Making a ground glass surface property in TracePro

30 50 3011幕墙常用英语A Cantilever beam 悬臂梁Accessories 附件Capacity n.能力,容量According to 根据Caption n.说明,标题Acid a.酸，酸性的Cast-in 埋入Across ad.prep.横过，交叉Catalogue n.目录,总目Allowable 允许Cement n.水泥Alloy 合金Certificate Vt.n.证明,证明书Aluminum 铝，铝材Channel n.槽,频道，通道Analysis n.分析Check v.检查，查阅Analyze (analyse) v.分析Circular hollow section n.圆通Anchor 锚固 Cladding n.围护Angle steel 角钢Clear glass 透明玻璃Annealed glass 退火玻璃Client n.客户，委托人Anodizing n.阳化Code n.代码，法规Anti-corrosive zinc paint 防锈白漆Coefficient n.系数Appendix 附录Column n.柱Approval 承认,审批Combined a.组合Architect n.建筑师Comparison n.比较Architecture n.建筑Complete v.完成Artificial a.人造的,虚假的Composite a.n.混合物，混合Assume v.假设Compression n.压，压迫Assumption n.假设compressive a.受压的Average =AVG. 平均Concrete n.混凝土Axial a.轴向的Condition n.条件Axis n.轴向的Consider v.认为B Constant n.常数Backer rod 加强棒,泡沫棒Contact n.a.接触Base level 基本平面,海平面Contact surface n.接触面Be equivalent to 等于Content n.内容Bear 负荷Continuous beam 连续梁Bend v.n.弯曲,屈服Contractor n.承包商Bituminous a.含沥青的Copper n.铜Bituminous paint 沥青油Cracked a.开裂的Board n.板Criteria n.标准，要点Bolt n.螺栓Critical a.危险的，临界的Bond v.接合,搭接Curtain wall 幕墙Bonding n.搭接,接合Curved a.弯曲的Booklet n.小册子 DBottom n.底部Data n.数据Bracket n.支托Dead load 恒荷载Buckle vi.使弯曲,使屈服Deduction n.折减，扣除Built-up a.有组织的,密集的Definition n.定义，精确度C Deflection n.挠度C/C =center to center Deform v.变形Canopy n.天蓬,雨蓬Deformation n.变形幕墙常用英语Diagonal 对角线 FDensity n.容重，密度Fabricate v.加工Depth n.深度Fabrication n.加工Derivation n.引出，导出Facial(façade) a.脸部的，表面的Description n.描述Facial glass (façade glass) 面玻璃Design n.设计Fatigue n.v.疲劳Detail n.详图Feature 装饰物，特征Detection n.探知，发现Figured glass 压花玻璃Development n.发展Fillet n.带子，带形的Die n.冲模Fin n.鳍，鳍状物Difference n.不同，差异Fin glass (stiffen fin glass) 肋玻璃Dimension n.尺寸Finish n.完成，装饰Direct a.ad.直接的，v.指挥Finished floor level =F.F.L Distance n.距离Fire prevention 防火Distributed a.均匀的，分布的Fix v.固定Double glazing 双层（中空）玻璃Fixing lug n.摩耳Downward a.向下的Flange n.凸缘，翼缘Downwind a.顺风面Flashing n.防水板，遮雨板Drive pin 射钉Float glass 浮法玻璃Dynamic a.活动的，动态的Folded 折叠的，拦杆Derivation n.引出，导出Force n.力，力量；v.强迫Description n.描述Foreword n.序言Design n.设计Formula n.方程Detail n.详图Free stand type 坐（落）地式Detection n.探知，发现Function n.函数Development n.发展Fixing lug n.摩耳Die n.冲模Flange n.凸缘，翼缘Difference n.不同，差异Flashing n.防水板，遮雨板E Float glass 浮法玻璃Earthquake n.地震Folded 折叠的，拦杆Earthquake load 地震荷载Force n.力，力量；v.强迫Eccentric a.偏心的Foreword n.序言Eccentrically Adv.偏心地Formula n.方程Effect v.影响GEffective a.有效的G.M.S. =galvanized mild steelElastic a.弹性的Galvanization n.镀锌Elevation n.海拨，立面Galvanize v.镀锌Engineering n.工程Glass n.玻璃Equal angle a.等边角钢Glazing n.玻璃窗，玻璃装饰Equivalent a.等于Global a.通用的,全球的,球形的Examined 审定Granite cladding 花岗岩围护，干挂石Example n.例子，样本Gravity n.重量Exposed frame a.明框Grille n.格子Exterior a.外部的Grout n.水泥浆Extrusion n.挤压Grouting （填塞的）水泥砂浆幕墙常用英语Gust n.阵风 Minimum n.最小值Gutter n.天沟，排水沟Modulus n.模量Gyration n.回转，旋转Moment n.瞬间，矩H Movement capacity 变形能力Hanger system 吊挂系统Mullion n.竖框，竖料Hardware n.五金NHeight n.高度Natural a.n.自然的，Hidden frame 隐框Negative a.n.否定，负数Horizontal a.水平的Neutral a.中性的Hot-dipped zinc galvan 热浸锌Normal a.普通的，法向的I Nos. =numbersImmediate a.当地的Nut n.坚果，螺丝帽Include v.包括PIncrease V.增加Panel n.板，仪表板Individual a.个别的Parallel a.n.v.平行Inertia n.惯性Part n.部分，局部Inertia moment 惯性矩Partial a.部分的Interior a.内部的Peak 峰值Investigate n.调查,研究Penetration n.浸透，浸入Issue n.v.发行，发布Penetration butt 对接埋入焊Imposed a.应用的，利用的Period a.句号，周期J Permissible a.允许的Joint n.连接Permit v.允许Joist n.托梁，桁Pile n.桩L Pin n.a.大头钉，栓Laminated glass 夹层玻璃Plan n.计划,平面图,设计图Lateral a.侧面的，旁边的Plastic a..塑性的，可塑的Length n.长度Plate n.盘子，金属板Linear a.线性的Podium n.矮墙，女儿墙Lips n.薄片，唇Poisson’s Ratio泊桑比Load n.v.荷载，加载Polished glass 磨光玻璃Local a.局部的，地方性的Pre-cast 预埋，预置Long a.长的Preliminary a.初步的Louver n.百叶，百页Pressure n.v.压力，压强Lug n.耳朵Principal a.主要的M Property n.财产，性质，属性M.S.. =mild steel Purposed v.计划，打算Manufacturer n.制造高，厂商Protect v.保护Material n.材料Purpose n.目的，企图，论题Maximize v.最大化PVF2 Coating 氟碳喷涂Maximum n.最大值practise n.实行Member n.杆件QMetal n.金属Quantity n.量，数量，总数Micron n.微米RMinimize v.最小化Railing n.扶手，拦杆幕墙常用英语Ratio n.比，比率 SpacingReaction n.反应，反作用SufferRebar =reinforce bar StudRectangle hollow section 矩形管Structure n.结构Reduce v.减少，缩小Structure floor level =S.F.LRefer v.提交，查阅Strut n.支柱Reference n.v.参考，引用Sub-contractor n.分包商Reflective glass 反射玻璃Submission n.递呈,提交,服从Reinforcement n.加强件，加固物Suction n.吸力Resistance v.抵抗Super-structure 主体结构Restrain n.约束Supplier n.供应商Result n.结果Supply n.v.提供，补充，替代Revision n.修订，校订Support n.v.支撑，支持RHS =rectangle hollow section Support on four sides 四边支撑Rod n.小枝，竿Support on two sides 两边支撑Roof n.屋顶Surface n.表面Rigidity n.刚性Symmetry a.对称的S TScope n.范围，广度Technical a..技术的，工业的Screw n.v.螺钉，螺旋浆，拧紧Tee n.T字形，T形物Sealant n.密封胶Temperature n.温度Self-weight 自重Tempered a.调节的，钢化的Serial n.序列，系列Tempered glass 钢化玻璃Setting block 垫块Temporary a.临时的Shape n.v.形状，定形Tensile a.拉力的，张力的Shear n.v.修剪，剪切Tension n.v.张力，拉力SHS =square hollow section Terrain n.地带，地域，范围Silicone n.硅树酯The arm of force 力臂Similar n.a.相似的，相同Thickness n.厚度Simply supported beam 简支梁Thread n.纤维Site-ground 室外地面Tile 砖，磁片Sleeve n.袖子，套筒Tinted 染色的Slope n.v.倾斜Title n.名称，标题Span n.跨度Tolerance n.宽容，公差Specification n.规格，详述Top n.顶部，上总的Spider fixing （玻璃）固定爪Torsion n.扭转，扭矩Splice Vt.n.接合,连接,结婚Total 总的，总数Square hollow section 方形管Transom n.横梁，横档Stability n.稳定性Trapezoid n.梯形，不等边四边形Stainless steel 不锈钢Triangle n.三角形Standard n.标准Type 类型，型号，打字Stiffen v.使变硬UStrength n.强度UB =universal beamStress n.压力，应力UDL =uniformly distributed load Structural a.结构的Unequal angle n.不等边角钢幕墙常用英语Uniformly Adv.统一的，一律的Universal beam 通用梁Universal column 通用柱Unsymmetrical 不对称Upward a.向上的Upwind 迎风面VVariable n.变量Vary v.变化，改变Velocity n.速度，速度Vertical a.垂直的Vicinity n.附近，临近WWasher n.垫片，垫圈Waterproof 防水Weather sealant 耐候胶Web n.网，腹板Weep hole 泄水孔Weight n.重量Weld n.焊缝，焊接处Whorl n.螺纹Wide a.宽的Width n.宽度Wind n.风Wind load 风荷载Wind pressure 风压Withstand v.抵抗YYield n.v.屈服ZZinc n.鋅Zone n.区域mbomb 2004-10-19 02:07 AAMA - American Architectural Manufacturers Association 美国建筑物制造协会ASTM - American Society For Testing And Materials 美国材料试验协会Blade 百页片built-in内建Conceptual designs 概念设计Canopy天蓬Desiccant干燥剂Deformation 变形developed area 展开面积fenestration 开窗法gasket 垫圈glazing玻璃窗、上釉、上光High－span 大跨度Hierarchica分等级的Louver 天窗Monumental 非常规的MR（moisture resistant）防潮metal spacer 金属隔片overall thickness 总厚度polystyrene聚苯乙烯rain－screen 雨幕sunshade天棚，遮阳sash windows上下推拉窗the National Fenestration Rating Council美国门窗保温评估协会NFRC unitized组合的urethane聚氨酯venting 通风4-way lock 四点锁liufaye 2004-11-12 06:56 shopdrawing 施工图as-built drawing 竣工图screwed connection 螺纹连接slag cotton矿棉site-welding 现场焊接leekal 2005-2-16 07:37！！CURTAIN WALL SOUTH ELEVATION 玻璃幕墙南立面图CURTAIN WALL WEST ELEVATION 玻璃幕墙西立面图CURTAIN WALL NORTH ELEVATION 玻璃幕墙北立面图CURTAIN WALL DEVELOPMENT 玻璃幕墙展示图CURTAIN WALL SECTION 玻璃幕墙剖面图CURTAIN WALL PARTIAL ELEVATION玻璃幕墙部份立面图CURTAIN WALL TYPICAL PLAN玻璃幕墙标准层平面图CURTAIN WALL TYPICAL PRE-CAST LAYOUT PLAN玻璃幕墙标准层预埋件平面图CURTAIN WALL DETAIL玻璃幕墙节点图FIRE RATING CLIP防火棉插50mm THICK THERMAL INSULATION 50mm 厚隔热棉1mm THICK EPDM SEPARATOR1mm厚绝缘胶片lillian624 2005-2-18 04:33 TOWER 塔楼PODIUM 裙房FEMALE MULLION 母料MALE MULLION 公料TRANSOM 横料HEAD TRANSOM 头料SILL TRANSOM 尾料BEAD 压条ADAPTOR 扣件GUTTER SLEEVE 过桥EXTERNAL CORNER 外转角INTERNAL CORNER 内转角D.S.T. = DOUBLE SIDE TAPE 双面胶带DOUBLE SKIN FACADE 双层幕墙ZINC CHROMATE 烙酸锌PVF2 氟碳烤漆POWDER COAT 粉沫喷涂NJERRY 2005-4-26 19:32 Sealed unit 中空玻璃spandrel glass 磨砂玻璃heat stengthened 热强化（半钢化）玻璃annealed glass / float glass (浮法玻璃）vertical mullion 立梃horizontal mullion 横梁pressure plate 压板cap 盖板embeds 预埋件clear anodized 铝合金色阳极氧化painted 喷涂hinge 合页latch 门锁mock-up 小样flysnow 2005-12-9 09:14 常用单词warping 扭曲walk-up building 无电梯的房子water bar 隔水条watertightness 抗渗水能力water penetration 水密性能waterproofing compound 防水剂waterproofing membrane 防水膜wedge gasket 楔形密封条weep hole 渗水孔weather strip挡风雨条wired glass 刚丝玻璃片wood screw 木螺丝wool pile 毛条wrap包装unitized system 板块式设计,组装板系统vinyl interlayer 乙烯中间层膜verify 核查vulcanize corner 硫化角thermal insulation 隔热层thermal effect 热效应thermal conductivity 导热性thermal resistance 耐热差性能typhoon bolt/lock 防风锁thermal stress 热应力tie back 牵索timber 木料tack weld 间断焊接tapping 攻牙tap hole 攻牙孔top-hung window 上翻窗top pivot 顶枢轴angel07220 2006-4-21 03:28 汉译英的版本4mm厚复合铝板4mm THK. Composite Aluminum Plastic5mm厚单铝板5mm THK. Aluminum PlateT型螺栓T-head boltU-值U-value矮墙，女儿墙Podium安全玻璃Safety glass暗匣Blind pocket暗箱Shadow box奥氏体Austenitic百叶，百页Louver百叶玻璃Louver glass板，面板Panel板Board半钢化玻璃Half strengthened glass半径Radius半隐框幕墙Semi-exposed framing glass curtain wall棒，竿Rod包括Include保安配置Security configuration保护Protect比，比率Ratio比较Comparison避雷针Lighting protection air terminal变形Deform变形Deformation变形能力Deformation capacity变硬Stiffen标准，规范Standard标准，要点Criteria标准的Typical表面Surface丙烯酸喷涂Crylic acid coating波形的Corrugated玻璃Glass玻璃窗，玻璃装饰Glazing玻璃幕墙Glass curtain wall泊桑比Poisson’s Ratio薄板Sheet薄垫片Shim薄片Lip不等边角钢Unequal angle steel不同，差异Difference不显眼的Inconspicuous不锈钢Stainless steel不锈钢紧固件Stainless Steel Fastener 部分，局部Part部分的Partial材料Material参见，查阅Refer参考，引用Reference参数Parameter槽,频道，通道Channel槽，狭缝Slot侧面的，旁边的Lateral层间滑移Interstorey drift长的Long长度Length常数Constant车间Shop沉头螺钉Countersunk screw衬垫Bedding承包商Contractor尺寸Dimension冲模Die抽芯铆钉Blind rivet初步的Preliminary窗扇Leaf垂直的Vertical磁砖Tile搭接,接合Bonding打孔Perforate大厅Lobby代码，法规Code带空隙的Interstitial带子，带形的Fillet单层钢化玻璃Single toughened glass弹簧Spring弹性Elasticity弹性的Elastic弹性的Elastic灯的安装和走线Light fixture and wiring 等边角钢Equal angle steel等于Equivalent低辐射玻璃Low-E glass低碳钢Mild steel底部Bottom底漆Primer抵抗Resistance地带，地域，范围Terrain地基沉降Foundation settlement地接线Ground connection地心引力,重力Gravity地震Earthquake地震荷载Earthquake load递呈,提交,服从Submission电泳喷涂Electrophoretic coating垫块，支撑块Setting block垫圈Washer雕刻Carve吊杠臂Davit arm吊挂系统Hanger system调查,研究Investigate顶部，上总的Top定位（图）Geometry定位块Location blocks定义，精确度Definition动态的，动力的Dynamic镀锌Zinc-plated镀锌Galvanization镀锌Galvanize镀锌螺栓Galvanized Bolt堆积Accumulation对称的Symmetry对角线Diagonal对接焊缝Butt weld对准，成一条线Align发光的Luminous发行，发布Issue发展Development法线（方向）的Normal反射玻璃Reflective glass反应，反作用Reaction范围，广度Scope方程Formula方通Square hollow section方头紧定螺栓Square-head set-bolt 方头螺栓Square head bolt方形Square防反射涂膜Anti-reflective coating 防滑处理Anti-slip treatment防滑垫Slide bearing pad防火Fire prevention防火卷帘Fire shutter防火涂层Intumescent coating防火岩棉Fire Stop mineral wool防水板，遮雨板Flashing防水层Membrane防锈白漆Anti-corrosive zinc paint 防雨屏Rain screen分包商Sub-contractor分区墙Compart wall分析Analysis粉末喷涂Powder coating风洞研究Wind tunnel study风化的Etched峰值Peak氟碳喷涂PVDF Coating浮雕图案Relief pattern浮法玻璃Float glass俯视图Planform辅助框架Sub-frame负的，否定的Negative负荷Bear附件Accessories附录Appendix盖，帽，封边Cap干燥剂Desiccant杆件Member.刚性Rigidity刚性绝缘体Rigid Insulation钢化玻璃Tempered glass钢化的Tempered高度Height格子,隔栅Grille格子，网格Grid隔板，隔舱Bulkhead隔片Spacer隔音Acoustic attenuation个别的Individual根据According to工程Engineering供应商Supplier沟槽，刻槽Groove构件Element固定Fix固定爪Spider fixing刮痕Scratch管道，沟渠Conduit管井Shaft管状的，空心的Tubular惯性Inertia惯性矩Inertia moment光泽Gloss规格，详述Specification硅胶嵌缝Silicone joint过滤网Filter net含沥青的Bituminous函数Function焊缝Welding line焊接Weld合金Alloy合页Hinge荷载，加载Load恒荷载，静荷载Dead load桁架Truss横档，拱肩Spandrel横梁Transom厚度Thickness护栏Guardrail花岗岩Granite花岗岩围护，干挂石Granite cladding滑动门Sliding door滑移Drift缓冲板，挡板Baffle回转，旋转Gyration混合物，混合Composite混凝土Concrete混凝土蠕变和收缩Concrete creep and shrinkage混凝土外包Concrete encasement 活载荷Live load机制螺栓Machine Bolt基本平面,海平面Base level基础设施Infrastructure基座Plinth激活Activation计划,平面图,设计图Plan计划的，打算的Purposed技术的，工业的Technical加工Fabricate加工Fabrication加强棒,泡沫棒Backer rod加强层Diaphragm加强件，加固物Reinforcement加强角片，防滑片Cleat加强片Stiffener加速度Acceleration夹层的，夹胶的Laminated夹胶玻璃Laminated glass夹丝玻璃Wired glass架空地板系统Raised floor system 假设Assume假设Assumption减少，缩小Reduce剪力Shear force剪力墙Shear wall剪切Shear检查，查阅Check简支梁Simply supported beam建筑Architecture建筑师Architect胶带Adhesive tape胶合板Plywood胶条Gasket角钢Angle steel铰链Pivot接触Contact接触面Contact surface接缝，接合点Joint接合,搭接Bond接合,连接Splice节点Node结构硅胶Structural silicone结构胶Sealant解释Annotation金属Metal金属的Metallic紧固件Fastener紧急出口Egress door浸透，浸入Penetration净（净重）Net净面内力Net in-plane force静态的，静力的Static局部的，地方性的Local矩形管Rectangle hollow section句号，周期Period巨幅玻璃Monumental glazing距离Distance聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料Styrofoam卷帘Shutter均压的Pressure-equalized均匀的，分布的Distributed竣工图As-built drawing开槽圆柱头螺钉Slotted cheese-head screw开窗法Fenestration开口型铆钉Open type rivet开裂的Cracked抗拉强度Tensile resistance strength壳体Shell可变动Variable可拆除挂板Demountable panel可见光反射率Visible Light Reflectance可见光透光率Visible Light Transmittance可开启面板Operable panel可上人的Walkable客户，委托人Clientangel07220 2006-4-21 03:28 汉译英的版本2空气层Air gap空气渗透Air infiltration空气渗透Infiltration空气泄漏Air leakage空气闸Air lock空隙，间隙Clearance跨度Span矿棉Mineral wool框格窗Sash window拉花型抽芯铆钉Peel type blind rivet拉力的，张力的Tensile栏杆Railing肋Fin肋玻璃Fin glass (stiffen fin glass)类型，型号，打字Type力Force力臂The arm of force力矩Moment立即的Immediate立面Elevation沥青油Bituminous paint例子，样本Example连接件Fastener连续梁Continuous beam梁Beam两边支撑Support on two sides量，数量，总数Quantity临界点Critical point临时的Temporary菱形Diamond六角螺栓Hexagon bolt龙骨Aggregate楼板Slab楼梯间Stair box铝，铝材Aluminum铝板Alum. Panel铝合金Aluminum alloy铝扎制和拉伸Aluminum rolling and drawing 铝支架Alum bracket卵石层Pebble stone layer轮廓，外边线Outline螺钉Screw螺母Nut螺栓Bolt螺旋的Spiral螺柱Stud埋件Embedment埋入Cast-in脉冲Pulse毛重的，毛的Gross锚固Anchor锚拴Anchor Bolt铆钉Rivet铆钉rivet密度Density密封Seal面玻璃Facial glass (facade glass)描述Description名称，标题Title明框Exposed frame明框幕墙Exposed frame curtain wall模量Modulus磨光玻璃Polished glass目录,总目Catalogue幕墙Curtain wall内凹斜格构Recessed diagrid内部的Interior内方头紧定螺钉Square-socket set-screw 内容Content内庭Patio耐候胶Weather proofing sealant挠度Deflection扭矩Torque扭曲Buckle扭转Torsion女儿墙Parapet排水槽Gutter排烟挂板Smoke exhaust panel抛光的Polished泡沫填充棒Foam Rod配电箱Switch box喷头Sprinkler膨胀螺栓Expansion Bolt疲劳Fatigue偏心的Eccentric平板玻璃Plate glass平均Average=AVG.平行Parallel前厅，门廊Vestibule=vest.强度Strength倾斜的Inclined倾斜的Sloped全玻幕墙Full glass curtain wall热浸锌Hot-dipped zinc galvanization热量循环Heat exchange热熔玻璃Hot melt glass人造的,虚假的Artificial认为Consider柔性连接Flexible connection蠕变Creep三角板Gusset三角形Triangle设计Design射钉Drive pin伸长量Elongation伸缩的Expansible深度Depth.审定Examined审批Approval声音的，声学的Acoustic施工容差Construction tolerance施工图Shop drawing石膏板Gypsum board实体样板Mock-up实心的Solid实心地板系统Solid floor system室外地面Site-ground适配器，承接器Adaptor收缩Shrinkage手动控制Manual control受压的Compressive术语Nomenclature树脂Resin竖框，竖料Mullion数据Data双层（中空）玻璃Double glazing双层呼吸体式幕墙Double skinned curtain wall 双面胶带Double coated adhesive tape水泥Cement水泥的Cementitious水泥浆，灌（水泥浆）Grout水泥砂浆Grouting水平的Horizontal水汽Vapor顺风面Downwind顺序Sequence说明,标题Caption四边支撑Support on four sides 塑性的，可塑的Plastic酸，酸性的Acid碎片Debris碎片Fragment碎石混凝土Ballast concrete台车Trolley探知，发现Detection特征Feature梯形，不等边四边形Trapezoid 提供，补充，替代Supply体积Volume天窗Skylight天线Antenna条件Condition通风Ventilation通用的,全球的,球形的Global 通用的Universal通用梁Universal beam铜Copper投影Projection透明玻璃Clear glass透视图Perspective drawing凸耳，凸杆Lug凸缘，翼缘Flange退火玻璃Annealed glass托梁Trimmer外部的Exterior外盖Closure弯曲,屈服Bend弯曲的Curved完成Complete完整性Integrity网，网状物Mesh危险的，临界的Critical微米Micron温度Temperature稳定性Stability屋顶Roof五金Hardware吸力Suction系数Coefficient匣子，盒Cassette下表面Soffit线膨胀系数Linear expansion factor线性的Linear相对热增益Relative Heat Gain相邻的Adjacent相似的，相同Similar详图，节点图Detail向内的Inward向外的Outward向下的Downward消防车道Fire truck access消防栓Fire hose销钉Pin小册子Booklet效果图Effect drawing楔Wedge斜撑Brace斜交格构Diagrid泄水Weep泄水口Weep hole芯板，芯筒Core行心线Centroid形状，定形Shape型材Extrusion修订，校订Revision袖子，套筒Sleeve序列，系列Serial序言Foreword悬臂梁Cantilever beam旋转面板Revolving panel压，压迫Compression压花玻璃Figured glass压力，压强Pressure压力，应力Stress压条bead延展的Ductile延展性Ductility阳化Anodizing阳极氧化喷涂Anodizing oxidation coating 阳台，平台Terrace氧化Oxidation页片，百页片Blade阴影区Shaded area引爆处理Heat Soak Test引出，导出Derivation引雷线Lighting protection conductor cable 隐藏的Concealed隐框Hidden frame隐框幕墙Hidden frame curtain wall印花Dent应用的，施加的Imposed影响Effect用户Occupant有效的Effective有组织的,密集的Built-up雨蓬Canopy雨水渗漏Water penetration雨雪拦截设施Snow and ice retention预埋，预置Pre-cast预埋件Pre-embedment预先焊接的，车间焊接的Shop welded原型Prototype圆通Circular hollow section圆头螺钉Cheese head screw约束Restrain允许Allowable允许Permit允许的Permissible允许误差，容差Tolerance再循环空气Recirculate air增加Increase展开图Unfolded张力，拉力Tension遮阳Sunshade遮阳系数Shading coefficient折叠的Folded折减，扣除Deduction褶皱的Crumpled真空玻璃Vacuum glass振动台试验Shaking table test正等轴测图Isometric view证明,证明书Certificate支撑，支持Support支托，支架Bracket支柱Strut直接的Direct直径Diameter直升机升降台Helipad指示性的Indicative制造高，厂商Manufacturer质量Mass智能玻璃Intelligent curtain wall中间的Intermediate中空玻璃Insulating glass中空处Void中庭Court中心线Centerline中性的Neutral轴Spindle轴测法的Axonometric轴承，支架Bearing轴向Axis轴向的Axial珠光体Pearlite主体结构Main structure主要的Principal柱Column转换桁架Transfer truss桩Pile装饰Finish准- Quasi-着色玻璃Tinted glass着色的Tinted自然的，Natural自重Self weight总的，总数Total阻航Aviation obstruction组合Combined最大化Maximize最大值Maximum最小化Minimize最小值Minimum坐（落）地式Free stand typelittleboat 2006-5-6 07:48 I've serveral doubts:1. spandrel glass 磨砂玻璃spandrel glass挺难翻的。

automatic control switch 自动控制开关automatic fire alarm system [AFA system] 自动火警警报系统automatic offer 自动配屋办法automatic smoke/heat detection system 烟雾／高热自动感应系统automatic voltage regulator 自动调压器autopay rent collection system 自动转帐收租办法auxiliary feed-water pump 辅助给水泵auxiliary feed-water tank 辅助给水箱auxiliary water pump 辅助水泵available land 可用土地average building land value 平均建筑用地价值average compressive stress 平均压应力average development value 平均发展价值average discounted full market value 十足市值的平均折扣价average flat [Home Ownership Scheme] 平均售价的居屋单位〔居者有其屋计划〕average land value 平均土地价值average strength 平均强度averagely-priced Home Ownership Scheme flat 平均售价的居者有其屋单位award a contract 批予合约axial bearing capacity 轴向承压力axial compression 轴向压缩axial extension test 轴向拉伸测试axial fan 轴流式风扇axial force 轴向力axial load 轴压；轴向载重axial strain 轴向应变axial stress 轴向应力axial tensile strength 轴向抗拉强度axial tensile test 轴向抗拉测试axial thrust 轴向推力axisymmetric stress 轴向对称应力azimuth 极方位；极方位back elevation 背面图back inlet gully trap 背入集水沟气隔backdrop manhole 后级沙井；跌级沙井backfill 回填；回填土；回填料backfill material 回填物料；回填料Background Information Form 背景资料表格backing concrete 堤背混凝土backup area 后勤区；后勤用地backup land 后勤土地；预留地baffle wall 遮挡墙bagged concrete 袋装混凝土balance of the purchase price 楼价余额balanced land use pattern 均衡土地用途模式balanced load 平衡载重balancing pipeline 平衡水管balcony 露台balcony bar 露台铁栏balcony concrete coping 露台混凝土盖顶balcony cubicle 露台房间；骑楼房ball-and-socket joint 球窝接头ballast 石碴；道碴；压重物ballot sheet 搅珠结果名单ballot trade 炒筹活动baluster 栏杆柱balustrade 栏杆；扶手bamboo fence 竹篱笆bamboo pole 竹枝bamboo scaffold 竹枝棚架bamboo stake 扶竹bamboo worker 竹棚工band drain 排水肩带；排水板；排水带banned area [livestock keeping] 禁止饲养禽畜地区bar bender 弯铁工；拗铁工bar fixer 铁工bar tendon 钢筋bare patch 秃块bare rock soil slope surface 光秃的土坡面bare rooted plant 裸根植物；不带泥植物；“洗泥胆”植物bare-shell house 几无装修的房屋barrette 方形桩barrier 栅栏；护栏；屏障barrier plate 阻挡板barrier wall 围墙basalt 玄武岩basalt dyke 玄武岩岩墙base 基座base course 路面下层；路基层；承重层base extracted from survey sheet no. X 根据Ｘ号测量图绘制base failure of slope 斜坡基底坍塌base frame 基架base insulator 基架绝缘器base line 基准线；基线base plate 底板；垫板base rent 基本租金base slab 底板；平底板base support 底座支架basement 地库；地窖；地下室basement tanking 地库防水层；地库防水工程basement wall 地库墙；地下室墙basic listing criteria [Housing Authority List of Building Contractors]基本资格准则〔《房屋委员会承建商名册》〕basic map 基本地图Basic Mapping System 基本地图制作系统basic survey sheet 基本测量图basic terms offer 基本条款建议书basin 水槽；水坑；港池basin management 河流流域管理工作batching and mixing plant [concrete] 配料及拌合设备；配料及搅拌设备〔混凝土〕batching plant 混凝土配料机；混凝土配料厂bath tub 浴缸bathing shed 沙滩泳屋batholith 岩基bathroom 浴室bathymetric survey 海深测量batten 板条；木方batter 倾斜batter leader pile driver 斜导架打桩机batter pile 斜桩bay window 凸窗；窗台bazaar 市场Beach Seine Net Licence 近岸浅水围网牌照bead 门窗压条；护条；护角；焊珠beam 梁；横梁；“阵”beam and slab construction 梁板建筑beam and slab structure 梁板结构beam on elastic foundation 弹性基础梁；弹性地基梁beam raising ceremony 上梁仪式bearer 承木；托梁bearing capacity 承载力bearing capacity factor 承载力系数bearing capacity of the ground 土地承载力bearing force 承重能力；承载能力bearing pad 承重垫片；支承垫片bearing pile 承重桩；支承桩bearing pin 支承栓钉bearing plate 承重板；支承板bearing post 支承柱bearing pressure 承压应力bearing stress 承载应力；支承应力bearing surface 承载面；支承面bearing test 承载测试bearing wall 承重墙beating turf 拍打草皮；压实草皮bedding 垫层；层理；“打底”bedding layer 垫层bedding screed 地台砂浆底层bedplate 座板bedrock 基岩；基层岩bedroom 睡房；卧室bed-sit flatlet 厅房两用小单位bed-sit unit 厅房合一小单位bedspace apartment dweller 床位寓所住客bedspace apartment licensing scheme 床位寓所发牌制度Bedspace Apartments Authority 床位寓所监督bedspace lodger 位住客belated registration case 补办登记个案bellout 扩底bellout diameter 扩底直径bellow pot 气囊；气囊筒benching [manhole] 沟槽座〔沙井〕；“马枕”benchmark 水准点；基准点bending moment 弯矩；力矩bending schedule 弯钢筋表bending stiffness 弯曲刚度bending stress 弯曲应力beneficial occupation 使用物业作有价值的用途；实益占用beneficial owner 实益业主；实益拥有人beneficial ownership 实益所有权beneficial use 有价值用途；实益用途beneficiary living 现存受益人beneficiary under the trust 信托受益人Benkelman beam test 贝克曼梁试验benthic seabed grab survey 海底抓斗勘测bentonite 膨润土；皂土；膨土岩bentonite liner 膨润土衬垫berm 斜水级；坡级；截水沟；坡台berm channel 斜水平台渠bermstone 护脚石Besser block 百岁砖best rent 最高租金；最佳租金Better Building Management Campaign 优良楼宇管理活动betterment [real estate] 增值〔不动产〕betterment charge 增值征费better-off tenant 经济条件较佳租户；经济条件较佳住户bevel 斜角；削角；斜面bib cock 弯嘴旋塞；“龙头”bib tap 弯嘴水龙头；“星盆龙头”bid package 整套招标书bidet 下身盆bill of quantities 建筑工料清单；工程量清单；工程量表bill of variations 工程量更改清单Bills of Quantities System 建筑工料清单系统binder 结合料；黏合物binding agent 黏合剂bin-lifting refuse collection system 自动提桶收集垃圾方法binsite 垃圾桶放置处；垃圾桶站biotite 黑云母bit [drill] 钻头bitumen 沥青；柏油bitumen coat 沥青外搪层；沥青外衬bitumen felt 沥青纸bitumen lining 沥青内搪层；沥青衬里bituminous concrete 沥青混凝土bituminous friction course 沥青防滑层bituminous macadam 沥青碎石层〔道路〕bituminous material 沥青材料bituminous materials and aggregates testing 沥青材料及石料试验bituminous primer 沥青底涂料bituminous waterproof membrane 沥青防水膜black spot 环境黑点blackout 电力中断blacksmith 铁工blank flange 盲板凸缘；管口盖板blank gable 无窗山墙blanking plate 封板blast 燃爆；爆破blast cleaning 喷砂清理；爆破清洁blast-furnace slag cement 炉渣水泥blasting by abrasives 磨料喷砂blasting certificate 燃爆证书blasting permit 燃爆许可证blasting site 燃爆工地；爆破工地blasting works 燃爆工程；爆破工程bleed off pipe 溢流管bleed screw 放气螺钉；减压螺钉bleeding 泛油；渗色；泌浆〔混凝土〕；泌水性〔混凝土〕blended cement 混合水泥blending control 混合控制blinding 补路石砂blinding concrete 基础垫层混凝土；地基垫层混凝土blinding layer 基础垫层；地基垫层；“草鞋底”block 大厦；楼宇；厚板；座件block assessment 整体估价；以整幢大厦为一个估价单位；按大厦评估方法Block Crown Lease 集体官契block lease 集体租契；集体契约block letting 整幢出租block licence 集体牌照block plan 楼宇位置图；楼宇平面图block sample 块状样本；块样block tenancy 楼宇集体租赁block type 大厦类别block with structural deficiencies 结构有问题的大厦blockwork 砖工；砖造物blockwork seawall 方块海堤blockwork wall 方块体墙bluff 悬崖boarding house 旅馆boat dweller 艇户boat hoist 吊艇boat mooring zone 船只停泊区boat squatter 水上寮屋居民boatswain's chair 工作吊板bollard 矮柱；护柱bolster 承枕；横撑bolt 插销；螺栓；门闩bona fide mortgage 真正按揭bona fide tender 诚意投标bona fide transaction 真正交易bona fide villager 原籍村民bona vacantia property 无主物业bond 叠砌；黏合；砌合法bond breaker 黏合分隔材料；分隔料bond coat 黏合层；“打底层”bond course 束缚层bond strength 黏合强度bond stress 黏合应力bone-meal 骨粉bonus for completion 竣工奖金；完工奖金booking fee [sale and purchase of premises] 定金〔楼宇买卖〕boom 吊杆booster pump room 增压泵房booster pumping station 增压抽水站booster water pump 增压抽水机；增压水泵borated water storage tank 含硼水贮存箱bore 钻孔；内孔；内径bored pile 螺旋钻孔桩；钻孔灌注桩bored tunnel 钻挖的隧道borehole 钻孔；探土孔；挖孔borehole log 钻孔记录；挖孔记录borehole test 钻孔测试boric acid 硼酸boring 钻探；挖探boring machine 钻探机；镗borrow area 采泥区；采料区；取土区borrow light 透光窗；气窗bottle trap 瓶型气隔bottom dump 经舱底卸置；舱底式卸置bottom flush bolt 底部埋入插销bottom heave 坑底隆起；底鼓；底部隆起bottom layer 底层bottom level 底部标高bottom plate 底板bottom rail 下横档〔栏杆〕；下横栏〔门窗〕bottom-dump barge 开底运泥船boulder 砾石；巨砾；孤石boulder fall 砾石下坠；砾石泻坠boulder fence 防石栏bouldery colluvium 砾石崩积物boundary 界线；边界；界址boundary adjustment 地界调整boundary condition 边界条件boundary identification plan 地界辨认图boundary mark 地界标志；界址标记boundary of works area 施工范围boundary peg 地界栓钉boundary point 地界点boundary rectification 地界修正boundary re-establishment survey 地界重整测量boundary stone 界石boundary survey 地界测量Boundary Tribunal 地界审裁处boundary wall 边界墙box culvert 箱形暗渠；箱形涵洞；盒形排水渠box foundation 箱形基础；箱形地基box girder 箱形主梁；箱形大梁box out 预留箱形凹位box section 方形管；方通brace 撑杆；支撑braced excavation 支撑式挖掘braced structure 受横向支撑的结构；支撑结构bracing 支撑；斜撑；加劲bracing structure 横向支撑结构；支撑结构bracket 托架；支架；撑架branch family 分支家庭branch pipe 支管；分支喉管branch sewer 分支污水管branch village 分支乡村brazing 铜焊；合金焊接breach of lease conditions 违反批租条件；违反批地条件breach of tenancy conditions 违反租赁条件；违反租约规定break line 倾斜变换线；折线break tank room 减压水缸房breaker 轧碎机；碎石机；断路器breakglass unit 警报玻璃箱breaking strain 断裂应变breaking strength 断裂强度；抗断强度breaking stress 断裂应力breaking wave 破碎波breakwater 防波堤breather 通气孔；呼吸器breccia 角砾岩brick 砖brick closer 封口砖；“二寸二”brick course 砖层brick layer 砌砖工brick pier 砖柱brick works 砌砖工程brick-on-edge 侧置砖brick-on-edge wall 侧砖墙brickwork 砖造物；砖工bridge abutment 桥台bridge cable 大桥的钢索bridge crane 桥梁起重机；桥式吊机bridge deck 桥面板；桥板；桥面bridge deck level 桥面bridge deck unit 桥面组件；桥面构件bridge deck works 桥面工程bridge girder 桥主梁；桥大梁bridge pier 桥墩bridge tower 桥塔bridge works 桥梁工程British Standard Code of Practice 英国标准应用守则British Standard Specification 英国标准规格British Standards Institution 英国标准协会brittle failure 脆性损毁；脆性破坏"broad brush" approach 广义划分方法；概括分组方法Broad Long Term Pattern of Port Development 概略的港口长期发展模式brochure price [sale of premises] 售楼说明书上的价格broken joint 错缝接合；顺砖式砌合；顺砌法brown asbestos 褐石棉brushing lacquer 手扫漆bucket conveyor 斗式输送机bucket dredger 链斗式挖泥船buckling 压曲；压弯buckling load 压曲荷载；压曲临界荷载buffer area 缓冲地区；缓冲区buffer storage area 贮存区；贮料区build back 原地重建build back potential 原地重建的潜力build, operate and transfer franchise [BOT franchise] 建造、营运及移交专营权buildability 建筑效益builder 建造商；承建商；土建承包人builders' lift 建筑工地升降机；施工用升降机builder's works 承建商负责的工程；屋宇装备配合工程；土建工程building 建筑物；屋宇；大厦building allowance 建屋津贴building area 建筑面积Building Authority 建筑事务监督building basic rate 屋地基本率building code 建筑守则；建筑规范building component 建筑组件；大厦组件building condition 楼宇状况building construction 建筑物建造；建筑营造building contract 建筑合约Building Contractors' Committee [Construction Advisory Board] 建造商委员会〔建造业谘询委员会〕Building Cost Index 建筑成本指数building cost information 建筑造价资料；建筑成本资料building covenant 建筑规约building covenant extension 延续建筑规约Building Covenant of New Grant 新批地建筑规约building coverage 建筑物上盖面积building debris 建筑废料building design 建筑物设计；建筑设计building envelope 建筑物外壳building for special purpose 特别用途建筑物building frontage 屋宇主面；屋宇前面building height 建筑物高度；楼宇高度building land 屋地；建筑用地building layout 建筑物平面图；大厦平面图building licence 建筑许可证；建筑牌照；建屋牌照building line 建筑界线building lot 屋地；建筑用地Building Management Committee [BMC] 大厦管理委员会Building Management Co-ordinating Team 大厦管理统筹小组Building Management Co-ordination Committee [BMCC] 大厦管理统筹委员会Building Management Division [Government Property Agency] 楼宇管理部〔政府产业署〕Building Management Resource Centre [Housing Department] 大厦管理资源中心〔房屋署〕building material 建筑物料building mortgage 建筑按揭building number 建筑物门牌号数building owner 建筑物拥有人；建筑物业主building plan 建筑图则Building Plan Unit [Lands Department] 建筑图则小组〔地政总署〕building platform 建筑地台building regulations 建筑物规例Building Safety Inspection Scheme 楼宇安全检验计划building services 屋宇装备；屋宇设备Building Services Branch [Architectural Services Department] 屋宇装备处〔建筑署〕building services contractor [Hong Kong Housing Authority] 屋宇装备承办商〔香港房屋委员会〕building services co-ordinator 屋宇装备工程协调人building services drawing 屋宇装备图则building services engineer 屋宇装备工程师Building Services Inspector 屋宇装备督察building services installation 屋宇装备安装工程building services modification works 屋宇装备更改工程Building Services Performance Assessment Scoring System [BSPASS] 屋宇装备承办商表现评分制building services subcontractor 屋宇装备分包商Building Services Tender Price Index 屋宇装备投标价格指数building setback 把楼宇建筑位置移后building site 建筑地盘；建筑工地building status 楼宇性质；屋宇性质Building Supervisor 屋宇监督Building Surveyor 屋宇测量师building volume 建筑物体积building works 建筑工程；屋宇建筑工程Buildings Department 屋宇署build-operate-transfer 建造、营运及移交built form 建筑形式built-back accommodation 重建单位built-in component 嵌入部分built-over area 建筑面积；覆盖面积built-up area 已建设区；楼宇密集区bulging [ground] 爆裂〔土地〕bulk density 体密度bulk excavation 大型挖掘工程bulk explosive 浆状炸药bulk gas supply 中央气体燃料供应bulk letting 整批出租bulk sample 体样bulk shrinkage 体缩bulk tariff 大量用电价目bulked volume 扩张体积bulkhead lighting fittings 凸面照明器bulking factor 体积扩张系数；体胀系数bulldozer 推土机；铲泥车bund ；堤；田基bund wall 墙bunded area 堤保护区bungalow 平房bunker 地堡buoyancy foundation 浮筏基础；浮筏地基buoyancy raft 浮筏基础；浮筏地基burglar alarm and security installations [public works category] 防盗及保安装置〔公共工程类别〕burglar alarm system 防盗警钟系统burglar bar 防盗铁栏；防盗铁栅；防盗窗花；“疏子”burglar grille 防盗铁栏；防盗铁栅；防盗窗花；“疏子”burglar mesh 防盗网burial ground 墓地burial plot 墓地buried concrete 埋入地下的混凝土buried water-carrying service 地下带水管道burst strength 爆裂强度burst tearing test 爆裂测试busbar chamber 汇流排箱bus-coupler 母线联接busduct 密封式汇流排bush 轴衬business establishment 店铺business premises 商业楼宇；商业单位；商用处所butt hinge 对接铰链butt joint 对头接；对接缝butterfly gate 蝶形闸buttress 扶壁；支撑墙；支墩buttressed retaining wall 支墩式挡土墙buy back 购回Buy or Rent Option 可租可买计划buy-back option in perpetuity [Home Ownership Scheme] 永久保留选择购回居屋单位的权利〔居者有其屋计划〕by mass of cement 占水泥重量；占洋灰重量bypass 绕道；支管；旁通管bypass channel 溢流槽bypass pipe 旁通管cab 小室；驾驶室cabinet 小室；贮存柜cable channel 电缆沟；电缆槽cable conduit 电缆管cable draw pit 电缆井；电缆沙井cable duct 电缆管道；电缆导管cable laying wagon 电缆敷设车cable percussion boring 钢绳冲击钻探cable route 电缆路线cable supported viaduct 悬索高架桥cable suspension bridge 钢索吊桥cable trench 电缆槽cable trough 电缆坑cable trunk 电缆干线cable tunnel 电缆隧道cable wire 钢索cable-stayed bridge 斜拉桥Cadastral Information System 地籍信息系统cadastral plan 地籍图cadastral record 地籍记录cadastral survey 地籍测量cadastral survey plan index system 地籍测量图索引系统cage structure 笼状构筑物；笼状搭建物caged man 笼屋居民caisson 沉箱；挖孔桩caisson cap 沉箱盖；沉箱帽caisson foundation 沉箱基础；沉箱地基caisson pier 沉箱墩caisson pile 沉箱桩caisson retaining wall 沉箱挡土墙caisson wall 沉箱墙；沉箱挡土墙calcium plumbate primer 铅酸钙底漆California Bearing Ratio 加州承载比caliper measure 测径call for tenders 招标cam 凸轮cam lock 凸轮锁camber 拱度candela [cd] 烛光〔发光强度单位〕canister respirator 罐型防毒面具canopy 檐篷cantilever 悬臂；悬臂梁cantilever beam 悬臂梁；“ 鸡”cantilever bridge 悬臂桥cantilever crane 悬臂吊机cantilever footing 悬臂基脚cantilever foundation 悬臂基础；悬臂地基cantilever retaining wall 悬臂式挡土墙cantilever sheet pile wall 悬臂式板桩墙cantilever slab 悬臂板cantilever support 悬臂支架cantilever walkway 悬臂式行人道cantilevered footpath 悬臂式行人径cantilevered slab canopy 悬臂式平板檐篷Canton tile 红砖cap 护顶；桩帽；柱帽capacity road 高流量的道路cap-block 桩帽capillary fittings 渗锡溶接配件；毛细接合配件；“走锡配件”capillary water 毛细管水capital value of premises 楼宇资本价值capital works 基本建设工程；基建工程Capital Works Committee 工务委员会capital works contract 基本工程合约Capital Works Reserve Fund 基本工程储备基金capitalization of rental income 租金收入转化为资本capitalization rate of profit rent 租值利润的资本转化比率capitalized value of profit rent 租值利润的资本转化值capped concrete core 加帽混凝土芯capping 封顶capping piece 压檐木car assembling use 汽车组装用途car cab 升降机厢car park operator 停车场管理公司car park privatization scheme 停车场私营化计划car park waiver 停车场暂准豁免书car repairing depot 修车场car trade storage yard 汽车贸易存货场car trade use 汽车贸易用途carbon brush 碳刷carbon pile 碳柱carbon ring 碳环carbon steel 含碳钢carbon strip 碳条carbonation depth 碳化深度carbonation front of concrete 混凝土碳化表层carbonation process 碳化过程carborundum strip 金刚砂路带；碳化硅路带caretaker 看守员；管理员cargo handling area 货物装卸区cargo lift 载货升降机cargo working area 货物装卸区carport 车位carrying capacity 运载量；载重量；承载能力Cartographer 制图师cartography 制图学carve out a lot 分割地段case pile 套管桩casement window 竖铰链窗casing 外壳；套管；框〔门窗〕cast iron 铸铁；生铁cast iron conductor 铸铁导管cast iron cover 铸铁盖cast iron pipe 铸铁管cast iron waste pipe 铸铁废水管cast-in anchorage 浇注锚固cast-in fixing bolt 预埋锚栓casting basin 预制件工场；浇灌场casting cycle 浇注期casting yard 预制件工场；浇灌场cast-in-place 灌注；现场浇筑cast-in-place concrete foundation 灌注混凝土基础cast-in-place pile 灌注桩；现浇桩cast-in-situ 现浇；就地浇筑；原地铸造cast-in-situ concrete unit 现浇混凝土组件cast-in-situ pile 现浇桩casual vacancy 空置单位cat ladder 竖梯；便梯；“猫梯”Catalogue of Slopes 斜坡记录册catch 挡片；制止器；扣掣；门扣catch fan 防护栅；斜棚；扇形防护网架catch fence 拦截围墙catch pit 集水井；排水井catch platform 坠台catchment 集水区；顾客来源区；载客范围〔公共交通工具〕catchment area 集水区；集水范围；集水面积catchment channel 引水道catchpit 集水井；聚泥坑；截流井catch-water 引水道catenary wire 吊索catwalk 跳板；轻便梯；轻便栈桥；步桥caulking 嵌缝；堵缝caulking bush 嵌缝衬套caulking material 填隙料causeway 堤道cavern 溶洞；岩洞；洞穴Cavern Project Study 岩洞计划研究cavernous marble 含溶洞大理石caving 下陷；坍陷cavity 中空部分；穴cavity wall 空心墙cease work order 停工令ceiling 天花板ceiling duct 屋顶通气管ceiling height 楼底高度ceiling slab 天花板ceiling suspension hook 天花吊钩cellar 地窖cellular cofferdam 格孔式围堰cellular office 分格式办公室cellular retaining wall 格孔式挡土墙cellular steel sheet pile 格式钢板桩cellulose lacquer 纤维素清漆cement 水泥cement and sand screed 水泥砂浆底层；水泥砂浆地台cement board 水泥板cement concrete 水泥混凝土cement content 水泥含量；洋灰含量cement grout 水泥薄浆；“英泥油”cement grouting 水泥灌浆cement injection 水泥灌注工程；灌注水泥cement mortar 水泥砂浆cement paint 水泥涂料；“雪花英泥”cement paint finish 水泥涂面；水泥涂料饰面cement plaster 水泥抹面；水泥批荡cement rendering 水泥抹面；水泥批荡cement rendering dado 水泥护壁cement sand plaster 水泥砂浆抹面；水泥砂浆批荡〔户内用〕cement sand rendering 水泥砂浆抹面；水泥砂浆批荡〔户外用〕cement screeding flooring 水泥批荡地面cement sheeting 水泥板块cement slurry 水泥浆；“英泥油”cementitious content 水泥质成分cementitious corrugated panel 水泥波纹板cement-lime mortar 水泥石灰砂浆；“三抠灰”cement-lime plaster 水泥石灰抹面；水泥石灰批荡cement-sand mix 水泥砂浆cement-stabilized soil 水泥加固土central air-conditioning system 中央空气调节系统；中央冷气系统Central and East Kowloon Development Statement 九龙中部及东部发展纲领Central and Wanchai Reclamation [Airport Core Programme Project] 中区至湾仔填海计划〔机场核心计划项目〕central area 市中心区central business district 商业中心区central control and monitoring system 中央控制及监察系统central core of circulation 主要通道central corridor block 中央走廊式大厦central design database 中央设计资料库central heating apparatus 中央供暖设备Central Imaging Centre [Land Registry] 中央影像处理中心〔土地注册处〕central index 中央户籍资料central power-driven machine 中央动力机械Central Reclamation 中区填海计划central refuse chute 中央垃圾槽central registration [land registration] 中央注册〔土地注册〕Central Registration System [Land Registry] 中央注册系统〔土地注册处〕Central Search Office [Land Registry] 综合查册中心〔土地注册处〕central span 中跨距Central Tender Board 中央投标委员会Central to Mid-Levels Escalator System 中环至半山自动扶梯系统Centralized Project Monitoring System 建筑工程中央监察系统centralized surveillance and alarm system 中央监控及警报系统Centralsug Refuse Collection System 中央气动垃圾输送系统centre line 中心线centre line of street 街道中心线centric load 中心荷载centrifugal autoclaved concrete pile 离心蒸压混凝土桩centrifugal concrete pile 离心混凝土桩centrifugal filter 离心过滤器centrifugal load 离心荷载centrifugal prestressed concrete pile 离心预应力混凝土桩centrifugal pump 离心泵centroid 重心；形心ceramic tile 瓷砖Certificate in Housing Management 房屋管理文凭Certificate of Availability for Sale 可供出售证明书certificate of completion 竣工证明书；完工证明书Certificate of Completion 楼宇落成证明书Certificate of Compliance [Home Ownership Scheme] 遵行规定证明书〔居者有其屋计划〕certificate of compliance 合约完成证明书；完工证；完成规定事项证明书Certificate of Eligibility [Home Purchase Loan Scheme] 资格证明书〔自置居所贷款计划〕Certificate of Eligibility to Purchase 购楼资格证明书Certificate of Exemption from Estate Duty 豁免遗产税证明书certificate of exemption in respect of agricultural use 关于农业用途的豁免证明书certificate of exemption in respect of community use 关于社区用途的豁免证明书certificate of exemption in respect of new housing 关于新房屋的豁免证明书certificate of exemption in respect of replacement housing 关于重建临时房屋的豁免证明书Certificate of Fair Market Rent 公平市值租金证明书Certificate of Fire Service Installations and Equipment 消防装置及设备证书certificate of increase in rent 加租证明书Certificate of Primary User of Premises 楼宇主要用途证明书Certificate of Rateable Value 应课差饷租值证明书certificate of registration 登记证明书；注册证明书〔土地注册处〕；注册证书〔业主立案法团〕certificate of sectional completion 分段竣工证明书；分段完工证明书Certificate of Standard Rent 标准租金证明书Certificate of Title 业权证明书Certificate Relating to Prevailing Market Rent 有关市值租金证明书cesspool 污水池"chai tong" 斋堂chain block 滑车吊链；链动滑轮chain bucket dredger 链斗式挖泥船chain link fence 铁网围栏；铁丝网围栏；铁丝网chain link mesh 铁丝网chain sounding 链式水深测量chainage 里程距离；链距；链测长度；链程；丈量长度Chainman 丈量员Chairman, Central Tender Board 中央投标委员会主席Chairman, Hong Kong Housing Authority 香港房屋委员会主席chamber 沙井；小室；间隔chamfer 斜削角；去角位；斜角位change-over switch 转换开关channel 沟渠；线槽；槽；渠道channel cover 渠盖；槽盖channel intake 渠道进水口channelizing island 导行岛channelizing line 导行线channelling 敷设渠道；敷设管道channelling of flow 水流汇聚；引集水流characteristic compressive strength 特性抗压强度characteristic load 特征荷载characteristic strength 特征强度；抗压强度charge 押记；收费；抵押charge against a property 针对某物业的一项权益chargeable agreement of sale 可予征收印花税的买卖协议chargee 承押记人；受押人charger 押记人charging effect 对公帑造成负charging order 押记令；权益扣押令；以物偿债令；财产扣押令charging order absolute 最终押记令chart datum 海图深度基准面Chart R Ｒ列表〔建造小型屋宇所须补付的地价分区列表〕chart recorder 图表记录器Chart W 土地价值列表chartered engineer 特许工程师Chartered Institute of Housing 英国特许屋宇经理学会chartered surveyor 特许测量师charting 制图；绘制海图chase 凹槽；管槽chat 碎石chattel 实件；实产check block 挡块check joint 止回接头check mechanism 制动装置check plate 垫板；挡板check rail 护轮轨check screw 止动螺钉checklist for detailed design 详细设计核对表chemical grouting 化学灌浆chemical refuse 化学垃圾chequered plate 网纹钢板；“格仔花板”Cheung Chau inland lot 长洲内地段"chi tong" 祠堂Chief Executive, Land Development Corporation 土地发展公司总裁Chief Executive Officer, Estate Agents Authority 地产代理监管局行政总裁Chief Explosives Officer 总爆炸品主任children's amusement centre 儿童游戏中心children's centre 儿童康乐中心children's home 儿童院children's play area 儿童游乐处；儿童玩耍场地children's play centre 幼儿院chilled air fan 冷风风扇chilled water pump 冷冻水泵chiller 冷冻机chiller plant 致冷设备；制冷设备chimney 烟囱；烟沟chimney breast 烟囱出口；烟囱管道chimney coping 烟囱盖顶chimney jamb 烟囱侧墙chimney stack 烟囱Chinese Temple Committee 华人庙宇委员会Chinese tenement 唐楼chipboard 木屑胶合板；木屑压合板；“万花板”；“刨花板”chippings 碎屑；破片chisel 凿chit system 运载记录票chloride content 氯化物含量chloride diffusion 氯化物扩散chloride extraction 除氯chloride ion content 氯离子含量chlorinated polyvinyl chloride [PVC-C] 氯化聚氯乙烯chlorinated water 加有氯气的水chlorinator 加氯器chlorine concentration 氯含量chopper 斩波器chromium-plated brass 镀铬黄铜chunam 灰泥土批荡；“朱南”；灰泥chunam cover 灰泥护面；“朱南”护面chunam plaster 灰泥抹面；灰泥批荡chunam surface 灰泥表层chunam surface slope 灰泥面斜坡chute 槽；溜槽；槽管circuit 电路；环道circuit breaker 断路器circular footing 圆基脚circular ventilation shaft 圆形通风井circulating water pump 循环水泵circulation 通道；环流；浚通circulation area 通道地方circulation mode 循环模式circulation staircase 供往来用的楼梯circumferential road 环形道路cistern 水箱；冲厕水箱City Beautification Scheme 美化市容计划city main water meter 总供水管水表civic centre 文娱中心civic design 建筑设计Civil Aviation Ordinance height restriction 《民航条例》高度限制Civil Engineer 土木工程师Civil Engineering Conditions 土木工程规条civil engineering contract 土木工程合约Civil Engineering Department [CED] 土木工程署Civil Engineering Department Standard Drawing 土木工程署标准图Civil Engineering Department Technical Circular 土木工程署技术通告Civil Engineering Graduate 见习工程师Civil Engineering Office [Civil Engineering Department] 土木工程处〔土木工程署〕Civil Engineering Works Index 土木工程目录civil service public housing quota 公务员公共房屋配额civil works 土木工程cladding 骨架外墙；覆盖层；面板claim of ownership 拥有权申索clamp 夹钳class A site 甲类地盘class B site 乙类地盘class C site 丙类地盘classification and index test 分类及指标试验clay 黏土clay field pipe 瓦管clay mineral 黏土矿物clayey silt 黏质粉土；黏质粉沙clayey soil 黏性土壤cleaning eye 通管孔；通渠孔；清理孔clear effective length 净有效长度clear glass 透明玻璃clear height 净高；净高度clear lacquer 清漆clear opening 净开口clear sheet glass 透明平板玻璃clear space 净空间clear span 净跨距clear width 净阔度clearance 清拆；清拆行动；相距空间Clearance Application Form 清拆申请书clearance category 清拆安置类别clearance distance 净距离clearance gauge 测隙规clearance of site 清理地盘；清理工地clearance operation 清拆行动clearance programme 清拆计划clearance space 间隙空间cleared site 清理妥当的地盘clearee 受清拆影响人士clearway 禁止上落客货区cleat 夹具cleavage 劈理Clerk of Works 工程监督clevis Ｕ形夹client brief 设计纲要；设计概要client project brief [Government Property Agency] 委托部门工程计划纲要〔政府产业署〕close fitting cover 紧合封盖close fittings 紧合配件close-boarded platform 密合封板平台closed aqueduct 封闭式输水管道closed area 禁区closed cell elastomeric insulation 密封微孔泡沫橡塑隔热材料closed cell polyethylene foam backer rod 密封微孔聚乙烯泡沫垫棒closed end 不能通行的一端closed position 闭合的位置closed-circuit television [CCTV] 闭路电视closed-circuit television door-telephone 闭路电视门口对讲机closed-circuit television monitor 闭路电视监察器closed-circuit television security and intercom system 防盗闭路电视及对讲机系统closing error 闭合差closure of premises 封闭楼宇coach park 旅游车停车场Coalition Fighting for Rehousing of Urban Squatters in Urban Areas 木屋居民争取市区安置大联盟coarse aggregate 粗砂石coarse ash tuff 粗粒凝灰岩coarse screening 粗筛coastal habitat 海岸栖息地coastal protection area 沿岸保护区coastal waters 海岸水域coat 保护层；涂层coating material 涂盖物质cobble 卵石；鹅卵石cockloft 阁楼；“阁仔”cockloft-type block [temporary housing area] 双层房舍〔临时房屋区〕Code of Practice for Minimum Fire Service Installations and Equipment 《最低限度之消防装置及设备守则》Code of Practice for Safe Use of Lifts and Escalators 《升降机及电楼梯安全使用守则》Code of Practice for the Provision of Means of Escape in Case of Fire 《提供火警逃生途径守则》Code of Practice on Access for the Disabled to Buildings 《伤残人士进出建筑物守则》Code of Practice on Fire Resisting Construction 《抗火结构守则》Code of Practice on Inspection and Maintenance of Water Carrying ServicesAffecting Slopes 《检查及维修对斜坡有影响的地下排水渠及水务设施的须知便览》Code of Practice on Wind Effects Hong Kong 《香港风力影响守则》Codes of Practice on Structural Use of Steel and Structural Use of Concrete 钢材的结构用途及混凝土的结构用途作业守则co-disposal landfill 共同处理堆填区cofferdam 围堰；围堰坝cohesive force 黏合力；凝聚力cohesive soil 黏性土coil 线圈；簧圈；盘管cold applied preformed material 冷铺预制材料cold applied roofing 天台防水薄膜层冷敷工程cold applied waterproofing 冷施工防水工程cold milling 刨去路面旧沥青cold reduced steel wire 冷轧钢丝cold storage 冷藏库co-lessee 共同承租人collapse 崩塌；坍塌。

雅思阅读长难句分析6步搞定2016年雅思阅读长难句分析6步搞定据雅思考试的同学反映：保证准确率的同时，不能按规定时间完成阅读;做题速度上来了，准确率却又有下滑，总是不能完美发挥，归其原因，还是英文阅读能力没有得到根本上的提升。

今天，店铺要教你六步搞定2016年雅思阅读长难句分析。

中英文差异的转换能力和转换速度直接决定着雅思阅读测试的准确率和答题速度，所以扎实掌握分析句子尤其是雅思阅读长难句的能力，对于雅思阅读实力的提升起到至关重要的作用。

以下是按句子难度梯度设计的提高阅读句子能力的专项练习。

Step 1. 找出下列句子的.主语和谓语1) Studying English takes times.2) The first step is always the hardest.3) Chatting on the Internet brings me a lot of fun.4) A friend in need is a friend indeed.5) A poor man is not necessarily unhappy.6) A good knowledge of grammar is important to good writing.7) Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.8) Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success.9) The early bird catches the worm.10) The novel won the author a Nobel Prize.P.S. 准确找到谓语动词之后，请仔细观察主语部分的语法形式和修饰成分位置。

Step 2. 确定句子结构1) Time flies by. (思考by的词性)2) It slipped my mind.(感受动词时态)3) I can’t stand the heat. (理解stand的意思)4) Fools seldom differ. (确定seldom修饰哪个词)5) I sent you an e-mail. (双宾还是宾补)6) It costs me three dollars. (双宾还是宾补)7) Old habits die hard. (hard修饰关系，位置)8) You can leave the door open. (双宾还是宾补)9) He speaks English well. (well修饰关系，位置)10) Teachers will make your English better.(better修饰关系，原形，双宾还是宾补)11) They elected George W. Bush US President. (双宾还是宾补)12) The novel won the author a Nobel Prize. (双宾还是宾补)13) That will save you lot of time. (双宾还是宾补)P.S. 双宾和宾补结构的确定有一定的难度，一定在简单句中做好区分，才能在长句中准确捕捉。

剑桥雅思阅读解析8(test2)店铺为大家整理收集了剑桥雅思阅读8真题解析：test2阅读原文解析，希望对各位考生的备考有所帮助,祝每位烤鸭考试顺利，都能取得好成绩!剑桥雅思阅读8原文(test2)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Sheet glass manufacture:the float processGlass, which has been made since the time of the Mesopotamians and Egyptians, is little more than a mixture of sand, soda ash and lime. When heated to about 1500 degrees Celsius (℃) this becomes a molten mass that hardens when slowly cooled. The first successful method for making clear, flat glass involved spinning. This method was very effective as the glass had not touched any surfaces between being soft and becoming hard, so it stayed perfectly unblemished, with a 'fire finish'. However, the process took a long time and was labour intensive.Nevertheless, demand for flat glass was very high and glassmakers across the world were looking for a method of making it continuously. The first continuous ribbon process involved squeezing molten glass through two hot rollers, similar to an old mangle. This allowed glass of virtually any thickness to be made non-stop, but the rollers would leave both sides of the glass marked, and these would then need to be ground and polished. This part of the process rubbed away around 20 per cent of the glass, and the machines were very expensive.The float process for making flat glass was invented by Alistair Pilkington. This process allows the manufacture of clear, tinted and coated glass for buildings, and clear and tinted glass for vehicles. Pilkington had been experimenting with improving the melting process, and in 1952 he had the idea of using a bed of molten metal to form the flat glass, eliminating altogether the need for rollers within the float bath. The metal had to melt at a temperature less than the hardening point of glass (about 600℃), but could not boil at a temperature below the temperature of the molten glass (about 1500℃). The best meta l for the job was tin.The rest of the concept relied on gravity, which guaranteed that the surface of the molten metal was perfectly flat and horizontal. Consequently, when pouring molten glass onto the molten tin, the underside of the glass would also be perfectly flat. If the glass were kept hot enough, it would flow over the molten tin until the top surface was also flat, horizontal and perfectly parallel to the bottom surface. Once the glass cooled to 604℃ or less it was too hard to mark and could be transported out of the cooling zone by rollers. The glass settled to a thickness of six millimetres because of surface tension interactions between the glass and the tin. By fortunate coincidence, 60 per cent of the flat glass market at that time was for six-millimetre glass.Pilkington built a pilot plant in 1953 and by 1955 he had convinced his company to build a full-scale plant. However, it took 14 months of non-stop production, costing the company ￡100,000 a month, before the plant produced any usable glass. Furthermore, once they succeeded in making marketable flat glass, the machine was turned off for a service to prepare it for years of continuous production. When it started up again it took another four months to get the process right again. They finallysucceeded in 1959 and there are now float plants all over the world, with each able to produce around 1000 tons of glass every day, non-stop for around 15 years.Float plants today make glass of near optical quality. Several processes —melting, refining, homogenising —take place simultaneously in the 2000 tonnes of molten glass in the furnace. They occur in separate zones in a complex glass flow driven by high temperatures. It adds up to a continuous melting process, lasting as long as 50 hours, that delivers glass smoothly and continuously to the float bath, and from there to a coating zone and finally a heat treatment zone, where stresses formed during cooling are relieved.The principle of float glass is unchanged since the 1950s. However, the product has changed dramatically, from a single thickness of 6.8 mm to a range from sub-millimetre to 25 mm, from a ribbon frequently marred by inclusions and bubbles to almost optical perfection. To ensure the highest quality, inspection takes place at every stage. Occasionally, a bubble is not removed during refining, a sand grain refuses to melt, a tremor in the tin puts ripples into the glass ribbon. Automated on-line inspection does two things. Firstly, it reveals process faults upstream that can be corrected. Inspection technology allows more than 100 million measurements a second to be made across the ribbon, locating flaws the unaided eye would be unable to see. Secondly, it enables computers downstream to steer cutters around flaws.Float glass is sold by the square metre, and at the final stage computers translate customer requirements into patterns of cuts designed to minimise waste.Questions 1-8Complete the table and diagram below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet.Early methods of producing flat glassMethod Advantages Disadvantages1............Glass remained2........... ? Slow3.............RibbonCould produce glass sheets of varying 4.............non-stop process ? Glass was 5...........20% of glass rubbed awayMachines were expensive图片11Questions 9-13Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this9 The metal used in the float process had to have specific properties.10 Pilkington invested some of his own money in his float plant.11 Pilkington’s first full-scale plant was an instant commercial success.12 The process invented by Pilkington has now beenimproved.13 Computers are better than humans at detecting faults in glass.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.Question 14-17Reading passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B and D-F from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi Predicting climatic changesii The relevance of the Little Ice Age todayiii How cities contribute to climate change.iv Human impact on the climatev How past climatic conditions can be determinedvi A growing need for weather recordsvii A study covering a thousand yearsviii People have always responded to climate changeix Enough food at lastExample AnswerParagraph A Viii14 Paragraph BExample AnswerParagraph C V15 Paragraph D16 Paragraph E17 Paragraph FTHE LITTLE ICE AGEA This book will provide a detailed examination of the Little Ice Age and other climatic shifts, but, before I embark on that, let me provide a historical context. We tend to think of climate — as opposed to weather — as something unchanging, yet humanity has been at the mercy of climate change for its entire existence, with at least eight glacial episodes in the past 730,000 years. Our ancestors adapted to the universal but irregular global warming since the end of the last great Ice Age, around 10,000 years ago, with dazzling opportunism. They developed strategies for surviving harsh drought cycles, decades of heavy rainfall or unaccustomed cold; adopted agriculture and stock-raising, which revolutionised human life; and founded the world's first pre-industrial civilisations in Egypt, Mesopotamia and the Americas. But the price of sudden climate change, in famine, disease and suffering, was often high.B The Little Ice Age lasted from roughly 1300 until the middle of the nineteenth century. Only two centuries ago, Europe experienced a cycle of bitterly cold winters; mountain glaciers in the Swiss Alps were the lowest in recorded memory, and pack ice surrounded Iceland for much of the year. The climatic events of the Little Ice Age did more than help shape the modern world. They are the deeply important context for the current unprecedented global warming. The Little Ice Age was far from a deep freeze, however; rather an irregular seesaw of rapid climatic shifts, few lasting more than a quarter-century, driven by complex and still little understood interactions between the atmosphere and the ocean. The seesaw brought cycles of intensely cold winters and easterly winds, then switched abruptly to years of heavy spring and early summer rains, mild winters,and frequent Atlantic storms, or to periods of droughts, light northeasterly winds, and summer heat waves.C Reconstructing the climate changes of the past is extremely difficult, because systematic weather observations began only a few centuries ago, in Europe and North America. Records from India and tropical Africa are even more recent. For the time before records began, we have only 'proxy records' reconstructed largely from tree rings and ice cores, supplemented by a few incomplete written accounts. We now have hundreds of tree-ring records from throughout the northern hemisphere, and many from south of the equator, too, amplified with a growing body of temperature data from ice cores drilled in Antarctica, Greenland, the Peruvian Andes, and other locations, we are close to a knowledge of annual summer and winter temperature variations over much of the northern hemisphere going back 600 years.D This book is a narrative history of climatic shifts during the past ten centuries, and some of the ways in which people in Europe adapted to them. Part One describes the Medieval Warm Period, roughly 900 to 1200. During these three centuries, Norse voyagers from Northern Europe explored northern seas, settled Greenland, and visited North America. It was not a time of uniform warmth, for then, as always since the Great Ice Age, there were constant shifts in rainfall and temperature. Mean European temperatures were about the same as today, perhaps slightly cooler.E It is known that the Little Ice Age cooling began in Greenland and the Arctic in about 1200. As the Arctic ice pack spread southward, Norse voyages to the west were rerouted into the open Atlantic, then ended altogether. Storminess increased in the North Atlantic and North Sea. Colder, much wetter weatherdescended on Europe between 1315 and 1319, when thousands perished in a continent-wide famine. By 1400, the weather had become decidedly more unpredictable and stormier, with sudden shifts and lower temperatures that culminated in the cold decades of the late sixteenth century. Fish were a vital commodity in growing towns and cities, where food supplies were a constant concern. Dried cod and herring were already the staples of the European fish trade, but changes in water temperatures forced fishing fleets to work further offshore. The Basques, Dutch, and English developed the first offshore fishing boats adapted to a colder and stormier Atlantic. A gradual agricultural revolution in northern Europe stemmed from concerns over food supplies at a time of rising populations. The revolution involved intensive commercial farming and the growing of animal fodder on land not previously used for crops. The increased productivity from farmland made some countries self-sufficient in grain and livestock and offered effective protection against famine.F Global temperatures began to rise slowly after 1850, with the beginning of the Modern Warm Period. There was a vast migration from Europe by land-hungry farmers and others, to which the famine caused by the Irish potato blight contributed, to North America, Australia, New Zealand, and southern Africa. Millions of hectares of forest and woodland fell before the newcomers' axes between 1850 and 1890, as intensive European farming methods expanded across the world. The unprecedented land clearance released vast quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, triggering for the first time humanly caused global warming. Temperatures climbed more rapidly in the twentieth century as the use of fossil fuels proliferated and greenhouse gas levels continued to soar. The rise has been even steeper since theearly 1980s. The Little Ice Age has given way to a new climatic regime, marked by prolonged and steady warming. At the same time, extreme weather events like Category 5 hurricanes are becoming more frequent.Questions 18-22Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below.Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 18-22 on your answer sheet.Weather during the Little Ice AgeDocumentation of past weather conditions is limited: our main sources of knowledge of conditions in the distant past are 18...........and 19.................. We can deduce that the Little Ice Age was a time of 20.............. , rather than of consistent freezing. Within it there were some periods of very cold winters, other of 21...............and heavy rain, and yet others that saw 22................with no rain at all.A climatic shiftsB ice coresC tree ringsD glaciersE interactionsF weather observationsG heat waves H storms I written accountsQuestions 23-26Classify the following events as occurring during theA Medieval Warm PeriodB Little Ice AgeC Modern Warm PeriodWrite the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.23 Many Europeans started farming abroad.24 The cutting down of trees began to affect the climate.25 Europeans discovered other lands.26 Changes took place in fishing patterns.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following pages.Questions 27-32Reading Passage 3 has six paragraphs, A-F.Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi The difficulties of talking about smellsii The role of smell in personal relationshipsiii Future studies into smelliv The relationship between the brain and the nosev The interpretation of smells as a factor in defining groups vi Why our sense of smell is not appreciatedvii Smell is our superior senseviii The relationship between smell and feelings27 paragraph A28 paragraph B29 paragraph C30 paragraph D31 paragraph E32 paragraph FThe meaning and power of smellThe sense of smell, or olfaction, is powerful. Odours affect us on a physical, psychological and social level. For the most part, however, we breathe in the aromas which surround us without being consciously aware of their importance to us. It is only when the faculty of smell is impaired for some reason that we begin torealise the essential role the sense of smell plays in our sense of well-beingA A survey conducted by Anthony Synott at Montreal's Concordia University asked participants to comment on how important smell was to them in their lives. It became apparent that smell can evoke strong emotional responses. A scent associated with a good experience can bring a rush of joy, while a foul odour or one associated with a bad memory may make us grimace with disgust. Respondents to the survey noted that many of their olfactory likes and dislikes were based on emotional associations. Such associations can be powerful enough so that odours that we would generally label unpleasant become agreeable, and those that we would generally consider fragrant become disagreeable for particular individuals. The perception of smell, therefore, consists not only of the sensation of the odours themselves, but of the experiences and emotions associated with them.B Odours are also essential cues in social bonding. One respondent to the survey believed that there is no true emotional bonding without touching and smelling a loved one. In fact, infants recognise the odours of their mothers soon after birth and adults can often identify their children or spouses by scent. In one well-known test, women and men were able to distinguish by smell alone clothing worn by their marriage partners from similar clothing worn by other people. Most of the subjects would probably never have given much thought to odour as a cue for identifying family members before being involved in the test, but as the experiment revealed, even when not consciously considered, smells register.C In spite of its importance to our emotional and sensorylives, smell is probably the most undervalued sense in many cultures. The reason often given for the low regard in which smell is held is that, in comparison with its importance among animals, the human sense of smell is feeble and undeveloped. While it is true that the olfactory powers of humans are nothing like as fine as those possessed by certain animals, they are still remarkably acute. Our noses are able to recognise thousands of smells, and to perceive odours which are present only in extremely small quantities.D Smell, however, is a highly elusive phenomenon. Odours, unlike colours, for instance, cannot be named in many languages because the specific vocabulary simply doesn't exist. ‘It smells like…,’ we have to say when describing an odour, struggling to express our olfactory experience. Nor can odours be recorded: there is no effective way to either capture or store them over time. In the realm of olfaction, we must make do with descriptions and recollections. This has implications for olfactory research.E Most of the research on smell undertaken to date has been of a physical scientific nature. Significant advances have been made in the understanding of the biological and chemical nature of olfaction, but many fundamental questions have yet to be answered. Researchers have still to decide whether smell is one sense or two — one responding to odours proper and the other registering odourless chemicals in the air. Other unanswered questions are whether the nose is the only part of the body affected by odours, and how smells can be measured objectively given the non-physical components. Questions like these mean that interest in the psychology of smell is inevitably set to play an increasingly important role for researchers.F However, smell is not simply a biological and psychologicalphenomenon. Smell is cultural, hence it is a social and historical phenomenon. Odours are invested with cultural values: smells that are considered to be offensive in some cultures may be perfectly acceptable in others. Therefore, our sense of smell is a means of, and model for, interacting with the world. Different smells can provide us with intimate and emotionally charged experiences and the value that we attach to these experiences is interiorised by the members of society in a deeply personal way. Importantly, our commonly held feelings about smells can help distinguish us from other cultures. The study of the cultural history of smell is, therefore, in a very real sense, an investigation into the essence of human culture.Questions 33-36Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 33-36 on your answer sheet.33 According to the introduction, we become aware of the importance of smell whenA we discover a new smell.B we experience a powerful smell.C our ability to smell is damaged.D we are surrounded by odours.34 The experiment described in paragraph BA shows how we make use of smell without realising it.B demonstrates that family members have a similar smell.C proves that a sense of smell is learnt.D compares the sense of smell in males and females.35 What is the write doing in paragraph C?A supporting other researchB making a proposalC rejecting a common beliefD describing limitations36 What does the write suggest about the study of smell in the atmosphere in paragraph E?A The measurement of smell is becoming more accurate.B Researchers believe smell is a purely physical reaction.C Most smells are inoffensive.D Smell is yet to be defined.Questions 37-40Complete the sentences below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.37 Tests have shown that odours can help people recognise the.......... belonging to their husbands and wives.38 Certain linguistic groups may have difficulty describing smell because they lack the appropriate ................ .39 The sense of smell may involve response to................ which do not smell, in addition to obvious odours.40 Odours regarded as unpleasant in certain.................are not regarded as unpleasant in others.剑桥雅思阅读8原文参考译文(test2)PASSAGE 1 参考译文：玻璃板制造：浮法工艺早在美索不达米亚时期和古埃及时期人们就开始制造玻璃，当时制作出的玻璃只不过是沙子、碳酸钠和石灰的混合物而已。

A R A X - 88MEDIUM FORMAT CAMERAINSTRUCTIONS FOR USE1. GENERAL NOTESThe ARAX is a medium-format single lens reflex (SLR) camera with either an all-metal (gold or black) or light-tight rubberized fabric curtain shutter and interchangeable film magazines (sizes: 6x6 or 6x4.5 cm). The camera is designed to meet the needs of any photographer, from the advanced amateur to the working professional.The ARAX cameras are hand selected KIEV-88s that undergo an extensive mechanical upgrade process. These camera bodies and magazines are re-assembled, adjusted, tested, and matched to provide superior accuracy and to assure a light tight fit between the magazine backs and camera bodies. Any deficiencies in the basic Kiev design are addressed via reinforcement and/or replacement.The camera is designed to use 61.5-mm wide non-perforated roll film (type 120/220). The camera’s curtain shutter offers exposure times over a range from 1/1000 to 1/2 sec. and manual exposure "B". The shutter cocking mechanism and the film transport mechanism are interlocked, thus preventing unintentional double exposures.The camera comes complete with the MC ARSAT 2.8/80 “standard” lens. The lens is provided with a special multi-layer antireflection coating (MC = Multi - Coating), which upgrades the image quality and enhances its contrast due to better-integrated transparency and reduced light dispersion. The focal length of the lens is 80 mm, the relative aperture is 1:2.8, the diaphragm setting limits are f2.8 - f22, and the near focusing limit is 0.6 m.Critical focusing is accomplished with the aid of a micro-raster or a range finder wedge arranged in the center of the field of view and with the aid of a ground-glass surface.The camera is designed to use most interchangeable lenses fitted with a "Pentacon Six" type bayonet mount. The hood-type viewfinder enables the image to be viewed on the ground-glass surface either with or without a magnifying lens. The field of vision of the hood-type viewfinder measures 53x53 mm. Magnification of the TTL (Through the Lens) prism finder eyepiece is 3x, the field of vision measures 53x53 mm.The camera operates with interchangeable film magazines, which provide either 12 exposures of 6x6 cm size or 16 exposures of 6x4.5 cm size on type 120 film, or 24 exposures of 6x6 cm size on type 220 film. The interchangeable film backs offer the ability to change film types at any time, even in mid-roll.The camera is provided with flash synchronization compatible with both cabled and hot-shoe flash units.The camera operates in the temperature range from minus 15 to plus 45o C.IMPORTANT!Before starting to use your new ARAX camera, be sure that you have read and understand this manual, preferably with the camera in front of you. You will then be ready to load your film and begin making great photographs. Congratulations on your purchase, and welcome to the ARAX family!2. MAIN UNITS AND PARTS1 - lens2 - lens focusing ring3 - distance scale4 - depth-of-field scale5 - diaphragm ring6 - diaphragm scale7 - MLU release button8 - bayonet clamping button9 - hot shoe cover10 - film magazine11 - dark slide12 - strap fitting eye13 - tripod socket and guide of attaching handle14 - flash sync plug socket 15 - flash hot shoe mount16 - film magazine lock button17 - exposure scale index18 - finder hood19 - rapid wind crank handle20 - depth-of-field visual check lever21 - exposure scale22 - shutter release button23 - shutter cocking and exposure time setting knob24 - shutter cocking indicator window25 - film exposure indicator window26 - exposure counter window27 - multiple exposure release3. OPERATING PROCEDURE3.1. Preparing the Camera for LoadingTake the camera out of the case. Insert dark slide 11 as far as it will go. Having displaced button 16 in the direction of the arrow, remove it from the camera.NOTE: The film magazine lock will open only with the dark slide pushed home. Never try to dismount the film magazine without the dark slide inserted.3.2. Film Magazine LoadingThe magazine is loaded with the film in daylight (preferably in shade). See below.Once the film back has separated from the camera body, youneed to open it to insert your film. Remove film magazine cover28 by first turning little black catch 30 and then shifting metallicbutton 29 in the direction of the arrows.Take out transport mechanism 34. Tear off the paper labelfrom the film leader end. Rotate plate 32 through 90°, place thespool with the film into the seat and reset plate 32 to the initialposition. In this case the protruding center of the plate shouldenter the spool hole.Set plate 33 to the initial position so that the protruding centerof the plate will enter the spool hole. Pass the film leader on theguide roller, as shown in the Figure (at the left), fit the leader endin the take-up spool and wind the leader by rotating the take-upspool.Be sure that the leader will be wound without skewing orcrumpling of its edges. Lift one half of knob 31 by turning through90° and by rotating it in the direction of the arrow set on theleader opposite to the red index on the transport mechanism.Insert dark slide 11 into the seat as far as it will go. Close filmmagazine cover 28. Turn handle 31 in the direction of the arrowuntil it stops. The number "1" will show in the exposure counterwindow 26 which corresponds to the first picture on the roll andthe white colour indicator will appear in window 25.3.3. Preparing the Camera for ShootingCock the shutter by turning knob 23 until it stops. Fit loaded magazine 10 on the camera catches and press the top of the magazine towards the camera until the latch clicks. When installing the film magazine with a partially exposed film, be sure that the colour of signals in windows 24 and 25 match, otherwise a double exposure or a blank frame will occur. The state of film transport vs. shutter cocking is displayed by the colour of signals in these windows (ref. to the Table).Signal colour Window in the film magazine Window in the cameraWhite Film in the picture window has NOT been exposed Shutter cockedRed Film in the picture window has been exposed Shutter released NOTE: It may turn out that some magazines cannot be inserted in the camera’s seat (i.e. their sizes do not match accurately to the size of the camera). This happens with magazines which were manufactured without proper quality control.Please remember that the correct, high quality operation of the camera is guaranteed ONLY if you use the magazines of the original manufacturer (in this case ARAX). DO NOT ATTEMPT TO USE ARAX magazines on Hasselblad cameras and DO NOT USE Hasselblad magazines on ARAX cameras!3.4. ShootingThe operation of the camera breaks down into the following steps:1. Shutter cocking and film transport2. Shutter speed setting3. Aperture setting4. Composition5. Focusing6. Mirror lock up release (optional)7. Shutter releaseCock the shutter and advance the film by turning knob 23 all the way. It is absolutely necessary to avoid incomplete cocking. At the beginning of the shutter cocking a slight increase of the force applied to the knob may be required. Always wind the shutter cocking / film advance knob or crank fully, by turning it clockwise until it locks. You must hear a noticeable click when the lock engages.When the shutter is being cocked:- the film is automatically advanced;- the next frame number is set in window 26;- the white signals are set in windows 24 and 25;- the mirror is lowered to the viewing position;- the lens diaphragm aperture is fully opened.Set the shutter speed with knob 23 when the shutter is cocked. Pull the knob and turn it in any direction until the exposure time value on scale 21 coincides with index 17 arranged on the camera body. Lower the knob in this position so that it locks.NOTE: Never change the shutter speed without having the shutter cocked first! Never change the shutter speed after MLU realizing!Set the lens diaphragm by turning ring 6 with scale until the chosen diaphragm aperture value coincides with the index. The scale is fixed on all marked divisions of apertures.Open the finder hood 18 for viewing by sliding button 37 in the direction of the arrow. With another slide of the button, the viewfinder magnifying lens 35 flips up to the operating position.If the film magazine for the 6x4.5 cm frame size is attached to the camera, the composition should be framed by the thickened lines in the finder’s field of view.Focus the camera with the aid of the ground-glass surface with a micro-raster and a rangefinder wedge or with the aid of the distance scale by turning focusing ring 2 with the scale. The focusing is to be carried out only with the shutter cocked when the mirror is in the working position and the diaphragm is fully opened. The depth of field is determined with the aid of the distance scale 3 by means of additional scale 4.The depth of field can be previewed on the ground-glass surface in the field of view of the viewfinder by pressing lever 20 fully downward. In this case the lens is stopped down to the earlier preset value. When released, the lever automatically returns to the initial position and the diaphragm is fully opened.When both the composition and focusing are complete, remove the dark slide 11 and release the camera shutter by pressing smoothly on release button 22 as far as it will go.In the cameras equipped with the lifting MLU (mirror lock up) system, before pressing on the release button 22 there is the ability to raise the mirror before releasing the shutter. In order to lift the mirror it is necessary to press the button 7. at that time the mirror will be lifted upwards, however the shutter is not being released. In order to then make an exposure with the mirror up, just press the button 22. The camera will snap into action without the minimal vibrations that can affect the most critically sharp images.NOTE: Never change the shutter speed after MLU activation! After MLU activation and exposure, you can cock the shutter again, then you can change the shutter speed BEFORE MLU ACTIVATION.When the camera shutter is being released:- the mirror automatically swings to the upper position;- the diaphragm aperture closes to the preset value;- the film is exposed;- the red signals are set in windows 24 and 25.Since the primary tasks of camera operation are possible only with the shutter cocked, please get used to cocking the shutter immediately after each exposure.At exposure times slower than 1/30 sec. the use of a tripod is recommended.When using the camera with slow shutter speeds of 1/60th sec. or longer, continue to hold in the shutter release button when making an exposure, to prevent the shutter brake from engaging prematurely, resulting in uneven exposures.Tripod socket 13 in the camera is provided with a thread size of 3/8".The camera shutter can be released with a cable release, which is screwed into the threaded hole of the shutter release button.The NT (New Technology) film magazine has the device, which permits multiple exposures. For this purpose set handle 27 to the position and cock the shutter of the camera. The handle will return to the initial position after cocking the shutter.When the shoot is over, fold the finder hood. To do this, press the viewfinder-magnifying lens 35 into cap 18 until it is locked, fold the sidewalls, then the rear wall and while holding the rear wall, close cap 18 until it is fixed by a lock.4. DETERMINING THE EXPOSURE WITH THE AID OF THE TTL/SPOT PRISM VIEWFINDERThe TTL/SPOT viewfinder provides a direct image of the subject for composition. It also provides accurate shutter speed and aperture values with the aid of its built-in exposure meter. The TTL/SPOT viewfinder has two exposure metering modes: averaging and spot modes. The averaging metering mode provides metering in the brightness range from 2 to 16000 cd/m and the spot mode - from 8 to 16000 cd/m .The averaging metering is carried out in the central area of the viewfinder field of view. The central area has an oval shape of 30x50 mm in size. The spot metering sensitive zone is in a restricted area of rectangular shape of 5x10 mm in size.The exposure meter is activated by pressing button 39, (SEE ILLUSTRATION) It operates for about 20 sec. and then automatically turns off. To toggle metering modes it is necessary to press the button once again.Integral metering Spot meteringAs a power supply the exposure meter requires a battery with an initial voltage of 4-4.5 V (diameter of 11.6 mm, length of 16.2 mm). For example, a source comprising three elements of PX675, RM675 or MS76 types. Or 3pcs 1.5V cells, Ø 11.6mm (SR44, 357, V357, D357, SR44W).The power supply source ensures the exposure meter operation in the temperature range from minus 5 to 45°C.When preparing the prism viewfinder for operation set the film sensitivity on its calculator by turning handle 42 until the film speed value in ISO units appears in window 43.Set on the calculator dial the value of the lens speed by turning scale 41 until the appropriate value coincides with the index.The lens speed is a number corresponding to the maximum relative aperture. For example, it is 2.8 for MC ARSAT C lens.The exposure is determined with the camera shutter cocked.Having pressed the exposure meter circuit actuating button, select the required operating mode (TTL or SPOT).The illumination of the middle signal means that spot-metering mode is ON. Illumination of the extreme signs indicates that the averaging metering mode is on.To change the metering mode it is necessary to press the exposure meter actuating button additional times. When the exposure meter is on the "overexposure" indicator or "underexposure" indicator is lit.White observing through the eyepiece, aim the camera at the subject so that its image (or the image area you wish tometer) will be in the limits of viewfinder metering zone.With the viewfinder button on in the upper part of field of view depending on the subject brightness you will see theillumination of the "overexposure" sign or "underexposure" signSlowly turning ring 40 of the calculator, achieve simultaneous illumination of both indicators. With the calculator in thisposition choose the "shutter speed / aperture" combinations required for the correct exposure. For example, exposure1/30s is opposite diaphragm value 2.8, 1/15s is opposite 4, 1/8s is opposite 5.6, 1/2s is opposite 11. Set the desired exposure and diaphragm values on the camera shutter speed dial and the diaphragm aperture on the tens scale.Always use eyepiece 44 for the most accurate metering.NOTE: The eyepiece design makes it possible to employ dioptric lenses. For mounting the dioptric lens it is necessary to unscrew the clamping ring of eyepiece 44, insert the lens of 23 mm in diameter in the mountingseat and secure it with the clamping ring.5. UNLOADING THE CAMERANormal operation continues until the letter "K" (end) appears in the frame counter window indicating that the film hasbeen completely exposed. At this time, fully insert the dark slide 11 and remove the film magazine from the camerahaving moved button 16 in the direction of the arrow. Using handle 31 rewind the remaining paper leader onto take-upspool (at the end of rewinding the force applied to the handle should be reduced).Open the film magazine cover 28. Remove transport mechanism 34. Turn plate 33, remove the spool with exposedfilm and glue the leader with a paper label. Return plate 33 to the initial position, install the transport mechanism 34 intothe magazine body and close the cover 28. Or, repeat the operations to load the next roll of film, as desired.6. REPLACEMENT OF LENSESThe camera is designed to use interchangeable lenses with a Kiev C (P-SIX) mount.ARAX cameras have a specially designed quarter turn bayonet mount called "Insert and Twist". It allows the use ofthe full range of interchangeable lenses (Schneider-Kreuznach, Zeiss [including Sonnar 2.8/180], Meyer, Arsenal and others). These range from the 30 mm ARSAT Fisheye right up to the 1000 mm Pentacon.To remove the lens, press the bayonet release button 8. At that time, the lens-locking device is released. Whileholding in button 8, turn the lens counterclockwise up to the stop and remove the lens.When mounting a lens, place it on the camera in such a manner that the guide pin of the lens will enter the slot on thelens mount. Then turn the lens clockwise until you hear a noticeable click of the latch (lock). During mounting there is noneed to press the latch button 8. It is important to bear in mind that the lens should be inserted strictly at right angles tothe lens mount.NOTE: The lens mount is a very precise mechanism. It may turn out that some lenses cannot be inserted inthe lens mount. This usually happens with lenses, which were manufactured without proper quality control.These interchangeable ARSAT C lenses for the ARAX and KIEV 88 CM camera are available.Description, ARSAT C Focal length, mm Angle of vision, degrees Maximum relative aperture Filter thread, mm3.5/30 30 180 1:3.5 m38x0.5 3.5/45 45 83 1:3.5 m82x0.75 PCS 3.5/45 Shift 45 83*/98** 1:3.5 (manual) m82x0.75PCS 4.5/55 Shift 55 69*/84** 1:4.5 (manual) m72x0.75PCS 3.5/65 Shift 65 66*/78** 1:3.5 (manual) m72x0.753.5/65 65 66 1:3.5 m72x0.75 2.8/80 80 45 1:2.8 m62x0.75 2.8/120 120 36 1:2.8 m62x0.752.8/150 150 29 1:2.8 m82x0.753.5/250 250 19 1:3.5 m82x0.75 5.6/250 250 18 1:5.6 m62x0.75 5.6/500 500 9 1:5.6 m95x1* - without shift** - with shiftYou can purchase any of this lenses on our website 7. REPLACEMENT OF VIEWFINDERThe ARAX can use interchangeable viewfinders. You can use the following:finderwaist-level• Folding•Non metering prism finder•TTL averaging metered prism finder•Spot/averaging, TTL prism finderIn order to remove the viewfinder from the camera, it is necessary first of all to remove the film magazine 10. Thenpull the viewfinder backwards, while holding the camera body and remove the viewfinder. There are no locks holding the viewfinder, just remove it by sliding it backwards. Then any other viewfinder (for example a TTL prism finder) can be installed in its place.NOTE: It may happen that the viewfinders on brand new cameras are a bit difficult to remove and to insert (arather tight fit). This is not a defect and it does not affect the operation of the camera.8. FLASH PHOTOGRAPHYThe ARAX can use most flash systems for which attachment to the camera incorporates a hot shoe in yoke 15 and plug socket 14. This allows you to use flash units with the hot shoe (cable-less connection) and flash units with plug sockets (PC cable connection).When operating the flash unit the minimum exposure sync speed is 1/30 sec.Before installing the flash lamp into yoke 15 you have to remove hot shoe cover 9 from the yoke.9. USE OF LIGHT FILTERSYou can use light filters used as attachments, which can be screwed into the front part of the lens (thread M62x0.75). The achromatic light filter UV-1x is used for weakening the effect of ultraviolet rays, for example, when taking pictures under high-mountain conditions, it is also helpful in colour photography.The light yellow-green filter YG-1.4x improves tone reproduction of multi-colour objects on high-sensitive photographic materials with a slight loss of their sensitivity. Virtually correct tone reproduction of multicolor objects is achieved by the use of the filter on medium sensitivity films.The light filter O-2.8X, orange, fully absorbs Ultraviolet Rays. It is used to obtain a particular contrast in shooting the compositions with clouds, water surfaces, landscapes with a noticeable shading of verdure, etc.10. REPLACEMENT OF POWER SOURCEThe battery condition is checked by LED signals, which light up in the field of view of finder eyepiece. If the signals are absent with button 39 pressed it means that the batteries need to be replaced.To replace or install the batteries, unscrew the battery cap on the metering prism, and observing the polarity ("+" of the power supply source should be arranged from the end of the compartment, "-" symbol is engraved on the cap) install the fresh batteries into the chamber. Never try to mix old and new batteries.Battery for TTL prism viewfindersDimension Battery models Diameter Height Volt Nominal Capacity GP IEC JIS EVEREADY VARTA DURACELL SONY 11.6mm 5.4mm 1.55V165mAh 357SR44SR44357 V357 D357 SR44W11. CARE AND STORAGEProtect the camera from dust, moisture, snow, harmful vapors, jerks, jolting, impacts and sharp temperature variations.Handle the camera with care, excessive force should never be required during operation.Do not remove the lens unnecessarily since this may result in dirt and dust getting into the camera.Clean the camera regularly. Remove the dust from its external and internal surfaces with a soft brush or blow off the dust with the aid of a rubber bulb. Thoroughly protect the optical components from getting dusty or dirty, try to avoid touching them with your fingers.Having brought the camera from the frosty weather into warm premises, do not open it immediately, let it become gradually warmed for 2-3 hours.Don’t leave your camera with cocked shutter for long time.If any defects or faults have been discovered, do not attempt to carry out the repairs on your own. Qualified specialists should carry out any repairs and adjustments. Please write us at repair@NOTE [only crucial while the camera has the mirror up (uncocked shutter or with MLU-function)]:The camera curtains are made from light-tight rubberized fabric and to preserve it against deterioration the following measures should be taken in shooting in the sun:• Remove the lens cap and open the viewfinder hood immediately before shooting;• Do not direct the camera lens towards the sun;• Do not leave the camera in the sun during long-term outage between shootings.Version 7 (9-28-2005)ARAX Inc.Kiev, Ukraine, 01042info@。

去乡村农场玩耍不同时间段英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1A Countryside Adventure Through the SeasonsAs a city kid, I had always dreamed of experiencing life on a real working farm. The chance came when my aunt and uncle invited me to stay at their homestead in the countryside for an entire year. I jumped at the opportunity, eager to escape the concrete jungle and surround myself with nature's bounty. Little did I know, I was in for an adventure that would change my perspective on life forever, as I witnessed the farm's transformation through the vivid seasons.Summer SplendorI arrived at the farm in late June, just as summer was blossoming into its full glory. The air was thick with the sweet fragrance of freshly cut hay and the melodious chirping of birds. My aunt showed me around the sprawling fields, where rows upon rows of corn swayed lazily in the warm breeze. "We'll be harvesting those beauties come fall," she told me with a prideful gleam in her eye.My favorite part was undoubtedly the animal pens. I spent countless hours watching the newborn calves frolic and play, their innocent joy infectious. Gathering eggs from the chicken coop quickly became a daily ritual, and I marveled at how something so simple could bring such satisfaction. Summer on the farm was a time of hard work but also leisure, with afternoons spent swimming in the nearby creek or basking in the golden sunlight.Autumn AbundanceAs the scorching days of summer faded, a crisp chill crept into the air, heralding the arrival of autumn. This season, I learned, was the farm's busiest time – a race against the clock to bring in the bountiful harvests before winter's icy grip took hold.I'll never forget the exhilaration of riding atop the hulking combine, the machine's rhythmic rumbling accompanied by a rain of golden kernels as it devoured row after row of corn. My uncle let me take the controls for a brief stint, and I felt a surge of pride as I guided the powerful machine across the undulating fields.The apple orchard was another autumn highlight, with its gnarled trees laden with ruby-red fruits ripe for the picking. Wespent long days plucking the apples one by one, our baskets growing heavier with each pass until our arms ached deliciously.Winters SerenityAs the last of the autumn leaves drifted to the frosty ground, winter cast its tranquil spell over the farm. The once-lush fields lay dormant, blanketed in a pristine layer of snow that sparkled like diamonds in the pale sunlight.Days were slower-paced in these frosty months, but there was always work to be done. My aunt taught me the cozy art of quilting, our needles dancing through kaleidoscopic patterns of fabric as we sat beside the crackling fireplace. I also helped my uncle tend to the livestock, ensuring the cows, pigs, and chickens were well-fed and sheltered from the biting winds.Some of my fondest memories, however, are of the quieter moments – wandering through the hushed woods, the only sounds the muffled crunch of snow beneath my boots and the gentle sway of bare branches overhead. In those moments of stillness, I found a peace I'd never known in the bustling city.Spring ReawakeningJust when I thought winter's icy grip would never loosen, the first tentative signs of spring began to appear. Pale green shootspoked stubbornly through the thawing earth, and the formerly barren trees sprouted delicate buds that unfurled into a canopy of tender leaves.This season of rebirth and renewal was a flurry of activity on the farm. My aunt and I spent long hours in the greenhouse, carefully tending to the seedlings that would eventually be transplanted into the fields. I loved the earthy scent of damp soil and the feeling of new life cradled in my palms.As the world burst into bloom around us, the animal pens welcomed a fresh crop of chicks, calves, and piglets. I'll never forget the pure joy of watching the newborns take their first wobbly steps, exploring their new world with wide-eyed wonder.Lasting LessonsAll too soon, my yearlong sojourn on the farm came to an end. As I bid farewell to the place that had become my second home, I felt a pang of sadness – but also a profound sense of gratitude for the invaluable lessons I had learned.I gained a deep appreciation for the hard work and dedication it takes to cultivate the food that graces our tables. No longer would I take a simple meal for granted, knowing the blood, sweat, and tears that went into its creation.More importantly, I developed a newfound connection with the natural world and its cycles. Witnessing the land's transformation from one season to the next taught me the value of patience, resilience, and faith that rebirth and growth always follow periods of dormancy.As I returned to the city, a piece of my heart remained on that little farm, tucked away amidst the rolling hills and boundless skies. The experiences I had there shaped me into a more grounded, appreciative person – a connection to the earth that can never be broken. I may be a city kid at heart, but a part of me will forever be a farm kid too.篇2A Year of Adventures on the FarmHey there! I wanted to share with you all the amazing experiences I've had over the past year visiting my aunt and uncle's farm out in the countryside. Each season brought new activities and memories that I'll never forget.Autumn on the FarmLet me start by telling you about my fall visit last September. The leaves were just starting to turn brilliant shades of red, orange, and yellow, making the whole farm look like a painting.My cousin Jesse and I spent hours running through the orchards, kicking up piles of fallen leaves and enjoying the crisp autumn air.But the real fun began when it was time to help out with the apple harvest! Uncle Bob showed us how to gently twist the ripe fruits off the branches without damaging the trees. We filled baskets to overflowing with bushels of fresh apples - red delicious, golden delicious, gala, you name it. Aunt May then taught us how to make fresh apple cider by grinding up the apples and pressing out the juice. Nothing beats a cold glass of that sweet, tangy cider on a sunny fall day.After our hard work, we got to go on a hayrack ride around the property, taking in the fall foliage at its peak. I'll never forget cuddling up under blankets on that bouncy trailer, breathing in the scent of drying grasses and fresh country air. As a city kid, experiences like that are pure magic to me.Winter WonderlandMy winter break from school was spent back at the farm in late December, and wow, was it a winter wonderland! Thick blankets of snow covered every surface as far as the eye could see, making the landscape look like something straight out of a Currier & Ives print.Jesse and I had an epic snowball fight, taking cover behind hay bales and trees to lob ammunition at each other. We constructed a huge snowman together too, using corn cobs for eyes and a carrot for his nose. Aunt May's special hot chocolate with marshmallows was the perfect treat to warm us up after hours of snowy fun.One of my favorite memories was when Uncle Bob took us on a sleigh ride pulled by a gorgeous pair of work horses. We were all bundled up under thick wool blankets, with the only sounds being the crunching of hooves in the fresh powder and the gentle jingling of the harness bells. The nighttime sky was perfectly clear, allowing us to see a million stars twinkling overhead. Pure peace and tranquility.On my last night, we went owl prowling with a special guide. Using calls to attract them, we were able to observe these magnificent raptors up close as they soared silently through the trees. The hoots and screeches echoing through that still, frozen woodland is something I'll never forget.Springtime on the RanchWith warmer weather came my spring break adventures! This time I got to help out with the farm's new baby lambs and calves. Feeding time for those adorable bundles of energy wasalways pure chaos, with the hungry little ones baaing and nudging eagerly for their bottles of milk. A couple even tried climbing into my lap, much to my amusement!Jesse and I也spent plenty of time outdoors, enjoying the budding trees and vibrant wildflowers after months of winter grays and browns. We went on long hikes, played catch in the fields, and spent hours simply lounging by the creek, dipping our toes in the cool water and watching fish swim lazily by. Rejuvenating doesn't begin to describe those tranquil days.One of my favorite activities was helping Aunt May in her huge vegetable garden. We spent an afternoon removing rocks, tilling the soil, and carefully planting all sorts of seeds - tomatoes, cucumbers, corn, beans, squash, and more. Knowing that the fresh produce on our table that summer came from our own hard work made every meal that much more satisfying.Those Long, Lazy Summer DaysWhich brings me to my most recent visit for the start of summer vacation. With school out, I was able to spend over a month relishing the warm days, beautiful nights, and slow, peaceful pace of life on the farm.My cousin and I eagerly pitched in with all the chores and activities. We took turns milking the dairy cows each morning, learning to pump the machinery and gather those fresh pails of milk. We helped Uncle Bob by mucking out stalls, repairing fences, and guiding the workhorses as they pulled equipment through the fields.But it wasn't all work and no play! We watched in awe as the sheep were sheared of their heavy winter coats. We spent long days swimming and fishing at the large pond on the back acres. I'll never forget the thrill of reeling in a huge largemouth bass after a tense battle. We toasted marshmallows over the fire pit at night, breathing in that beloved campfire scent as we gazed up at the starry expanse of the Milky Way.On the 4th of July, we had an incredible fireworks celebration right on the farm. With no city lights to ruin the view, every brilliant burst seemed to fill the whole sky with color and light. Unforgettable!My Personal OasisI know this all probably sounds like the simple pleasures of life on a farm. But for a city kid like me, it's so much more than that. The farm is my escape, my chance to unplug from the hustle and bustle and just...breathe. To spend time with my amazingfamily, reconnect with nature, and discover a deeper sense of peace than I ever knew was possible.I'm already counting down the days until my next visit. A year's worth of happy memories were made, but I know there are countless more adventures waiting for me on that little farm out in the countryside. My own personal oasis of joy and tranquility. I can't wait!篇3A Day on the Farm: Seasons of WonderAs a city kid, the idea of spending time on a farm seemed like something out of a storybook. The bustling streets and towering skyscrapers were my reality, and the concept ofwide-open spaces and animals roaming freely was almost unfathomable. However, when my parents decided to take me on a series of farm visits throughout the year, I was about to embark on an adventure that would forever change my perspective.Springtime on the FarmThe first visit was scheduled for early spring, when nature was just beginning to awaken from its winter slumber. As we drove through the winding country roads, I couldn't help butmarvel at the vibrant shades of green that painted the landscape. The air was crisp and carried the scent of new beginnings.Upon arriving at the farm, we were greeted by a chorus of bleats and moos from the resident animals. The friendly farmer, whose weathered hands spoke volumes about his dedication to the land, welcomed us with a warm smile. He led us to the barn, where we witnessed the miracle of life firsthand – a newborn calf taking its first wobbly steps, nuzzling its mother's side.Outside, the fields were a tapestry of freshly sprouted crops, their tender shoots reaching towards the sun. The farmer explained the intricate process of planting and nurturing the seeds, emphasizing the importance of patience and care. As we walked through the rows, he pointed out the different varieties of vegetables and grains, each with its unique characteristics and growth patterns.Before leaving, we had the opportunity to collect freshly laid eggs from the chicken coop. The warmth of those fragile shells in my hands was a tangible reminder of the farm's bounty and the cycle of life that sustained it.Summer on the FarmOur next visit took place during the height of summer, when the sun's rays danced across the golden fields of wheat and the air buzzed with the hum of insects. The farmer greeted us with a wide-brimmed hat, shielding himself from the relentless heat.This time, we ventured into the orchards, where the trees were laden with ripe, juicy fruits. The farmer taught us the art of careful harvesting, ensuring that each piece of fruit was plucked at the perfect moment of ripeness. As we filled our baskets with plums, peaches, and apples, the sweet aroma filled the air, making my mouth water in anticipation.In the fields, the crops had grown tall and strong, their stalks swaying gently in the warm breeze. The farmer demonstrated the intricate process of irrigation, ensuring that the plants received the nourishment they needed to thrive. I marveled at the delicate balance between human intervention and nature's resilience.As the day drew to a close, we sat under the shade of a sprawling oak tree, savoring the farm's freshly squeezed lemonade. The farmer regaled us with stories of his childhood on the land, his eyes sparkling with nostalgia and pride.Autumn on the FarmThe third visit coincided with the arrival of autumn, when the leaves began to turn into a kaleidoscope of fiery hues. The crisp air carried the scent of woodsmoke and the promise of change.This time, we ventured into the pumpkin patch, where a sea of orange orbs dotted the rolling hills. The farmer taught us how to carefully select the perfect pumpkin, examining its stem and weight to ensure optimal ripeness. As we carried our chosen treasures back to the barn, I couldn't help but imagine thejack-o'-lanterns they would soon become, their flickering grins illuminating the night.In the fields, the crops were ready for harvest, and we witnessed the farmer's team of workers diligently reaping the rewards of their labor. The rhythmic swish of scythes and the rumble of tractors filled the air as the golden stalks were gathered and bundled.Before leaving, we stopped at the farm stand, where a cornucopia of seasonal produce beckoned. We filled our baskets with crisp apples, plump squashes, and earthy potatoes, each item a testament to the farm's abundance.Winter on the FarmOur final visit took place during the depths of winter, when a blanket of snow draped over the landscape, lending a peaceful hush to the surroundings. The farmer greeted us with a warm smile and a steaming mug of hot cider, inviting us into the cozy warmth of the farmhouse.As we ventured outside, the crunch of our footsteps in the fresh powder echoed in the stillness. The farmer showed us the intricate process of winterizing the farm, ensuring that the animals were kept warm and the crops were protected from the harsh elements.In the barn, we witnessed the miracle of new life once again, as a ewe gave birth to a tiny, wobbly lamb. The farmer gently swaddled the newborn in a soft blanket, his face aglow with the wonder of birth and renewal.Outside, the trees stood bare and silent, their branches reaching towards the sky like skeletal fingers. The farmer explained the importance of this dormant period, when the land rested and prepared for the cycle of rebirth in the spring.As we said our goodbyes, the farmer presented us with a jar of homemade jam, made from the very fruits we had harvested during our summer visit. The rich, sweet flavor was a reminder ofthe farm's enduring rhythm, a cycle that transcended the changing seasons.Leaving the FarmAs we drove away from the farm, my heart was filled with a newfound appreciation for the land and the hardworking individuals who tended to it. The city seemed smaller, somehow, and the towering buildings no longer held the same allure.Through these visits, I had witnessed the intricate dance between nature and human effort, the delicate balance that sustained life itself. The farm had become a sanctuary, a place where time seemed to slow down and the rhythms of the earth took precedence.I knew that I would carry these memories with me always, a reminder of the beauty and resilience that thrived beyond the concrete jungle. And perhaps, one day, I too would have the opportunity to nurture a patch of land, to become a steward of this precious cycle that had captured my heart.。

打浆beating打浆机beater打浆辊beater roll打浆槽beater tub唇板slice lip单纤维single fiber单面白纸板one-side white board单面胶版纸one-side offset paper低浓浆泵low consistency stock pump多长网造纸机multiple-wire machine植物纤维vegetable fiber人造纤维artificial fiber合成纤维synthetic fiber废气relief gas废液waste liquor(spent liquor)废渣off scum废页waste leaf(waste sheet)废纸waste paper废纸边waste sheet废纸浆waste paper stock封头上胶机head gluer干燥部dry part(dry end)干燥器desiccator工艺规程technical schedule公害public nuisance挂面纸板（多层纸板）lined board光泽烘缸glazing dryer（又称扬克烘缸）光泽度glossing agent硅干扰silicon disturbance硅酸钠sodium silicate过漂overbleach过滤纸板filter board复卷机winder箱板纸liner board中国轻工国际工程设计院China BCEL international engineering Co.,Ltd 箱板纸机liner board machine流送系统approaching flow system高强牛皮箱板high test kraft liner board牛成箱纸板kraft liner board再生箱纸板recycled liner board引纸系统lead-in system引纸辊lead-in roll托纸板paper supporting board卷取站reel station压纸辊和底辊top roll and bottom roll纸卷卸载装置lowering table纸芯夹持装置paper core holder切断刀tail cutter纸芯自动加载装置automatic paper core loading system纸芯存放台paper core storage table输送机构，加载机构conveying device,loading device选择性报价selective quotation纸边处理系统paper edge handling system切边刀edge-trimming cutter损纸碎浆机broke pulper退纸架unwind stand大回旋分切单元log saw复卷单元rewinding unit打孔线perforation unit压边线单元ply-bonding unit纸芯管制造和智能喂入单元core making unit&core aptitude transfer unit齿刀toothed blade平刀anvil blade气动或液压式顶针pneumatically or hydraulically actuated core chucking assembly 断纸检测detecting system for web break纸卷自动对中automatic alignment for centering of parent reel复卷辊rewinding roll压纸辊rider roll自动断纸系统automatic transfer cut-off system卫生卷纸包装设备toilet roll packaging machine包装完成输送带conveyor of packaging completion缓冲输送带buffer conveyor卫卷分配系统roll distributor单卷（多卷）包装机single(multi)roll packaging machine装袋机bagging machine喂入系统feeding system门辊涂布gate roll coating门辊式涂布器gate roll coater密封罩closed hood棉杆cotton stalk棉浆cotton pulp棉纸cotton paper棉短绒little cotton velvet（或linter）棉纤维cotton fiber(或cotton linters)明矾alum明胶gelatin（由动物的皮或骨等熬制而成的一种胶类，从无色到黄色，呈透明或半透明状。