the environment.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------。

温室环境监控系统摘要：这是一套针对农业大棚监控的完整系统,通过短距离无线数据传输方式来采集温度,湿度,co2,照度,露点等温室信息,并通过gprs网络将信息上传到服务器,服务器根据农作物和大棚实际环境进行数据存储和实现短信报警,也可以自动或手动下发控制指令,使温室保持良好的工作环境。

关键词：大棚监控；本地无线传输；单总线中图分类号：tp277 文献标识码：a文章编号：1007-9599(2011)24-0000-01greenhouse environment monitoring systemxu songliang1, xu hongning2(1.shenyang bluelight network data technologyco.ltd,shenyang110179,china;2.shenyang ware digital technology co.ltd,shenyang110015,china)abstract:this is a complete agricultural greenhouse monitoring system,which through short distance wireless digital transmissive methods,collects greenhouse information,such as temperature,humidity,co2,illumination and dew point and then by means of gprs network,upload the information to the server.according to the practical condition of the plants and the green house,the system stores and alarms,either automatically or by hand,hence maintain thegood working condition of the green house.keywords:greenhouse monitoring;local wireless transmission;monobus一、导言目前,温室环境的状态检测与控制主要仍以人力为主,只有很少一部分相对先进些的温室实现了自动控制,但是还没有把温室环境监控与物联网相结合的应用实例。

商务英语-10环境保护1.环境污染：environmental pollution2.大气层污染：pollution of the atmosphere3.放射性污染：radioactive contamination4.废水：waste water5.废气：waste gas or steam6.废水渗透：waste water infiltration7.废液：waste liquid8.废油：waste oil9.废渣：waste residue10.粉尘：powder-like waste11.工业废水：industrial waste water12.工业粉尘污染：industrial dust pollution13.工业污水: industrial sewage14.空气污染：air pollution15.农田污染：farm land pollution16.农药污染：agro-chemical pollution; pesticide pollution17.漂尘污染：pollution of floating dust18.热污染：thermal pollution19.水土流失：erosion of soil; soil erosion;20.泥石流/大塌方：land slide21.未经处理的污水：untreated sewage22.纤尘：fine dust23.岩尘：rock dust24.食物链：food chain25.生物链：bio-chain26.微粒物质：particles; particulate matters27.温度上升：temperature rise28.温室效应：greenhouse effect29.污染地带：contaminated zone30.污染物：pollutant; contaminant31.再循环：recycling32.有毒的烟雾：toxic smog33.城市工业污染：urban environmental pollution34.对环境的破坏：destruction of our environment35.二氧化碳：carbon dioxide36.放入大气层的二氧化碳：carbon dioxide released in the atmosphere37.废品回收：waste recovery38.废水净化：waste water purification39.酸雨：acid rain40.土壤沙化：desertification of soil41.环境监察：environmental monitoring42.环境质量：environment quality43.绿化计划：afforestation plan44.能源高消耗产品：products with high power consumption45.排放污染物：discharging pollutants46.排入河流的废水：waste water discharged into rivers47.倾倒废物：discharging (dumping) wastes48.全球环境问题：global environmental problem49.生态环境研究中心：ecological environment research centre50.生态环境：ecological environment51.生态平衡：ecological balance52.水土流失：soil erosion53.污染的水域：polluted waters54.污水处理：sewage treatment55.污水净化：sewage purification56.温室气体排放：greenhouse gas emission57.保护生物资源：protecting biological resources58.保证……不受污染：to keep…from being contaminated59.抽查污水排放：check the discharge of polluted water60.达到环境标准：be up to environmental standards61.地方自然保护区：local natural reserves62.对污染户严厉制裁：imposing strict sanction on polluters63.改善大气层条件：improve the atmospheric conditions64.改善恶化的环境：to improve the degraded environment65.关闭污染排放大户：to close down the main polluters66.海洋污染控制：marine pollution control67.含有二氧化硫的烟雾：smog containing sulphur dioxide68.化学物质：chemicals69.加强立法：step up legislation70.减少废水排放量：reducing waste water discharge71.减少有害气体排放量：reducing emission of harmful gases72.降低钾、钠、氟的含量：reduce the content of potassium, sodium, fluorine73.排污单位：polluters74.排污限量：limits on emission of pollutants75.濒于灭绝的物种：endangered species76.确保水源不受污染：ensuring water sources free from pollution77.生态圈：ecosphere78.试点城市：pilot cities79.污水循环处理系统：waste water recycling system80.稀有野生动物：rare wild animals。

园艺英语新世纪农业科学专业英语：园艺英语《新世纪农业科学专业英语：园艺英语》是按照⾼等院校专业英语教学要求，为提⾼学⽣的专业英语⽔平，收集国外园艺相关的科技⽂章和新技术介绍，并结合多年来园艺教学实践的体会、汲取其他有关资料⽽编写的。

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Unit 1Part A TemperatureIntroduction 英[??ntr??d?k?n] n.介绍;引⾔Floriculture literature discusses three types of temperatures; air , leaf , and medium. Generally ,air temperature is the easiest to monitor control, and record, but the actual leaf or plant temperature can differ greatly from the air temperature. For example , when the environment is warm and windy with low humidity ,the leaf temperature will be lower than the air temperature because of the cooling effect of transpiration. Conversely , cool and sunny conditions with high humidity and little air movement will result in leaf temperature higher than the air temperature. The sun warms the leaf and there is little air movement or transpiration to dissipate the heat. Medium temperature reflects the actual temperature of the roots. Currently most temperature recommendations refer to air temperatures unless ,stated otherwise, and most recommendations also refer to night temperature, which is more easily controlled. Advances in environmental monitoring equipment and computer technology may soon allow greenhouse production to be based on leaf and medium temperatures rather than on air temperatures.Temperatures can have a general or a specific effect on plant growth. In the former case , plant growth gradually increases or decreases as the temperature changes. Temperature can have a specific effect on plant growth through vernalization , or the induction of a specific response such as flowering by cool temperatures. For example, Aconitum tuberous roots require, vernalization for flowering ( Leeuwen, 1980). For other species . such as purple coneflower( Echinacea purpurea).vernalization is not required but results in more rapid flowering and higher-quality flowering stems( Armitage , 1993) . Many. perennial species require vernalization for rapid , economical production. Propagation , regarding stratification , is a cold treatment applied to seeds to enhance germination.Air temperatureOptimum and tolerable Temperature Ranges最佳耐受温度范围Each plant species has an optimum growing temperature range and a tolerable temperature range. The Optimum temperature produce high-quality plants most rapidly. Tolerable temperature allow the plants to continue growing but may result in long production times or low quality. For example, the optimum night temperature range for chrysanthemums ( Dendranthema x grandiflorum) is 61 to 64"F ( 16 to l8C), but chrysanthemums will still grow at night temperatures as low as 40F (4C) or as high as 80F (27C) ( Whealy et al. ,1987;Wilins et al.1990). At the low end of the tolerable temperature range , however, growth will be uneconomically slow and at the high end flower initiation and development temperature are delayed and quality reduced. Consequently ,chrysanthemums have a relatively narrow optimum temperature range and a wide tolerable temperature range. For many plant species,the temperature is often dropped several degrees from the optimum temperature one to several weeks before the plants are marketed to enhance color and postharvest life.Average daily temperatureAverage daily temperature controls the rate of plant development. lf the average daily temperature is increased ( within the tolerable temperature range for a species) , most plants will grow faster and dower more rapidly. However, rapid growth often does not mean quality growth. Very warm temperatures encourage weak , poor quality growth which is frequently susceptible to disease. There is often an interaction with light intensity in which low light levels accentuate the poor growth associated with warm production temperatures . Ironically This situation can occur during the summer when heavy amounts of shade are used to reduce greenhouse temperatures. For some species high daily temperatures may cause physiological responses such as delayed flower initiation in chrysanthemums ( Dendranthema x grandiflorum ), poinsettias ( Euphorbia pueherrima). and kalanchoes ( Kalanchoe blossfeldiana) and bolting in petunias ( Petunia x hybrida) ( Grueber, 1985; Whealy et al. , 1987 ). Similarly , low daily temperatures may induce premature flower initiation or dormancy. Photoperiod is often involved in these physiological responses to temperature.Average daily temperature is calculated as an average of temperatures measured each hour(or more frequently if computer monitoring is used), not the Average high and the low temperatures for a 24-hour period. latter calculation is likely to be higher than the real average daily temperature , because the night temperature is usually relatively, constant whereas the day temperature often gradually rises during the day to a high in the mid-afternoon. In addition , brief high temperatures can occur during cloudy days if the sun shines for a short period. Consequently, using the high-low temperature system to calculate average daily temperature will accentuate the day temperature.Temperature recommendationsGeneral temperature recommendations are based on whether height control is a concern for the crop species. When height control is not a problem, such as with rosette-forming plants or cut flowers ,day temperatures are set to 5F above night on cloudy days and 10 to 15 F above night on sunny days to allow maximumphotosynthesis during sunny days and reduce respiration during the night. During cold periods , growers generally lower night temperature as much as possible to reduce fuel costs.DIFDIF is the concept of regulating plant height by monitoring the difference between the day and the night temperature. The higher the day temperature is relative to the night temperature ( day-night = DlF),the greater the stem elongates( Berghage and Heins, 1991 ;Erwin et al. ,1989a,b;Karsson et al. ,1989). Where final plant height is a concern, such as with poinsettias( Euphorbia pulcerrima) ,Easter lily( Lidum longiflorum) .,and many bedding plants, DIF must be taken into consideration lncreasing the day temperature relative to the night will increase internode elongation for many species. Consider three similar greenhouses, for example, where the day and the night are both 12 hours long. Table 1-1 GreenhouseGreenhouse1 will produce the tallest plants because the DIF is the greatest( + 10) and greenhouse 3 the shortest plants( 10 DlF). Plants from greenhouse 2 will be intermediate in height. All plants will flower simultaneously and have similar leaf numbers because the average daily temperature is the same for each greenhouse. Consequently, for plants where height is a concern, the day temperature should be no more than O to 5F (0 to 3C) above the night regardless of weather. According to actual stem measurements ,a large percentage of the daily stem elongation occurs early in the day just after sunrise , thus cool temperatures( negative DIF) for at least two hours starting just before the first light in the morning will reduce stem elongation ( Cockshull, et al. ,1995;Erwin et al. .1989 ; Crindal and Moe, 1995;Moe et al. , 1995). This cool, early morning pulse is known as the temperature DROP. However , very warm temperatures during the rest of the day( positive DIF) may negate much of the effects of the temperature DROP.DlF may also affect plant responses other than height such as flower size and flower number in some species. Extreme day--night temperature reversals(e. g. ,DIF < 5) may induce chlorosis and leaf curling of Easter lilies ( Lilium longiflorum) , although these effects quickly disappear when DIF is less negative( Erwin et al. .1989a). Plant carbohydrate and nitrogen levels also decreasewith extreme negative DIF and may result in postharvest leaf fellowing of Easter lilies and bract edge bum and cyathia drop of poinsettias( Euphorbia pulcherrima)( Miller, 1997). Some species do not respond to DIF, including, most Cucurbitaceae family plants and Dutch bulbs such as Hyacinthus , Tulipa . and Narcissus( Erwin et al. , 1989a). Certainly much remains to be learned about the response of many floriculture species to DIF.Media temperatureMonitoring the soil temperature is important in some situations in addition to monitoring the air temperature. Media heating is important for germination or rooting of cuttings of many species.Generally ,media should be at least 70F(21C) with 72 to75F(22 to 24C ) optimum. Specific species may have a higher or lower optimum medium temperature for propagation. If misting is used during propagation , evaporation of mist may reduce media temperature and additional heat may be required. Heating cables can be placed on the bench , or a heating system may be used under the bench and the bottom of the bench can be enclosed in plastic to trap the heat. Polyethylene tubes can also be used to direct the heat from forced air heaters under the bench，but care must be taken to prevent excess drying of the cuttings or seedlings by covering the bench top with plastic.Over the past few years ，research has been conducted to determine if heating the medium would allow cooler air temperatures to be used during production ( Stephens and widmer, 1976)Root zone heating would allow growers to reduce fuel costs by heating the air immediately around the plant medium and not the entire greenhouse air volume. The heat can be concentrated at the root level by using bench heating systems susch as Biotherm TM or placing heating pipes under the bench and trapping the heat under the bench with plastic. Warm air rises ，heating the aboveground portions of the plants.Root zone heating has proved effective with some plant species such as Cyclamen increase plant growth and speed plant development ( Stephens and Widmer, 1976). Root zone heating is most effective during the first 6 weeks after potting. Potential disadvantages include possible flower bud abortion or blasting and altered watering and nutrition regimes. Generally root zone heating is effective but may not be economically justified.Part B Condition Factors 环境因⼦条件因素LightMeasuring light requires the use of three factors;color , intensity ,and duration. Color(quality) is the wavelength of the light, intensity (quantity) is the strength of the light, and duration （photoperiod) is the time span of the light episode. All three factors are needed to describe how much light is required by plants. Light has two functions in plant growth. The first role is to fuel plant growth through photosynthesis. Plants convert light energy into chemical energy which results plant growth. Secondly，light initiates or modifies specific physiological responses such as seed germination., flowering , seescence . tuber formation , and dormancy.Wavelengths are measured in nanometers ( nm) with specific wavelengths corresponding to specific colors；for example，yellow light has a wavelength of approximately 580 nm. Although general plant growth usually requires light with all wavelengths, red(700nm) and blue(470mm) wavelengths result in the greatest plantgrowth response. Conversely, hotoperiodism involves wavelengths centered around red( 660nm) and far red(720nm).The footcandle (fc,1 fc = 10. 8lux ) quantifies luminous energy ,or light visible to the human eye. This system emphasizes the green-yellow wavelengths( 530 to 580nm) , which the human eye sees the best. Photosynthesis , on the other hand , is driven by a broader range of wavelengths with a red-blue emphasis. Light meters which measure footcandles can give an approximation of greenhouse light levels but may have a 45% error compared with the actual photosynthetic energy in radiation( Muckle , 1997 ). Photosynthetically active radiation(PAR) measures the amount of light energy equally in all wavelengths from 400 to 700nm, without stressing the green-yellow wavelengths most visible to the eye. A third system of measuring light intensity , based on quantum energy. describes light in terms of tiny particles of energy called photons or quanta and is known as photosynthetic photon flux( PPF). The number of photons is measured in moles( mol) or einsteins (E) with one mole( one einstein =6.O23 x 10 23). Thus, the intensity of light in the quantum system would be measured in the number of photons being transmitted such as u mol . s-1m-2,which is the preferred unit of measure. Both PAR and PPF emphasize all wavelengths equally within a specific range such as 400 to 7OOnm or 400 to 850nm without regard to the human eye. PPF meters are available and although most are expensive , low-cost meters have recently been introduced.Duration refers to the photoperiod or daylength which can affect plant growth two ways:(short photoperiods provide less total light energy to plants than long photoperiods at the same light intensity . and (2) be length of the photoperiod may induce specfic physiological response in many plant species independent of the light intensity , which is known as photoperiodism. For examplethe poinsettia( Euphorbia pulcherrima) ,a short-day plant,is induced to flower by providing long nights and short days. NutritionSupplying nutrients to floriculture crops is an exact process. The use of well-drained . soilless media and intensive production requires growers to supply all the necessary plant nutrients with little margin for error. Nutritional programs also tend to be highly individualistic with each grower or greenhouse operation having unique nutrient regimes. A number of variables must be considered when developing a fertilization program for a crop species -total quantity or application rates,proportions of each element , application method . and interactions with media type . pH and soluble salt concentration , light levels, water quality . watering practices , production temperatures, and postharvest life.One other point to consider is the current three-number method for expressing the concentrations of nitrogen ( N). phosphorus( P). and potassium( K) in a fertilizer. Although nitrogen is expressed as the actual percentage of nitrogen in the fertilizer , phosphorus is expressed as percentage of phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) and potassium as the percentage of potassium oxide(K,O) in the fertilizer. Phosphorus pentoxide is only 44% actual phosphorus and potassium oxide as only 83% actual potassium. Thus,a fertilizer described as 10-10-l0(N-P-K) could also be written as 10-4. 43-8.3(N-P-K) if the percentages of elemental N,P , and K were used. Most trade journals use the 10-10-10system , but scientific literature frequently uses percentages of elemental N,P, and K. The rest of the plant nutrients required for proper growth are expressed as a percentage of the actual element present.WaterIn the past many growers have said that the person at the end of the hose determines plant quality. Today the saying holdstrue , except that the hose has been replaced or supplemented with a variety of automaied systems ranging from flood irrigation to overhead booms. In addition,a variety of factors other than plant quality need to be considered , including cost , water runoff , and nutrition.Despite the advances in irrigation technology. water still performs the same role in plant growth. Nutrients are transported in water from the medium up through the roots to the shoots.Water is responsible for the ability of most plants to standupright because nonlignified cells cannot remain turgid without water. Transpiration of water cools plant tissues. Most importantly , water maintains protoplasm in the cells allowing enzymes and other cellular functions to occur.MediaA good grower will invest much time and money into developing or selecting suitable media. Media provide water, nutrients, and support for the whole plant. Roots require oxygen,so media must provide for good gas exchange. Many growers believe that a majority of the problems that occur during production are linked to the growing media and the roots. Consequently , growers often test several media to select one that works best for them. Growers should never use an untested medium for an entire crop as changing a medium often requires that the irrigation frequency and feritlizer regime also.Unit 2Part A Plant Growth Factors Which Affect Nursery Crop ProductionPart B PruningUnit 3Part A Sexual Propagation of FlowerPart B ManagementUnit 4Part A Asexual Propagation of FlowerPart B Others Asexual Propagation MethodsUnit 5Part A Nursery Container Production OverviewPart B Potting MediaUnit 6Part A Cultivation of Specific Woody Crop GroupsPart B Calculating Plant NeedsUnit 7Part A General Principles of Postharvest Physiology Part B Storage of Cut Flowers and Potted PlantsUnit 8Part A GerberaPart B HederaUnit 9Part A Genetic Engineering for Cut-Flower Improvement Part B GeophytesUnit 10Part A How to Establish a Healthy New LawnPart B Managing Turf in ShadeUnit 11Part A Vegetable Seed SaversPart B Storing Seeds for LongevityUnit 12Part A Breeding MethodsPart B Plant ImprovementUnit 13Part A Growing TomatoesPart B Vegetable CropsUnit 14Part A RAPD Analysis of Seed Purity in a Commercial Hybrid Cabbage Cultivar Part B The Polymerase Chain Reaction Unit 15Part A Propagation of Nursery StockPart B Propagation of Fruit TreesUnit 16Part A Growing Apple TreesPart B Growing Plum TreesUnit 17Part A Pruning of Apple TreesPart B Pruning and Training Fruit TreesUnit 18Part A Breeding Techniques of Apples Part B Evaluation of Fruit。

外文翻译毕业设计题目：温室大棚环境监测系统硬件设计原文：Environmental Monitoring and GreenhouseControl by DistributedSensor Network译文：环境监测与温室分布式传感器网络控制Environmental Monitoring and Green house Control by DistributedSensor Network（原文）A sensor is a miniature component which measure physical parameters from the environment. Sensors measure the physical parameters and transmit them either by wired or wireless medium. In wireless medium the sensor and its associated components are called as node. A node is self-possessed by a processor, local memory, sensors, radio, battery and a base station responsible for receiving and processing data collected by the nodes. They carry out joint activities due to limited resources such as battery, processor and memory. Nowadays, the applications of these networks are numerous, varied and the applications in agriculture are still budding. One interesting application is in environmental monitoring and green house control, where the crop conditions such as climate and soil do not depend on natural agents. To control and monitor the environmental factors, sensors and actuators are necessary. Under these circumstances, these devices must be used to make a distributed measure, spreading sensors all over the greenhouse using distributed clustering. This paper reveals an idea of environmental monitoring and greenhouse control using a sensor network. The hardware implementation shows periodic monitoring and control of greenhouse gases in an enhanced manner. Future work is concentrated in application of the same mechanism using wireless sensor network.Keywords—Sensor, sensor nodes, wireless sensor network (WSN), greenhouse control, environmental monitoring, CO 2monitoring, distributed clustering.I. INTRODUCTIONA sensor is able to convert physical or chemical readings gathered from the environment into signals that can be calculated by a system. A multi sensor node is able to sense several magnitudes in the same device. In a multi sensor, the input variables might be temperature (it is also able to capture nippy changes of temperature), fire, infrared radiation, humidity, smoke and CO2. A wireless sensor network could be an useful architecture for the deployment of the sensors used for fire detection and verification. The most vital factors for the quality and productivity of plant growth are temperature，humidity, light and the level of the carbon dioxide. Constant monitoring of these environmental variables gives information to the farmer to better understand, how each factor affects growth and how to manage maximal crop productiveness.The optimal greenhouse [3] climate adjustment can facilitate us to advance productivity and to achieve remarkable energy saving, particularly during the winter in northern countries. In the past generation greenhouses it was enough to have one cabled measurement point in the middle to offer the information to the greenhouse automation system. The system itself was typically simple without opportunities to manage locally heating, lights, ventilation or some other activity, which was affecting the greenhouse interior climate. The typical size of the greenhouse itself is much larger than it was before, and the greenhouse facilities provide several options to make local adjustments to the light, ventilation and other greenhouse support systems. However, additional measurement data is also needed to construct this kind of automation system to work properly. Increased number of measurement points must not dramatically augment the automation system cost. It should also be possible to easily alter the location of the measurement points according to the particular needs, which depend on the specific plant, on the possible changes in the external weather or greenhouse structure and on the plant placement in the greenhouse. Wireless sensor network can form a useful part of the automation system architecture in modern greenhouses constructively. Wireless communication can be used to collect the measurements and to communicate between the centralized control and the actuators located to the different parts of the greenhouse. In advanced WSN solutions, some parts of the control system itself can also be implemented in a distributed manner to the network such that local control loops can be formed. Compared to the cabled systems, the installation of WSN is fast, cheap and easy. Moreover, it is easy to relocate the measurement points when needed by just moving sensor nodes from one location to another within a communication range of the coordinator device. If the greenhouse vegetation is high and dense, the small and light weight nodes can even be hanged up to the plants’ branches. WSN maintenance is also relatively cheap and easy. The only additional costs occur when the sensor nodes run out of batteries (figure 1) and the batteries need to be charged or replaced, but the lifespan of the battery can be several years if an efficient power saving algorithm is applied. In this work, the very first steps towards the wireless greenhouse automation system by building a wireless measuring system for that purpose is taken and by testing its feasibility and reliability with a simple experimental setup.Clustering [11, 12] may be centralized ordistributed, based on the arrangement ofCH. In centralized clustering, the CH ispreset but in distributed clustering CH hasno fixed architecture. Distributedclustering mechanism is used for someprivate reasons like sensor nodes prone to Figure 1:Various components of a sensor nodefailure, better collection of data and minimizing redundant information. Hence these distributed clustering mechanisms encompass highly self-organizing capability.II. RELATED WORKS IN SENSOR NETWORKMilitary applications are very closely linked to the awareness of wireless sensor networks. In fact, it is very harsh to say for sure whether motes were developed because of military and air defense needs or whether they were invented separately and were subsequently applied to army services. Regarding military applications, the region of concentration extents from information collection, generally, to enemy tracking or battlefield surveillance. For example, mines could be regarded as unsafe and obsolete in the future and may be replaced by thousands of isolated sensors that will detect an intrusion of unreceptive units.Outdoor monitoring is an additional celestial area for applications of sensors networks. One of the most delegate examples is the operation of sensor nodes on Great Duck Island [8]. This sensor network has been used for environment monitoring. The sensor nodes used were talented to sense temperature, barometric pressure and humidity [1, 2]. In addition, passive infrared sensors and photo resistors were betrothed. The array was to monitor the natural environment of a bird and its activities according to climatic changes. For that cause, several motes were installed within birds’ burrows, to spot out the bird’s presence, while the rest were deployed in the nearby areas. Data are aggregated by the employment of sensor nodes and are passed through to a gateway.Management of costly possessions like equipment, machinery, different types of stock or products can be a quandary. The dilemma is highly distributed, as these companies enlarge all over the world. A gifted method to achieve asset tracking and cope with this trouble is believed to be with the use ofsensor networks. The application of wireless sensors in petroleum bunks and chemical warehouses refers to warehouses and cargo space administration of barrels. The thought is that motes attached to barrels will be gifted to locate nearby objects (other barrels), detecting their content and alerting in case of inappropriateness with their own, aging effects of the field etc.Health science and the health care system can also yield from the employment of wireless sensors. Applications in this class include telemonitoring human physiological data remotely, tracking and monitoring of doctors and patients within a hospital, drug superintendent in hospitals, etc. In Smart Sensors, retina prosthesis chip consisting of 100 micro sensors are built within the human eye. This allows patients with inadequate vision to see at an adequate level. Cognitive disorders, which almost certainly direct to Alzheimer’s, can be monitored and controlled at their premature stages with these wireless sensors.Robotic applications [9, 10] previously implemented are the unearthing of level sets of scalar fields using mobile sensor networks and imitation of the function of bacteria for looking for and discovering dissipative gradient sources. The tracking of a light source is completed with a few of the easy algorithms. In addition, a reply to the coverage crisis by robots and motes is accomplished for thick measurements over a broad area. The connection of both static and mobile networks is accomplished with the help of mobile robots, which travel around the environment and set up motes that act as beacons. The beacons support the robots to portray the directions. The mobile robots can perform as gateways into wireless sensor networks. Examples of such tasks are: sustaining energy resources of the wireless sensor network indefinitely, maintaining and configuring hardware, detecting sensor failure and appropriate deployment for connectivity amid the sensor nodes.Landslide detection employs sprinkled sensor system for predicting the happening of the landslides. The consideration of predicting landslides by means of sensor networks arose out of a must to mitigate the blemish caused by landslides to human lives and to the railway networks. A mixture of techniques from earth sciences, signal processing, distributed systems and fault-tolerance is used. One solitary trait of these systems is that it combines several distributed systems techniques to deal with the complexities of a distributed sensor network environment where connectivity is underprivileged and power budgets are very constrained, while fulfilling real-world requirements of safety. Generally these methods use a set of inexpensive single-axis strain gauges attached to cheap nodes, each with a CPU, battery and elite wireless transmitter block.Forest fires, also recognized as wild fires are wild fires occurring in wild areas and root major damage to natural and human resources. Forest fires wipes out forests, blaze the infrastructure and might result in high human death toll closer to urban areas. Common causes of forest fires embrace lightning, human carelessness and revelation of fuel to extreme heat and aridity. It is well known that in few cases fires are constituent of the forest ecosystem and they are important to the life cycle of native habitats.Sensor-Clouds can be used for health monitoring by using a quantity of simply obtainable and most often wearable sensors like accelerometer sensors, proximity and temperature sensors and so forth to collect patient’s health-related statistics for tracking sleep activity pattern body temperature and other respiratory conditions. These wearable sensor devices must have sustain of Bluetooth’s wireless interface, Ultra wideband and so forth interface for streaming of data, linked wirelessly to any smart phone through the interface. These smart phone devices foresee performing like a gateway between the remote server and sensor through the internet.III. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP IN A GREENHOUSEA. The Greenhouse EnvironmentA modern greenhouse [4-6] can consist of plentiful parts which contain their own local climate variable settings. As a result, a number of measurement points are also needed. This class of environment is challenging both for the sensor node electronics and for the short-range IEEE 802.15.4wireless network, in which communication range is greatly longer in open environments.B. SensorsHasty response time, low power consumption and tolerance against moisture climate, relative humidity and temperature sensor forms a perfect preference and solution for the greenhouse environment. Communication amid sensor and node can be carried out by IIC interface. Luminosity can be measured by light sensor, which converts light intensity to voltage. Unstable output signal is handled by low-pass filter to get correct luminosity values. CO2 measuring [7] takes longer time than other measurements and CO2 sensor voltage supply have to be within few volts. The carbon dioxide value can be read from the ensuing output voltage. Operational amplifier raises the voltage level of otherwise frail signal from the sensor.C. GreenhousesA greenhouse is a configuration covering ground frequently used for growth and progress of plants that will return the owner’s risk time and capital. This display is mounted with the purpose of protecting crop and of allowing a better environment to its progress. This shield is enough to promise a superior quality in production in some cases. However, when the major purpose is to achieve a better control on the horticulture development, it is necessary to test and control the variables that influence the development of a culture. The chief function of a greenhouse is to provide a more sympathetic environment than outside. Unlike what happens in traditional agriculture, where crop conditions and yield depend on nature resources such as climate, soil and others, a greenhouse ought to guarantee production independently of climatic factors. It is noteworthy to observe that even though a greenhouse protects crop from exterior factors such as winds, water excess and warmth it may cause plentiful problems such as fungus and excessive humidity. Therefore, mechanisms to scrutinize and control a greenhouse environment are incredibly vital to achieve better productivity. To get superior productivity and quality, better control system is necessary and as a result the production costs also get reduced. The chief elements involved in a greenhouse control system are: temperature, humidity, CO 2 concentration, radiation, water and nutrients.D. TemperatureTemperature is one of the most key factors to be monitored because it is unswervingly related to the growth and progress of the plants. For all plants, there is a temperature range considered best and to most plants this range is relatively varying between 10ºC and 30ºC. Among these parameters of temperature: extreme temperatures, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, day temperature and night temperature, difference between day and night temperatures are to be vigilantly considered.E. Water and HumidityAnother momentous factor in greenhouses is water. The absorption of water by plants is linked to the radiation. The lack or low level of water affects growth and photosynthesis. Besides air, the ground humidity also adjust the development of plants. The air humidity is interrelated to the transpiration while the ground humidity is connected to water absorption and photosynthesis. An atmosphere with extreme humidity decreases plants transpiration, reducing growth and may promote the proliferation of fungus. On the other hand, squat humidity level environments might cause dehydration.F. RadiationRadiation is a fundamental element in greenhouse production and sunlight is the key source of radiation. It is an important component for photosynthesis and carbon fixing. The significant radiation features are intensity and duration. The radiation intensity is linked to plant growth and the duration is openly associated with its metabolism.G. CO2 ConcentrationCO2 is an essential nutrient for plant development, allowing the assimilation of carbon. The carbon retaining procedure occurs through the photosynthesis when plants take away CO2 from the atmosphere. During the photosynthesis, the plant uses carbon and radiation to produce carbohydrate, whose function is to permit the plant development. Therefore, an enriched air environment should contribute to plant growth, but it is also vital to note that an extreme carbon level may turn the environment poisonous.IV. THE PROPOSED MODELA solution to the existing drawbacks can be found out from this proposed model. The proposed model is implemented in hardware, tested and the results show an excellent improvement in the sensing parameters when compared to the existing set of environmental monitoring and greenhouse control models. Sensor arrays like temperature sensor, light sensor, humidity sensor and vibration sensors are incorporated in the board. The sensed data is processed by the micro controller and displayed in the LCD display. Wireless transmission of the parameters is accomplished by a ZigBee module that sends information to the remote monitoring station periodically. To control and monitor the environmental variables planned in an earlier section, sensors and actuators capable of measuring and controlling the values inside the greenhouse are necessary. Generally, a greenhouse control is implemented just by approximating a measured cost to a reference or ideal cost. Figure 2, shows the basic block diagram of the proposed model. Due to cost considerations, the proposed model uses sensor network instead of wireless sensor network. The sensed data is forwarded to the gateway. The gateway then forwards the data to the remote monitoring base station. The base station is a remotely located software configured computer, where the monitored details are periodically visualized to carry out further control actions.Figure 2: Block diagram of the proposed modelIn the proposed model, the ideal assessment depends on the culture and type of plant. Control systems can be separated into centralized and distributed systems. In a centralized system a single constituent is responsible for gathering and processing the data. So, all the components of the system are connected to this solitary element. In a distributed control system the connections between nodes and information processing is distributed amongst the system components. The focal advantages of a distributed system may include: Reliability: a component failure affects barely part of the structure, Expansion: the likelihood of adding up of a new component without enormous changes in the system, Flexibility: changes in the procedure such as adding, removing and substituting of components impacts merely in the components involved in these basic operations. The major trouble of these technologies is that they are not developed for WSN and they do not present mechanisms to improve energy consumption.In this way, it is probable to check all places inside the greenhouse, identifying not only local values as in many applications, but checking real world and distributed values. Therefore, the greenhouse control ought to be improved, allowing a settlement in a way that the complete environment can be adjusted as close as feasible to a set point. It is essential to observe that, in most applications the sensors are placed in a point of a greenhouse and the measures gained are used to direct the entire greenhouse. However, even though in a controlled and relatively tiny place like a greenhouse, it is possible to have different values of climatic agents. Figure 3 shows the experimental setup forenvironmental monitoring.Figure 3: Experimental setup for environmental monitoringThus, the use of sensor in a greenhouse environment should permit a real time monitoring and an improved measurement through convenient distribution. The collected data in the system proposed must be sent to a base station located outside the greenhouse. The base station is connected by a gateway. With the implementation of this architecture, each node will be answerable for data collecting through its sensors and for sending it to its neighbors until all collected data emerge at the base station. The gateway generally uses wireless and Ethernet communication. The base station will be accountable for managing collected data, so some greenhouse control soft wares and some wireless actuators are necessary. In this application node defense will also be necessary to avoid damage by water and inputs. It is imperative to emphasize that the use of wireless sensors and actuators is advantageous to make the system installation trouble-free and to obtain flexibility and mobility in the nodes prototype. The difficulties in applying WSN in agricultural applications might include costs and lack of standardization on WSN communication protocols. Due to cost constraints, the proposed model is designed with sensors. In future, the same sensor network will be simulated in NS-2 for a distributed clustering mechanism. Wireless sensor network with temperature, moisture and light sensing and advanced capabilities will be implemented in real-time environment for green house monitoring in future.V. DISCUSSIONSThe major contributions of this manuscript are as follows. The design and implementation oflarge-scale and long-term CO2 monitoring sensor network is discussed. A low-cost sensor deployment strategy with guaranteed performance which addresses the sensor deployment problems in the existing models has been proposed. Hardware implementation of this model has been done and the parameters are periodically monitored with few sensors.VI. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKA model of agricultural application using sensor networks for greenhouses monitoring and control was presented. The wireless sensor network technology, although under development, seems to be promising mainly because it allows real time data acquisition. However, for such agricultural application to be developed, some technological challenges should be resolved. A greenhouse is a controlled environment and does not require a lot of climatic parameters to be controlled. The use of this technology in large scale seems to be something for the near future. In this application, the great number of climatic parameters can be monitored using the sensors available. As a greenhouse is a relatively small and controlled environment, and energy is a limited resource, the possibility of replacing batteries or even resorting to a steady energy source adaptation is a constructive aspect. This paper reveals an idea of environmental monitoring and greenhouse control using a sensor network. The hardware implementation shows periodic monitoring and control of greenhouse gases in an enhanced manner. Future work is concentrated in application of the same mechanism using wireless sensor network. This technology can also be applied in breeding of confined animals in precision zoo, where the sensor nodes should send information about animal temperature, pressure and other vital signals to guarantee a healthy environment to animals. In order to attain better energy efficiency, this mechanism will be implemented in real-world wireless sensor network, with a well-known energy efficient distributed clustering mechanism (HEED).Author：CoimbatoreNationality：IndiaSource：Int. J. Advanced Networking and Applications V olume: 5 Issue: 5 Pages:2060-2065分布式传感器网络环境监测与温室控制（译文）传感器是一种微型组件可测量环境中的物理参数。

大棚温湿度智能监控英文文献随着现代科技的不断发展，大棚温湿度智能监控技术的应用也日益普及。

下面将介绍两篇相关的英文文献。

1. "Design and Implementation of Multi-Level Greenhouse Environment Monitoring System Based on Internet of Things Technology" (2020)该文献介绍了一种基于物联网技术的多级大棚环境监测系统。

该系统采用包括温湿度、二氧化碳含量、光强度等多种传感器来监测大棚内环境参数，并将监测到的数据上传到云服务器上进行处理和分析。

同时，该系统还具备警报功能，在出现异常情况时能够及时发出警报信息。

该文献指出，该系统能够有效提升大棚种植的节能效果和产量，并且可远程监测和控制，为大棚管理提供了极大的便利。

2. "Intelligent Greenhouse System for Efficient Plant Growth Monitoring and Controlling Using Wireless Sensor Network" (2018)该文献介绍了一种基于无线传感器网络的智能化大棚系统，该系统能够对大棚内温湿度、CO2浓度、土壤湿度等环境参数进行实时监测，并且能够自动控制大棚内的水和光的供应以及温度和湿度的调整。

研究结果表明，该系统能够实现对植物生长环境的高效监测和控制，提高了植物的生长效率和品质。

同时，该系统还能够远程监控和控制，降低了运行成本，具有广阔的应用前景。

以上两篇文献都探讨了大棚温湿度智能监控技术的应用和优势，对于大棚管理和植物栽培来说都具有重要的参考价值。

总体生态环境：the general ecological environment废气排放：exhaust emissions温室效应：the greenhouse effect二氧化碳：carbon dioxide二氧化硫：sulphur dioxide植被：vegetation cover生态系统：ecological system生态平衡：ecological balance恶化/退化：destruction/damage/weakening/degeneration/deterioration/retrogression 土地盐碱化：salination-alkalinisation风化的土壤：crumbly soil表土层：top soil森林覆盖面率：forest cover rate植树造林：afforestation乱砍滥伐：deforestation防护林：shelter belt土地沙漠化：desertification滑坡：landslide泥石流：mud flow地形：topography高开发，高消费：high utilization of resources and high level consumption先污染，后治理：first pollute the environment and then take counter-measures节约资源，适度消费，协调发展，全面调控，综合治理，恢复生态平衡：saving natural resources, promoting moderate consumption, paying attention to coordinated development , implementing overall adjustment and control, protecting the environment comprehensively and restoring the ecological balanceconservation 保护，保存acid 酸，酸的carbon 碳petroleum 石油ozone 臭氧ooze 渗出，渗出物radiation 辐射greenhouse 温室solar 太阳的phenomenon 现象deterioration 恶化extinction灭绝drought 干旱recurrent 反复发生的inundate 淹没embankment 筑堤sediment 沉积（物）delta 三角洲 alluvial 冲积的dust-storm 沙尘暴barren 贫瘠的，不育的，无效的attributable 归因于deforestation 滥砍滥伐（森林）log 原木，日志伐木vegetation 植物，植被habitat 栖息地ecosystem 生态系统demographic 人口统计的counterbalance 使平衡，弥补mechanism 机理，机制precipitation 陡降，降水circulation 流通，循环meteorology 气象（学）volcano 火山eruption 喷发granite 花岗岩Celsius 摄氏的Fahrenheit 华氏的latitude 纬度glacier 冰川dump 倾倒，倾销contaminate 弄脏recycle 回收再利用irreversible 不可逆的reclaim 开垦，改造contentious 有争议的prioritize 优先考虑aerosols 气溶胶/ 气雾剂agricultural wastes 农业废物asbestos 石棉commercial noise 商业噪音composite pollution 混合污染dioxins 二恶英hazardous substances 危险物质hazardous wastes 危险废物heavy metals 重金属hospital wastes 医院废物industrial effluents 工业废水industrial emissions 工业排放物industrial fumes 工业烟尘industrial noise 工业噪声inorganic pollutants 无机污染物lead contamination 铅污染liquid wastes 液体废物litter 丢弃物/ 废气物mercury contamination 汞污染micropollutants 微污染物mining wastes 采矿废物motor vehicle emissions 机动车辆排放物municipal waste 城市废物nitrogen oxides 氮氧化物noise pollution 噪声污染odour nuisance 恶臭公害organic pollutants 有机物污染persistent organic pollutants 难降解有机污染物pharmaceutical wastes 医药废物plastic wastes 塑料废物radioactive substances 放射性物质rubber waste 橡胶废物sewage 污水solid wastes 固体废物thermal pollution 热污染toxic substances 有毒物质toxic waste 有毒废物toxins 毒素traffic noise 交通噪音trash 废物/ 垃圾wood waste 木材废料污染源biological weapons 生物武器cement industry 水泥工业chemical weapons 化学武器chimneys 烟囱motor vehicles 机动车辆motorcycles 摩托车nuclear weapons 核武器ocean dumping 海洋倾倒oil spills 石油泄漏scrap metals 废金属excavation heaps 挖掘堆积污染治理acoustic insulation 隔音chemical decontamination 化学污染清除desulphurization of fuels 燃料脱硫filters 过滤器noise abatement 噪音治理pollution abatement equipment 污染治理设备pollution control technology 污染控制技术radiation protection 辐射防护scrubbers 洗涤器separators 分离器smoke prevention 防烟waste minimization 废物最少化废物battery disposal 电池处理chemical treatment of waste 废物的化学处理disposal sites 处置场所incineration of waste 废物焚烧mine filling 矿山回填oil residue recuperation 残油回收radioactive waste management 放射性废物管理recycled materials 回收的材料recycling 回收reuse of materials 材料再利用sanitary landfills 卫生填埋sea outfall 海洋排泄口septic tanks 化粪池sewage disposal 污水处置sewage treatment systems 污水处理系统solid waste disposal 固体废物处置waste assimilation capacities 废物同化处置waste conversion techniques 废物转化技术waste disposal 废物处置waste disposal in the ground 废物土地处置waste recovery 废物回收waste use 废物利用water reuse 水的再利用call upon 号召conservation benefits节水的好处industrial reuse and recycling工业中水利用pollution fines 污染罚款urban water conservation城市节水water saving fixtures节水装置地区经济regional economic港口经营多元化diversification in port operation责任和义务perform our duties and fulfill our obligations 地区行业盛会a well-known regional event of the industry 发起港initiating portsforest coverage森林覆盖率global warming全球变暖principal element主要因素toxic emission废气排放迸发出心灵的火花ignite the sparks of understanding建立合作桥梁build the bridge for cooperation内容翔实substantial in content能源大省major province of energy日程紧凑tight in schedule严重缺水城市a city of severe water shortage有关单位units concerned与…比有差距compared with ,there is still some way to go预祝…圆满成功wish a complete success开源与节流并重broaden sources of income &reduce expenditure对外贸易港口seaport for foreign trade国内生产总值National Gross Products欢聚一堂merrily gather活跃的经济带vigorous economic region基础雄厚solid foundation留下最美好的印象may you have a most pleasant impression盛世the grand occasion祝愿在停留愉快wish a pleasant stay综合性商港comprehensive commercial seaport春意盎然spring is very much in the air把…列为重要内容place as the priority不放松工作never neglect the work节约用水water conservation对…表示衷心祝贺extend our sincere congratulations on节约用水先进城市model city of water conservation使…取得预期效果attain the results expected授予…光荣称号confer honorable awards on为…而奋斗strive for从大局出发proceed from the whole situation财政政策financial policy共同繁荣common prosperity贸易投资自由化trade and investment liberalization日新月异progress with each passing day知识经济knowledge economy[摘要] 目前，国际社会对环境保护问题的重视程度不断提高，我国也是如此。

附录C 英文文献及翻译Design and Implement of Wireless Measure and Control System for Greenhouse DU Xuedong, WANG Jun*, JI Ping, GAN KaifengKey Lab of Machine Vision and Intelligence Control Technology, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China*E-mail:**************.cnAbstract: With the rapid development of computer technology, MEMS technology, network technology, and so on, sensors are becoming miniaturization, intelligence, and integration, and has bring out a new network--Wireless Sensor Networks(WSN). Based on the existent CAN-bus measure and control system which can achieve automatic measure and control of the greenhouse environment and nutrient solution in our lab, this paper studies wireless sensor networks, mainly including multifunctional wireless sensor nodes, wireless control nodes, main node, and system integration demonstration. We design and study the wireless sensor networks node’s hardware platform deeply, consider low-power characteristics in node hardware and software design, analyze the consumption of the node generally and give out the corresponding energy-saving strategies supplied with solar power and battery, and compose star networks. The results of the experiment in the greenhouse environment show that the wireless sensor network will bring a lot of convenience for the greenhouse environment monitoring and control.Key Words: MSP430, IP-LINK1200, Solar power, Zigbee protocol, Greenhouse1.IntroductionMost people feel the strong impact of wireless technology mainly due to the astonishing growth of cell-phone market. The technology of wireless sensor networks will influence the life style of the people in 21st century as the Internet just do. WSN is a Wireless network which needs no basic equipment sˈ and it can cooperate with real-time sensing, detecting and collecting all the information of circumstance and detect objects in the area of WSN receive and transmit messages by the method of Wireless or self-organization multi-center Routers. It will alter the intercourse manner of human being and nature by amalgamating the logical world and the physical world, and also, by the characteristic ofrequiring no fixed networks expanding fast resisting destruction strongly, it has drawn more attention of the academy and the industry community, and it will be applied more widely in many fields. Especially, in the agricultural field, WSN will play an important role in detecting circumstance information, precision agriculture and stockbreeding.In the 10th Five-year period, we have taken The National High Technology Research and Development Program of china (863 Program): The data collection of controllable agricultural circumstance and the study of automation system. We have established a greenhouse lab covering about 85 m2 and a greenhouse monitoring and control system using the CAN bus technology. The detected objects include: outdoor climate data, temperature, humidity, and illumination, denseness of CO2 in the greenhouse, the composition and the temperature of nutrient solution. The controlled objects include: clearstory, fans, humid shade, lights, sprayers, electromagnetism valves, heaters, and so on. In the 11th Five-year period, we have designed a greenhouse monitoring and control system using the WSN technology under Grant the 863 Program. The system collected environment data from a sensor network in a greenhouse and transmitted the data to a central control system. This paper intends to give a description for research and implement of available wireless sensor networks that are applicable to the greenhouse comprised of multifunctional sensor node, main node, and control node. We believed that this type of wireless control strategy could greatly improve productivity and reduce labor requirement.2.Wireless Sensor NodeWireless sensor node as shown in Figure 1 consists of computing module, communication module and power supply module by solar battery, signal processing module and sensors.Fig. 1: Structure of wireless sensor node2.1 Computing ModuleThe MSP430F149 is adopted as the processor for the characteristics of itslower power consumption. At the condition of voltage between 1.8V – 3.6V, frequency of 1MHz, its current is between 0.1uA and 400uA. The current of RAM is just of 0.1uA at the saving mode, 0.7uA at waiting mode and 250uA at running mode, and its startup just cost 6uS with the current below 50nA. If the power is a fastener battery, it can work for ten years. The frequency of MSP430 can reach as high as 8M, and it integrates a 12 bits A/D converter which has speed of 200kbps. When the memory works at small mode, it possesses 60Kb Flash ROM and 2KB RAM; when it works at large mode, its addressing space can reach 1M. It has a strong processing ability because of its large register and large memory on the chip. In the other hand, MSP430 can work in much rigorous environment, because the endurable temperature range of MSP430L149 is from -40C to +85C.2.2 Communication ModuleThe wireless communication module uses the IP link 1200 of Helicomm company as shown in Figure 2. It integrates the RF transceiver, micro-processor, I/O, multi-topology of network on a chip. The module accords to the IEEE802.15.4 standard defined by ZigBee alliance, and also have the function of lower power consumption. IP LINK1200 circuit principle drawing connecting with computing module is shown in Figure 3.Fig. 2: IP LINK 1200The characteristic is as follow:● Work temperature -20℃-70℃● Storage temperature -55℃-85℃● Humidity 10%-90%● Micro-processor A VR ATMega128● Power consumptionTransmit <30mAReceive <30mAPower down <16uA● Transmission power -24dBm -0dBm● Tran smission distance 100m● Frequency 2.4G● The largest data rate 250Kbps● Receiver sense degree -94dBm● RF channel number 16● Input and outputPhysical interface 14 pinA/D inverter 3 channel, 10-bitSerial interface UART● Control interrupt, reset2.3 Power Supply ModuleFor the wireless node, we adopt the solar battery to supply power to the node. Solar battery consists of solar cell accumulator PV controller as shown Figure4. PV controller should ensure the power quality and control the charge and discharge of accumulator. The PV controller uses a micro-processor and the none contact technology. At the same time, each protective function is provided here. When over charge is protected, it will enter the floppy charge state. When the battery is over discharge, that is the voltage below 11V, it will disconnect load automatically, and supply the load again as the voltage come back to 13V. When load voltage exceed 16V, it also disconnect load automatically, and supply the load again as the voltage below 15V.2.4 Sensors ModuleThe sensor adopts SHT11 digital humidity and temperature device which is the all-round version of the reflow solderable humidity and temperature sensor series that combines decent accuracy at a competitive price. The capacitive humidity and temperature sensor is available up to high volumes and as every other sensor type of the SHTxx family; it is fully calibrated and provides a digital output. Its command format is shown in Table 1. Its measuring precision of humidity is about 4.5% and that of temperature is about 00.5℃ . Main features are as follow:Energy consumption: 80uW (at 12bit, 3V, 1 measurement / s)RH operating range: 0 – 100% RHT operating range: -40 – +125°C (-40 – +257°F)RH response time: 8 sec (tau63%)Output: digital (2-wire interface)Tab. 1: SHT11 Sense Command ListCommand Code Explanation Measuring Temperature 00011 TemperatureMeasurement Measuring Humidity 00101 Measuring Measurement Read Register State 00111 “read” State Register Write Register State 00110 “write” State Register Soft Boot 11110 Entering NextCommand AfterRestarting cleanup staterecord 11s signal and is extensible. Multifunctional wireless sensor node may join illumination sense, CO2 denseness sense, and et al.3. Main NodeMain node communicates with PC using USB directly and consists of IP_LINK1200 ǃUSB and the interface circuit as shown Figure 5. The main node tests a distributed data acquisition and control system for managing a set of greenhouses by using wireless control nodes. The main node transmits queries information to each sensor, receives and processes the data of each sensor. When the data are processed, it will transmit the signal to control node implementing control to the greenhouse environment.Fig.5: Main nodeThe interface circuit uses PL-2303 USB to RS-232 Bridge Controller, matching proper resistance and capacitance and crystal oscillation, to realize the USB interface circuit as shown Figure 6. The main node transforms the USB signal to RS-232 signal by PL-2303 without external power, and collects the temperature and humidity information, and transmits it to the greenhouse control system, which forms a WSN and measures and controls the greenhouse environment wirelessly.Fig.6: The diagram for PL-2303The system is programmed by Visual C++ 6.0 as the software of PC. The platform of microcontroller is built by IAR, the embedded work-bench. According to the IP-LINK 1200 communication protocol, cyclic query and receive the data of each sensors. Optimal control effect can be achieved by the optimized control algorithm.4.Control NodeControl node as a local controller receives data signal from main node by using wireless module and comprised of IP-LINK1200 、solid-state relay 、microprocessor and the interface circuit as shown Figure7.Fig. 7: Structure of wireless control nodeA local control node may drives three types of equipments. The first is electromagnetism valves which implement controlling to the composition of nutrient solution and denseness of CO2; the second is switching drive equipment, such as supplementary lights; the third is motor drive facilities, such as clearstory, fans, humid shade, sprayers, heaters, and so on..5. ConclusionWe developed and tested a similar distributed data acquisition and control system for managing a set of greenhouses by using WSN. Several communication techniques were used for data communications. A WSN with a radio frequency of 2.4GHz was used to link a sensor network to the main node on PC. A controller area network was provided to link an actuator network to the local controller. Through another IP-link (2.4 GHz), several local controllers were connected to a central PC. The running results of a greenhouse monitoring and control system is presented in Figure8. It indicates that the system runs well and has good effects.Fig.8: The running result of the automatic control system of temperatureand humidityReferences:[1] N. Wang, N. Q. Zhang, M. H. Wang. Wireless Sensors in Agriculture and Food Industry—Recent Development and Future Perspective. Computers and electronics in agriculture, 50 : 1-14,2006.[2] T. Chi1, M. Chen, Q. Gao. Implementation and Study of a Greenhouse Environment Surveillance System Based on Wireless Sensor Network. The 2008 International Conference on Embedded Software and Systems Symposia (ICESS2008), 2008:287-291.[3] Y. T. Cai, G. Z. Xie, et al. A Visual Management Platform Designed For Wireless Sensor Network Based On Zigbee ,International Conference on Apperceiving Computing and Intelligence Analysis , 2008. ICACIA, 2008:355-358.[4] D. F. Ye, L. L. Min, W. Wang. Design and Implementation of Wireless Sensor Network Gateway Based on Environmental monitoring. International Conference on Environmental Science and Information Application Technology, 2009:289-292.[5] W.G.Yang, T. D. Guo. The Non-uniform Property of Energy Consumption and its Solution to the Wireless Sensor Network. Second International Workshop on Education Technology and Computer Science, 2010:186-192.[6] S. Verma, N. Chug, D, V, Gadre. Wireless Sensor Network for Crop Field Monitoring. 2010International Conference on Recent Trends in Information, Telecommunication and Computing,2010:207-211.[7] Q. Wang, A. Terzis, A. Szalay. A Novel Soil Measuring Wireless Sensor Network. IEEE Conference on Instrumentation and Measurement Technology , 2010:1-4.温室无线测量和控制系统的设计与实现DU Xuedong, WANG Jun*, JI Ping, GAN Kaifeng机器视觉和智能控制技术重点实验室，合肥大学，合肥230601，中华人民共和国电子邮箱：**************.cn摘要：伴随着计算机技术、微电子机械系统技术、计算机网络技术等技术的飞速发展，传感器越来越小型化、智能化和集成化，并已衍生出一个新的网络——无线传感器网络(WSN)。