第一章 行列式1. 利用对角线法则计算下列三阶行列式: (1)381141102−−−;解 381141102−−−=2×(−4)×3+0×(−1)×(−1)+1×1×8 −0×1×3−2×(−1)×8−1×(−4)×(−1) =−24+8+16−4=−4. (2)b a c a c b cb a ;解 ba c a cb cb a=acb +bac +cba −bbb −aaa −ccc =3abc −a 3−b 3−c 3. (3)222111c b a c b a ;解 222111c b a c b a=bc 2+ca 2+ab 2−ac 2−ba 2−cb =(a −b )(b −c )(c −a ). 2(4)y x y x x y x y yx y x +++.解 yx y x x y x y yx y x +++=x (x +y )y +yx (x +y )+(x +y )yx −y 3−(x +y )3−x =3xy (x +y )−y 3 3−3x 2 y −x 3−y 3−x =−2(x 3 3+y 3 2. 按自然数从小到大为标准次序, 求下列各排列的逆序数:).(1)1 2 3 4; 解 逆序数为0 (2)4 1 3 2;解 逆序数为4: 41, 43, 42, 32. (3)3 4 2 1;解 逆序数为5: 3 2, 3 1, 4 2, 4 1, 2 1. (4)2 4 1 3;解 逆序数为3: 2 1, 4 1, 4 3. (5)1 3 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (2n −1) 2 4 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (2n );解 逆序数为2)1(−n n : 3 2 (1个) 5 2, 5 4(2个) 7 2, 7 4, 7 6(3个)⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(2n −1)2, (2n −1)4, (2n −1)6, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅, (2n −1)(2n −2) (n −1个)(6)1 3 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (2n −1) (2n ) (2n −2) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 2. 解 逆序数为n (n −1) : 3 2(1个) 5 2, 5 4 (2个) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(2n −1)2, (2n −1)4, (2n −1)6, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅, (2n −1)(2n −2) (n −1个) 4 2(1个) 6 2, 6 4(2个) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(2n )2, (2n )4, (2n )6, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅, (2n )(2n −2) (n −1个) 3. 写出四阶行列式中含有因子a 11a 23 解 含因子a 的项. 11a 23(−1)的项的一般形式为t a 11a 23a 3r a 4s 其中rs 是2和4构成的排列, 这种排列共有两个, 即24和42. ,所以含因子a 11a 23 (−1)的项分别是t a 11a 23a 32a 44=(−1)1a 11a 23a 32a 44=−a 11a 23a 32a 44 (−1), t a 11a 23a 34a 42=(−1)2a 11a 23a 34a 42=a 11a 23a 34a 42 4. 计算下列各行列式:.(1)71100251020214214; 解 71100251020214214010014231020211021473234−−−−−======c c c c 34)1(143102211014+−×−−−= 143102211014−−=01417172001099323211=−++======c c c c .(2)2605232112131412−; 解 2605232112131412−26053212213041224−−=====c c 041203212213041224−−=====r r 0000003212213041214=−−=====r r . (3)efcf bf de cd bd aeac ab −−−;解 ef cf bf de cd bd ae ac ab −−−ec b e c b ec b adf −−−=abcdef adfbce 4111111111=−−−=.(4)dc b a 100110011001−−−. 解d c b a 100110011001−−−dc b aab ar r 10011001101021−−−++===== d c a ab 101101)1)(1(12−−+−−=+01011123−+−++=====cd c ada ab dc ccdad ab +−+−−=+111)1)(1(23=abcd +ab +cd +ad +1. 5. 证明:(1)1112222b b a a b ab a +=(a −b )3 证明;1112222b b a a b ab a +00122222221213a b a b a a b a ab a c c c c −−−−−−=====ab a b a b a ab 22)1(22213−−−−−=+21))((a b a a b a b +−−==(a −b )3 (2) . y x z x z y zy x b a bz ay by ax bx az by ax bx az bz ay bx az bz ay by ax )(33+=+++++++++;证明bzay by ax bx az by ax bx az bz ay bxaz bz ay by ax +++++++++bz ay by ax x by ax bx az z bxaz bz ay y b bz ay by ax z by ax bx az y bx az bz ay x a +++++++++++++=bz ay y x by ax x z bxaz z y b y by ax z x bx az y z bz ay x a +++++++=22z y x y x z xz y b y x z x z y z y x a 33+=y x z x z y zy x b y x z x z y z y x a 33+=y x z x z y zy x b a )(33+=.(3)0)3()2()1()3()2()1()3()2()1()3()2()1(2222222222222222=++++++++++++d d d d c c c c b b b b a a a a ; 证明 2222222222222222)3()2()1()3()2()1()3()2()1()3()2()1(++++++++++++d d d d c c c c b b b b a a a a (c 4−c 3, c 3−c 2, c 2−c 1 得) 5232125232125232125232122222++++++++++++=d d d d c c c c b b b b a a a a (c 4−c 3, c 3−c 2得)022122212221222122222=++++=d d c c b b a a . (4)444422221111d c b a d c b a d c b a =(a −b )(a −c )(a −d )(b −c )(b −d )(c −d )(a +b +c +d ); 证明 444422221111d c b a d c b a d c b a )()()(0)()()(001111222222222a d d a c c a b b a d d a c c a b b ad a c a b −−−−−−−−−=)()()(111))()((222a d d a c c a b b dc b ad a c a b +++−−−= ))(())((00111))()((a b d b d d a b c b c c bd b c a d a c a b ++−++−−−−−−= )()(11))()()()((a b d d a b c c b d b c a d a c a b ++++−−−−−= =(a −b )(a −c )(a −d )(b −c )(b −d )(c −d )(a +b +c +d ). (5)12211 000 00 1000 01a x a a a a x x xn n n+⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−−− =x n +a 1x n −1+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ +a n −1x +a n .证明 用数学归纳法证明.当n =2时, 2121221a x a x a x a x D ++=+−=, 命题成立. 假设对于(n −1)阶行列式命题成立, 即 D n −1=x n −1+a 1 x n −2+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ +a n −2x +a n −1则D , n 按第一列展开, 有 11100 100 01)1(11−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−−+=+−x x a xD D n n n n =xD n −1+a n =x n +a 1x n −1+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ +a n −1x +a n 因此, 对于n 阶行列式命题成立. .6. 设n 阶行列式D =det(a ij ), 把D 上下翻转、或逆时针旋转90°、或依副对角线翻转, 依次得n nn n a a a a D 11111 ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=, 11112 n nnn a a a a D ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅= , 11113 a a a a D n n nn ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=,证明D D D n n 2)1(21)1(−−==, D 3 证明 因为D =det(a =D .ij ), 所以 nnn n n n nnnn a a a a a a a a a a D 2211111111111 )1( ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−=⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=−⋅⋅⋅=⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−−=−− )1()1(331122111121nnn n nn n n a a a a a a a a D D n n n n 2)1()1()2( 21)1()1(−−+−+⋅⋅⋅++−=−=.同理可证 nnn n n n a a a a D ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−=− )1(11112)1(2D D n n T n n 2)1(2)1()1()1(−−−=−=. D D D D D n n n n n n n n =−=−−=−=−−−−)1(2)1(2)1(22)1(3)1()1()1()1(.7. 计算下列各行列式(D k (1)为k 阶行列式): aa D n 1 1⋅⋅⋅=, 其中对角线上元素都是a , 未写出的元素都是0; 解 aa a a a D n 010 000 00 000 0010 00⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=(按第n 行展开) )1()1(10 000 00 000 0010 000)1(−×−+⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−=n n n aa a )1()1(2 )1(−×−⋅⋅⋅⋅−+n n n a a an n n n n a a a+⋅⋅⋅−⋅−=−−+)2)(2(1)1()1(=a n −a n −2=a n −2(a 2−1).(2)xa aa x a a a xD n ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅= ; 解 将第一行乘(−1)分别加到其余各行, 得 ax x a ax x a a x x a aa a x D n −−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−−⋅⋅⋅−−⋅⋅⋅=000 0 00 0, 再将各列都加到第一列上, 得ax ax a x aaa a n x D n −⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−+=0000 0 000 00 )1(=[x +(n −1)a ](x −a )n −1 (3). 111 1 )( )1()( )1(1111⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−−⋅⋅⋅−=−−−+n a a a n a a a n a a a D n n n n nn n ; 解 根据第6题结果, 有 nnn n n n n n n n a a a n a a a n a a aD )( )1()( )1( 11 11)1(1112)1(1−⋅⋅⋅−−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−=−−−++此行列式为范德蒙德行列式.∏≥>≥++++−−+−−=112)1(1)]1()1[()1(j i n n n n j a i a D∏≥>≥++−−−=112)1()]([)1(j i n n n j i∏≥>≥++⋅⋅⋅+−++−⋅−⋅−=1121)1(2)1()()1()1(j i n n n n n j i∏≥>≥+−=11)(j i n j i .(4)nnnnn d c d c b a b a D ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=11112; 解nnnnn d c d c b a b a D ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=11112(按第1行展开) nn n n n nd d c d c b a b a a 00011111111−−−−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=0)1(1111111112c d c d c b a b a b nn n n n nn −−−−+⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−+. 再按最后一行展开得递推公式D 2n =a n d n D 2n −2−b n c n D 2n −2, 即D 2n =(a n d n −b n c n )D 2n −2于是 . ∏=−=ni i i i i n D c b d a D 222)(.而 111111112c b d a d c b a D −==,所以 ∏=−=ni i i i i n c b d a D 12)(.(5) D =det(a ij ), 其中a ij 解 a =|i −j |; ij =|i −j |, 043214 01233 10122 21011 3210)det(⋅⋅⋅−−−−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅==n n n n n n n n a D ij n 04321 1 11111 11111 11111 1111 2132⋅⋅⋅−−−−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−−−−⋅⋅⋅−−−⋅⋅⋅−−⋅⋅⋅−−⋅⋅⋅−=====n n n n r r r r15242321 0 22210 02210 00210 0001 1213−⋅⋅⋅−−−−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−−−−⋅⋅⋅−−−⋅⋅⋅−−⋅⋅⋅−+⋅⋅⋅+=====n n n n n c c c c =(−1)n −1(n −1)2n −2 (6).nn a a a D +⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅+⋅⋅⋅+=1 11 1 1111121, 其中a 1a 2 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ a n≠0.解nn a a a D +⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅+⋅⋅⋅+=1 11 1 1111121 nn n n a a a a a a a a a c c c c +−⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−=====−−100001 000 100 0100 0100 0011332212132 1111312112111000011 000 00 11000 01100 001 −−−−−−+−⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=nn n a a a a a a a a∑=−−−−−−+⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=n i i n n a a a a a a a a 1111131******** 00010 000 00 10000 01000 001)11)((121∑=+=ni i n a a a a .8. 用克莱姆法则解下列方程组: (1) =+++−=−−−−=+−+=+++01123253224254321432143214321x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x ;解 因为 14211213513241211111−=−−−−=D , 142112105132412211151−=−−−−−−=D , 284112035122412111512−=−−−−−=D , 426110135232422115113−=−−−−=D , 14202132132212151114=−−−−−=D , 所以 111==D D x , 222==D Dx , 333==DD x , 144−==D D x .(2)=+=++=++=++=+150650650651655454343232121x x x x x x x x x x x x x .解 因为 665510006510006510065100065==D , 15075100165100065100065000611==D , 114551010651000650000601000152−==D , 703511650000601000051001653==D , 39551601000051000651010654−==D , 2121100005100065100651100655==D , 所以66515071=x , 66511452−=x , 6657033=x , 6653954−=x , 6652124=x .9. 问λ, µ取何值时, 齐次线性方程组 =++=++=++0200321321321x x x x x x x x x µµλ有非零解？解 系数行列式为µλµµµλ−==1211111D .令D =0, 得 µ=0或λ=1.于是, 当µ=0或λ=1时该齐次线性方程组有非零解.10. 问λ取何值时, 齐次线性方程组 =−++=+−+=+−−0)1(0)3(2042)1(321321321x x x x x x x x x λλλ有非零解？解 系数行列式为λλλλλλλ−−+−−=−−−−=101112431111132421D=(1−λ)3 =(1−λ)+(λ−3)−4(1−λ)−2(1−λ)(−3−λ) 3+2(1−λ)2 令D =0, 得+λ−3. λ=0, λ=2或λ=3.于是, 当λ=0, λ=2或λ=3时, 该齐次线性方程组有非零解.第二章 矩阵及其运算1. 已知线性变换:++=++=++=3213321232113235322y y y x y y y x y y y x , 求从变量x 1, x 2, x 3到变量y 1, y 2, y 3 解 由已知:的线性变换.= 221321323513122y y y x x x ,故= −3211221323513122x x x y y y−−−−=321423736947y y y ,−+=−+=+−−=321332123211423736947x x x y x x x y x x x y .2. 已知两个线性变换++=++−=+=32133212311542322y y y x y y y x y y x ,+−=+=+−=323312211323z z y z z y z z y , 求从z 1, z 2, z 3到x 1, x 2, x 3 解 由已知的线性变换.−= 221321514232102y y y x x x−− −=321310102013514232102z z z−−−−=321161109412316z z z ,所以有 +−−=+−=++−=3213321232111610941236z z z x z z z x z z z x .3. 设 −−=111111111A ,−−=150421321B , 求3AB −2A 及A T 解 B .−−− −− −−=−1111111112150421321111111111323A AB−−−−= −−− −=2294201722213211111111120926508503,−= −− −−=092650850150421321111111111B A T.4. 计算下列乘积: (1)−127075321134;解 −127075321134 ×+×+××+×−+××+×+×=102775132)2(71112374=49635.(2)123)321(;解123)321(=(1×3+2×2+3×1)=(10).(3))21(312−;解 )21(312−×−××−××−×=23)1(321)1(122)1(2−−−=632142. (4)−−−−20413121013143110412 ; 解−−− −20413121013143110412 −−−=6520876. (5)321332313232212131211321)(x x x a a a a a a a a a x x x ;解321332313232212131211321)(x x x a a a a a a a a a x x x=(a 11x 1+a 12x 2+a 13x 3 a 12x 1+a 22x 2+a 23x 3a 13x 1+a 23x 2+a 33x 3321x x x )322331132112233322222111222x x a x x a x x a x a x a x a +++++=.5. 设 =3121A ,=2101B , 问: (1)AB =BA 吗? 解 AB ≠BA . 因为=6443AB ,=8321BA , 所以AB ≠BA .(2)(A +B )2=A 2+2AB +B 2 解 (A +B )吗? 2≠A 2+2AB +B 2 因为.=+5222B A ,=+52225222)(2B A=2914148,但 + +=++43011288611483222B AB A=27151610,所以(A +B )2≠A 2+2AB +B 2 (3)(A +B )(A −B )=A . 2−B 2 解 (A +B )(A −B )≠A 吗? 2−B 2 因为.=+5222B A ,=−1020B A ,==−+906010205222))((B A B A ,而= −=−718243011148322B A ,故(A +B )(A −B )≠A 2−B 2 6. 举反列说明下列命题是错误的:.(1)若A 2 解 取=0, 则A =0;=0010A , 则A 2 (2)若A =0, 但A ≠0. 2 解 取=A , 则A =0或A =E ;=0011A , 则A 2 (3)若AX =AY , 且A ≠0, 则X =Y .=A , 但A ≠0且A ≠E . 解 取=0001A , −=1111X ,=1011Y , 则AX =AY , 且A ≠0, 但X ≠Y .7. 设=101λA , 求A 2, A 3, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅, A k 解 . ==12011011012λλλA , ===1301101120123λλλA A A , ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅,=101λk A k . 8. 设=λλλ001001A , 求A k 解 首先观察. =λλλλλλ0010010010012A=222002012λλλλλ,=⋅=3232323003033λλλλλλA A A ,=⋅=43423434004064λλλλλλA A A ,=⋅=545345450050105λλλλλλA A A , ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅,=k A k k k k k k k k k k λλλλλλ0002)1(121−−−−. 用数学归纳法证明:当k =2时, 显然成立.假设k 时成立，则k +1时，−=⋅=−−−+λλλλλλλλλ0010010002)1(1211k k k k k k k k k k k k A A A+++=+−+−−+11111100)1(02)1()1(k k k k k k k k k k λλλλλλ, 由数学归纳法原理知:−=−−−k k k k k k k k k k k A λλλλλλ0002)1(121. 9. 设A , B 为n 阶矩阵，且A 为对称矩阵，证明B T 证明 因为A AB 也是对称矩阵.T (B =A , 所以T AB )T =B T (B T A )T =B T A T B =B T 从而B AB ,T 10. 设A , B 都是n 阶对称矩阵，证明AB 是对称矩阵的充分必要条件是AB =BA .AB 是对称矩阵.证明 充分性: 因为A T =A , B T (AB )=B , 且AB =BA , 所以 T =(BA )T =A T B T 即AB 是对称矩阵.=AB ,必要性: 因为A T =A , B T =B , 且(AB )T AB =(AB )=AB , 所以T =B T A T 11. 求下列矩阵的逆矩阵:=BA .(1)5221; 解=5221A . |A |=1, 故A −1 存在. 因为−−= =1225*22122111A A A A A ,故 *||11A A A =−−−=1225. (2)−θθθθcos sin sin cos ; 解−=θθθθcos sin sin cos A . |A |=1≠0, 故A −1 存在. 因为−= =θθθθcos sin sin cos *22122111A A A A A , 所以 *||11A A A =−−=θθθθcos sin sin cos . (3)−−−145243121; 解−−−=145243121A . |A |=2≠0, 故A −1 存在. 因为−−−−−= =214321613024*332313322212312111A A A A A A A A A A , 所以 *||11A A A =−−−−−−=1716213213012. (4)n a a a 0021(a 1a 2⋅ ⋅ ⋅a n ≠0) .解=n a a a A 0021, 由对角矩阵的性质知=−n a a a A 10011211 . 12. 解下列矩阵方程:(1) −=12643152X ; 解 −=−126431521X − −−=12642153 −=80232. (2) −=−−234311*********X ; 解 1111012112234311−−− −=X−−− −=03323210123431131 −−−=32538122. (3) −= − −101311022141X ;解 11110210132141−− − − −=X− −=210110131142121 =21010366121=04111. (4)−−−= 021102341010100001100001010X . 解 11010100001021102341100001010−−−−− =X −−− =010100001021102341100001010 −−−=201431012. 13. 利用逆矩阵解下列线性方程组:(1) =++=++=++3532522132321321321x x x x x x x x x ; 解 方程组可表示为= 321153522321321x x x , 故 = = −0013211535223211321x x x ,从而有 ===001321x x x . (2) =−+=−−=−−05231322321321321x x x x x x x x x . 解 方程组可表示为=−−−−−012523312111321x x x , 故 =−−−−−= −3050125233121111321x x x , 故有 ===305321x x x . 14. 设A k =O (k 为正整数), 证明(E −A )−1=E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k −1 证明 因为A . k =O , 所以E −A k E −A =E . 又因为k =(E −A )(E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k −1所以 (E −A )(E +A +A ),2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k −1由定理2推论知(E −A )可逆, 且)=E ,(E −A )−1=E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k −1.证明 一方面, 有E =(E −A )−1 另一方面, 由A (E −A ).k E =(E −A )+(A −A =O , 有2)+A 2−⋅ ⋅ ⋅−A k −1+(A k −1−A k )=(E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k −1故 (E −A ))(E −A ),−1(E −A )=(E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k −1两端同时右乘(E −A ))(E −A ),−1 (E −A ), 就有−1(E −A )=E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k −1.15. 设方阵A 满足A 2−A −2E =O , 证明A 及A +2E 都可逆, 并求A −1及(A +2E )−1 证明 由A .2 A −A −2E =O 得2或 −A =2E , 即A (A −E )=2E ,E E A A =−⋅)(21, 由定理2推论知A 可逆, 且)(211E A A −=−. 由A 2 A −A −2E =O 得2或 −A −6E =−4E , 即(A +2E )(A −3E )=−4E ,E A E E A =−⋅+)3(41)2( 由定理2推论知(A +2E )可逆, 且)3(41)2(1A E E A −=+−.证明 由A 2−A −2E =O 得A 2 |A −A =2E , 两端同时取行列式得 2即 |A ||A −E |=2,−A |=2,故 |A |≠0,所以A 可逆, 而A +2E =A 2, |A +2E |=|A 2|=|A |2由 A ≠0, 故A +2E 也可逆. 2 ⇒A −A −2E =O ⇒A (A −E )=2E−1A (A −E )=2A −1)(211E A A −=−E ⇒,又由 A 2 ⇒ (A +2E )(A −3E )=−4 E ,−A −2E =O ⇒(A +2E )A −3(A +2E )=−4E所以 (A +2E )−1(A +2E )(A −3E )=−4(A +2 E )−1 ,)3(41)2(1A E E A −=+−.16. 设A 为3阶矩阵, 21||=A , 求|(2A )−1 解 因为−5A *|.*||11A A A =−, 所以 |||521||*5)2(|111−−−−=−A A A A A |2521|11−−−=A A=|−2A −1|=(−2)3|A −1|=−8|A |−1 17. 设矩阵A 可逆, 证明其伴随阵A *也可逆, 且(A *)=−8×2=−16.−1=(A −1 证明 由)*.*||11A A A =−, 得A *=|A |A −1 |A *|=|A |, 所以当A 可逆时, 有n |A −1|=|A |n −1从而A *也可逆.≠0,因为A *=|A |A −1 (A *), 所以−1=|A |−1又A .*)(||)*(||1111−−−==A A A A A , 所以(A *)−1=|A |−1A =|A |−1|A |(A −1)*=(A −1 18. 设n 阶矩阵A 的伴随矩阵为A *, 证明:)*.(1)若|A |=0, 则|A *|=0;(2)|A *|=|A |n −1 证明.(1)用反证法证明. 假设|A *|≠0, 则有A *(A *)−1 A =A A *(A *)=E , 由此得 −1=|A |E (A *)−1所以A *=O , 这与|A *|≠0矛盾，故当|A |=0时, 有|A *|=0.=O ,(2)由于*||11A A A =−, 则AA *=|A |E , 取行列式得到 |A ||A *|=|A |n 若|A |≠0, 则|A *|=|A |.n −1 若|A |=0, 由(1)知|A *|=0, 此时命题也成立.;因此|A *|=|A |n −1.19. 设−=321011330A , AB =A +2B , 求B . 解 由AB =A +2E 可得(A −2E )B =A , 故− −−−=−=−−321011330121011332)2(11A E A B −=011321330. 20. 设 =101020101A , 且AB +E =A 2+B , 求B .解 由AB +E =A 2 (A −E )B =A +B 得 2即 (A −E )B =(A −E )(A +E ).−E , 因为01001010100||≠−==−E A , 所以(A −E )可逆, 从而=+=201030102E A B .21. 设A =diag(1, −2, 1), A *BA =2BA −8E , 求B . 解 由A *BA =2BA −8E 得 (A *−2E )BA =−8E , B =−8(A *−2E )−1A =−8[A (A *−2E )]−1 =−8(AA *−2A )−1 =−8(|A |E −2A )−1 =−8(−2E −2A )−1 =4(E +A )−1 =4[diag(2, −1, 2)]−1−1)21 ,1 ,21(diag 4−==2diag(1, −2, 1).22. 已知矩阵A 的伴随阵−=8030010100100001*A , 且ABA −1=BA −1+3E , 求B .解 由|A *|=|A |3 由ABA =8, 得|A |=2. −1=BA −1 AB =B +3A ,+3E 得 B =3(A −E )−1A =3[A (E −A −1)]−1 A 11*)2(6*)21(3−−−=−=A E A E−=−−=−1030060600600006603001010010000161. 23. 设P −1 −−=1141P AP =Λ, 其中,−=Λ2001, 求A 11 解 由P . −1AP =Λ, 得A =P ΛP −1, 所以A 11= A =P Λ11P −1 |P |=3, .−=1141*P ,−−=−1141311P ,而−= −=Λ11111120 012001,故−− −−−=31313431200111411111A −−=68468327322731. 24. 设AP =P Λ, 其中−−=111201111P ,−=Λ511,求ϕ(A )=A 8(5E −6A +A 2 解 ϕ(Λ)=Λ). 8(5E −6Λ+Λ2 =diag(1,1,5)8)[diag(5,5,5)−diag(−6,6,30)+diag(1,1,25)]=diag(1,1,58 ϕ(A )=P ϕ(Λ)P )diag(12,0,0)=12diag(1,0,0).−1 *)(||1P P P Λ=ϕ−−−−−− −−−=1213032220000000011112011112=1111111114.25. 设矩阵A 、B 及A +B 都可逆, 证明A −1+B −1 证明 因为也可逆, 并求其逆阵.A −1(A +B )B −1=B −1+A −1=A −1+B −1而A ,−1(A +B )B −1是三个可逆矩阵的乘积, 所以A −1(A +B )B −1可逆, 即A −1+B −1 (A 可逆.−1+B −1)−1=[A −1(A +B )B −1]−1=B (A +B )−1 26. 计算A .−−−30003200121013013000120010100121. 解 设 =10211A , =30122A , −=12131B ,−−=30322B ,则 2121B O B E A O E A+=222111B A O B B A A ,而 −= −−+−=+4225303212131021211B B A ,−−= −− =90343032301222B A , 所以 2121B O B E A O E A +=222111B A O B B A A−−−=9000340042102521, 即−−−30003200121013013000120010100121−−−=9000340042102521. 27. 取==−==1001D C B A , 验证|||||||| D C B A D C B A ≠.解 4100120021010*********0021010010110100101==−−=−−=D C B A , 而 01111|||||||| ==D C B A ,故 ||||||||D C B A D C B A ≠. 28. 设 −=22023443O O A , 求|A 8|及A 4解 令. −=34431A ,=22022A , 则=21A O O A A ,故 8218=A O O A A=8281A O O A ,1682818281810||||||||||===A A A A A .= =464444241422025005O O A O O A A . 29. 设n 阶矩阵A 及s 阶矩阵B 都可逆, 求 (1)1−O B A O ; 解 设 =−43211C C C C O B A O , 则O B A O 4321C C C C = =s n E O O E BC BC AC AC 2143. 由此得====s n EBC OBC O AC E AC 2143⇒ ====−−121413B C O C O C A C ,所以= −−−O A B O O B A O 111. (2)1−B C O A . 解 设 =−43211D D D D B C O A , 则 = ++= s nE O O E BD CD BD CD AD AD D D D D B C O A 4231214321.由此得=+=+==s nEBD CD O BD CD O AD E AD 423121⇒ =−===−−−−14113211B D CA B D O D A D ,所以−= −−−−−11111B CA B O A BC O A . 30. 求下列矩阵的逆阵: (1)2500380000120025; 解 设 =1225A , =2538B , 则−−= =−−5221122511A ,−−==−−8532253811B .于是 −−−−= = =−−−−850032000052002125003800001200251111B A B A .(2)4121031200210001. 解 设 =2101A ,=4103B ,=2112C , 则−= =−−−−−−1111114121031200210001B CA B O A BC O A−−−−−=411212458103161210021210001.第三章 矩阵的初等变换与线性方程组1. 把下列矩阵化为行最简形矩阵: (1)−−340313021201;解−−340313021201(下一步: r 2+(−2)r 1, r 3+(−3)r 1 ~. )−−−020*********(下一步: r 2÷(−1), r 3 ~÷(−2). )−−010*********(下一步: r 3−r 2 ~. )−−300031001201(下一步: r 3 ~÷3. )−−100031001201(下一步: r 2+3r 3 ~. )−100001001201(下一步: r 1+(−2)r 2, r 1+r 3 ~. )100001000001.(2)−−−−174034301320;解−−−−174034301320(下一步: r 2×2+(−3)r 1, r 3+(−2)r 1 ~. )−−−310031001320(下一步: r 3+r 2, r 1+3r 2 ~. )0000310010020(下一步: r 1 ~÷2. )000031005010.(3)−−−−−−−−−12433023221453334311;解−−−−−−−−−12433023221453334311(下一步: r 2−3r 1, r 3−2r 1, r 4−3r 1~. )−−−−−−−−1010500663008840034311(下一步: r 2÷(−4), r 3÷(−3) , r 4~÷(−5). )−−−−−22100221002210034311(下一步: r 1−3r 2, r 3−r 2, r 4−r 2~. )−−−00000000002210032011.(4)−−−−−−34732038234202173132. 解−−−−−−34732038234202173132(下一步: r 1−2r 2, r 3−3r 2, r 4−2r 2~. )−−−−−1187701298804202111110(下一步: r 2+2r 1, r 3−8r 1, r 4−7r 1 ~. )−−41000410002020111110(下一步: r 1↔r 2, r 2×(−1), r 4−r 3~. )−−−−00000410001111020201(下一步: r 2+r 3~. )−−00000410003011020201. 2. 设= 987654321100010101100001010A , 求A .解100001010是初等矩阵E (1, 2), 其逆矩阵就是其本身.100010101是初等矩阵E (1, 2(1)), 其逆矩阵是E (1, 2(−1))−=100010101.− =100010101987654321100001010A= − =287221254100010101987321654.3. 试利用矩阵的初等变换, 求下列方阵的逆矩阵: (1)323513123;解 100010001323513123~−−−101011001200410123~ −−−−1012002110102/102/3023~−−−−2/102/11002110102/922/7003~−−−−2/102/11002110102/33/26/7001故逆矩阵为−−−−21021211233267.(2)−−−−−1210232112201023.解−−−−−10000100001000011210232112201023~−−−−00100301100001001220594012102321~−−−−−−−−20104301100001001200110012102321~ −−−−−−−106124301100001001000110012102321 ~−−−−−−−−−−10612631110`1022111000010000100021 ~−−−−−−−106126311101042111000010000100001故逆矩阵为−−−−−−−10612631110104211. 4. (1)设 −−=113122214A ,−−=132231B , 求X 使AX =B ;解 因为−−−−=132231 113122214) ,(B A−−412315210 100010001 ~r ,所以−−==−4123152101B A X .(2)设−−−=433312120A , −=132321B , 求X 使XA =B . 解 考虑A T X T =B T . 因为−−−−=134313*********) ,(T T B A−−−411007101042001 ~r ,所以−−−==−417142)(1T T T B A X ,从而−−−==−4741121BA X . 5. 设−−−=101110011A , AX =2X +A , 求X .解 原方程化为(A −2E )X =A . 因为−−−−−−−−−=−101101110110011011) ,2(A E A−−−011100101010110001~,所以−−−=−=−011101110)2(1A E A X .6. 在秩是r 的矩阵中,有没有等于0的r −1阶子式? 有没有等于0的r 阶子式?解 在秩是r 的矩阵中, 可能存在等于0的r −1阶子式, 也可能存在等于0的r 阶子式. 例如,=010*********A , R (A )=3.0000是等于0的2阶子式, 010001000是等于0的3阶子式. 7. 从矩阵A 中划去一行得到矩阵B , 问A , B 的秩的关系怎样?解 R (A )≥R (B ).这是因为B 的非零子式必是A 的非零子式, 故A 的秩不会小于B 的秩.8. 求作一个秩是4的方阵, 它的两个行向量是(1, 0, 1, 0, 0), (1, −1, 0, 0, 0).解 用已知向量容易构成一个有4个非零行的5阶下三角矩阵:−0000001000001010001100001, 此矩阵的秩为4, 其第2行和第3行是已知向量.9. 求下列矩阵的秩, 并求一个最高阶非零子式: (1)−−−443112112013;解−−−443112112013(下一步: r 1↔r 2 ~. )−−−443120131211(下一步: r 2−3r 1, r 3−r 1 ~. )−−−−564056401211(下一步: r 3−r 2 ~. )−−−000056401211, 矩阵的2秩为, 41113−=−是一个最高阶非零子式.(2)−−−−−−−815073*********;解−−−−−−−815073*********(下一步: r 1−r 2, r 2−2r 1, r 3−7r 1 ~. )−−−−−−15273321059117014431(下一步: r 3−3r 2~. )−−−−0000059117014431, 矩阵的秩是2, 71223−=−是一个最高阶非零子式.(3)−−−02301085235703273812. 解−−−02301085235703273812(下一步: r 1−2r 4, r 2−2r 4, r 3−3r 4~. )−−−−−−023*********63071210(下一步: r 2+3r 1, r 3+2r 1~. )−0230114000016000071210(下一步: r 2÷16r 4, r 3−16r 2. )~−02301000001000071210 ~−00000100007121002301, 矩阵的秩为3, 070023085570≠=−是一个最高阶非零子式.10. 设A 、B 都是m ×n 矩阵, 证明A ~B 的充分必要条件是R (A )=R (B ).证明 根据定理3, 必要性是成立的.充分性. 设R (A )=R (B ), 则A 与B 的标准形是相同的. 设A 与B 的标准形为D , 则有A ~D , D ~B .由等价关系的传递性, 有A ~B .11. 设−−−−=32321321k k k A , 问k 为何值, 可使(1)R (A )=1; (2)R (A )=2; (3)R (A )=3.解 −−−−=32321321k k k A+−−−−−)2)(1(0011011 ~k k k k k r . (1)当k =1时, R (A )=1; (2)当k =−2且k ≠1时, R (A )=2;(3)当k ≠1且k ≠−2时, R (A )=3.12. 求解下列齐次线性方程组: (1) =+++=−++=−++02220202432143214321x x x x x x x x x x x x ;解 对系数矩阵A 进行初等行变换, 有 A = −−212211121211~ −−−3/410013100101,于是 ==−==4443424134334x x x x x x x x ,故方程组的解为−= 1343344321k x x x x (k 为任意常数).(2) =−++=−−+=−++05105036302432143214321x x x x x x x x x x x x ;解 对系数矩阵A 进行初等行变换, 有 A = −−−−5110531631121~−000001001021,于是 ===+−=4432242102x x x xx x x x ,故方程组的解为+−= 10010*********k k x x x x (k 1, k 2 (3)为任意常数).=−+−=+−+=−++=+−+07420634072305324321432143214321x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x ;解 对系数矩阵A 进行初等行变换, 有 A =−−−−−7421631472135132~1000010000100001,于是 ====0004321x x x x ,故方程组的解为 ====00004321x x x x .(4) =++−=+−+=−+−=+−+03270161311402332075434321432143214321x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x .解 对系数矩阵A 进行初等行变换, 有 A =−−−−−3127161311423327543~−−000000001720171910171317301,于是 ==−=−=4433432431172017191713173x x x x x x x xx x ,故方程组的解为−−+= 1017201713011719173214321k k x x x x (k 1, k 2为任意常数).13. 求解下列非齐次线性方程组: (1) =+=+−=−+83111021322421321321x x x x x x x x ;解 对增广矩阵B 进行初等行变换, 有。
