区域物流竞争力外文文献翻译中英文参考

外文文献原稿和译文原稿Logistics from the English word "logistics", the original intent of the military logistics support, in the second side after World War II has been widely used in the economic field. Logistics Management Association of the United States is defined as the logistics, "Logistics is to meet the needs of consumers of raw materials, intermediate products, final products and related information to the consumer from the beginning to the effective flow and storage, implementation and control of the process of . "Logistics consists of four key components: the real flow, real storage, and management to coordinate the flow of information. The primary function of logistics is to create time and space effectiveness of the effectiveness of the main ways to overcome the space through the storage distance.Third-party logistics in the logistics channel services provided by brokers, middlemen in the form of the contract within a certain period of time required to provide logistics services in whole or in part. Is a third-party logistics companies for the external customer management, control and operation of the provision of logistics services company.According to statistics, currently used in Europe the proportion of third-party logistics services for 76 percent, the United States is about 58%, and the demand is still growing; 24 percent in Europe and the United States 33% of non-third-party logistics service users are actively considering the use of third-party logistics services. As a third-party logistics to improve the speed of material flow, warehousing costs and financial savings in the cost effective means of passers-by, has become increasingly attracted great attention.First, the advantages of using a third-party logisticsThe use of third-party logistics enterprises can yield many benefits, mainly reflected in:1, focus on core businessManufacturers can use a third-party logistics companies to achieve optimal distribution of resources, limited human and financial resources to concentrate on their core energy, to focus on the development of basic skills, develop new products in the world competition, and enhance the core competitiveness of enterprises.2, cost-savingProfessional use of third-party logistics providers, the professional advantages of mass production and cost advantages, by providing the link capacity utilization to achieve cost savings, so that enterprises can benefit from the separation of the cost structure. Manufacturing enterprises with the expansion of marketing services to participate in any degree of depth, would give rise to a substantial increase in costs, only the use of professional services provided by public services, in order to minimize additional losses. University of Tennessee in accordance with the United States, United Kingdom and the United States EXEL company EMST & YOUNG consulting firm co-organized a survey: a lot of cargo that enable them to use third-party logistics logistics costs declined by an average of 1.18 percent, the average flow of goods from 7.1 days to 3.9 days, stock 8.2% lower.3, reduction of inventoryThird-party logistics service providers with well-planned logistics and timely delivery means, to minimize inventory, improve cash flow of the enterprise to achieve cost advantages.4, enhance the corporate imageThird-party logistics service providers and customers is a strategic partnership, the use of third-party logistics provider of comprehensive facilities and trained staff on the whole supply chain to achieve completecontrol, reducing the complexity of logistics, through their own networks to help improve customer service, not only to establish their own brand image, but also customers in the competition.Second, The purpose of the implementation of logistics managementThe purpose of the implementation of logistics management is to the lowest possible total cost of conditions to achieve the established level of customer service, or service advantages and seek cost advantages of a dynamic equilibrium, and thus create competitive enterprises in the strategic advantage. According to this goal, logistics management to solve the basic problem, simply put, is to the right products to fit the number and the right price at the right time and suitable sites available to customers.Logistics management systems that use methods to solve the problem. Modern Logistics normally be considered by the transport, storage, packaging, handling, processing in circulation, distribution and information constitute part of all. All have their own part of the original functions, interests and concepts. System approach is the use of modern management methods and modern technology so that all aspects of information sharing in general, all the links as an integrated system for organization and management, so that the system can be as low as possible under the conditions of the total cost, provided there Competitive advantage of customer service. Systems approach that the system is not the effectiveness of their various local links-effective simple sum. System means that, there's a certain aspects of the problem and want to all of the factors affecting the analysis and evaluation. From this idea of the logistics system is not simply the pursuit of their own in various areas of the lowest cost, because the logistics of the link between the benefits of mutual influence, the tendency of mutual constraints, there is the turn of the relationship between vulnerability. For example, too much emphasis on packaging materials savings, it could cause damage because of their easy to transport and handling costs increased. Therefore, the systemsapproach stresses the need to carry out the total cost analysis, and to avoid the second best effect and weigh the cost of the analysis, so as to achieve the lowest cost, while meeting the established level of customer se rvice purposes.Third, China's enterprises in the use of third-party logistics problems inWhile third-party logistics company has many advantages, but not many enterprises will be more outsourcing of the logistics business, the reasons boil down to:1, resistance to changeMany companies do not want the way through the logistics outsourcing efforts to change the current mode. In particular, some state-owned enterprises, we reflow will also mean that the dismissal of outsourcing a large number of employees, which the managers of state-owned enterprises would mean a very great risk.2, lack of awarenessFor third-party logistics enterprise's generally low level of awareness, lack of awareness of enterprise supply chain management in the enterprise of the great role in the competition.3, fear of losing controlAs a result of the implementation of supply chain companies in enhancing the competitiveness of the important role that many companies would rather have a small but complete logistics department and they do not prefer these functions will be handed over to others, the main reasons it is worried that if they lose the internal logistics capabilities, customers will be exchanges and over-reliance on other third-party logistics companies.4, the logistics outsourcing has its own complexitySupply chain logistics business and companies are usually other services, such as finance, marketing or production of integrated logistics outsourcing itself with complexity. On a number of practical business, including theintegration of transport and storage may lead to organizational, administrative and implementation problems. In addition, the company's internal information system integration features, making the logistics business to a third party logistics companies have become very difficult to operate.5, to measure the effect of logistics outsourcing by many factors Accurately measure the cost of information technology, logistics and human resources more difficult. It is difficult to determine the logistics outsourcing companies in the end be able to bring the cost of how many potential good things. In addition, all the uniqueness of the company's business and corporate supply chain operational capability, is usually not considered to be internal to the external public information, it is difficult to accurately compare the inter-company supply chain operational capability.Although some manufacturers have been aware of the use of third-party logistics companies can bring a lot of good things, but in practical applications are often divided into several steps, at the same time choose a number of logistics service providers as partners in order to avoid the business by a logistics service providers brought about by dependence. Fourth, China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encounteredA successful logistics company, the operator must have a larger scale, the establishment of effective regional coverage area, with a strong command and control center with the high standard of integrated technical, financial resources and business strategy.China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encountered can be summarized as follows:1, operating modelAt present, most of the world's largest logistics companies take the head office and branch system, centralized headquarters-style logistics operation to take to the implementation of vertical business management. Theestablishment of a modern logistics enterprise must have a strong, flexible command and control center to control the entire logistics operations and coordination. Real must be a modern logistics center, a profit center, business organizations, the framework, the institutional form of every match with a center. China's logistics enterprises in the operating mode of the problems of foreign logistics enterprises in the management model should be from the domestic logistics enterprises.2, the lack of storage or transport capacityThe primary function of logistics is to create time and space utility theft. For now China's third-party logistics enterprises, some companies focus on storage, lack of transport capacity; other companies is a lot of transport vehicles and warehouses throughout the country little by renting warehouses to complete the community's commitment to customers. 3, network problemsThere are a few large companies have the logistics of the entire vehicle cargo storage network or networks, but the network coverage area is not perfect. Customers in the choice of logistics partner, are very concerned about network coverage and network of regional branches of the density problem. The building of the network should be of great importance to logistics enterprises.4, information technologyThe world's largest logistics enterprises have "three-class network", that is, orders for information flow, resources, global supply chain network, the global Resource Network users and computer information network. With the management of advanced computer technology, these customers are also the logistics of the production of high value-added products business, the domestic logistics enterprises must increase investment in information systems can change their market position.Concentration and integration is the third-party logistics trends in the development of enterprises. The reasons are: firstly, the company intends tomajor aspects of supply chain outsourcing to the lowest possible number of several logistics companies; the second, the establishment of an efficient global third party logistics inputs required for increasing the capital; the third Many third-party logistics providers through mergers and joint approaches to expand its service capabilities.译文物流已广泛应用于经济领域中的英文单词“物流”，军事后勤保障的原意，在二战结束后的第二面。

区域物流竞争力外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Mahpula A. The Research of Regional Logistics Competitiveness [J]. Journal of Transport Geography, 2015, 15(2): 30-34.英文原文The Research of Regional Logistics CompetitivenessMahpula AAbstractAt present, the development of logistics is the logistics demand rapid increase, the expanding market capacity, accelerates the construction of logistics infrastructure, third-party logistics fast growth the tendency, the whole logistics industry is developing in the direction of the information, globalization and specialization. At the same time, with the rapid increase of logistics demand, the development of the regional logistics more rapidly. Regional logistics is an important part of regional economy, the existence and development of regional logistics is the premise of existence and development of regional economy, no regional economy there would be no regional logistics. Regional logistics and regional economic development level, is closely related to the scale and the level of the different regional economic shape, size and industry, determines the level of regional logistics, the scale and structure form. Regionaleconomic integration can make the area and regional logistics incline to reasonable, adapt to reasonable layout of industrial structure, to reduce logistics cost, promote the development of regional logistics. On the other hand, the regional economic development is inseparable from the development of regional logistics and regional logistics to provide support and guarantee for the development of regional economy, the development of the regional logistics will drive and promote the further development of regional economy. Therefore, the development of the regional logistics has become to improve the regional investment environment and industry development environment, expanding the scope of the regional influence, the key to enhancing regional competitiveness. Keywords: Regional logistics; Regional logistics competitiveness; Evaluation index1 IntroductionThe rapid development of world economy and the progress of modern science and technology, the logistics industry as an emerging service industry, is developing rapidly in the global scope. Internationally, logistics industry is considered to be the economic development of the artery and basic industry, its development degree become to measure a country's modernization degree and comprehensive national strength, one of the important marks is known as the "third profit source" of the enterprise, its role is more and more big, became the current after the ITindustry, financial industry's hottest emerging industry a new growth point of national economy, and caused widespread social attention. Regional logistics is an important component of regional economy, is the important force in the formation and development of regional economy, it is to improve the efficiency and economic benefit in the field of regional circulation, improve the competitive ability of regional market, etc., plays a positive role in active. Behind the rapid development of modern logistics, however, there are still many problems; including logistics competitiveness level is lower than the level of logistics development is particularly prominent. Choosing logistics competitiveness development level evaluation index, since there is no uniform standard, can only use freight or freight turnover scale to measure logistics. Implementation of goods transport is the process of logistics spatial displacement at the center of the link, with the two indicators to measure logistics scale has certain scientific, but it can't reflect the outline of the regional logistics. Estimates of logistics demand, typically based on GDP and total retail sales of social consumer goods such as index of national economic accounting. This is just a simple measure of the macro level, the proportion of different researchers use different, ranging from teens to twenty percent, there are large difference between the results and gives theoretical analysis greater difficulties. At the same time, the logistics industry's economic statistical data shortage, there is no comprehensivelogistics demand statistics, which made us qualitative understanding of the level of understanding of logistics.2 Literature reviewAbout the Core Competence theory, Core Competence (Core Competence) of the original intention is the Core skills or Core skills, this concept is in 1990 by the American strategic management experts made (C.K.P rahalad) and Britain's strategic management experts hamer (c. amel), refers to the enterprise organization of accumulating knowledge, especially about how to coordinate different production skills and integrate a variety of technical knowledge, and on the basis of advantage over other competitors unique ability, namely Core Competence is built on the basis of enterprise Core resources, is the enterprise intelligence, technology, products, management, culture and other elements in the reflection of comprehensive advantage in the market. At present there are three typical academic argument: the ability theory represented by Rossby and Christie's school; School represented by porter's theory of market structure; Represented by Werner Phil and Penrose's theory of resource school. Core competitiveness is value, the ability to integrated, uniqueness, extensibility and inherent characteristics.Related theory, the study of regional logistics, the logistics research of Europe and the United States, Japan and other developed countries, focus on the enterprise level, is committed to providing enterpriseoptimization strategy. And regional logistics system and competitiveness research, involved. According to literature review, the regional international logistics field of research mainly includes the following aspects: (1) from the perspective of multinational company research the global logistics resources configuration and coordination problems. Specific include logistics infrastructure, market competition mechanism and the problem of logistics supply chain operation. Such research quantification technology such as using the operational research tools, more for the global network of supply chain facility location positioning, and coordinate the factory more support, strategic distribution system design problem. This is an extension of the logistics enterprise level optimization study, the commonly used methods include mathematical analytical method, system simulation method and heuristic methods, etc. If only one method and graphical method solving the problem of the layout of the site; Mixed integer programming solve the problem of site selection of logistics center and logistics planning, etc.(2) from the perspective of urban economy and the environment, the research of urban traffic network Settings. For example Tanjguchietal from the city level, using a dynamic traffic simulation model, quantitative research economic growth, the transport demand, as well as the related road congestion and environmental pollution.(3) from the point of view of the city government, study its role in macro logistics development and utility. For exampleMeirJ. R and Senblatt, studied the global supply chain management in infrastructure financing, transportation and regional trading rules, corporate tax law of the government subsidies, and other effects of the main factors of global production and distribution network, etc.3 Introduction to the theory of regional logistics related3.1 The definition of regional logisticsAcademic definition of regional logistics has not yet unified, a more accepted view is that regional logistics is the geographical environment in a certain area, with large and medium-sized cities as the center, based on the regional scale and scope economy, combined with effective logistics service scope, area inside and outside of all kinds of goods from the supplier to accept to effective entity flow; Is the transport, storage, loading and unloading, handling, distribution, packaging, circulation processing, information processing, such as integrated logistics activities, to service in the composite system of regional economic development. It requires the integration, the integration of logistics management, namely to meet user needs for the purpose, to the goods, services and related information from the supplier to accept to the efficient flow of planning, execution, and control activities, is the organic unity of cash-flow, information flow and cash flow.3.2 Relationship of regional logistics subject, object and carrierRegional logistics has the characteristics of multi-level andmulti-dimensional structure, its basic elements include logistics main body, object and logistics carrier, and the structure of the basic elements and their complete system, each element show different features, thus forming the function of the regional logistics. Regional logistics main body is directly involved in or specialized is engaged in the economic organization of regional logistics activity, including the owner of the goodsFlow, the third party logistics enterprise, storage and transportation enterprise, etc. Logistics is the supply chain logistics channels, the starting point and end point of connection in the whole course of the regional logistics activity plays a dominant and decisive role. Elements of the integrated logistics subject is the essential characteristic of modern logistics. Therefore, the elements of logistics as one of the main body, logistics has a decisive role in the development of logistics industry. Similar accumulation and regional economy industry, regional logistics also emphasizes the logistics main body accumulation, logistics main body in space is beneficial to promote the logistics activities of large-scale, intensive, body development, it is also a regional logistics park, logistics center, the objective basis of the formation of distribution centers, and regional logistics park, logistics center and distribution center determines the spatial structure of the regional logistics system. 3.3 Regional logistics and regional economic relationsRegional logistics is an important part of regional economy, the existence and development of regional logistics is the premise of existence and development of regional economy, no regional economy there would be no regional logistics. Regional logistics and regional economic development level, is closely related to the scale and the level of the different regional economic shape, size and industry, determines the level of regional logistics, the scale and structure form. Logistics is always accompanied by business flow, the more advanced the regional economy, manufacturing and trading more active, the logistics industry as a service industry will have a good customer base and market infrastructure, the greater the chance of large-scale development. On the other hand, the regional economic development is inseparable from the development of regional logistics and regional logistics to provide support and guarantee for the development of regional economy, the development of the regional logistics will drive and promote the further development of regional economy. Thus, regional logistics and regional economy is the unity of interdependence. Regional economy is the premise and foundation of regional logistics development, is the dominant force in the regional logistics development; Regional logistics is an important part of regional economy, is the regional economic support system, and serve the regional economy. Regional logistics development goal and strategy must obey and serve the regionaleconomic development goals and strategies.4 Regional logistics competitiveness4.1 The social and economic development levelComprehensive social and economic development level reflects the regional logistics competitiveness level of social economic basis, is the guarantee of development of regional logistics competitiveness, to provide support for the sustainable development of regional logistics, from the other side also reflects the competitiveness of regional logistics development potential and power.4.2 The logistics demand scaleLogistics demand scale is mainly refers to the logistics services in the field such as production, consumption and circulation quantity and scale, to some extent, restricted by local resource conditions, it reflects a region, the demand for logistics service level and size: the size of the logistics demand, determines the size of the logistics market capacity, is the premise of existence and development of regional logistics industry and the foundation.4.3 Logistics supply conditionThe supply condition of logistics refers to the logistics infrastructure provided for the development of the logistics industry, all kinds of logistics technology and equipment, is engaged in the logistics services enterprises and the corresponding professionals such as the number andsize of traffic capacity and regional situation, the comprehensive reflection of regional logistics supply capacity and service level, reflects the effect on the development of the logistics industry to promote and satisfaction, is the main factor of the formation and development of regional logistics competition.中文译文区域物流竞争力研究Mahpula A摘要目前，物流业的发展是物流需求快速增长，市场容量不断扩大，加速物流基础设施建设，第三方物流快速增长的趋势，整个物流业向信息化方向发展，全球化和专业化。

英文文献资料(一）FedEx Corporation SWOT AnalysisFedEx offers overnight courier services, freight services，logistics solutions, and business support services. It operates the world’s largest express transportation company。

FedEx has a strong brand image。

During 2009，the company was named the Fortune's sixth best admired company all over the world. Strong brand image besides driving domestic revenues，facilitates international expansion。

However，the company is threatened from the growing popularity of（1)Strong brand imageFedEx has a strong brand image。

It is amongst the most recognized names in the globe express delivery services segment。

For instance, during 2009，the company was ranked seventh in FORTUNE magazine’s “World's Most Admired Companies” list, the eighth consecutive year the company has been ranked in the top ten on the list。

物流配送外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Logistics distribution1. INTRODUCTIONLogistics is normally considered as nothing more than getting the right product to the right place at the right time for the least cost. Faced with a rapidly changing environment, revolutionary changes in technology, continued government deregulation, the shortening of product life cycle, proliferation of product lines and shifts in traditionalmanufacturer-retailer relationships, many organisations have had to rethink their traditional assumptions.Over the last ten years one of the most significant changes in management thinking was the emphasis on the search for strategies that will provide superior value in competition. Logistics management has the potential to assist the organisation in the achievement of both a cost/productivity advantage and a value advantage. The importance of logistics and its integration in the supply chain was argued by.China is a huge consumer market that accounted for a third of global economic growth over the past three years. Its development speed and potential cannot be ignored by the rest of the world. As a result of China’s internal and external economic attributes, most of the global consumer brands have established operations there. In particular in the automobile industry, many of the leading global OEMs including Honda, Toyota, General Motors, V olkswagen and Ford have established joint-venture partnerships with local car manufacturers. Auto sales in China rose by 76% in the year to July 2003 and by 2011, China is expected to surpass Japan to become the world’s second largest auto market. In order to compete in the Chinese market share and satisfy increasing demand, these operations are continuously expanding their production volumes with astonishing speed. Such expansion is, however carried out in the context of a legacy environment.China spans a large geographical area with, in many parts, under-developed infrastructure. This presents a challenge to efficient deployment of logistics strategies. Furthermore, the involvement of third party logistics providers, favoured by most global OEMs, is an emergent consideration in China. Finally, the conflicts that inevitably arise in the joint venture partnerships lead to delays in the introduction of western logistics management experiences and methods from the OEMs. All these factors increase the difficulties in managing logistics by China’s local auto makers.2. The overall development of foreign distribution Overview2.1 The United States of modern logistics developmentTwenty-first century from the 60s on wards, the rationalization of distribution of goods in general are valued in the United States to take the following measures: First, the warehouse will replace the old distribution center: The second is the management of the introduction of computer networks, on the loading and unloading, handling, custody, standardized operation, improve operating efficiency; Third, the common chain distribution centers set up to promote the growth of chain-effective. United States chain stores have a variety of distribution centers, mainly in the wholesale-based, retail and warehouse-type three types.2.2 Japan's modern logistics developmentOn logistics and distribution of wood with the following features: well-developed distribution channels, frequent, low-volume stock, logistics and distribution reflects the common and set the trend sticks, logistics and distribution cooperative, the Government planning in the development of modern logistics and distribution play an important role in the process of .2.3 European modern development of logisticsCountries in Europe, especially Germany, logistics refers to the user's orders in accordance with the requirements of positions in the logistics sub-goods distribution, the goods will be sent to the consignee with good activities. Germany's logistics industry formed of basic commodities from origin to distribution center, from the distribution center (and sometimes through more than one distribution center) arrive at the modern mode of end customers. Traveled in Germany, it can be said of the logistics and distribution in Germany has been formed to final demand-oriented to the modernization of transport and high-tech information network as a bridge to a reasonable R69 distribution center hub to run a complete system.2.4 the main reasons of logistics industry developing faster in developed countriesRelying on high-tech to the core economies of scale to allow flexibility based on a variety of forms.3、China's 3PL enterprises are facing a major obstacle to business3.1 The current situation of China's 3PLChina's 3PL enterprises: service radius of a small, low entry barriers. With the gradual warming heat logistics, urban logistics industry is also increasingly unitary covered by the importance and development. However, due to historical reasons in our country, the long-standing emphasis on production of a light flow, heavy flow to light the idea of the logistics, distribution of development in the not yet ripe at this stage, there is the issue more prominent in the following two aspects: the service delivery difficult to play a central role, the process of distribution of the low level of modernization.China's 3PL companies with foreign 3PL companies mainly in the gap between the three aspects: First, procurement capacity, and the other is logistics, and the third is cash flow. Aspects of logistics and distribution, foreign retailers have done very well, has a set of efficient logistics information system, which can effectively improve the inventory turnover rate, so as to enhance the return on assets and profitability. And domestic retailers in this area has just started, or have not yet started.3.2 distribution center lower the overall distribution, commercial chain failed to give full play to the advantagesFrom our point of view the existing commercial retail enterprises, in addition to some large, well-known commercial enterprises, the general commercial "chain" businesses are not set up their own logistics and distribution centers or use third-party logistics center. Although these companies have also established some of his own "chain" stores, but in fact operating goods stores do not do "unified procurement, unified distribution, unified billing," which allows some commercial retail enterprises, "chain" seems to exist in name only. The other has been established in their own logistics and distribution centers or use third-party logistics distribution center of commodities in commercial enterprises, the effectiveness of distribution centers has not been effective, which in turn affected the procurement cost of an integrated chain advantages, including outstanding manifested by the distribution center for goods distribution ratio of unity is very low. Uniform distribution logistics center can not beachieved, indicating the store's commercial enterprises "unified purchase" did not materialize, rather than a unified procurement chain has lost the core strengths.3.3 China's more enterprises are facing a major obstacle of the higher logistics costWal-Mart 8 5% of the commodities distribution through the distribution center, in which 80% is through the "zero inventory" of the more complete form of the distribution database. Wal-Mart as a result of the use of the "Cross distribution" and "auto-replenishment" of supply chain technology, so that goods turnover in the Treasury down to 2 days. And retail enterprises in China are in the 15-30 days, which reflects the retail , distribution enterprises, underdeveloped logistics system, distribution costs are too high. Rapid expansion of retail enterprises in China's size and speed in the short term if they can not form a qualitative edge is a dangerous speculation.Over the years the practice has proved that the multi-purpose logistics distribution center, intensive, low-cost supply hub, as well as the use of information technology to reorganize and upgrade the entire flow of the supply chain management is the core of large-scale retail enterprises strategy is to support the retail giant super-conventional development. The face of large-scale retail and distribution businesses of the main distribution center logistics requirements planning, focusing on how to reflect the integration of information flow in business flow, logistics, capital flow, so that the operation of retail enterprises to expand the logistics for the entire enterprise supply chain collaboration nodes and so that the whole positive and negative to minimize logistics cost of goods (including consumers, stores, logistics, distribution centers, headquarters, suppliers and partners), and a timely response to sales demand and timely replenishment. This is also a large-scale cross-regional, multi-format, chain retail enterprises have the capacity of the core competitive advantage.3.4 Lack of modern logistics management knowledge and expertise of logistics personnel.This is the third-party logistics industry in restricting the development of China's most important one of the bottlenecks. Logistics knowledge, especially in modern integrated third party logistics knowledge is far from being universal, but that its main business areas is to provide transportation and warehousing services, not know that it isnew to these traditional business integration of its business fields Far too simple to become connected with transport and storage of raw materials, semi-finished products supply, production process, material flow, the whole process of product distribution services, as cover flow, solid logistics, capital flow, information flow is equal to the integrated system of systems.4 to enhance core competitiveness, the implementation of integrated management"integrated management" is the original English Integrated SupplyProcess, refers to the production enterprises, office, life of a non-core business areas of the operation and management of integration as a Overall, as a business-oriented to manage outsourcing projects, by the special "integrated management" of the suppliers to provide full-service projects. "Integrated management" is not simply puts together the management of the business, but to improve management efficiency and reduce management costs as the core, combined with advanced information technology and network management features such as one organically integrated. Compared with the general outsourcing services, integrated management has the following characteristics:(1) It is not a business, but a complete outsourcing business from the operation of themanagement integration of outsourcing;(2) Outsourcing is not a core operation, but a comprehensive business management. Responsible for the entire business as a first-class suppliers, and its main task is to use its unique resources to conduct a comprehensive knowledge management, the operation of the specific is it managed by the secondary and tertiary suppliers to implement, so in the management of outsourcing functions based on the specific operation of the outsourcing; (3) In the case of the most important first-level suppliers, other than remuneration in the fixed service, its the only way to increase revenue for users to save costs as much as possible in order to share the proceeds of cost savings, rather than as general outsourcing as suppliers, mainly through an increase in turnover, that is, to increase spending to increase the user's own earnings. "Double bottom" principle of cooperation between the two sides can make astable and lasting.5 The third party logistics enterprise strategic choiceSummarized the latest of several foreign logistics theory and the development of third-party logistics with the current practice of foreign, third-party logistics firm's strategic choice to have the following three:（1）Lean Logistics StrategySince the lag theory and practice of logistics, our most extensive third-party logistics company or business, it can not accurately position their logistics services. If you do not reverse this situation as soon as possible, will be third-party logistics industry in China have restricted role. Lean production theory of logistics for our third-party logistics company provides a new development ideas for these enterprises to survive in the new economy and development opportunities. Lean Logistics concept originated in lean manufacturing. It is produced from the Toyota Motor Corporation 70 years in the last century by the original "Toyota Production System", after research by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor and summary, was published in 1990 published "change the world of machines), a book. Lean thinking is the use of various modern management methods and means, based on the needs of society to fully play the role of people as a fundamental and effective allocation and rational use of corporate resources to maximize economic benefits for enterprises to seek a new Management philosophy. Lean Logistics Lean Thinking is the application in logistics management, logistics development must reflect. The so-called Lean Logistics means: the process by eliminating the production and supply of non-value added waste in order to reduce stocking time, improve customer satisfaction. The aim of Lean Logistics according to customer needs, providing customers with logistics services, while pursuing the provision of logistics services in the process to minimize waste and delay, the process of increasing value added logistics services. Lean logistics system is characterized by its high-quality, low cost, continuous improvement, driven by customer demand oriented logistics system. It requires establishing the customer first thought, on time, accurate andfast delivery of goods and information.In short, Lean Logistics, as a new management ideas, bound to have a third-party logistics enterprises in China have far-reaching impact, it will change the appearance of the extensive third party logistics management concept, the formation of third party logistics Core competitiveness.the establishment of small and medium third party logistics value chain allianceThird-party logistics enterprises of small and medium can not be independent because of their one-stop logistics services to provide full shortcomings, and because the small size of assets, services, not wide area so that small and medium enterprises in China's logistics third party logistics industry at a disadvantage. Therefore, third party logistics for small and medium enterprises, starting from their own resources to construct their own core competence is the key. As small and medium enterprise features of a single third-party logistics and incomplete, so based on their respective core competencies based on the structure of the logistics business enterprise cooperation is an effective capacity to make up for deficiencies, constitutes a feasible way of competitive advantage of logistics. Value chain is the use of systems approach to investigate the interaction between business and the analysis of all activities and their access to the resources of competitive advantage. Value of the business activities fall into two categories: basic activities and support activities. Basic activities are involved in product creation and sale of the material transferred to the buyer and after-sales service activities. Basic activities of supporting activities is to assist the revenue by providing outsourcing, technology, human resources and a variety of functions to support each other. Theory to analyze the value chain study the value of third party logistics chain composition, can be found in auxiliary activities, third party logistics enterprise and general business is no different, the basic activities in the third-party logistics companies has its own characteristics. Third-party logistics enterprises there is generally no commodity production process, only the re-circulation process, does not account for major components of a wide range of third-party logistics companies and thus become the basic operating activities of storage, transport, packaging, distribution, customer service and marketing, etc.link. Various aspects of the basic work activities, due to their own limited resources and capacity, can not have every aspect of an advantage in that value chain in terms of some of the deficiencies, resulting in their overall logistics function not complete, lack of corresponding competitiveness and comparative advantage in some sectors of the value chain due to lack of overall effect should not play. Therefore, third party logistics industry, small and medium sized logistics enterprises within the Union, should be based on the value chain between complementary on the basis of cooperation, make full use of professional logistics companies and logistics functions of specialized logistics organization and coordination of agents Flexible complementary integrated logistics capabilities. Third-party logistics for small and medium enterprises, value chain should start with the advantage of links to explore and develop the core competitiveness of enterprises, through the reconstruction of the value chain to avoid weaknesses.（2）Large third-party logistics enterprise virtualization of strategyRapid development in IT and the Internet era, companies can not fight alone singles, but must be in the competition and collaboration, in cooperation and development. Thus, under modern conditions resulting from modern large-scale virtualized development of third-party logistics has a strong necessity. Large third-party logistics enterprise virtualization is the logistics management resources of others who will have "all", through the network, the other part into its own logistics, with the help of others break the power of physical boundaries, extending to achieve their various Function, and thus expand their ability to enhance their strength. Therefore, the logistics information technology, virtualization is a means for the connection and coordination of temporary and dynamic alliance in the form of virtual logistics. Integrated logistics virtualization technology as a means of electronic communication, customer-focused, based on the opportunity to participate in members of the core competencies as a condition to an agreement for the common pursuit of goals and tasks, the different parts of the country's existing Resources to quickly mix into a no walls, beyond the space constraints, by means of electronic networks, contact the unified command of the virtual business entity, the fastest launch of high-quality, low-cost logistics service.Modern large-scale virtualization, including third-party logistics functions, organization, geographic three virtualization. Virtualization capabilities with third-party logistics enterprise IT technology will be distributed in different locations, different companies take different functions within the logistics resources (information, human, material and other resources) organized to accomplish a specific task, to achieve the optimization of social resources. Virtualization refers to the organizational structure of the logistics organization is always dynamically adjusted, not fixed, but also decentralized, flexible, self-management, flat network structure, its objectives and in accordance with changes in the environment re-combination, in a timely manner Reflect the market dynamics. Virtual is the regional third party logistics network through the Internet link the global logistics resources, removing barriers and national barriers, to production management to achieve "virtual neighbors. "物流配送1 导言物流通常被认为是将恰当的产品以最低的成本，在恰当的时间送达恰当的地点。

物流配送中英文对照英文文献及翻译1. INTRODUCTIONLogistics is normally considered as nothing more than getting the right product to the right place at the right time for the least cost. Faced with a rapidly changing environment, revolutionary changes in technology, continued government deregulation, the shortening of product life cycle, proliferation of product lines and shifts in traditional manufacturer-retailer relationships, many organisations have had to rethink their traditional assumptions.Over the last ten years one of the most significant changes in management thinking was the emphasis on the search for strategies that will provide superior value in competition. Logistics management has the potential to assist the organisation in the achievement of both a cost/productivity advantage and a value advantage. The importance of logistics and its integration in the supply chain was argued by.China is a huge consumer market that accounted for a third of global economic growth over the past three years. Its development speed and potential cannot be ignored by the rest of the world. As a result of China’s internal and external economic attributes, most of the global consumer brands have established operations there. In particular in the automobileindustry, many of the leading global OEMs including Honda, T oyota, General Motors, Volkswagen and Ford have established joint-venture partnerships with local car manufacturers. Auto sales in China rose by 76% in the year to July 2003 and by 2011, China is expected to surpass Japan to become the world’s second largest auto market. In order to compete in the Chinese market share and satisfy increasing demand, these operations are continuously expanding their production volumes with astonishing speed. Such expansion is, however carried out in the context of a legacy environment.China spans a large geographical area with, in many parts, under-developed infrastructure. This presents a challenge to efficient deployment of logistics strategies. Furthermore, the involvement of third party logistics providers, favoured by most global OEMs, is an emergent consideration in China. Finally, the conflicts that inevitably arise in the joint venture partnerships lead to delays in the introduction of western logistics management experiences and methods from the OEMs. All these factors increase the difficulties in managing logistics by China’s local auto makers.2. The overall development of foreign distribution Overview2.1 The United States of modern logistics developmentTwenty-first century from the 60s on wards, the rationalization ofdistribution of goods in general are valued in the United States to take the following measures: First, the warehouse will replace the old distribution center: The second is the management of the introduction of computer networks, on the loading and unloading, handling, custody, standardized operation, improve operating efficiency; Third, the common chain distribution centers set up to promote the growth of chain-effective. United States chain stores have a variety of distribution centers, mainly in the wholesale-based, retail and warehouse-type three types.2.2 Japan's modern logistics developmentOn logistics and distribution of wood with the following features: well-developed distribution channels, frequent, low-volume stock, logistics and distribution reflects the common and set the trend sticks, logistics and distribution cooperative, the Government planning in the development of modern logistics and distribution play an important role in the process of .2.3 European modern development of logisticsCountries in Europe, especially Germany, logistics refers to the user's orders in accordance with the requirements of positions in the logistics sub-goods distribution, the goods will be sent to the consignee with good activities. Germany's logistics industry formed of basic commodities from origin to distribution center, from the distribution center (and sometimes through more than one distribution center) arrive at the modern mode ofend customers. Traveled in Germany, it can be said of the logistics and distribution in Germany has been formed to final demand-oriented to the modernization of transport and high-tech information network as a bridge toa reasonable R69 distribution center hub to run a complete system.2.4 the main reasons of logistics industry developing faster in developed countriesRelying on high-tech to the core economies of scale to allow flexibility based on a variety of forms.3、China's 3PL enterprises are facing a major obstacle to business3.1 The current situation of China's 3PLChina's 3PL enterprises: service radius of a small, low entry barriers. With the gradual warming heat logistics, urban logistics industry is also increasingly unitary covered by the importance and development. However, due to historical reasons in our country, the long-standing emphasis on production of a light flow, heavy flow to light the idea of the logistics, distribution of development in the not yet ripe at this stage, there is the issue more prominent in the following two aspects: the service delivery difficult to play a central role, the process of distribution of the low level of modernization.China's 3PL companies with foreign 3PL companies mainly in the gapbetween the three aspects: First, procurement capacity, and the other is logistics, and the third is cash flow. Aspects of logistics and distribution, foreign retailers have done very well, has a set of efficient logistics information system, which can effectively improve the inventory turnover rate, so as to enhance the return on assets and profitability. And domestic retailers in this area has just started, or have not yet started.3.2 distribution center lower the overall distribution, commercial chain failed to give full play to the advantagesFrom our point of view the existing commercial retail enterprises, in addition to some large, well-known commercial enterprises, the general commercial "chain" businesses are not set up their own logistics and distribution centers or use third-party logistics center. Although these companies have also established some of his own "chain" stores, but in fact operating goods stores do not do "unified procurement, unified distribution, unified billing," which allows some commercial retail enterprises, "chain" seems to exist in name only. The other has been established in their own logistics and distribution centers or use third-party logistics distribution center of commodities in commercial enterprises, the effectiveness of distribution centers has not been effective, which in turn affected the procurement cost of an integrated chain advantages, including outstanding manifested by the distribution center for goods distribution ratio of unity isvery low. Uniform distribution logistics center can not be achieved, indicating the store's commercial enterprises "unified purchase" did not materialize, rather than a unified procurement chain has lost the core strengths.3.3 China's more enterprises are facing a major obstacle of the higher logistics costWal-Mart 8 5% of the commodities distribution through the distribution center, in which 80% is through the "zero inventory" of the more complete form of the distribution database. Wal-Mart as a result of the use of the "Cross distribution" and "auto-replenishment" of supply chain technology, so that goods turnover in the Treasury down to 2 days. And retail enterprises in China are in the 15-30 days, which reflects the retail , distribution enterprises, underdeveloped logistics system, distribution costs are too high. Rapid expansion of retail enterprises in China's size and speed in the short term if they can not form a qualitative edge is a dangerous speculation.Over the years the practice has proved that the multi-purpose logistics distribution center, intensive, low-cost supply hub, as well as the use of information technology to reorganize and upgrade the entire flow of the supply chain management is the core of large-scale retail enterprises strategy is to support the retail giant super-conventional development. The face of large-scale retail and distribution businesses of the main distribution center logistics requirements planning, focusing on how to reflect the integration of。

2011年中国快递行业研究报告——China Express Delivery Industry Report, 2011 Enterprise wide USD $ 3300 Release Date Dec.2011AbstractIn July, 2011, in the “Twelfth Five-Year (2011-2015)” plan on the development of postal industry issued by State Post Bureau of the Peo ple’s Republic of China, the following “twelfth five-year” development indicators were put forward for the express delivery industry: the network coverage of key express delivery enterprises came up to 98% in municipalities and provincial capitals, and over 90% in provincially administered municipalities; and the key express delivery enterprises realized the 72-hour inter-provincial capital and inter-key city express delivery rate of more than 90%, express delay rate of lower than 0.8%, damage rate of lower than 0.01%, and loss rate of lower than 0.005%.The express delivery business of China has witnessed rapid growth in 2011. Up to the end of September of 2011, Chinese express delivery companies (with annual sales of over RMB5 million) had made 2.52 billion deliveries, up 53.3% year-on-year, and harvested RMB53.14 billion, a 28.9% YoY rise, of which Chinese inner-city express business revenue was RMB4.67 billion, with the year-on-year increase of 58.1%; the cross regional express business revenue rose 37% year-on-year to RMB30.73 billion; and the international and Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan business revenue was RMB13.57 billion, a slight rise of 4.9% from the same period of last year.From January to September of 2011, 1.125 billion deliveries were made in Guangdong, Zhejiang and Shanghai, accounting for 44.64% of the national business volume, and achieved RMB25.697 billion with a 48.36% share of the total business revenue in China.‘Research report on the express delivery industry in China’ mainly covers the followings:The twelfth five-year plan of national express delivery industry and the twelfth five-year plan of express delivery industry in key provinces and cities;Development status, business classification,λ market structure, price and competition structure of the express delivery industry in China;Analysis on the express delivery industry in importantλprovinces and cities in Guangdong, Shanghai, Beijing and Jiangsu etc.Performance of UPS, FedEx, DHL and TNT in Chinese express deliveryλ market.Development history, corporate operation, SWOT analysis and marketλstrategy of 15 local express delivery enterprises (including EMS, China Sinotrans Group, China Railway Express, Air Express, SF Express, STO Express, ZJS Express, YTO Express, Yunda Express, ZTO Express, etc.)EMS：The revenue of China Post Group footed up to RMB189.9 billion in 2010, presenting an AAGR of 18.5% during the 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-2010); wherein, the proceeds of express business saw an average growth rate of 19.2%. Currently, EMS possesses 16 cargo aircrafts, 40 national airlines, 2 international airlines, more than 20 thousand transportation vehicles, 8 collecting and distributing centers and 31 provincial distribution centers.SF Express: its operating revenue has maintained high-speed growth since 2003, with an AAGR of over 40%; and the figure in 2010 registered RMB12 billion. In August, 2011, SF Express increased RMB400 million to reshuffle stock rights of SF Airlines whose air fleet covers two Boeing 757-200 All-Cargo Aircrafts and three Boeing 737-300 Aircrafts at present.ZJS Express: its operating performance has saw a comparatively slow rise since 2004, and it made negative growth affected by economic crisis during 2008-2009. However, the operating revenue of the company hit around RMB2 billion in 2010, soaring 66.7% from a year earlier and setting a new high record.In next a few years, e-commerce will further drive the steady and rapid growth of the express delivery industry, and the operating costs will rise ever and spur the price hike of express delivery. As the market expands, for considerable benefit, a growing number of companies in the express delivery sector will be merged and reorganized, and the businesses of express delivery firms will be increasingly differentiated.2011年中国快递行业研究报告——中国快递行业研究报告，2011企业广泛$ 3300美元的发行日期dec.2011摘要在七月，2011，在“第十二个五年（年）”计划对邮政产业发展的国家邮政局发行的中国人民共和国，以下“第十二五”发展指标提出了快递行业：网络覆盖的关键快递企业走到98%直辖市、省会城市，和90%多个省直管市；和关键快递企业实现72小时省际资本和inter-key快递率超过90%，表示延迟率低于0.8%，破损率低于0.01%，损失率低于0.005%。

物流配送外文参考文献物流配送外文文献及翻译导读：就爱阅读网友为您分享以下“物流配送外文文献及翻译”资讯，希望对您有所帮助，感谢您对的支持!1. INTRODUCTIONLogistics is normally considered as nothing more than getting the right product to the right place at the right time for the least cost. Faced with a rapidly changing environment, revolutionary changes in technology, continued government deregulation, the shortening of product life cycle, proliferation of product lines and shifts in traditional manufacturer-retailer relationships, many organisations have had to rethink their traditional assumptions.Over the last ten years one of the most significant changes in management thinking was the emphasis on the search for strategies that will provide superior value in competition.Logistics management has the potential to assist the organisation in the achievement of both a cost/productivity advantage and a value advantage. The importance of logistics and its integration in the supply chain was argued by.China is a huge consumer market that accounted for a third of global economic growth over the past three years. Its development speed and potential cannot be ignored by the rest of the world. As a result of China’s internal and external economic attributes, most of the global consumer brands have established operations there. In particular in the automobile industry, many of the leading global OEMs including Honda, Toyota, General Motors, Volkswagen and Ford have established joint-venture partnerships with local car manufacturers. Auto sales in China rose by 76% in the year to July 2003 and by 2011, China is expected to surpass Japan to become the world’s second largest auto market. In order to compete in the Chinese market share and satisfy increasing demand, these operations are continuously expanding their production volumes with astonishing speed. Such expansion is, however carried out in the context of a legacy environment.China spans a large geographical area with, in many parts, under-developed infrastructure. This presents a challenge to efficient deployment of logistics strategies. Furthermore, the involvement of third party logistics providers, favoured by most globalOEMs, is an emergent consideration in China. Finally, the conflicts that inevitably arise in the joint venture partnerships lead to delays in the introduction of western logistics management experiences and methods from the OEMs. All these factors increase the difficulties in managing logistics by China’s local auto makers.2. The overall development of foreign distribution Overview2.1 The United States of modern logistics development Twenty-first century from the 60s on wards, the rationalization of distribution of goods in general are valued in the United States to take the following measures: First, the warehouse will replace the old distribution center: The second is the management of the introduction of computer networks, on the loading and unloading, handling, custody, standardized operation, improve operating efficiency; Third, the common chain distribution centers set up to promote thegrowth of chain-effective. United States chain stores have a variety of distribution centers, mainly in the wholesale-based, retail and warehouse-type three types.2.2 Japan’s modern logistics developmentOn logistics and distribution of wood with the following features: well-developed distribution channels, frequent, low-volume stock, logistics and distribution reflects the common and set the trend sticks, logistics and distribution cooperative, the Government planning in the development of modern logistics and distribution play an important role in the process of .2.3 European modern development of logisticsCountries in Europe, especially Germany, logistics refers to the user’s orders in accordance with the requirements of positions in the logistics sub-goods distribution, the goods will be sent to the consignee with good activities. Germany’s logistics industry formed of basic commodities from origin to distribution center, from the distribution center (and sometimes through more than one distribution center) arrive at the modern mode of end customers. Traveled in Germany, it can be said of the logistics and distribution in Germany has been formed to final demand-oriented to themodernization of transport and high-tech information network as a bridge to a reasonable R69 distribution center hub to run a complete system.2.4 the main reasons of logistics industry developing faster in developed countriesRelying on high-tech to the core economies of scale to allow flexibility based on a variety of forms.3、China’s 3PL enterprises are facing a major obstacle to business3.1 The current situation of China’s 3PLChina’s 3PL enterprises: service radius of a small, low entry barriers. With the gradual warming heat logistics, urban logistics industry is also increasingly unitary covered by the importance and development. However, due to historical reasons in our country, the long-standing emphasis on production of a light flow, heavy flow to light the idea of the logistics, distribution of development in the not yet ripe at this stage, there is the issue more prominent in the following two aspects: the service delivery difficult to play a central role, the process of distribution of the low level of modernization.China’s 3PL companies with for eign 3PL companiesmainly in the gap between the three aspects: First, procurement capacity, and the other is logistics, and the third is cash flow. Aspects of logistics and distribution, foreign retailers have done very well, has a set of efficient logistics information system, which can effectively improve the inventory turnover rate, so as to enhance the return on assets and profitability. And domestic retailers in this area has just started, or have not yet started.3.2 distribution center lower the overall distribution, commercial chain failed to give full play to the advantages From our point of view the existing commercial retail enterprises, in addition to some large, well-known commercial enterprises, the general commercial “chain” businesses are not set up their own logistics and distribution centers or use third-party logistics center. Although these companies have also established some of his own “chain” stores, but in factoperating goods stores do not do “unified procurement, unified distribu tion, unified billing,” which allows some commercial retail enterprises, “chain” seems to exist in name only. The other has been established in their own logistics and distribution centers or use third-party logisticsdistribution center of commodities in commercial enterprises, the effectiveness of distribution centers has not been effective, which in turn affected the procurement cost of an integrated chain advantages, including outstanding manifested by the distribution center for goods distribution ratio of unity is very low. Uniform distribution logistics center can not be achieved, indicating the store’s commercial enterprises “unified purchase” did not materialize, rather than a unified procurement chain has lost the core strengths.3.3 China’s more enterprises are facing a major obstacle of the higher logistics costWal-Mart 8 5% of the commodities distribution through the distribution center, in which 80% is through the “zero inventory” of the more complete form of the distribution database. Wal-Ma rt as a result of the use of the “Cross distribution” and “auto-replenishment” of supply chain technology, so that goods turnover in the Treasury down to 2 days. And retail enterprises in China are in the 15-30 days, which reflects the retail , distribution enterprises, underdeveloped logistics system, distribution costs are too high. Rapid expansion of retail enterprises in China’s size and speed in the short term if they can not form a qualitativeedge is a dangerous speculation.Over the years the practice has proved that the multi-purpose logistics distribution center, intensive, low-cost supply hub, as well as the use of information technology to reorganize and upgrade the entire flow of the supply chain management is the core of large-scale retail enterprises strategy is to support the retail giant super-conventional development. The face of large-scale retail and distribution businesses of the main distribution center logistics requirements planning, focusing on how to reflect the integration of information flow in business flow, logistics, capital flow, so that the operation of retail enterprises to expand the logistics for the entire enterprise supply chain collaboration nodes and so that the whole positive and negative to minimize logistics cost of goods (including consumers, stores, logistics, distribution centers, headquarters, suppliers and partners), and atimely response to sales demand and timely replenishment. This is also a large-scale cross-regional, multi-format, chain retail enterprises have the capacity of the core competitive advantage.3.4 Lack of modern logistics management knowledge andexpertise of logistics personnel.This is the third-party logistics industry in restricting the development of China’s most important one of the bottlenecks. Logistics knowledge, especially in modern integrated third party logistics knowledge is far from being universal, but that its main business areas is to provide transportation and warehousing services, not know that it is new to these traditional business integration of its business fields Far too simple to become connected with transport and storage of raw materials, semi-finished products supply, production process, material flow, the whole process of product distribution services, as cover flow, solid logistics, capital flow, information flow is equal to the integrated system of systems.。

中英文资料外文翻译1. The Definition of LogisticsAfter completing a commercial transaction, logistics will execute the transfer of goods from the supplier( seller) to the customer( buyer) in the most cost-effective manner. This is the definition of logistics. During the transfer process, hardware such as logistics facilities and equipment( logistics carriers) are needed, as well as information control and standardization. In addition, supports from the government and logistics association should be in place.Three major functions of logistics(1) Creating time value: same goods can be valued different at different times. Goods often stop during the transfer process, which is professionally called the storage of logistics. It creates the time value for goods.(2) Creating location value: same goods can be valued differently at different locations. The value added during the transfer process is the location value of logistics.(3) Distribution processing value: sometimes logistics createdistribution processing value, which changes the length, thickness and packages of the goods. Like popular saying, “cutting into smaller parts”is the most commonly seen distribution processing within logistics create added value for goods.2. Logistics is a new commercial area, developing from the traditional stage to a modern one. The main differences between these two stage include:(1) Modern logistics adopts containerization techniques. The goods transfer process starts with packaging, followed by transportation, storage and distribution. The whole process is operated under logistics standards. Based on the logistics base module of 600×400mm, from the logistics module of 1,200×1,000mm, and enlarge to the size of 2,591×2,438mm-the size of high×wide of the container. It can be adjusted to the standard sizes of containers for trains, trucks and ships.(2) Information technologies are most important for modern logistics. Bar Code, POS, EDI and GPS systems dramatically improve the efficiency and accuracy of the logistics activities. Internet further assists the market development, operation and management of the logistics industry.3.International LogisticsAn increasing number of companies are involving in international markets through exporting, licensing, joins ventures, and ownership. This trend should continue. With such expansion there is a need to develop worldwide logistics networks. Integrated logistics management and cost analysis will be more complex and difficult to manage.There are some future trends in internationalization:(1) More logistics executives with international responsibilities(2) Expansion of the number and size of foreign trade zones.(3) Reduction in the amount of international paperwork and documentation(4) More foreign warehousing is owned and controlled by the exporting firm(5) Increasing number of smaller firm(6) Foreign ownership of logistics service firms, e. g., public warehousing and transportation carriers.(7) Increasing multiple distribution channelsThe international transport and the international logistics are same things in some way. So, when the international tradinginvolved, the firm must establish international logistics systems to provide the products and service demanded. The most significant development in international logistics will be the increasing sophistication information system adopted and independent departments to operate.4.Packaging. Packaging performs two basic functions–marketing and logistics. In marketing the packaging acts promotion and advertising. Its size, weight, color, and printed information attract customers and convey knowledge of the product. When firms are involved in international marketing, packaging becomes even more important. Products sold to foreign countries travel greater distances and undergo more handling operations. The logistics package is to protect the products during the process of logistics.Scrap disposal. The logistics process must effectively and quickly handle, transport, and store waste products. If they can be reused or recycled, logistics company should arrange and move them to the re–production and re–processing locations. Return goods handling. The handling of return goods is often called reverse distribution. Buyers may return items to the seller for a number of reasons. Most logistics systems are notgood enough to handle such cases. In many industries, consumers return products for warranty repair, replacement, or recycling, reverse distribution costs may be very high. Reverse distribution will become more important as customers demand more flexible and favorable return policies.5.Third Part Logistics ( TPL)Third Part Logistics provides all the logistics services. They act as a bridge or facilitator between the first part( supplier or producer) and the second part( buyer or customer). The primary objectives of third part logistics providers are to lower the total cost of logistics for the supplier and improve the service level to the customer.Third Part Logistics have been growing rapidly. Cost reduction and demands for batter and cheaper services are the main drives behind the growth. A third part logistics provider will be in a position to consolidate business from several companies and offer frequent pick–ups and deliveries, whereas in–house transportation cannot. Other reasons are as follows:* The company does not specialize in logistics;* The company does not have sufficient resources;* Eager to implement better logistics operation or does nothave time to develop the required capabilities in–house;* The company is venturing into a new business with totally different logistics requirements;* Merger or acquisition may make outsourcing logistics operations more attractive than to integrate logistics operations.6.Global LogisticsDeveloped countries often deal with globalization in two ways: to be more cost competitive with third world countries, and to look for new partners in other countries to manufacture components, subassemblies and even the final products. The second approach forces most developed countries to get into a new area called “ global logistics”.Benefits of global operations include cheap raw materials and end products, lower labor cost, better quality, increased internal competition and better customer service. Some of the disadvantages are unreliable delivery, poor communication and longer time from design to finish production. Challenges are often cultural and linguistic differences, legal requirements, logistics suppliers or manufacturers, exchange rates.There are three major flows involved in global logistics: material flow, document flow and cash flow.7.Logistics into the FutureLogistics is changing at a rapid and acceleration rate. There are two reasons are its rapid growth:Firstly, pressure to change by the development of the system itself(1) High–speed computing and data transmission can instantly transmit and react to user demand(2) More flexible and accurate logistic planning and control through computers and data processing(3) Flexible computer facilities help problem solving and increase decisions accuracy(4) Awareness of total cost measurement and management accountingSecondly, pressures for changes from the wider economy. (1) Be flexible in handling markets of different sizes for better competition(2) There is increasing specialization in markets and growth in retailing.(3) Life cycles for products are shortening. Logistics systems need to be more efficient, faster and more flexible(4) Move from mass production towards flexible manufacturingsystem( FMS). These systems enable a company to switch production quickly from one product to another(5) Competitive pressures lead to more efforts to improve customer service.8.The process of logistical integration can be divided into four stages:Stage 1. Began in the early 1960s in the USA and involved the integration of all activities associated with distribution. Separate distribution departments were to coordinate the management of all processes within physical distribution management( PDM).Stage 2. PDM was applied to the inbound movement of materials, components, and subassemblies, generally known as “ materials management”. By the late 1970s, many firms had established “ logistics department” with overall responsibility for the movement, storage, and handling of products upstream and downstream of the production operation.Stage 3. Logistics plays an important coordinating role, as it interfaces with most other functions. With the emergence of business process re–engineering( BPR) in the early 1990s, the relationship between logistics and related functions wasredefined. “ System integration” occurred. Cross–functional integration should achieve greater results.物流的定义在完成商业交易之后,物流将以最低成本和最高效益的方式执行将商品从供应商(卖方)流转到顾客(买方)的过程。

外文文献原稿和译文原稿Logistics from the English word "logistics", the original intent of the military logistics support, in the second side after World War II has been widely used in the economic field. Logistics Management Association of the United States is defined as the logistics, "Logistics is to meet the needs of consumers of raw materials, intermediate products, final products and related information to the consumer from the beginning to the effective flow and storage, implementation and control of the process of . "Logistics consists of four key components: the real flow, real storage, and management to coordinate the flow of information. The primary function of logistics is to create time and space effectiveness of the effectiveness of the main ways to overcome the space through the storage distance.Third-party logistics in the logistics channel services provided by brokers, middlemen in the form of the contract within a certain period of time required to provide logistics services in whole or in part. Is a third-party logistics companies for the external customer management, control and operation of the provision of logistics services company.According to statistics, currently used in Europe the proportion of third-party logistics services for 76 percent, the United States is about 58%, and the demand is still growing; 24 percent in Europe and the United States 33% of non-third-party logistics service users are actively considering the use of third-party logistics services. As a third-party logistics to improve the speed of material flow, warehousing costs and financial savings in the cost effective means of passers-by, has become increasingly attracted great attention.First, the advantages of using a third-party logisticsThe use of third-party logistics enterprises can yield many benefits, mainly reflected in: 1, focus on core businessManufacturers can use a third-party logistics companies to achieve optimal distribution of resources, limited human and financial resources to concentrate on their coreenergy, to focus on the development of basic skills, develop new products in the world competition, and enhance the core competitiveness of enterprises.2, cost-savingProfessional use of third-party logistics providers, the professional advantages of mass production and cost advantages, by providing the link capacity utilization to achieve cost savings, so that enterprises can benefit from the separation of the cost structure. Manufacturing enterprises with the expansion of marketing services to participate in any degree of depth, would give rise to a substantial increase in costs, only the use of professional services provided by public services, in order to minimize additional losses. University of Tennessee in accordance with the United States, United Kingdom and the United States EXEL company EMST & YOUNG consulting firm co-organized a survey: a lot of cargo that enable them to use third-party logistics logistics costs declined by an average of 1.18 percent, the average flow of goods from 7.1 days to 3.9 days, stock 8.2% lower.3, reduction of inventoryThird-party logistics service providers with well-planned logistics and timely delivery means, to minimize inventory, improve cash flow of the enterprise to achieve cost advantages.4, enhance the corporate imageThird-party logistics service providers and customers is a strategic partnership, the use of third-party logistics provider of comprehensive facilities and trained staff on the whole supply chain to achieve complete control, reducing the complexity of logistics, through their own networks to help improve customer service, not only to establish their own brand image, but also customers in the competition.Second, The purpose of the implementation of logistics management The purpose of the implementation of logistics management is to the lowest possible total cost of conditions to achieve the established level of customer service, or service advantages and seek cost advantages of a dynamic equilibrium, and thus create competitive enterprises in the strategic advantage. According to this goal, logistics management to solve the basic problem, simply put, is to the right products to fit the number and the right price atthe right time and suitable sites available to customers.Logistics management systems that use methods to solve the problem. Modern Logistics normally be considered by the transport, storage, packaging, handling, processing in circulation, distribution and information constitute part of all. All have their own part of the original functions, interests and concepts. System approach is the use of modern management methods and modern technology so that all aspects of information sharing in general, all the links as an integrated system for organization and management, so that the system can be as low as possible under the conditions of the total cost, provided there Competitive advantage of customer service. Systems approach that the system is not the effectiveness of their various local links-effective simple sum. System means that, there's a certain aspects of the problem and want to all of the factors affecting the analysis and evaluation. From this idea of the logistics system is not simply the pursuit of their own in various areas of the lowest cost, because the logistics of the link between the benefits of mutual influence, the tendency of mutual constraints, there is the turn of the relationship between vulnerability. For example, too much emphasis on packaging materials savings, it could cause damage because of their easy to transport and handling costs increased. Therefore, the systems approach stresses the need to carry out the total cost analysis, and to avoid the second best effect and weigh the cost of the analysis, so as to achieve the lowest cost, while meeting the established level of customer se rvice purposes.Third, China's enterprises in the use of third-party logistics problems in While third-party logistics company has many advantages, but not many enterprises will be more outsourcing of the logistics business, the reasons boil down to:1, resistance to changeMany companies do not want the way through the logistics outsourcing efforts to change the current mode. In particular, some state-owned enterprises, we reflow will also mean that the dismissal of outsourcing a large number of employees, which the managers of state-owned enterprises would mean a very great risk.2, lack of awarenessFor third-party logistics enterprise's generally low level of awareness, lack of awareness of enterprise supply chain management in the enterprise of the great role in thecompetition.3, fear of losing controlAs a result of the implementation of supply chain companies in enhancing the competitiveness of the important role that many companies would rather have a small but complete logistics department and they do not prefer these functions will be handed over to others, the main reasons it is worried that if they lose the internal logistics capabilities, customers will be exchanges and over-reliance on other third-party logistics companies. 4, the logistics outsourcing has its own complexitySupply chain logistics business and companies are usually other services, such as finance, marketing or production of integrated logistics outsourcing itself with complexity. On a number of practical business, including the integration of transport and storage may lead to organizational, administrative and implementation problems. In addition, the company's internal information system integration features, making the logistics business to a third party logistics companies have become very difficult to operate.5, to measure the effect of logistics outsourcing by many factorsAccurately measure the cost of information technology, logistics and human resources more difficult. It is difficult to determine the logistics outsourcing companies in the end be able to bring the cost of how many potential good things. In addition, all the uniqueness of the company's business and corporate supply chain operational capability, is usually not considered to be internal to the external public information, it is difficult to accurately compare the inter-company supply chain operational capability.Although some manufacturers have been aware of the use of third-party logistics companies can bring a lot of good things, but in practical applications are often divided into several steps, at the same time choose a number of logistics service providers as partners in order to avoid the business by a logistics service providers brought about by dependence. Fourth, China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encounteredA successful logistics company, the operator must have a larger scale, the establishment of effective regional coverage area, with a strong command and control center with the high standard of integrated technical, financial resources and business strategy.China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encountered can be summarized as follows:1, operating modelAt present, most of the world's largest logistics companies take the head office and branch system, centralized headquarters-style logistics operation to take to the implementation of vertical business management. The establishment of a modern logistics enterprise must have a strong, flexible command and control center to control the entire logistics operations and coordination. Real must be a modern logistics center, a profit center, business organizations, the framework, the institutional form of every match with a center. China's logistics enterprises in the operating mode of the problems of foreign logistics enterprises in the management model should be from the domestic logistics enterprises.2, the lack of storage or transport capacityThe primary function of logistics is to create time and space utility theft. For now China's third-party logistics enterprises, some companies focus on storage, lack of transport capacity; other companies is a lot of transport vehicles and warehouses throughout the country little by renting warehouses to complete the community's commitment to customers. 3, network problemsThere are a few large companies have the logistics of the entire vehicle cargo storage network or networks, but the network coverage area is not perfect. Customers in the choice of logistics partner, are very concerned about network coverage and network of regional branches of the density problem. The building of the network should be of great importance to logistics enterprises.4, information technologyThe world's largest logistics enterprises have "three-class network", that is, orders for information flow, resources, global supply chain network, the global Resource Network users and computer information network. With the management of advanced computer technology, these customers are also the logistics of the production of high value-added products business, the domestic logistics enterprises must increase investment in information systems can change their market position.Concentration and integration is the third-party logistics trends in the development ofenterprises. The reasons are: firstly, the company intends to major aspects of supply chain outsourcing to the lowest possible number of several logistics companies; the second, the establishment of an efficient global third party logistics inputs required for increasing the capital; the third Many third-party logistics providers through mergers and joint approaches to expand its service capabilities.译文物流已广泛应用于经济领域中的英文单词“物流”，军事后勤保障的原意，在二战结束后的第二面。

外文文献原稿和译文原稿Logistics from the English word "logistics", the original intent of the military logistics support, in the second side after World War II has been widely used in the economic field. Logistics Management Association of the United States is defined as the logistics, "Logistics is to meet the needs of consumers of raw materials, intermediate products, final products and related information to the consumer from the beginning to the effective flow and storage, implementation and control of the process of . "Logistics consists of four key components: the real flow, real storage, and management to coordinate the flow of information. The primary function of logistics is to create time and space effectiveness of the effectiveness of the main ways to overcome the space through the storage distance.Third-party logistics in the logistics channel services provided by brokers, middlemen in the form of the contract within a certain period of time required to provide logistics services in whole or in part. Is a third-party logistics companies for the external customer management, control and operation of the provision of logistics services company.According to statistics, currently used in Europe the proportion of third-party logistics services for 76 percent, the United States is about 58%, and the demand is still growing; 24 percent in Europe and the United States 33% of non-third-party logistics service users are actively considering the use of third-party logistics services. As a third-party logistics to improve the speed of material flow, warehousing costs and financial savings in the cost effective means of passers-by, has become increasingly attracted great attention.First, the advantages of using a third-party logisticsThe use of third-party logistics enterprises can yield many benefits, mainly reflected in: 1, focus on core businessManufacturers can use a third-party logistics companies to achieve optimal distribution of resources, limited human and financial resources to concentrate on their core energy, to focus on the development of basic skills, develop new products in the world competition, and enhance the core competitiveness of enterprises.2, cost-savingProfessional use of third-party logistics providers, the professional advantages of mass production and cost advantages, by providing the link capacity utilization to achieve cost savings, so that enterprises can benefit from the separation of the cost structure. Manufacturing enterprises with the expansion of marketing services to participate in any degree of depth, would give rise to a substantial increase in costs, only the use of professional services provided by public services, in order to minimize additional losses. University of Tennessee in accordance with the United States, United Kingdom and the United States EXEL company EMST & YOUNG consulting firm co-organized a survey: a lot of cargo that enable them to use third-party logistics logistics costs declined by an average of 1.18 percent, the average flow of goods from 7.1 days to 3.9 days, stock 8.2% lower.3, reduction of inventoryThird-party logistics service providers with well-planned logistics and timely delivery means, to minimize inventory, improve cash flow of the enterprise to achieve cost advantages.4, enhance the corporate imageThird-party logistics service providers and customers is a strategic partnership, the use of third-party logistics provider of comprehensive facilities and trained staff on the whole supply chain to achieve complete control, reducing the complexity of logistics, through their own networks to help improve customer service, not only to establish their own brand image, but also customers in the competition.Second, The purpose of the implementation of logistics management The purpose of the implementation of logistics management is to the lowest possible total cost of conditions to achieve the established level of customer service, or service advantages and seek cost advantages of a dynamic equilibrium, and thus create competitive enterprises in the strategic advantage. According to this goal, logistics management to solve the basic problem, simply put, is to the right products to fit the number and the right price at the right time and suitable sites available to customers.Logistics management systems that use methods to solve the problem. ModernLogistics normally be considered by the transport, storage, packaging, handling, processing in circulation, distribution and information constitute part of all. All have their own part of the original functions, interests and concepts. System approach is the use of modern management methods and modern technology so that all aspects of information sharing in general, all the links as an integrated system for organization and management, so that the system can be as low as possible under the conditions of the total cost, provided there Competitive advantage of customer service. Systems approach that the system is not the effectiveness of their various local links-effective simple sum. System means that, there's a certain aspects of the problem and want to all of the factors affecting the analysis and evaluation. From this idea of the logistics system is not simply the pursuit of their own in various areas of the lowest cost, because the logistics of the link between the benefits of mutual influence, the tendency of mutual constraints, there is the turn of the relationship between vulnerability. For example, too much emphasis on packaging materials savings, it could cause damage because of their easy to transport and handling costs increased. Therefore, the systems approach stresses the need to carry out the total cost analysis, and to avoid the second best effect and weigh the cost of the analysis, so as to achieve the lowest cost, while meeting the established level of customer se rvice purposes.Third, China's enterprises in the use of third-party logistics problems in While third-party logistics company has many advantages, but not many enterprises will be more outsourcing of the logistics business, the reasons boil down to:1, resistance to changeMany companies do not want the way through the logistics outsourcing efforts to change the current mode. In particular, some state-owned enterprises, we reflow will also mean that the dismissal of outsourcing a large number of employees, which the managers of state-owned enterprises would mean a very great risk.2, lack of awarenessFor third-party logistics enterprise's generally low level of awareness, lack of awareness of enterprise supply chain management in the enterprise of the great role in the competition.3, fear of losing controlAs a result of the implementation of supply chain companies in enhancing the competitiveness of the important role that many companies would rather have a small but complete logistics department and they do not prefer these functions will be handed over to others, the main reasons it is worried that if they lose the internal logistics capabilities, customers will be exchanges and over-reliance on other third-party logistics companies. 4, the logistics outsourcing has its own complexitySupply chain logistics business and companies are usually other services, such as finance, marketing or production of integrated logistics outsourcing itself with complexity. On a number of practical business, including the integration of transport and storage may lead to organizational, administrative and implementation problems. In addition, the company's internal information system integration features, making the logistics business to a third party logistics companies have become very difficult to operate.5, to measure the effect of logistics outsourcing by many factorsAccurately measure the cost of information technology, logistics and human resources more difficult. It is difficult to determine the logistics outsourcing companies in the end be able to bring the cost of how many potential good things. In addition, all the uniqueness of the company's business and corporate supply chain operational capability, is usually not considered to be internal to the external public information, it is difficult to accurately compare the inter-company supply chain operational capability.Although some manufacturers have been aware of the use of third-party logistics companies can bring a lot of good things, but in practical applications are often divided into several steps, at the same time choose a number of logistics service providers as partners in order to avoid the business by a logistics service providers brought about by dependence. Fourth, China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encounteredA successful logistics company, the operator must have a larger scale, the establishment of effective regional coverage area, with a strong command and control center with the high standard of integrated technical, financial resources and business strategy.China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encountered can be summarized as follows:1, operating modelAt present, most of the world's largest logistics companies take the head office and branch system, centralized headquarters-style logistics operation to take to the implementation of vertical business management. The establishment of a modern logistics enterprise must have a strong, flexible command and control center to control the entire logistics operations and coordination. Real must be a modern logistics center, a profit center, business organizations, the framework, the institutional form of every match with a center. China's logistics enterprises in the operating mode of the problems of foreign logistics enterprises in the management model should be from the domestic logistics enterprises.2, the lack of storage or transport capacityThe primary function of logistics is to create time and space utility theft. For now China's third-party logistics enterprises, some companies focus on storage, lack of transport capacity; other companies is a lot of transport vehicles and warehouses throughout the country little by renting warehouses to complete the community's commitment to customers. 3, network problemsThere are a few large companies have the logistics of the entire vehicle cargo storage network or networks, but the network coverage area is not perfect. Customers in the choice of logistics partner, are very concerned about network coverage and network of regional branches of the density problem. The building of the network should be of great importance to logistics enterprises.4, information technologyThe world's largest logistics enterprises have "three-class network", that is, orders for information flow, resources, global supply chain network, the global Resource Network users and computer information network. With the management of advanced computer technology, these customers are also the logistics of the production of high value-added products business, the domestic logistics enterprises must increase investment in information systems can change their market position.Concentration and integration is the third-party logistics trends in the development of enterprises. The reasons are: firstly, the company intends to major aspects of supply chain outsourcing to the lowest possible number of several logistics companies; the second, theestablishment of an efficient global third party logistics inputs required for increasing the capital; the third Many third-party logistics providers through mergers and joint approaches to expand its service capabilities.译文物流已广泛应用于经济领域中的英文单词"物流",军事后勤保障的原意,在二战结束后的第二面.美国物流管理协会物流被定义为："物流是为满足消费者的需求,原料,中间产品,最终产品及相关信息的消费者从一开始就有效流动和储存,实施和控制的过程中."物流由四个主要部分：真正的流量,实时存储,管理,协调的信息流.物流的主要功能是创建时间和空间的有效性的主要方式,通过存储以克服空间距离.第三方物流在物流渠道由经纪人提供的服务,中间商的合同的形式在一定期限内的时间要求提供全部或部分物流服务.是为外部客户管理,控制和提供物流服务的公司运作的第三方物流公司.据统计,目前在欧洲使用第三方物流服务的比例为76％,美国是58％左右,而需求仍在增长,24％在欧洲和美国33％的非第三方物流服务用户正积极考虑使用第三方物流服务.作为第三方物流提高速度的物流,仓储成本和财务储蓄路人成本的有效手段,已成为越来越备受关注.首先,使用第三方物流的优势使用第三方物流企业可以带来很多好处,主要体现在：1,专注于核心业务制造商可以使用一个第三方物流公司,以达到最佳的资源,有限的人力和财力资源分布集中于自己的核心能量,注重基本技能的发展,开发新的产品在世界上的竞争,并增强企业的核心竞争力的企业.2,节约成本的专业的第三方物流供应商,大规模生产的专业优势和成本优势,通过提供链路容量的利用率,实现节约成本,使企业可以受益于成本结构分离.制造企业扩大营销服务任何程度的深入参与,将带来成本大幅增加,只有使用专业服务,提供公共服务,以尽量减少额外的损失.田纳西大学根据与美国,英国及美国EXEL公司EMST＆YOUNG咨询公司共同组织了一个调查：很多货物,使他们能够使用第三方物流的物流成本平均下降1.18 ％,货物平均流量从7.1天到3.9天,库存下降8.2％.3,减少库存第三方物流服务供应商精心策划的物流和及时交付手段,最大限度地降低库存,提高现金流的企业,以实现成本优势.4,提升企业形象第三方物流服务提供商与客户的战略合作伙伴关系,利用完备的设施和训练有素的工作人员的第三方物流供应商在整个供应链实现完全的控制,减少物流的复杂性,通过自己的网络,以帮助提高客户服务,不仅要树立自己的品牌形象,但也有客户在竞争中.二,实施物流管理的目的实施物流管理的目的就是以最低的总成本条件下实现既定水平的客户服务,或服务优势,寻求成本优势的一种动态平衡,从而创造有竞争力的企业的战略优势.根据这一目标,物流管理要解决的基本问题,简单地说,是合适的产品在合适的时间和合适的地点提供给客户的数量和合适的价格,以适应.物流管理系统使用的方法来解决这个问题.通常被认为是现代物流运输,仓储,包装,装卸,流通加工,配送和信息的所有组成部分.都有自己的原有的功能,利益和观念的一部分.系统方法是运用现代管理方法和现代技术,使各方面的信息共享在一般情况下,作为一个集成系统的组织和管理的所有环节,从而使该系统可以尽可能低的条件下,总成本,提供有竞争优势的客户服务.系统方法,该系统的有效性是不是他们的各种本地链路有效的简单相加.系统意味着,有一个某些方面的问题,并希望所有的因素影响的分析和评价.从物流系统的这种想法是不单纯追求对自己在各个领域,以最低的成本,因为物流的好处之间的联系,相互影响,相互制约的倾向,有转之间的关系漏洞.例如,过分强调包装材料的节约,它可能会造成的损害,因为他们容易运输和处理成本增加.因此,系统的方法,强调有必要开展的总成本分析,以避免第二个最好的效果,并权衡成本进行了分析,从而达到以最低的成本,同时满足既定水平的客户服务目的.三,中国的企业在使用第三方物流的问题虽然第三方物流公司有很多优点,但没有多少企业将更多的物流业务外包,原因可归结为：1,变革的阻力很多企业不想要的方式,通过物流外包的力度,改变目前的模式.尤其是一些国有企业,流量也将意味着解雇外包了大量的员工,国有企业的管理者将意味着很大的风险. 2,缺乏认识对于第三方物流企业的认识水平普遍偏低,缺乏意识的企业供应链管理的企业在竞争中的巨大作用.3,害怕失去控制实施供应链企业提升竞争力的重要作用,许多公司宁愿有一个小而完整的物流部门,他们不喜欢这些功能将被移交给别人,主要的原因是由于它担心如果失去内部物流能力,客户将交流与其他第三方物流公司的过度依赖.4,物流外包有其自身的复杂性供应链物流业务的公司以及其他服务,如财务,营销或生产的综合物流外包本身的复杂性.在一些实际业务,包括运输和存储的整合可能会导致组织,行政和执行的问题.此外,公司的内部信息系统集成功能,使得物流企业向第三方物流企业已经变得非常难以操作.5,衡量物流外包的效果受多种因素准确测量的成本信息技术,物流和人力资源更加困难.这是很难确定物流外包的企业到底能够带来多少潜在的好东西的成本.此外,该公司的业务及企业供应链运作能力的独特性,通常不被认为是内部到外部的公共信息,这是很难准确地比较公司间的供应链运作能力.虽然有些厂家已经意识到使用第三方物流公司可以带来很多好东西,但在实际应用中往往分为几个步骤,同时选择一批物流服务供应商作为合作伙伴,以避免业务依赖所带来的物流服务供应商.四,中国的第三方物流企业在发展中遇到的问题一个成功的物流公司,运营商必须有一个较大的规模,建立有效的区域覆盖面积,高水准的综合技术,财务资源和经营战略具有强大的指挥和控制中心.中国第三方物流企业在发展中遇到的问题可以概括如下：1,经营模式目前,世界上最大的物流公司大多数采取总行及分行系统,总部集中式物流运作,采取垂直业务管理的实施.建立现代物流企业必须有一个强大的,灵活的指挥和控制中心来控制整个物流运作和协调.雷亚尔必须是一个现代化的物流中心,利润中心,企业组织,框架,体制形式,每场比赛的中心.中国物流企业的经营模式的问题,国外物流企业的管理模式应该是从国内物流企业.2,缺乏储存或运输能力物流的主要功能是建立时间和空间的实用程序盗窃.对于现在中国的第三方物流企业,一些公司专注于储存,运输能力不足,其他公司是一个小租用仓库来完成对社会的承诺,客户在全国各地大量的运输车辆和仓库.3,网络问题,有几个大公司拥有的物流的整车货物存储网络或网络,但网络覆盖X围是不完美的.客户在选择物流合作伙伴,都非常关心的网络覆盖和网络区域分支机构的密度问题.网络的建设应该重视物流企业.4,信息技术全球最大的物流企业"的三级网络",即定单信息流,资源,全球供应链网络,用户的全球资源网络和计算机信息网络.随着先进的计算机技术的管理,这些客户是生产高附加值产品的企业的物流,国内物流企业必须增加投资于信息系统,可以改变自己的市场地位.集中和整合是第三方物流企业的发展趋势.原因是：首先,公司拟以尽可能少的几家物流公司的供应链外包的主要方面;第二,建立高效的全球第三方物流投入增加资本所需;第三,许多第三方物流供应商通过兼并和联合的方法来扩大其服务能力.。

物流外文文献翻译精选文档TTMS system office room 【TTMS16H-TTMS2A-TTMS8Q8-外文文献原稿和译文原稿Logistics from the English word "logistics", the original intent of the military logistics support, in the second side after World War II has been widely used in the economic field. Logistics Management Association of the United States is defined as the logistics, "Logistics is to meet the needs of consumers of raw materials, intermediate products, final products and related information to the consumer from the beginning to the effective flow and storage, implementation and control of the process of . "Logistics consists of four key components: the real flow, real storage, and management to coordinate the flow of information. The primary function of logistics is to create time and space effectiveness of the effectiveness of the main ways to overcome the space through the storage distance.Third-party logistics in the logistics channel services provided by brokers, middlemen in the form of the contract within a certain period of time required to provide logistics services in whole or in part. Is a third-party logistics companies for the external customer management, control and operation of the provision of logistics services company.According to statistics, currently used in Europe the proportion of third-party logistics services for 76 percent, the United States is about 58%, and the demand is still growing; 24 percent in Europe and the United States 33% of non-third-party logistics service users are actively considering the use of third-party logistics services. As a third-party logistics to improve the speed of material flow, warehousing costs and financial savings in the cost effective means of passers-by, has become increasingly attracted great attention.First, the advantages of using a third-party logisticsThe use of third-party logistics enterprises can yield many benefits, mainly reflected in:1, focus on core businessManufacturers can use a third-party logistics companies to achieve optimal distribution of resources, limited human and financial resources to concentrate on their core energy, to focus on the development of basic skills, develop new products in the world competition, and enhance the core competitiveness of enterprises.2, cost-savingProfessional use of third-party logistics providers, the professional advantages of mass production and cost advantages, by providing the link capacity utilization to achieve cost savings, so that enterprises can benefit from the separation of the cost structure. Manufacturing enterprises with the expansion of marketing services to participate in any degree of depth, would give rise to a substantial increase in costs, only the use of professional services provided by public services, in order to minimize additional losses. University of Tennessee in accordance with the United States, United Kingdom and the United States EXEL company EMST & YOUNG consulting firm co-organized a survey: a lot of cargo that enable them to use third-party logistics logistics costs declined by an average of percent, the average flow of goods from days to days, stock % lower.3, reduction of inventoryThird-party logistics service providers with well-planned logistics and timely delivery means, to minimize inventory, improve cash flow of the enterprise to achieve cost advantages.4, enhance the corporate imageThird-party logistics service providers and customers is a strategic partnership, the use of third-party logistics provider of comprehensive facilities and trained staff on the whole supply chain to achieve complete control, reducing the complexity of logistics, through their own networks to help improve customer service, not only to establish their own brand image, but also customers in the competition.Second, The purpose of the implementation of logistics managementThe purpose of the implementation of logistics management is to the lowest possible total cost of conditions to achieve the established level of customer service, or service advantages and seek cost advantages of a dynamic equilibrium, and thus create competitive enterprises in the strategic advantage. According to this goal, logistics management to solve the basic problem, simply put, is to the right products to fit the number and the right price at the right time and suitable sites available to customers.Logistics management systems that use methods to solve the problem. Modern Logistics normally be considered by the transport, storage, packaging, handling, processing in circulation, distribution and information constitute part of all. All have their own part of the original functions, interests and concepts. System approach is the use of modern management methods and modern technology so that all aspects of information sharing in general, all the links as an integrated system for organization and management, so that the system can be as low as possible under the conditions of the total cost, provided there Competitive advantage of customer service. Systems approach that the system is not the effectiveness of their various local links-effective simple sum. System means that, there's a certain aspects of the problem and want to all of the factors affecting the analysis and evaluation. From this idea of the logistics system is not simply the pursuit of their own in various areas of the lowest cost, because the logistics of the link between the benefits ofmutual influence, the tendency of mutual constraints, there is the turn of the relationship between vulnerability. For example, too much emphasis on packaging materials savings, it could cause damage because of their easy to transport and handling costs increased. Therefore, the systems approach stresses the need to carry out the total cost analysis, and to avoid the second best effect and weigh the cost of the analysis, so as to achieve the lowest cost, while meeting the established level of customer se rvice purposes.Third, China's enterprises in the use of third-party logistics problems inWhile third-party logistics company has many advantages, but not many enterprises will be more outsourcing of the logistics business, the reasons boil down to:1, resistance to changeMany companies do not want the way through the logistics outsourcing efforts to change the current mode. In particular, some state-owned enterprises, we reflow will also mean that the dismissal of outsourcing a large number of employees, which the managers of state-owned enterprises would mean a very great risk.2, lack of awarenessFor third-party logistics enterprise's generally low level of awareness, lack of awareness of enterprise supply chain management in the enterprise of the great role in the competition.3, fear of losing controlAs a result of the implementation of supply chain companies in enhancing the competitiveness of the important role that many companies would rather have a small but complete logistics department and they do not prefer these functions will be handed over toothers, the main reasons it is worried that if they lose the internal logistics capabilities, customers will be exchanges and over-reliance on other third-party logistics companies.4, the logistics outsourcing has its own complexitySupply chain logistics business and companies are usually other services, such as finance, marketing or production of integrated logistics outsourcing itself with complexity. On a number of practical business, including the integration of transport and storage may lead to organizational, administrative and implementation problems. In addition, the company's internal information system integration features, making the logistics business to a third party logistics companies have become very difficult to operate.5, to measure the effect of logistics outsourcing by many factorsAccurately measure the cost of information technology, logistics and human resources more difficult. It is difficult to determine the logistics outsourcing companies in the end be able to bring the cost of how many potential good things. In addition, all the uniqueness of the company's business and corporate supply chain operational capability, is usually not considered to be internal to the external public information, it is difficult to accurately compare the inter-company supply chain operational capability.Although some manufacturers have been aware of the use of third-party logistics companies can bring a lot of good things, but in practical applications are often divided into several steps, at the same time choose a number of logistics service providers as partners in order to avoid the business by a logistics service providers brought about by dependence.Fourth, China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encounteredA successful logistics company, the operator must have a larger scale, the establishment of effective regional coverage area, with a strong command and control center with the high standard of integrated technical, financial resources and business strategy.China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encountered can be summarized as follows:1, operating modelAt present, most of the world's largest logistics companies take the head office and branch system, centralized headquarters-style logistics operation to take to the implementation of vertical business management. The establishment of a modern logistics enterprise must have a strong, flexible command and control center to control the entire logistics operations and coordination. Real must be a modern logistics center, a profit center, business organizations, the framework, the institutional form of every match with a center. China's logistics enterprises in the operating mode of the problems of foreign logistics enterprises in the management model should be from the domestic logistics enterprises.2, the lack of storage or transport capacityThe primary function of logistics is to create time and space utility theft. For now China's third-party logistics enterprises, some companies focus on storage, lack of transport capacity; other companies is a lot of transport vehicles and warehouses throughout the country little by renting warehouses to complete the community's commitment to customers. 3, network problemsThere are a few large companies have the logistics of the entire vehicle cargo storage network or networks, but the network coverage area is not perfect. Customers in the choice of logistics partner, are very concerned about network coverage and network of regionalbranches of the density problem. The building of the network should be of great importance to logistics enterprises.4, information technologyThe world's largest logistics enterprises have "three-class network", that is, orders for information flow, resources, global supply chain network, the global Resource Network users and computer information network. With the management of advanced computer technology, these customers are also the logistics of the production of high value-added products business, the domestic logistics enterprises must increase investment in information systems can change their market position.Concentration and integration is the third-party logistics trends in the development of enterprises. The reasons are: firstly, the company intends to major aspects of supply chain outsourcing to the lowest possible number of several logistics companies; the second, the establishment of an efficient global third party logistics inputs required for increasing the capital; the third Many third-party logistics providers through mergers and joint approaches to expand its service capabilities.译文物流已广泛应用于经济领域中的英文单词“物流”，军事后勤保障的原意，在二战结束后的第二面。

快递行业中英文对照外文文献翻译文献信息：文献标题：Why Customers Intend to Use E_press Delivery Services（客户为何打算使用快递服务）文献作者：S Setiyawati，B Haryanto文献出处：《Social Science Electronic Publishing》,20__,3(2):56- 81 字数统计：英文 2718 单词，15832 字符；中文 4805 汉字外文文献：Why Customers Intend to Use E_press Delivery ServicesAbstract The aim of this research was to better understand the effects of products quality, price reasonableness, brand image, and attitude towards customer&rs;s intention.This research was guided by four research questions: What product quality has a positive influence on e_press delivery services a positive attitude? What price reasonableness positive influence on attitude to use e_press delivery services? What positive effect on brand imagee_presses delivery services? What positive attitude influence on intention to use e_press delivery services? The methodology employed was survey of 100 customers plus in-depth interviews with courier service operators.Interviews and survey were conducted from August to October 20__.This research was used SEM techniques for data analyze.The results confirmed there was no relationship between products quality, price reasonableness and attitude.Furthermore, brand image has influence attitude.The mediating role effects of costumer&rs;s attitude for product quality, price reasonableness and brand image towards customer&rs;s intention offer new insight into antecedents on costumer&rs;s intention in a highinfluence.This study presents an original contribution to understanding brand image effect and its attributes either directly or through attitude towards customer&rs;s intention is determine.Keywords: Product Quality, Price Reasonableness, Brand Image, Attitude, Customer&rs;s Intention 1.Introductionpetitive advantage is likely to depend on market orientation, which means fosters behaviors that lead to customer&rs;s perception of superior value.Market orientation implies to customer&rs;s needs and delivering solutions and services that meet customer&rs;s needs, which indicates customer orientation.The phenomenon of attitude and intention to use e_press delivery service part of orientation to the customers is an interesting issue to be studied.Previous studies show inconsistency attitudes and intentions models relating to e_press delivery services (Li Petrick, 2021).This is due each study is based on the object and different settings.These conditions provide opportunities to design an alternative model capable of elaborating phenomenon to be observed.The alternative model is built based on five variables: products quality, price reasonableness, brand image, and attitudes which e_plain its influence on intention to use e_press delivery services.Thus, prediction models of individual behavior intention can bee_plained as follows: Product quality needs to be e_amined because these variables effectively to influence customer attitude (Stank et al.,20__3; Richey et al., 20__7; Rafid Jaafar, 20__7).However, different findings on influence customer behavior and product quality services performed by Mentzer et al.(20__1) indicating customer perceptions about product quality is very relative and changeable nature because of individual psychological influence.1.1.Problem StatementConceptualization of variables to be studied, namely: product quality, pricereasonableness, brand image and attitude influence intention to use e_press delivery services.To encourage practices this study addresses the follog questions:Is product quality has a positive influence on e_press delivery services a positive attitude? What price reasonableness positive influence on attitude to use e_press delivery services? What positive effects on brand image e_press delivery services? What positive attitude influence on intention to use e_press delivery services? 1.2.Research Objectives The general purpose of this study is to look at the effect of product quality, price reasonableness, brand image and attitude influence on intention.Especially, this study aims to figure product quality has apositive influence on attitude; price reasonableness positive influence attitude; brand image positive influence attitude; and attitude positive effect on the customers&rs; intent to use e_press delivery services.1.3.Research ContributionsThe contribution of this study is to offer a new roach that is more prehensive, namely elaborate dimensions of product quality, brand image, price reasonableness, and attitude to assess the e_tent of its significance to customer&rs;sintent to use e_press delivery services; contribute to the science of management.Especially to understand the effect of product quality, price reasonableness, brand image, attitude to assess the e_tent its significance to customer&rs;s intent on e_press delivery services.Then, show main factors that e_plain highest variation incustomer&rs;s intent on e_press delivery services pany will help policymakers to reform corporate marketing service significantly and qualified; a pioneer in customer&rs;s intent perspective to use e_press delivery services.The findings of study will fill chasms theoretical to e_plore role of attitudes that decide customer&rs;s intent to use e_press delivery services and mainstreaming for further studies in marketing services.2.Research Framework and HypothesesThe roach used in assessing the influence of attitudes and intentions of customers are TRA of Fishbein Ajzen (2021) and TPB developed by Ajzen (20__1) with adding the perceived behavioral control as a determinant of behavioral intention.Dimensions intention to behave customers essentially determined by three factors: a person&rs;s attitude toward behavior, the degree of social pressure one feels about the behavior and the degree of acceptance of control perceived in behavior.The third ponent of this belief interacts and be a decisive intention that determines a person&rs;s behavior.In a study of the influence of the attitudes and intentions of customers in using e_press delivery services, the proposed research model as follows: 2.1.Product Quality Positively Influence on Attitude Customers use e_press delivery services for reasons of timeliness submissions (Kannan Tan, 20__2; Cakravastia Takahashi, 20__4), at petitive prices (Bienstock Royne, 2021; Rahman, 20__6; Mentzer et al., 20__7) reliable, safety and shipment security (O_ford Economic Forecasting, 2021).Parasuraman et al.(20__5); Goode Harris (20__4) said that service quality is a significant predictor of attitudes (Cronin Taylor, 1992) affects intention to behave.Indicate that intentions better than customer&rs;s attitude towards products / services quality.The degree of intent describes customer state while attitude is perceived by degree assessment of products / services quality provided by providers.In accordance opinions by Fawcett et al.(1996); Colonna (1997) about product quality attributes this study used the Global E_press Association Standard (20__), namely: Global Reach; Reliability; Transparency; Speed and Security are predicted to affect positive attitude.Based on these results, products / services quality included in model and proposed the first hypothesis as follows: H1: Product quality positively influence attitude to use e_press delivery services.2.2.Price Reasonableness Positively Influence on AttitudePrice is an important variable for positive attitudes towarde_press delivery services formation.Prices give positive or negative consumer perception (Zeithaml, 1988; Gerrard Cunningham, 20__4) to assess a product, both products services, and goods.Colgate Hedge (20__1) conclude behavioral effect on the price of customer attitudes about products / services (Peng Wang, 20__6) price (e_pensive) and pricing policy cannot be trusted.Based on Imran et al.(2021) studied price reasonableness will be assessed by a customerin accordance with service quality, both significantly with a positive attitude.Different studies Chitty et al.(20__7) high-quality services would be considered good even pay more e_pensive than low-quality services so that services (Rahman, 20__6; Mentzer et al., 20__7) is difficult to reposition price.Basedon the research above, follog hypothesis is advanced: H2: Price reasonableness positively influence attitude to use e_press delivery services.2.3.Brand Image Positively Influence on AttitudeBased on research Aaker (20__4); Anisimova (20__7); BlombackA_elsson (20__7); Martenson (20__7); Da Silva Syed Alwi (2021)e_plained that brand image is customer attitudes perception when considering a particular brand, an image can be brand assured.The brand image role elaborating memories, belief and preference of customer&rs;s attitude toward a brand (Hsieh et al., 20__4; Karour Ahmadinejad, 20__).Keller Lehmann (20__3) e_plain that brand image and attitudeaffect customer&rs;s intention.Nguyen LeBlanc (1998) indicated attitude is more influential than a brand image on intention.Hsieh et al.(20__4) indicate the pany&rs;s brand perception big influence on buying behavior.Noted that brand image positively influence attitude and intention to use a particular product.Vahid Aidin (20__) indicating that it cannot predict actual behavior of products / services selection, due to various reasons, particularly situational reasons.Based on research above, follog hypothesis is advanced: H3: Brand image positively influence attitude to use e_press delivery services.2.4.Attitudes Influence on IntentionsAttitude consistently affect on intentions (Tarkianen Sundqvist, 20__5).Customers&rs; positive attitude tends to realize intention (Ajzen, 1991).Based on research (Rosenberg Hod, 1995; Fishbein Ajzen, 2021) attitude predisposes behavior.A multi-dimensional as hierarchical sequence model of cognitive, affective and conative (Rosenberg Hod, 1995).Chang (2021) is used to determine attitude effect by intention.Focus of this study aims to describe the model predictions about attitudes and intentions on e_press delivery services are to e_plain individual&rs;s desire degree to determine attitude on e_press delivery services customer.Based on research Anoraga (20_) indicate intention based one_perience and motivational factors influence behavior (Ajzen, 20__1).Intention described attitude directing behavior and subjective norms and refers to individual&rs;s perception that benefits against certain behaviors (Werner, 20__4) and increasing the intention to use the services.Results of research Webb Sheeran (20__6) indicate that the intention is the determinant of behavior, in addition to the PBC can predict directly to behavior or mediate relationship between intention and behavior.Based on these studies proposed hypothesis therefore is: H4: Attitude to use e_press delivery services mediates the relationship between product quality, price reasonableness, and brand image on customer&rs;s intention to use e_press delivery services.Based on these descriptions, research model on attitudes and intentions customers using e_press delivery services in Jakarta this basic framework can be arranged as shown in Figure 1 as follows: Figure 1.The conceptual model3.MethodsThe results are justified scientifically from source and truth, and then research methods are designed to provide a clear and structured basis instruments used to test a hypothesis.In order to achieve these objectives, this chapter will discuss scope, sling techniques, operational definition and measurement of variables, and statistical methods.3.1.The Scope of ResearchThis study was designed as an e_ploratory research to e_plain a phenomenon (Maholtra, 20__7).The research was conducted in Jakarta using survey techniques and data collected are cross-sectional.3.2.Sling TechniquesThe target population in this study is customers who intend to choose e_press delivery service for shipments / packages / documents in Jakarta chosen as study setting are e_pected to limit a scope of study so that results are relatively homogeneous.Non-probabilistic sle taken with follog criteria: (1) sle must have knowledge of courier / courier service / mail / e_press delivery services intended use; (2) Sle never use a delivery service and intend to use e_pressdelivery service at PT.Nugraha path Ekakurir (JNE) during August to October 20__.The determined number of sles of 100 respondents, thus meeting the minimum eligibility criteria for consideration data analysis aspects of Structural Equation Model / SEM (Hooper et al., 2021).3.3.Operational Definition and Measurement of Variables3.3.1.Product Quality Product quality is defined as an individual&rs;s perception of product superiority (Aaker, 1997).In this study variable product quality adopted from Global E_press Association (20__).Product quality variable was measured with dimension (a) Global Reach (knog its wide range) measured using five indications: (1) unlimited range; (2) reach to all corners; (3) a broad range; (4) reach to corner and (5) spread range; (b) Reliability (knog of reliable service) were measured using five indications: (1) timely service; (2) reliable services; (3) consistent; (4) tested services; (5) ministry assured.; (c) Transparency was measured using five indications: (1) service is transparent; (2) service is open; (3) services are easily tracked; (4) service is easily detected and (5) e_plicit service.(d) Speed (fast delivery) was measured using 5 indications (1) fast delivery; (2) timely delivery; (3) delivery smoothly; (4) delivery efficient and (5) delivery reliable.(e) Security was measured using five indications: (1) safe delivery;(2) delivery is guaranteed; (3) are not damaged; (4) shipment is not lost, and (5) shipments protected.Each item was measured using a 5-point Likert scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree.3.3.2.Reasonableness PricePrice is defined as an individual&rs;s quality perception.The price factor is a sacrifice that must be paid to get some product type (Zeithaml, 1988; Rahman, 20__6; Mentzer et al., 20__7).This variable was measured by using 5 price reasonablenessindicators (Karour Ahmadinejad, 20__): (1) reasonable rates; (2) reasonable rates; (3) affordable rates; (4) reasonable rates, and (5) usual fare.Each item wasmeasured using a 5-point Likert scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree.3.3.3.Brand ImageBased on the earlier studies, the researcher determined that this variable was measured by using brand image attributes.Brand image is elaborating memories, beliefs and preferences of customer&rs;s attitude toward a brand.So the brand image is measured using 5 indications (Hsieh et al.20__): (1) popular brands image (2) superior brand image.(3) a good brand image.(4) brand image has a good reputation.(5) brand image has a good impression.Each item was measured using a 5-point scale Linkert from strongly disagree to strongly agree.3.4.Positive Attitude towards E_press Delivery ServicesAttitude is defined as a degree of evaluation like or dislike of a person against an object or product (Ajzen, 1991).This means that if a customer has a positive attitude towards a product, the customer tends to manifest intention.Attitude measure multi- dimensional (Rosenberg Hod, 1995) as a construct in a hierarchical manner described through a cognitive, affective and conative sequence.In this study, e_press delivery services attitude is measured by using a 5 attitude indications, namely: (1) Glad to e_press delivery services; (2) Likes to e_press delivery services; (3) e_cited to e_press delivery services; (4) Hy on the e_istence of e_press delivery services, and (5) Think positive to e_press delivery services.Each item was measured using a 5-point Likert scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree.3.5.Intention to use E_press Delivery ServicesIntention to use e_press delivery services (Fishbein Ajzen, 2021)is measure of confidence, motivation; attitudes to direct behavior, subjective norm; intention to act, and perception of behavioral control.This variable was measured by using 5 indications: (1) It will usee_press delivery services; (2) Want to use e_press delivery services; (3) Tendency to use e_press delivery services; (4) Willingness to use to use e_press delivery services; (5) Regarding use of these services in the future.Each item was measured using a 5-point Likert scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree.4.ConclusionInfluence between variables in structural equation modeling, in general, does not support the results of previous studies, such as product quality and price reasonableness is not consistent with thestudy (Cronin Taylor, 1992) that product quality perceived and services are predictors of positive attitudes and behavior intention antecendent subscribers.The findings further showed no consistent also with findings (Keaveney, 1995; Colgate Hedge, 20__1) that price reasonableness influence positive attitude customers.However, results of studies on price reasonableness in line with (Mittal et al., 1998; Karour Ahmadinejad, 20__) studies indicatingprice does not affect customer&rs;s purchase intention.The findings indicate that brand image positively influences attitudes.These results support previous studies (Aaker, 20__4) that quality perception shows superior differentiation of products or services and customers to the brand and think selectively used services.These results are consistent findings (Hsieh et al., 20__4; Karour Ahmadinejad, 20__) that brand image elaborating memories, beliefs and preferences of customer&rs;s attitude toward a brand, then brand image and perception of corporate image influence on intention and purchase behavior brand, in line with studies (Blomback A_elsson, 20__7; Ogba Tan, 2021; Matthiesen Phau, 2021) brand image influence positive customers attitude.Good customer perception will ear when the brand has a unique advantage / superior, good reputation, popular, nice and provide the best service (Aaker, 1997; Kotler Keller, 20__).This shows brand image directly describes product quality.The study showed mediating role attitudes towards an intention to use e_press delivery services to sharpen study (Rosenberg Hod, 1995) that a construct ofcognitive, affective and conative able to e_plain desireindividuals to determine a positive attitude.Construction positive attitude (Ehigie, 20__6) is a critical factor closely related to customer e_pectations, perceived services quality.Similar findings (Donio et al., 20__6; Brunner et al., 2021) which affect-laden of a brand that a positive attitude will enhance customer intention to use e_press delivery services.中文译文：客户为何打算使用快递服务【摘要】：^p本研究的目的是更好地了解产品质量、价格合理性、品牌形象和态度对客户意向的影响。

1. INTRODUCTIONLogistics is normally considered as nothing more than getting the right product to the right place at the right time for the least cost. Faced with a rapidly changing environment, revolutionary changes in technology, continued government deregulation, the shortening of product life cycle, proliferation of product lines and shifts in traditional manufacturer-retailer relationships, many organisations have had to rethink their traditional assumptions.Over the last ten years one of the most significant changes in management thinking was the emphasis on the search for strategies that will provide superior value in competition. Logistics management has the potential to assist the organisation in the achievement of both a cost/productivity advantage and a value advantage. The importance of logistics and its integration in the supply chain was argued by.China is a huge consumer market that accounted for a third of global economic growth over the past three years. Its development speed and potential cannot be ignored by the rest of the world. As a result of China’s internal and external economic attributes, most of the global consumer brands have established operations there. In particular in the automobile industry, many of the leading global OEMs including Honda, Toyota, General Motors, V olkswagen and Ford have established joint-venture partnerships with local car manufacturers. Auto sales in China rose by 76% in the year to July 2003 and by 2011, China is expected to surpass Japan to become the wo rld’s second largest auto market. In order to compete in the Chinese market share and satisfy increasing demand, these operations are continuously expanding their production volumes with astonishing speed. Such expansion is, however carried out in the context of a legacy environment.China spans a large geographical area with, in many parts, under-developed infrastructure. This presents a challenge to efficient deployment of logistics strategies. Furthermore, the involvement of third party logistics providers, favoured by most globalOEMs, is an emergent consideration in China. Finally, the conflicts that inevitably arise in the joint venture partnerships lead to delays in the introduction of western logistics management experiences and methods from the OEMs. All these factors increase the difficulties in managing logistics by China’s local auto makers.2. The overall development of foreign distribution Overview2.1 The United States of modern logistics developmentTwenty-first century from the 60s on wards, the rationalization of distribution of goods in general are valued in the United States to take the following measures: First, the warehouse will replace the old distribution center: The second is the management of the introduction of computer networks, on the loading and unloading, handling, custody, standardized operation, improve operating efficiency; Third, the common chain distribution centers set up to promote the growth of chain-effective. United States chain stores have a variety of distribution centers, mainly in the wholesale-based, retail and warehouse-type three types.2.2 Japan's modern logistics developmentOn logistics and distribution of wood with the following features: well-developed distribution channels, frequent, low-volume stock, logistics and distribution reflects the common and set the trend sticks, logistics and distribution cooperative, the Government planning in the development of modern logistics and distribution play an important role in the process of .2.3 European modern development of logisticsCountries in Europe, especially Germany, logistics refers to the user's orders in accordance with the requirements of positions in the logistics sub-goods distribution, the goods will be sent to the consignee with good activities. Germany's logistics industry formed of basic commodities from origin to distribution center, from the distribution center (and sometimes through more than one distribution center) arrive at the modern mode of end customers. Traveled in Germany, it can be said of the logistics and distribution in Germanyhas been formed to final demand-oriented to the modernization of transport and high-tech information network as a bridge to a reasonable R69 distribution center hub to run a complete system.2.4 the main reasons of logistics industry developing faster in developed countriesRelying on high-tech to the core economies of scale to allow flexibility based on a variety of forms.3、China's 3PL enterprises are facing a major obstacle to business3.1 The current situation of China's 3PLChina's 3PL enterprises: service radius of a small, low entry barriers. With the gradual warming heat logistics, urban logistics industry is also increasingly unitary covered by the importance and development. However, due to historical reasons in our country, the long-standing emphasis on production of a light flow, heavy flow to light the idea of the logistics, distribution of development in the not yet ripe at this stage, there is the issue more prominent in the following two aspects: the service delivery difficult to play a central role, the process of distribution of the low level of modernization.China's 3PL companies with foreign 3PL companies mainly in the gap between the three aspects: First, procurement capacity, and the other is logistics, and the third is cash flow. Aspects of logistics and distribution, foreign retailers have done very well, has a set of efficient logistics information system, which can effectively improve the inventory turnover rate, so as to enhance the return on assets and profitability. And domestic retailers in this area has just started, or have not yet started.3.2 distribution center lower the overall distribution, commercial chain failed to give full play to the advantagesFrom our point of view the existing commercial retail enterprises, in addition to some large, well-known commercial enterprises, the general commercial "chain" businesses are not set up their own logistics and distribution centers or use third-party logistics center. Although these companies have also established some of his own "chain" stores, but in factoperating goods stores do not do "unified procurement, unified distribution, unified billing," which allows some commercial retail enterprises, "chain" seems to exist in name only. The other has been established in their own logistics and distribution centers or use third-party logistics distribution center of commodities in commercial enterprises, the effectiveness of distribution centers has not been effective, which in turn affected the procurement cost of an integrated chain advantages, including outstanding manifested by the distribution center for goods distribution ratio of unity is very low. Uniform distribution logistics center can not be achieved, indicating the store's commercial enterprises "unified purchase" did not materialize, rather than a unified procurement chain has lost the core strengths.3.3 China's more enterprises are facing a major obstacle of the higher logistics costWal-Mart 8 5% of the commodities distribution through the distribution center, in which 80% is through the "zero inventory" of the more complete form of the distribution database. Wal-Mart as a result of the use of the "Cross distribution" and "auto-replenishment" of supply chain technology, so that goods turnover in the Treasury down to 2 days. And retail enterprises in China are in the 15-30 days, which reflects the retail , distribution enterprises, underdeveloped logistics system, distribution costs are too high. Rapid expansion of retail enterprises in China's size and speed in the short term if they can not form a qualitative edge is a dangerous speculation.Over the years the practice has proved that the multi-purpose logistics distribution center, intensive, low-cost supply hub, as well as the use of information technology to reorganize and upgrade the entire flow of the supply chain management is the core of large-scale retail enterprises strategy is to support the retail giant super-conventional development. The face of large-scale retail and distribution businesses of the main distribution center logistics requirements planning, focusing on how to reflect the integration of information flow in business flow, logistics, capital flow, so that the operation of retail enterprises to expand the logistics for the entire enterprise supply chain collaboration nodes and so that the whole positive and negative to minimize logistics cost of goods (including consumers, stores, logistics, distribution centers, headquarters, suppliers and partners), and atimely response to sales demand and timely replenishment. This is also a large-scale cross-regional, multi-format, chain retail enterprises have the capacity of the core competitive advantage.3.4 Lack of modern logistics management knowledge and expertise of logistics personnel.This is the third-party logistics industry in restricting the development of China's most important one of the bottlenecks. Logistics knowledge, especially in modern integrated third party logistics knowledge is far from being universal, but that its main business areas is to provide transportation and warehousing services, not know that it is new to these traditional business integration of its business fields Far too simple to become connected with transport and storage of raw materials, semi-finished products supply, production process, material flow, the whole process of product distribution services, as cover flow, solid logistics, capital flow, information flow is equal to the integrated system of systems.4 to enhance core competitiveness, the implementation of integrated management"integrated management" is the original English Integrated SupplyProcess, refers to the production enterprises, office, life of a non-core business areas of the operation and management of integration as a Overall, as a business-oriented to manage outsourcing projects, by the special "integrated management" of the suppliers to provide full-service projects. "Integrated management" is not simply puts together the management of the business, but to improve management efficiency and reduce management costs as the core, combined with advanced information technology and network management features such as one organically integrated. Compared with the general outsourcing services, integrated management has the following characteristics:(1) It is not a business, but a complete outsourcing business from the operation of themanagement integration of outsourcing;(2) Outsourcing is not a core operation, but a comprehensive business management. Responsible for the entire business as a first-class suppliers, and its main task is to use itsunique resources to conduct a comprehensive knowledge management, the operation of the specific is it managed by the secondary and tertiary suppliers to implement, so in the management of outsourcing functions based on the specific operation of the outsourcing; (3) In the case of the most important first-level suppliers, other than remuneration in the fixed service, its the only way to increase revenue for users to save costs as much as possible in order to share the proceeds of cost savings, rather than as general outsourcing as suppliers, mainly through an increase in turnover, that is, to increase spending to increase the user's own earnings. "Double bottom" principle of cooperation between the two sides can make a stable and lasting.5 The third party logistics enterprise strategic choiceSummarized the latest of several foreign logistics theory and the development of third-party logistics with the current practice of foreign, third-party logistics firm's strategic choice to have the following three:（1）Lean Logistics StrategySince the lag theory and practice of logistics, our most extensive third-party logistics company or business, it can not accurately position their logistics services. If you do not reverse this situation as soon as possible, will be third-party logistics industry in China have restricted role. Lean production theory of logistics for our third-party logistics company provides a new development ideas for these enterprises to survive in the new economy and development opportunities. Lean Logistics concept originated in lean manufacturing. It is produced from the Toyota Motor Corporation 70 years in the last century by the original "Toyota Production System", after research by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor and summary, was published in 1990 published "change the world of machines), a book. Lean thinking is the use of various modern management methods and means, based on the needs of society to fully play the role of people as a fundamental and effective allocation and rational use of corporate resources to maximize economic benefits for enterprises to seek a new Management philosophy. Lean Logistics Lean Thinking is the application inlogistics management, logistics development must reflect. The so-called Lean Logistics means: the process by eliminating the production and supply of non-value added waste in order to reduce stocking time, improve customer satisfaction. The aim of Lean Logistics according to customer needs, providing customers with logistics services, while pursuing the provision of logistics services in the process to minimize waste and delay, the process of increasing value added logistics services. Lean logistics system is characterized by its high-quality, low cost, continuous improvement, driven by customer demand oriented logistics system. It requires establishing the customer first thought, on time, accurate and fast delivery of goods and information.In short, Lean Logistics, as a new management ideas, bound to have a third-party logistics enterprises in China have far-reaching impact, it will change the appearance of the extensive third party logistics management concept, the formation of third party logistics Core competitiveness.the establishment of small and medium third party logistics value chain allianceThird-party logistics enterprises of small and medium can not be independent because of their one-stop logistics services to provide full shortcomings, and because the small size of assets, services, not wide area so that small and medium enterprises in China's logistics third party logistics industry at a disadvantage. Therefore, third party logistics for small and medium enterprises, starting from their own resources to construct their own core competence is the key. As small and medium enterprise features of a single third-party logistics and incomplete, so based on their respective core competencies based on the structure of the logistics business enterprise cooperation is an effective capacity to make up for deficiencies, constitutes a feasible way of competitive advantage of logistics. Value chain is the use of systems approach to investigate the interaction between business and the analysis of all activities and their access to the resources of competitive advantage. Value of the business activities fall into two categories: basic activities and support activities. Basic activities are involved in product creation and sale of the material transferred to the buyer and after-sales service activities. Basic activities of supporting activities is to assist therevenue by providing outsourcing, technology, human resources and a variety of functions to support each other. Theory to analyze the value chain study the value of third party logistics chain composition, can be found in auxiliary activities, third party logistics enterprise and general business is no different, the basic activities in the third-party logistics companies has its own characteristics. Third-party logistics enterprises there is generally no commodity production process, only the re-circulation process, does not account for major components of a wide range of third-party logistics companies and thus become the basic operating activities of storage, transport, packaging, distribution, customer service and marketing, etc. link. Various aspects of the basic work activities, due to their own limited resources and capacity, can not have every aspect of an advantage in that value chain in terms of some of the deficiencies, resulting in their overall logistics function not complete, lack of corresponding competitiveness and comparative advantage in some sectors of the value chain due to lack of overall effect should not play. Therefore, third party logistics industry, small and medium sized logistics enterprises within the Union, should be based on the value chain between complementary on the basis of cooperation, make full use of professional logistics companies and logistics functions of specialized logistics organization and coordination of agents Flexible complementary integrated logistics capabilities. Third-party logistics for small and medium enterprises, value chain should start with the advantage of links to explore and develop the core competitiveness of enterprises, through the reconstruction of the value chain to avoid weaknesses.（2）Large third-party logistics enterprise virtualization of strategyRapid development in IT and the Internet era, companies can not fight alone singles, but must be in the competition and collaboration, in cooperation and development. Thus, under modern conditions resulting from modern large-scale virtualized development of third-party logistics has a strong necessity. Large third-party logistics enterprise virtualization is the logistics management resources of others who will have "all", through the network, the other part into its own logistics, with the help of others break the power of physical boundaries, extending to achieve their various Function, and thus expand their ability to enhance theirstrength. Therefore, the logistics information technology, virtualization is a means for the connection and coordination of temporary and dynamic alliance in the form of virtual logistics. Integrated logistics virtualization technology as a means of electronic communication, customer-focused, based on the opportunity to participate in members of the core competencies as a condition to an agreement for the common pursuit of goals and tasks, the different parts of the country's existing Resources to quickly mix into a no walls, beyond the space constraints, by means of electronic networks, contact the unified command of the virtual business entity, the fastest launch of high-quality, low-cost logistics service.Modern large-scale virtualization, including third-party logistics functions, organization, geographic three virtualization. Virtualization capabilities with third-party logistics enterprise IT technology will be distributed in different locations, different companies take different functions within the logistics resources (information, human, material and other resources) organized to accomplish a specific task, to achieve the optimization of social resources. Virtualization refers to the organizational structure of the logistics organization is always dynamically adjusted, not fixed, but also decentralized, flexible, self-management, flat network structure, its objectives and in accordance with changes in the environment re-combination, in a timely manner Reflect the market dynamics. Virtual is the regional third party logistics network through the Internet link the global logistics resources, removing barriers and national barriers, to production management to achieve "virtual neighbors. "1 导言物流通常被认为是将恰当的产品以最低的成本，在恰当的时间送达恰当的地点。

区域物流竞争力外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Mahpula A. The Research of Regional Logistics Competitiveness [J]. Journal of Transport Geography, 2015, 15(2): 30-34.英文原文The Research of Regional Logistics CompetitivenessMahpula AAbstractAt present, the development of logistics is the logistics demand rapid increase, the expanding market capacity, accelerates the construction of logistics infrastructure, third-party logistics fast growth the tendency, the whole logistics industry is developing in the direction of the information, globalization and specialization. At the same time, with the rapid increase of logistics demand, the development of the regional logistics more rapidly. Regional logistics is an important part of regional economy, the existence and development of regional logistics is the premise of existence and development of regional economy, no regional economy there would be no regional logistics. Regional logistics and regional economic development level, is closely related to the scale and the level of the different regional economic shape, size and industry, determines the level of regional logistics, the scale and structure form. Regionaleconomic integration can make the area and regional logistics incline to reasonable, adapt to reasonable layout of industrial structure, to reduce logistics cost, promote the development of regional logistics. On the other hand, the regional economic development is inseparable from the development of regional logistics and regional logistics to provide support and guarantee for the development of regional economy, the development of the regional logistics will drive and promote the further development of regional economy. Therefore, the development of the regional logistics has become to improve the regional investment environment and industry development environment, expanding the scope of the regional influence, the key to enhancing regional competitiveness. Keywords: Regional logistics; Regional logistics competitiveness; Evaluation index1 IntroductionThe rapid development of world economy and the progress of modern science and technology, the logistics industry as an emerging service industry, is developing rapidly in the global scope. Internationally, logistics industry is considered to be the economic development of the artery and basic industry, its development degree become to measure a country's modernization degree and comprehensive national strength, one of the important marks is known as the "third profit source" of the enterprise, its role is more and more big, became the current after the ITindustry, financial industry's hottest emerging industry a new growth point of national economy, and caused widespread social attention. Regional logistics is an important component of regional economy, is the important force in the formation and development of regional economy, it is to improve the efficiency and economic benefit in the field of regional circulation, improve the competitive ability of regional market, etc., plays a positive role in active. Behind the rapid development of modern logistics, however, there are still many problems; including logistics competitiveness level is lower than the level of logistics development is particularly prominent. Choosing logistics competitiveness development level evaluation index, since there is no uniform standard, can only use freight or freight turnover scale to measure logistics. Implementation of goods transport is the process of logistics spatial displacement at the center of the link, with the two indicators to measure logistics scale has certain scientific, but it can't reflect the outline of the regional logistics. Estimates of logistics demand, typically based on GDP and total retail sales of social consumer goods such as index of national economic accounting. This is just a simple measure of the macro level, the proportion of different researchers use different, ranging from teens to twenty percent, there are large difference between the results and gives theoretical analysis greater difficulties. At the same time, the logistics industry's economic statistical data shortage, there is no comprehensivelogistics demand statistics, which made us qualitative understanding of the level of understanding of logistics.2 Literature reviewAbout the Core Competence theory, Core Competence (Core Competence) of the original intention is the Core skills or Core skills, this concept is in 1990 by the American strategic management experts made (C.K.P rahalad) and Britain's strategic management experts hamer (c. amel), refers to the enterprise organization of accumulating knowledge, especially about how to coordinate different production skills and integrate a variety of technical knowledge, and on the basis of advantage over other competitors unique ability, namely Core Competence is built on the basis of enterprise Core resources, is the enterprise intelligence, technology, products, management, culture and other elements in the reflection of comprehensive advantage in the market. At present there are three typical academic argument: the ability theory represented by Rossby and Christie's school; School represented by porter's theory of market structure; Represented by Werner Phil and Penrose's theory of resource school. Core competitiveness is value, the ability to integrated, uniqueness, extensibility and inherent characteristics.Related theory, the study of regional logistics, the logistics research of Europe and the United States, Japan and other developed countries, focus on the enterprise level, is committed to providing enterpriseoptimization strategy. And regional logistics system and competitiveness research, involved. According to literature review, the regional international logistics field of research mainly includes the following aspects: (1) from the perspective of multinational company research the global logistics resources configuration and coordination problems. Specific include logistics infrastructure, market competition mechanism and the problem of logistics supply chain operation. Such research quantification technology such as using the operational research tools, more for the global network of supply chain facility location positioning, and coordinate the factory more support, strategic distribution system design problem. This is an extension of the logistics enterprise level optimization study, the commonly used methods include mathematical analytical method, system simulation method and heuristic methods, etc. If only one method and graphical method solving the problem of the layout of the site; Mixed integer programming solve the problem of site selection of logistics center and logistics planning, etc.(2) from the perspective of urban economy and the environment, the research of urban traffic network Settings. For example Tanjguchietal from the city level, using a dynamic traffic simulation model, quantitative research economic growth, the transport demand, as well as the related road congestion and environmental pollution.(3) from the point of view of the city government, study its role in macro logistics development and utility. For exampleMeirJ. R and Senblatt, studied the global supply chain management in infrastructure financing, transportation and regional trading rules, corporate tax law of the government subsidies, and other effects of the main factors of global production and distribution network, etc.3 Introduction to the theory of regional logistics related3.1 The definition of regional logisticsAcademic definition of regional logistics has not yet unified, a more accepted view is that regional logistics is the geographical environment in a certain area, with large and medium-sized cities as the center, based on the regional scale and scope economy, combined with effective logistics service scope, area inside and outside of all kinds of goods from the supplier to accept to effective entity flow; Is the transport, storage, loading and unloading, handling, distribution, packaging, circulation processing, information processing, such as integrated logistics activities, to service in the composite system of regional economic development. It requires the integration, the integration of logistics management, namely to meet user needs for the purpose, to the goods, services and related information from the supplier to accept to the efficient flow of planning, execution, and control activities, is the organic unity of cash-flow, information flow and cash flow.3.2 Relationship of regional logistics subject, object and carrierRegional logistics has the characteristics of multi-level andmulti-dimensional structure, its basic elements include logistics main body, object and logistics carrier, and the structure of the basic elements and their complete system, each element show different features, thus forming the function of the regional logistics. Regional logistics main body is directly involved in or specialized is engaged in the economic organization of regional logistics activity, including the owner of the goodsFlow, the third party logistics enterprise, storage and transportation enterprise, etc. Logistics is the supply chain logistics channels, the starting point and end point of connection in the whole course of the regional logistics activity plays a dominant and decisive role. Elements of the integrated logistics subject is the essential characteristic of modern logistics. Therefore, the elements of logistics as one of the main body, logistics has a decisive role in the development of logistics industry. Similar accumulation and regional economy industry, regional logistics also emphasizes the logistics main body accumulation, logistics main body in space is beneficial to promote the logistics activities of large-scale, intensive, body development, it is also a regional logistics park, logistics center, the objective basis of the formation of distribution centers, and regional logistics park, logistics center and distribution center determines the spatial structure of the regional logistics system. 3.3 Regional logistics and regional economic relationsRegional logistics is an important part of regional economy, the existence and development of regional logistics is the premise of existence and development of regional economy, no regional economy there would be no regional logistics. Regional logistics and regional economic development level, is closely related to the scale and the level of the different regional economic shape, size and industry, determines the level of regional logistics, the scale and structure form. Logistics is always accompanied by business flow, the more advanced the regional economy, manufacturing and trading more active, the logistics industry as a service industry will have a good customer base and market infrastructure, the greater the chance of large-scale development. On the other hand, the regional economic development is inseparable from the development of regional logistics and regional logistics to provide support and guarantee for the development of regional economy, the development of the regional logistics will drive and promote the further development of regional economy. Thus, regional logistics and regional economy is the unity of interdependence. Regional economy is the premise and foundation of regional logistics development, is the dominant force in the regional logistics development; Regional logistics is an important part of regional economy, is the regional economic support system, and serve the regional economy. Regional logistics development goal and strategy must obey and serve the regionaleconomic development goals and strategies.4 Regional logistics competitiveness4.1 The social and economic development levelComprehensive social and economic development level reflects the regional logistics competitiveness level of social economic basis, is the guarantee of development of regional logistics competitiveness, to provide support for the sustainable development of regional logistics, from the other side also reflects the competitiveness of regional logistics development potential and power.4.2 The logistics demand scaleLogistics demand scale is mainly refers to the logistics services in the field such as production, consumption and circulation quantity and scale, to some extent, restricted by local resource conditions, it reflects a region, the demand for logistics service level and size: the size of the logistics demand, determines the size of the logistics market capacity, is the premise of existence and development of regional logistics industry and the foundation.4.3 Logistics supply conditionThe supply condition of logistics refers to the logistics infrastructure provided for the development of the logistics industry, all kinds of logistics technology and equipment, is engaged in the logistics services enterprises and the corresponding professionals such as the number andsize of traffic capacity and regional situation, the comprehensive reflection of regional logistics supply capacity and service level, reflects the effect on the development of the logistics industry to promote and satisfaction, is the main factor of the formation and development of regional logistics competition.中文译文区域物流竞争力研究Mahpula A摘要目前，物流业的发展是物流需求快速增长，市场容量不断扩大，加速物流基础设施建设，第三方物流快速增长的趋势，整个物流业向信息化方向发展，全球化和专业化。

外文文献翻译--快递企业市场竞争战略研究The XXX logistics industry。

With the rise of merce and the increasing demand for fast and reliable delivery services。

the express delivery market has XXX。

the industry has witnessed significant changes。

including the emergence of new players。

the n of new technologies。

and the n of services。

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XXX.2 Development trends of the express delivery marketThe express delivery market is expected to continue growing in the coming years。

driven by the increasing demand for cross-border merce and the n of the middle-class pXXX。

XXX。

such as artificial intelligence。

big data。

and blockchain。

is expected to transform the XXX。

the industry also faces challenges。

such as rising labor costs。

regulatory barriers。

and environmental concerns.3 Case study: AE express companyAE express company is a German-based express companythat XXX and medium-XXX。

* ETP Ltd., 259 Home Avenue, Oak Park, IL 60302, Tel/Fax (1-708) 848-2395,Email: jostetp@.** Professor Emeritus of Civil Engineering at Washington University, St. Louis, L. E.Haefner Enterprises, Inc., 10 Finlay Road, Kirkwood, MO, 63122, Tel (1-314) 966-3141, Fax (1-314) 966-3139Port Development: The Interplay of Logistics and InfrastructureByDr. J. Lee Hutchins, Jr., P.E., AICP * and Dr. Lonnie E. Haefner, P.E.**Paper AbstractPorts represent the coalescence of regional and international economies. The port serves as a transfer point for goods, services and passengers destined for the region as well as for transiting through the region. The movement of passengers and freight is influenced by location factors and logistical decisions that have substantially different timing than that associated with port infrastructure investments. The port is also shaped by national and international policies for trade and investment. These policies that influence the port also exist for the users and operators of the port itself. The decisions implemented by the port owners, operators and users have a pronounced effect upon various constituencies within the region.The paper undertaken by the authors examines the port as an element of the regional transportation system. The long term capital investment in a port is viewed in relation to the interconnecting transportation systems and the logistical decisions that lead to the port use for transferring passengers and freight. The paper has been structured along the following outline. The work is based upon recent activities undertaken by the authors as an extension of their past work efforts.• The Port in a Regional Transportation System• Regional Economic Value• Logistical Decision Parameters• Participation and Interaction of Port Constituencies• Planning, Programming and Financing The Port in a Regional Transportation SystemPort development in the United States, as well as many areas of the international marketplace, has recently been influenced to a much greater extent by the regionaltransportation systems extending from the traditional area of the port. The users of D o w n l o a d e d f r o m a s c e l i b r a r y .o r g b y D a l i a n J i a o t o n g U n i v e r s i t y o n 03/27/13. C o p y r i g h t A S C E . F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y ; a l l r i g h t s re s e r v e d .Page 2the port are focused on the total transportation cost for the goods transferred by the combined marine and landside transportation modes. This is particularly true where the marine facilities may include the inland waterway system as well as the Great Lakes. The Great Lakes and the connection to regional river systems represent marine facility areas that are the focus of competing management priorities that include commercial, recreational, ecological and stormwater management objectives.The competing management priorities also extend to operational features of the ports,harbors and waterways such as the locks and dams and dredge material placement.The marine facility operations interact with and react to the physical environment.Vessels travel to landside facilities, which in turn are affected by ice, silt, water level fluctuations and other physical conditions.The port operates between the marine and landside modes of transportation including rail, highway and to a lesser extent air modes. Each geographic region is a unique combination of node and corridor orientations for the transportation system as well as the flow of goods and passengers using the transportation facilities. The total trip times for goods and passengers are heavily influenced by the transportation system interconnects and performance across each transportation mode involved. The impact on individual trip times may be far greater than the contribution of the port traffic to congestion and delay on the corresponding transportation mode.The rail and highway modes together represent significant pathways for goods,passengers and support services to arrive at a port facility. Rail and highway facilities also provide transportation access to the industrial and commercial land uses in the region. In many urban areas the rail and highway systems are operating at or above capacity with significant points of congestion between the port and “the open road”.The age of the infrastructure, together with the levels of use, are accelerating the deterioration of the rail and highway systems. The incremental cost of repair are increasing as well, particularity with the repairs being undertaken with the level of activity being rerouted and diverted. Each of these transportation modes experience competitive uses beyond the port needs for both local and through traffic.Regional Economic Value Each state in the US and each region served by a port entity is developing an economy more reflective of global influences. The marine point of transfer is one part of an end to end global supply chain. Commercial organizations strive to continuously balance sources of material and resource supply in relation to their customer’s market. Users focus on the total transportation cost incorporating congestion, delivery schedule and material handling that may encompass more than one mode. Ports are characterized less as a central economic place and more as placefor regional economic development. Transportation management of marine assets D o w n l o a d e d f r o m a s c e l i b r a r y .o r g b y D a l i a n J i a o t o n g U n i v e r s i t y o n 03/27/13. C o p y r i g h t A S C E . F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y ; a l l r i g h t s re s e r v e d .Page 3and port facilities becomes a critical element of the industrial and commercial business activity within the broader regional land use and development context. Such development efficiently and effectively utilizes goods and services in a manner similar to other forms of commercial and economic development. The marine point of transfer is now a part of an end to end global supply chain.The port in relation to the region’s commercial and industrial activity contributes to the region’s resource utilization. The efficiency, equity and effectiveness of thisutilization will shape the competitive position and performance of the regional commercial and industrial users. Export and import markets are defined where goods and services cross political and topographical boundaries. The export/import markets that develop can be significant on a regional and international scale. In 1997, Illinois experienced $34 billion in international export trade while measuring $224 billion in interstate export trade. Figure 1 in a graphical representation of the magnitude of these trading relationship for the highest individual countries and states. The aggregate results for Michigan, Ohio, Indiana and Wisconsin have been averaged for consistency in presentation. Iowa has also become a significant trading partner for Illinois as well.Extending the traditional port marketing paradigm from international trade to interstate trade may capture significant additional product movement. The inter-regional flow of goods and services takes place in response to the value that is added to the products and goods from the local area manufacturing and distribution activities. This approach bears a great resemblance to industrial development and investment. The search for markets and factors of production, processing and distribution is a continual process.The regional trade activity responds to many of the same influences of international trade. The search for markets and factors of production, processing and distribution continue to seek the most efficient balancing of these factors. Industries have sought economies of scale at the plant level that go beyond historical regional specialization.Economies-of-scope are considered on a multi-plant level rather than within a single plant. Outsourcing of material and services have been sought out to obtain improvements in schedule performance and cost. The precision, timeliness and accuracy of information management enables the industrial and commercial plant to selectively target function and performance. Transportation management connects these increasingly dispersed functions into an integrated performance centered upon a commodity, product or other finished good.The net effect of the industrial and commercial land use decisions is to create a more complex environment within which port development will take place. Elements of international and interstate trade are intertwined in a manner that influences theoperating activities of the port and marine traffic. Free Trade Zones (FTZ) once were D o w n l o a d e d f r o m a s c e l i b r a r y .o r g b y D a l i a n J i a o t o n g U n i v e r s i t y o n 03/27/13. C o p y r i g h t A S C E . F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y ; a l l r i g h t s re s e r v e d .Page 4sited on wholly international trade considerations and yet now seem to look very much like other industrial and commercial activity that may take place within the region.Warehouses, distribution hubs and fulfillment houses each directly serve markets by closely managing the transportation associated with the product transfer. The information associated with each item transferred is much greater for industrial and specialized material. Just in Time (JIT) inventory management and electronic purchase orders each represent components of production that are part of a network leading to finished goods rather than a single end point. The net effect of these individual transportation decisions shape the operating environment for the port.Participation and Interaction of Port Constituencies The operations and infrastructure of port development has an impact on constituencies beyond employment and industries that ship through the port. The continued growth and development of urban areas has increased the competing interest in and potential use of the area’s resources. Ecological retention and restoration has received attention due to the unique attributes of the marine environment. The landside neighborhood and community where the port is located also articulate a voice in how the area’s resources and activities are managed.Ports represent one of the more challenging areas of private and public sector interaction. Transportation is often provided by the private sector for the private goods and services that are conducted through the port. The public sector may provide the largest proportion of infrastructure that enables the transportation to take place. The infrastructure investments often include a long lead-time for both construction and capital cost recovery. The port seeks to further a collective improvement in the port’s operation without distorting existing competitive positions of the users.Planing, Programming and Financing The challenges to growth and development in the port arise from the deterioration of existing infrastructure that has taken place as markets and industries have changed the quantity, nature and value of goods transferred through the port. Congestion costs have increased due to the changes in road and rail service and traffic volumes that complement the material movement through the port. The costs for replacement and upgrade of marine facilities is also significant due to the magnitude and nature of marine projects. The improvement in both real and relative capacities to othertransport modes is complex.D o w n l o a d e d f r o m a s c e l i b r a r y .o r g b y D a l i a n J i a o t o n g U n i v e r s i t y o n 03/27/13. C o p y r i g h t A S C E . F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y ; a l l r i g h t s re s e r v e d .Page 5Port planning is inherently a balancing of regional initiatives. Land use,transportation modes, existing infrastructure and congestion each contribute to the existing conditions, resources and needs. The plan seeks to position the port in a way that will capitalize on future opportunities while recognizing challenges in a timely manner. The actions that implement elements of the plan may be direct or indirect in terms of their impact on the region’s transportation systems and land use.Finance and InvestmentPorts within the transportation system have historically found themselves in a difficult position with respect to funding of their facilities. Despite significant visibility being given to many port and related industrial park bond issues, the waterway mode and the port as it’s main working node of interaction are the only transportation entity and federal policy without a categorical source of funding.Historically, this resulted in private sector participation by virtue of general obligation and revenue bonds, often combined in what is known to the investment banking community as a “double barreled issue”. Such an issue depends initially on revenue from port activities as the primary source of bond repayment, backed by the full faith and credit of the governing body should such revenues prove insufficient. In an era of conservative municipal fiscal budgets, and increased SEC and NASD due diligence of underwritings, these have become relatively less popular and more difficult to implement.Concurrently, over the last two decades, new and aggressive categorical approaches have emerged through ISTEA and TEA-21 legislation, coupling significant surface transportation categorical funding mechanisms and emphasis on new concepts of privatization, involving public-private partnerships, private transportation corporations and transportation development districts utilizing unique mixes of co-mingled state, federal and private dollars to develop facilities with design standards that are capable of approval by federal and state governments.The port, as an emerging entity of intermodal transportation finds itself in a unique position with respect to the above. New opportunities to refine traditional concerns related to port planning and overcome obstacles of previous lack of categorical monies now exist. However, it is necessary for the port community to truly move into an intermodal perspective, with very aggressive and creative usage of the coupling of surface transportation facilities of road, rail and containerization in conjunction with waterside moorage, fleeting and cargo transfer facilities. In order of relative ease of emerging opportunities, the following menu appears worthy of serious consideration by port and intermodal terminal operators over the next decade:1.) Integrated Grant Administration - the capability to hook many modal grants andother infrastructure grants such as sewer and water together in an integrated programD o w n l o a d e d f r o m a s c e l i b r a r y .o r g b y D a l i a n J i a o t o n g U n i v e r s i t y o n 03/27/13. C o p y r i g h t A S CE .F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y ; a l l r i g h t s re s e r v e d .Page 6- with a single audit trail coordinated under one modal agency, Close scrutiny by the OMB and the Maritime Administration will be related to the above. However, in looking at the true engineering and planning components of a port, its intermodal transportation facilities, and its basic non-basic related industrial park processing, this process has great merit, if an implementation team can effectively defuse and integrate multiple bureaucracies involved to capture the above integrated approach.2.) Use of State Enabling Legislation including TIF Processes, and Private Transportation Corporations and Development Districts to Structure Programs - This process maximizes the public/private partnership concept developed in ISTEA and TEA-21, in conjunction with state transportation privatization legislation. Some sixteen states have very strong privatization laws on the books, which can be uniquely integrated with federal processing to essentially allow the delegation of the planning,design, construction and administration of a major transportation facility to a private corporation, subject to state and federal review of design content, financing programs and the presence of such official representation on their board of directors. Empirical results with this approach in the highway programs has shown excellent results, with the capability to minimize inefficiencies with respect to program management,vendor choice and construction administration. An intermodal port offers a uniquely more complex but highly appropriate place upon which to expand this approach. In the context of such, lies the future of co-mingled revenue bonding and GO bonding with the linkage of state and federal modal dollars, in addition to usage of private development districts and/or foundations. It should be pointed out that, in the context of the above, TIF districts, TC's and TDD's can be integrated and mutually overlaid with port authorities, using interlocking boards where necessary and common professional advisory and counsel to achieve their objectives.3.) Export Trading Companies - an emerging opportunity exists in the next decade to invoke the port as a locus of activities having international trade consequences. In this context, use of the little known and understood sleeping giant of the Export Trading Company Act of 1982 exists. It is built on the Oriental Model of unique liaisons between the private financial community and the public sector, and has been utilized outside of the U.S. in the international banking community. By virtue of repeal of the Edge Act, banks are allowed to become private investors in corporations relating to trade activities. Further, a bank and a major industry, and/or a trade association or professional group can coalesce to take an equity position in a infrastructure development deemed solely as a public work prior to 1982. The great need has been to move banks from risk averse to equity related investors in trade associations related to port and intermodal transportation. Great flexibility exists in the design of this mechanism, and as emphasis on globalization of transportation and the need for related strength of the American transportation asset inventory becomes paramount,greater emphasis will be seen in thc use of this opportunity. The deregulation of theD o w n l o a d e d f r o m a s c e l i b r a r y .o r g b y D a l i a n J i a o t o n g U n i v e r s i t y o n 03/27/13. C o p y r i g h t A S CE .F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y ; a l l r i g h t s re s e r v e d .Page 7American banking community, allowing them to operate in closer alignment with international banking forces will be an asset to the emphasis of this concept.Most certainly, the above entities can be co-mingled themselves, into a super state of project implementation framework, such interlocking hierarchies are complex, and will require a port planning, engineering and implementation team approach which is multidimensional in nature and has total understanding of the legal, technical and financial processes involved to format and use such an approach. Such a perspective will require significant liberalization of approach by current port operators, with such modification and viewpoint becoming truly in line with the emerging national policy mindset towards more eclectic and all inclusive approaches to project management and implementation.Performance ModelEvaluation of the performance of a port facility or district has become increasingly complex as numerous performance measurements and perspectives monitoring the port activity are established. Traditional performance indicators such as throughput,operating cost and labor productivity have been augmented by return on investment and asset utilization measurements. Public and private sector managers have requested more rigorous and specific delineation of the regional economic value and market position contributed by the port and represented by the combined infrastructure investment. Additionally, each constituency in the port’s region looks to see the port’s contribution to their priorities and objectives in response to their resource contributions. The safety, environmental and social impacts of the port facility and operations may introduce significant if not strictly comparable performance expectations.The performance model for use in a port that is closely linked to the region’s logistics and industrial land use will be an aggregate of several indicators. The fees and revenue from port activity will be measured against the investment in infrastructure.The infrastructure investment includes both facilities directly managed by the port as well as elements of the region’s transportation system. Port operating costs, revenues from leases and other current activity measurements are also significant.Information technology as a broader definition of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) may serve both the operating and market needs of the port as well as a means of tracking performance. The timely assembly and use of information that meets the logistics needs of the port user also captures a timely analysis of the material flow through the port facility. The movement of material through the port represents the infrastructure need for the material movement as well as the position of the materialrelative to the regional land use and development served by the port.D o w n l o a d e d f r o m a s c e l i b r a r y .o r g b y D a l i a n J i a o t o n g U n i v e r s i t y o n 03/27/13. C o p y r i g h t A S CE .F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y ; a l l r i g h t s re s e r v e d .Page 8ConclusionsManagement of transportation has increasingly sought to balance factors of production and end markets rather than the more traditional role of assembling factors of production only. Logistics and industrial land use combine to shape the current and future operating environment for our nations port facilities. The logistics element is heavily influenced the regional transportation system of which the port is one element.The influence of transportation policy has a significant influence on both market conditions and the necessary port infrastructure. Bilateral accords as well as international treaties such as NAFTA and GATT will shape how logistics and infrastructure contribute to port development.References “The Role of Intra-industry Trade in Inter-regional Trade in the Midwest of the US”,Darla K. Anderson, Geoffrey J. D. Hewings, Regional Economics Application Laboratory, University of Illinois, 1999.“Returns to Scope, Returns to Trade and the Structure of Spatial Interaction in the US Midwest”, Geoffrey J. D. Hewings, et.al., Regional Economics Application Laboratory, University of Illinois, 1997.“Improving Metropolitan Chicago’s Freight Transportation Network-A One Day Conference”, Metropolitan Planning Council, Chicago, IL, February, 2000.“Ports on the Edge: Sync-ing the Strategic Plans”, Peter D. Beaulieu, Ph.D., Puget Sound Regional Council, 23rd Annual Conference on Ports, Waterways and International Trade, Seattle, WA, July, 1998.“Port Development in Chicago: Needs and Requirements”, A One Day meeting Convened by the City of Chicago City Council Capital and Economic Development Committee and The Great Lakes Fishery Commission, May, 2000.“Strategic Plan: Port of Green Bay, Brown County, Wisconsin”, Harbor Commission and the Brown County Board of Commissioners, Brown County Port and Solid WasteDepartment, March, 2000.D o w n l o a d e d f r o m a s c e l i b r a r y .o r g b y D a l i a n J i a o t o n g U n i v e r s i t y o n 03/27/13. C o p y r i g h t A S C E . F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y ; a l l r i g h t s re s e r v e d .Illinois Trading PartnerExport Value, BillionDollarsFigure 1 Illinois Market for Export Trade, 1997D o w n l o a d e d f r o m a s c e l i b r a r y .o r g b y D a l i a n J i a o t o n g U n i v e r s i t y o n 03/27/13. C o p y r i g h t A S CE .F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y ; a l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .。