毫米波雷达
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PhasecodedpulseDopplerandcontinuouswave
77GHzradarmeasurementandanalysisfacility
J.K.ChristensenandM.J.Underhill
Abstract:Anewanduniquemillimetrewaveradarcapabilityisdescribed.Acoherentquasi-monostatic77GHzpolarimetricshortrangephasecodedpulseDoppler(PCPD)radarisintegratedwithacoherentmonostatic77GHzco-polarcontinuouswave(CW)fasteventradardatacapturefacilitytoprovideunparalleledfunctionalityinasingleunit.ThePCPDradar,originallydesignedfortheshortrangeradarmeasurementofvehiclestravellingatvelocitiesupto200m/s,isshowntooffersignificantadditionalbenefitsbeyondoriginalexpectations.ResultsshowingthecomplexDopplerfromarotatingtargetandillustratingthePCPDsystemcapabilitiesarepresented.TheCWradar,configuredtomeasureobjectstravellingatvelocitiesupto2000m/s,isalsoshowntobeausefulasset.SystemverificationtestsandmeasurementresultsforBrowninggunfiringsofspinninghighvelocitymetallicspheresandcubesarediscussed.Evidencehasalsobeenprovidedsuggestingthatthevelocityofasmallflatfacettedprojectile,firedfromaBrowninggun,canbeestimatedfromradarmeasurementsofspinrategivenaprioriknowledgeoftheriflingcharacteristicsoftheBrowninggun.
1Introduction
AnewanduniquemillimetrewaveradardatacollectionandanalysisfacilityisdiscussedthathasbeendevelopedbyThalesMissileElectronics(TME)LimitedasapartofajointfundedcollaborativeresearchprogrammewithUKMOD.Theequipmentconsistsofaquasi-monostatic77GHzcoherentpolarimetricshortrangephasecodedpulseDoppler(PCPD)radar,reconfigurablemonostatic77GHzcoherentco-polarcontinuouswave(CW)fasteventradar,andintegralposteventprocessinganddisplaycapability.Thedesignaimwastoprovidemaximumfunctionalitythroughre-useofradiofrequency(RF)hardwareandsoftwareprocessing,andtointegratethesystemintoacompactuser-friendlytwo-manportableunit.Theequipmenthasthereforebeendesignedtobehousedinthreeindustrialflightcaseswithstandard482.6mmð1900Þracking,andisdrivenusingaLabview=Delphiinterfacedesignedforuseonastandardindustrialpersonalcomputer(Fig.1).Theintegratedmillimetrewave(mmW)=radiofrequency(RF)frontendisshowntotheleftoftheworkstation.Thedesignallowsmeasurementcampaignstobeperformedquickly,atshortnotice,atremotetrialsvenues,andwith‘onthespot’feedback(providinganindicationofthefidelityofmeasurements).Dataloggingratesareselectableandaredependentupontheparticularrequirementsofthetrial.Amaximum30sofmeasurementdatacanbecollectedduringanyonemeasurementrun.ThePCPDradarwasoriginallydesignedforshortrangeradarmeasurementsofvehiclestravellingatvelocitiesupto200m=s;whereastheCWradarwasconfiguredtomeasureobjectstravellingatvelocitiesupto2000m=s:Typicalresultsforeachsystemarepresentedlater.InparticularsystemverificationtestsfortheCWradararediscussedindetail.Theseincludedthefreeflightmeasurementofhighvelocityspinning7.64mmdiametercubesand9mmdiameterspheresfiredfromaBrowninggun.Accesstothein-phase(I)andquadrature(Q)datahasenabledsignificantadditionalcapabilitiestoberealised,especiallyforthestudyofdynamicrotatingobjectsandstaticobjectsthathaverotatingfeatures.
2HardwaredescriptionandoperationAsimplifiedtoplevelblockdiagramoftheradarhardwareisshowninFig.2.InthePCPDmodethetransmit(Tx)antennaradiatesasequenceofpulsesintheformofapseudorandomcode(PRC).ThePRCcodelengthis2NÀ1;whereNisaninteger.Ahighpulserepetitionfrequency(PRF)ofcodelength31bitsisavailableviathepulseandbiphasevectormodulatorcircuitry.ThelocalmmWoscillator(NATOM-band)isamechanicallytunedGunntype,nominallysetto75GHz.InadditiontofeedingthepulsegeneratornetworktheoutputofthemmWoscillatorisalsopassedviaadirectionalcouplertothereceiver(Rx)mixerfordownconversiontovideobaseband.Theresultantwaveform,atthemixeroutput,andcontainedwithinthebasebandsignal,willthereforeretainthepulsewidthandPRFcharacteristicsofthetransmittedwaveformbutwillalsocontainacomponentduetomodulationattheobjectDopplerfrequency.Additionallyeachsuccessivepulsewillexhibiteitherazeroorpiradianphasechangeduetothephasecoding.Thevideobasebandsignalsaredigitisedat150MHzandcorrelatedwithadelayedversionofthetransmittedPRC.Anautocorrelationwillhenceonlyoccurwhenthebasebandwaveformpossessestheappropriateechodelay.Toachieveanenhanced
rangeqIEE,2004IEEProceedingsonlineno.20040974doi:10.1049/ip-rsn:20040974
J.K.ChristenseniswiththeDefenceScienceandTechnologyLaboratory,FortHalstead,Sevenoaks,KentTN147BP,UKM.J.UnderhilliswiththeAdvancedTechnologyInstitute,SchoolofElectronicsandPhysicalSciences,UniversityofSurrey,Guildford,SurreyGU27XH,UKPaperfirstreceived24thFebruaryandinrevisedform28thJune2004.Originallypublishedonline15thNovember2004
IEEProc.-RadarSonarNavig.,Vol.151,No.6,December2004365discriminationcapability,anumberofrangebinsatdifferentrangeoffsetscanbesynthesised.HerethebasebandsignalfromtherangegateiscorrelatedwithsuccessivelydelayedversionsofthePRCproviding20contiguousrangebinsofnominalwidth1m,spanningtherange1to20m.Itisnotedthatthebasebandsignals(ofbothPCPDandCWmodes)aredigitisedat150MHzusing8-bitanalogue-to-digitalconverters(ADC).Aneffectivesamplerateof3.125MHz(perchannel)isobtainedinCWmodebydecimatingbyafactorof48(i.e.150MHz=48).SamplingofthesignalsatahigherrateisrequiredbecausetheADCsare‘pipelineddevices’thatloseaccuracyatlowersamplerates.The31-bitPRCisamaximallengthphasenoise(PN)codeprovidingahighpulsecompressionratio.ThetheoreticalpeaksidelobeperformanceisÀ17:8dB[2].Thetransmittedbitrateis160nsdefiningthe31bitcoderepetitionintervaltobe4:96ms(e.g.Dopplerbandwidth201.6kHz).Rangebindataisthereforeaccumulatedover31successiveprofilesduringthisperiod.Thesystemdesignuses13-bitaccumulatorstoensurenolossofprecision.Thesystem(range–Doppler)mapintervalis158:72mscorre-spondingto32accumulatedprofiles.Wherehorizontalandverticalpolarisationisrequired,adecimationfactoroffourisappliedtopreventdatacorruptionduetotimingandsystemdelayissuesassociatedwiththespeedofthetransmitantennapolarisationswitching.Thespecifiedpolarisationswitchingspeedisbetterthan4:5ms:FifteensoftwareconfigurableDopplerbinsareavailableinthePCPDoperatingmode.TheDopplerbinwidthcanbesetbetween0.05kHzand6.3kHzprovidingrespectiveminimumandmaximummeasurableDopplerfrequenciesof0.79kHzand100.81kHz.Thisfunctionalityallowsoptimaldataloggingofvehiclevelocitiesbetween2m=sand196m=s:TheCWmodeaugmentsthePCPDmodeandismoreelementaryinoperationalconcept.ThemonostaticTx=Rxantennasimplyradiatesanunmodulatedcarrierwaveformat77GHz.Shouldamovingtarget,exhibitingrelativevelocitywithrespecttotheradar,bewithinintheTxantennafootprintthenthebackscatteredenergywillcontainaDopplershiftedfrequencycomponent.TheRxsignalwithDopplercomponentisthendownconverted,mixedwithaportionofthe2GHzlocaloscillatorsignal,andthebeatfrequency(I–Qcomponents)extractedatvideobaseband.ProvisionofseparateI–QchannelswithinthemixerelementallowsthesignoftheDopplertoberesolvedunambiguously.TheoperatingprincipleisnodifferentinconcepttothatoftheWorldWarIIvariabletime(VT)artilleryfuze[1].TheCWmodereceiveddataismappedinto48frequencybinsnominallyspreadbetweenÆ1:2MHz:Itisnotedthatthesoftwareperformsa64-pointcomplexfastFouriertransform(FFT)ontheCWdataresultingin64frequencybinsofwidth48.8kHz.Theouterbinsarebeyondtheoriginalrequirementspecificationandarediscarded.VelocitiesuptoÆ2000m=scanthereforeberecordedwithadefaultresolutionof83m=sperbin.InCWmode,thedigitisedvideobandI–Qdata,arerespectivelysampledataneffectiverateof3.125MHzcorrespondingtoasampleintervalof320nsperchannel.TheintegrationofthePCPDandCWmodesofoperationusingcommonRFarchitecturesisanovelfeatureoftheradardesign.Itisnotedthattheradarmustbe‘poweredup’andconfiguredinonemodeortheother,andthenpowereddownbeforere-initialisingintheothermode.However,the