在英译汉过程中正说反译法的运用探讨
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汉译“正反译”例说由于不同民族有不同的思维习惯和文化背景,不同语言有不同的表达方式和搭配规律,在翻译中常须“正说反译”或“反说正译”,即把肯定形式译成否定形式后把否定形式译成肯定形式,意思保持不变,从而使之既真实又忠实于原文,又是最佳的译文,达到“曲尽其意”的妙境。
不然,正说正译或反说反译虽说不错但译文的地道就难免欠了火候。
翻译的水平常由此见高下,翻译课教学应注意这种特殊而有有趣的现象也是汉外对比的一个研究课题。
为方便“教”和“学”需要大量语言事实,本文仅就汉英对译中的正反不同译法分类提供各种例证并略加说明。
一、英译汉,正说反译这种情况最常见。
英语中有些词看似肯定形式,但在一定的搭配关系,语言环境中却带有否定意思,宜从反面来理解,正译反而不好表达或表达不好,多用反译。
下面按不同词类进行举例。
1 动词[1] Keep dry! 切勿受潮![2] Keep upright! 请勿受潮![3] Keep to the point. 别扯远,别走题。
[4] Rage kept her silent. 她气得一言不发。
[keep的基本意思是“保持”某种状态,[1]可直译成“保持干燥”,但作为一句提醒注意,警惕的标语,否定式“切勿受潮”的语气显然强烈得多,更符合汉语的表达习惯,更能达到效果。
若把[4]正译成“愤怒使她保持沉默”,是典型的欧化句式,是翻译之大忌,而“她气得一言不发”是地道的汉语,且这一否定式也更充分地传送了原文肯定式的意思和语气,数学中可以“负负得正”,而翻译中还能“正正得负”,也算一种译道规律。
][5]He failed to ring me up. 他没给我打电话。
[6]I hate to the trouble others. 我不愿麻烦别人。
[7]Some of the leaned deigned to interest themselves in mechanical arts. 一些学者不屑于钻研机械。
英汉互译中正说与反说探讨在英汉互译的过程中,如果我们执意要按照字词的本身去翻译,在语言上就会显得生硬、不流畅,从而使句子和文章产生翻译遗憾。
然而,使用正反说翻译法,对这个问题就可以迎刃而解,翻译出来的句子就会有声有色,顺理成章,达到意想不到的效果。
标签:翻译;正说;反说进入21世纪,随着国际间交往的频繁,英语这个媒介就成了最大众化的交际工具了。
其独特的实用性、普遍性在我国的对外交往中扮演着越来越重要的角色。
而英语翻译又在其中起着桥梁和纽带的作用。
一般来说,翻译可分为直译和意译,无论笔译还是口译都牵涉这一既简单又复杂的原理。
很多情况下,直译的效果是生搬硬套的,听起来不顺,因为某些句子的翻译是需要根据语境,及对有关国家的风土人情有一定的了解的同时综合应用本身的知识进行翻译,即意译。
1 正说与反说的内涵本文所述的“正说”与“反说”属于意译的范畴,是引申的翻译。
正说,是以常规的思维方式和逻辑推理就能够得出的翻译,以肯定的方式表达;而反说就是改变一下思维的角度从反面推理得出译意的一种否定表达方式。
反说不仅仅包括形容词,也包括副词、名词、动宾词组,介词词组和不定式词组等等。
由于英汉两种语言,在语法结构上,在社会、文化、历史、风土人情方面存在差异,往往初学者在翻译过程中会出现这样和那样的错误和牵强附会以致词不达意,因此,常需要把英语中的正说译成汉语中的反说。
英语虽然是正说,但译成汉语的反说往往更能表达作者的原意,同时,更能符合汉语的习惯;反过来,有时也需要把英语中的反说译成汉语中的正说,才能曲尽原意。
要想将正反说互译得更好,要选取相关的词语,进行反复的推敲,从汉语中相关场景和氛围中找相应的词汇和表达方式来进行翻译。
另一方面,译者还必须具备较高的文学素养和渊博的知识,能熟练运用中国成语、俗语、俚语等使得译文流利顺畅,读来毫无晦涩之感,让读者可以越过语言的障碍,在对原文理解正确上与作者达成默契与共鸣。
下面来举一些例子说明这一转换的原理。
On “Direct” and “Indirect”in English-Chinese and Chinese-EnglishSummary: According to the different situation, we need to use a number of different techniques in the process of English-Chinese and Chinese-English Translation. And, this paper discusses a very important skill in English-Chinese and Chinese-English Translation. Both English and Chinese have both positive and negative expressions. However, due to the different thinking modes and expressions in English and Chinese, the two languages have their own unique expressions. In the practice of translation, it will be related to the conversion of positive and negative. Therefore, on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original text, flexibility in the use of word said directly and indirectly, which is the most important translation skill, is the key to ensure the semantic clarity of the version.Keywords: English-Chinese and Chinese-English Translation; direct; indirectlyThings always have positive and negative aspects of the attribute. For some things, English is used to speak directly, Chinese is used to say indirectly; for other things, Chinese is used to say directly, English is used to speak indirectly. This is different from the way of thinking and expression in English and Chinese. In the translation practice, some of the text in the original sentence when they are translated must be processed into reverse, and vice versa. So the “direct”and “indirect”are one of the most important translation skills in English-Chinese and Chinese-English Translation. The “direct”and “indirect” refers to the translation of English, in some of the positive expression of words or sentences,can be expressed from the negative; and also refer to the translation of English, in some of the negative expression of words or sentences,can be expressed from the positive. Here the so-called positive and negative expression mainly refer to the use of not, never, nothing, none, dis-, im-, in-, un-, -less, de-, and so on.“P ositive” into “Negative”The translation of “Positive into Negative ”is divided into two types. On one hand, the source language in the target language is unable to say, which is technically impossible. On the other hand, the source language in the target language can say, and can also say from the opposite. In this situation, to say from the opposite is more authentic, and more in line with the expressions of the target language.Reasons of why to use “Positive into Negative ”are mainly in the following situations: first, both Chinese and English language usage is different; the second is to strengthen the tone. The third is to make it more accurate;Fourth, in some cases, we can’t translate literally. The specific application of “ Positive into Negative ” are discussed in the following examples:1.Chinese and English language usage is different1)His hint escaped me.他的暗示没有引起我的注意。
论英汉翻译中的正话反说与反话正说作者:吴英才来源:《科教导刊·电子版》2014年第32期摘要英汉翻译过程中,根据情况不同需要用到许多不同的技巧。
本文论述英汉翻译中一个十分重要的技巧。
英语和汉语都有肯定与否定之分,但是由于英语和汉语的思维方式和表达习惯不同,便产生了两种语言各自独特的表达形式,在翻译实践中,就会涉及到正反说表达的转换,原文中正说的句子在翻译时必须处理成反说,反之亦然。
因此,在准确理解原文的基础上,灵活运用正话反说与反话正说这一重要的翻译技巧,是确保译文语义明晰、文从字顺的关键。
关键词英汉翻译正话反说反话正说正反译反正译中图分类号:H315.9 文献标识码:A1英汉翻译中正话反说与反话正说事物总有正反两方面的属性,肯定其正面就意味着否定其反面,肯定其反面就意味着否定其正面。
对有些事物,英语习惯于从正面说,汉语习惯于从反面说;对另一些事物,汉语习惯于从正面说,英语则习惯于从反面说。
这源于英语和汉语的思维方式和表达习惯不同。
在翻译实践中,原文中有些正说的句子在翻译时必须处理成反说,反之亦然。
因此正话反说与反话正说是英汉翻译中一项重要的翻译技巧。
正话反说是指英语里有些从正面表达的词或句子,译文中可从反面来表达;而反话正说则是指英语里有些从反面表达的词或句子,译文中又可从正面来表达。
这里所谓正面和反面表达主要是指在英语里是否用not,never,nothing,none否定词或者带有de-,dis-,im-,in-,un-,-less等否定词缀的词,在汉语里是否用“不”、“非”、“无”、“没(有)”、“未”、“否”等字。
无论是作为一般的翻译技巧或是作为翻译的修辞技巧,肯定句与否定句的转换在英汉互译中都是很重要的。
英汉翻译时恰当地运用正反译的转换,不但可避免死译、硬译所造成的生硬、牵强,而且可使译文语义明晰,文从字顺,既能确切地表达原文的含义,又更加符合汉语的表达习惯。
2正话反说(正反译)翻译时正话反说分为两种情况。
在英汉互译过程中,由于两种语⾔表达习惯不同,往往需要把英语中的正说译成汉语中的反说,把英语中的反说译成汉语中的正说,或反之,这样才能确切表达原意并符合语⾔的规范。
这种把正说处理为反说,把反说处理为正说的译法,叫正反、反正表达法。
这种正说和反说的相互转换是翻译技巧中的⼀个重要⽅法。
它属于引申和修辞范围。
那么,什么是正说和反说呢?英语词句中含有“never”,“no”,“not”,“non-”,“un-”,“im-”,“in -”, “ir-”,“-less”等成分以及汉语词句中含有“不”、“没”、“⽆”、“未”、“甭”、“别”、“休”、“莫”、“⾮”、“⽏”、“勿”等成分的为反说,不含有这些成分的为正说。
正说和反说包括的词类范围很⼴,不仅包括动词、形容词、副词、名词、介词和连词,⽽且包括各种词组,短语和从句。
现以实例对正反、反正表达法加以说明。
⼀、英译汉正说反译法在不少情况下,由于有的词语含有特殊意义,如不从反⾯着笔,译⽂就不通,这时必须反说。
例如:1)“I have read your articles.I expect to meet an old man.” “我读过你的⽂章,没想到你这样年轻。
”(动词)2)He was absent from his own country last year.他去年不在⾃⼰的国家。
(形容词短语)3)He dived into the water fully clothed and rescued the children.他⾐服没脱就跳⼊⽔中,把孩⼦救了上来。
(副词)4)He was extremely sorry for the shortness of time.他对时间不⾜感到⼗分抱歉。
(名词)5)I do think that it is beyond his power to fulfill the task.我的确认为要完成这项任务是他⼒所不及的。
第八章英翻译技巧(五)正说反译反说正译正说反译、反说正译的应用不论是正说反译还是反说正译,究其原因归纳起来主要是:保证语义明确、加强修饰效果、尊重汉语习惯,保证译文通畅易懂。
所谓反面表达,是指英语词句中含有“not”,“never”,“no”,“un-”,“im-”,“ir-”,“in-”,“less-”等否定成分,汉语词句中含有“不”、“没”、“无”、“未”、“甭”、“别”、“休”、“莫”、“毋”、“勿”、“非”等否定成份,不含这些成份的为正面表达。
(一)正说反译的应用1.谓语动词或动词词组本身表示否定意义,常见的有:Fail, fizzle out, fall short, be frustrated, escape, elude, slip away, stop, cease, overlook, ignore, neglect, refuse, grudge(怨恨,不情愿做), disdain, reject, turn down, forbid, prohibit, exclude from, bar, ban, expire, be blind to, deny, avoid, omit, forget, prevent from, live up to, resist, miss, lack. I missed what you have said because of the noise outside.由于外面的噪音,我没听清楚你说的话。
To our disappointment, he failed to take the overall situation into account. 使我们失望的是他不顾大局。
Such a chance was denied to me.我没有得到这样一个机会。
2.介词或介词短语含否定之意,常见的词有:Above, against, below, beneath, beyond, instead of, out of, without, but for。
74英汉翻译中的正说反译和反说正译的探讨岳淑珍( 辽宁对外经贸学院,辽宁 大连 116052 )【摘 要】本文通过对英语句子的翻译,简要论述了英语翻译中的正说反译法和反说正译法。
英语否定结构的翻译是英汉翻译中的一个重点,也是难点。
本文作者按照词性进行分类,论述了各种正译与反译的翻译方法,为高校非英语专业的英语教师及参加四六级考试的学生,提供了切实可行的翻译技巧。
【关键词】否定;正说;反译;反说;正译由于社会文化背景不同,人们的思维方式有很大的差异。
这种差别体现在语言习惯上,就产生了语言各自独特的表达形式。
英汉两种语言在表达否定意义时,这种差异尤为突出。
英语与汉语都可以从正面或者反面来表达同一概念。
在翻译过程中,有些从正面表达的语句可以处理成反面表达,也可以把反面表达的内容处理成正面表达。
这种把正说处理成反说的译法被称作“反译”,把反说处理成正说的译法被称作“正译”。
有时候语言的正反表达形式不能对译,必须进行正反转换,以保证译文的流畅和通顺。
一、正说反译有些英语句子在形式和内容上虽然都是肯定的,但有时需要根据汉语表达习惯及修辞或语气的要求译成否定形式,才能更好地表达原文内容。
翻译以下词汇和短语时可运用正说反译的方法。
1.正说反译 — 动词miss(错过),deny(否认,剥夺),fail(不及格,未成功),lack (缺乏),ignore (不顾,不理),neglect(忽视),overlook(不注意), exclude(排除),refrain from(克制), refuse(拒绝),lose(丧失)1)I missed what you have said because of the noise outside.由于外面的噪音,我没听清楚你说的话。
2)She’s still feeling pretty low about failing that exam.由于没有通过那次考试,她的情绪仍然低落。
湖北省高等教育自学考试英语专业毕业论文在英译汉过程中正说反译法的运用探讨准考证号:学生姓名:黄志文指导教师:张新建On the Application of Negation during the Course of Translation fom English into ChineseHuang ZhiwenTutor:Zhang Xinjian摘要英语中的否定句表达形式多种多样,英译汉时方法也随之多变。
其中有一类否定句是含蓄否定句,其对应的翻译方法为正说反译法。
本文在中西文化、语言、逻辑思维差异的层面探讨英译汉过程中正说反译法的运用。
最后得出结论:正说反译法是有效调和英汉两种语言矛盾冲突的手段。
关键词:正说反译法、文化、语言、逻辑思维、英译汉Abstract In EnglishKey words:IntroductionIn both English and Chinese,there are negative , they are not completely expressed in the same way, In other words, either of them has its unique way. In general, English negative sentences are much more complicated and various than Chinese ones for its wide range of choices on words, phrases and the ways of expression.In English, we can find a sort of negative sentence which apparently seems to be affirmative sentence. Such a sentence is formally affirmative but actually expresses the negative meaning judging from its meaning .Linguists name this kind of sentence as “Implied Negat ive Sentence”. In the course of translation from English into Chinese, translators are supposed to make out these sentences and select the best approaches to translate them. These sentences are symbolized by the nonequivalence of function and form. It is suggested that the method of negation is the most effective way to fix this problem.A large number of scholars have researched on negation. Unfortunately their researchers are limited to just citing instances and they fail to further their studies. Negation is born from the differences of culture and the habit of thinking between English and Chinese. That we employ negation will exactly reflect the intention of source text and comply with the language specification. This paper attempts to explore the method of negation from the level of culture, linguistics logic thinking, etc. Finally, we draw a conclusion that the approach of negation can be effective to reconcile the contradictions and conflicts between Chinese and English.Chapter One:BackgroundGenerally speaking, when a concept is identified in a certain manner in one language, it can be also identified either in the same or different form in another language. For instance, in Chinese, 是is equal to is,am,are in English. If negated, it will be 不是by adding an negative word不before 是in Chinese. Similarly, it will be all right in English by adding not after is, am, example shows the unity between English and Chinese.Let’s continue looking at two more instances.不好is translated as not good in English. But 很不好cannot be translated into not very good or very not good. When someone asks you “Can’t you speak English?’’, you may answer like this “Yes, I can’t.”(不,我不会) or “No, I can.”(是的,我会). In such a situation, Yes means 不and No means 是,which is so different from our common sense. These two examples reflect the opposition between Chinese and English.Unity and opposites necessarily exist among languages, because languages depend on cultures. Distinct cultures surely cultivate distinct languages. Both similaries and differences exist in every two languages.1.The level of cultureIn the choices of vocabularies, the two languages are not likely to be absolutely consistent, because they are not exactly corresponding ’s life experiences tend to differ from each other and their understanding of the objective world is not consistent. Therefore they don’t select the same words. The expression of the two languages does not coincide.Inner emotion vareies with the difference among nationalities. For example, thanks to the geographical distinctions, the wind has different symbolic significances in Chinese culutre and in English culture. In our mind, the east wind is warm. Itmakes seeds develop and gives life the power to grow. So the famous poet Lan Mao in Song Dynasty wrote a poem which reads “东风破早梅,向暖一枝开。
冰雪矢人见,春从天上来。
” to eulogise the west wind. On the contrary, the west wind coming from the European continent is chilly for British. It makes human feel desolate. English writer Charels Dickens once wrote “Winter days have I seen him , standing blue nosed in the snow and east wind!”(在许多冬日里,我见他鼻子冻得发紫,站在风雪和东风之中。
) Instead, the British people show love for the wind. The famous poet Shelly therefore composed the poem “Ode to the West Wind”We can safely say that the process of translation is a course of transfer of not only languages but also cultures. As a matter of fact, translation is cross-cultural communication.Owing to the influence of social culture and lifestyle, we Chinese greatly differ from English-speaking people in the habit of thought and languages. Although in both languages there are situations where some concepts are described from the opposite perspective, we should make it clear that they are very different because of their own specific cultures. Only if we have a better understanding of these cultural distinctions, we can avoid committing communicational errors.2.Linguistic levelIn most cases, the form of a sentence and the meaning it conveys are not integrated, But in English, when talking or writing, people often convey the negative information by means of affirmative form according to their communicational purposes so as to appropriately express their emotion. This phenomenon is called Indirect Speech Act which is symbolized by nonequivalence of function and form. And it’s another characterize is that the literal meaning and the real meaning are not harmorous.If literally translated, this kind of sentences will read hard or even be wrong, resulting in failing translation. Providing resorting to the method of negation, the problem may be smoothly solved. The result is bound to be satisfactory.Chapter two: the effect of negationLet’s look at the f ollowing three sentences:(1)You’re telling me. 不用你来指教(2)Keep off the lawn. 请勿践踏草坪(3)He got clear away. 他逃得无影无踪Sentence 1 doesn’t mean 你告诉我but不用你来指教. This sentence is used in such a situation where someone is tired of the other person’s meaningless remarks. The antonymic translation of this sentence contributes to strengthen the tone. In sentence 2, Keep off is equal to 离开,别靠近so the direct translation is 别靠近草坪. Compared with the direction, the antonymic translation is easier to attract reader’s attention and more polite. The last sentence is well translated due to its appropriate wording by processing clear away into 无影无踪.Again, I’ll mention that certain affirmations can be translated either affirmatively or negatively. Sometimes antonymic translation may yield better results. It is analysed that Chinese tend to imaginal thinking, while westerners tend to abstract thinking. At the time of writing, we are interested in selecting pretty words or making use of rhetoriitsc to make the writings vivid. Because of the differences of emotional foundation as well as reading habits, however, English-speaking people are againt us. They prefer understatement and argue that pertty words will prevent the explicitness of what the writers want to convey in the articles. The method of negation can effectively this language apprepriate the following sentesnces:I’m at a loss what to do. 我茫然不知所措.There was a poor attandce at the meeting. 出席会议的人寥寥无几.He turned a deaf ear to my ears to my davice. 他对我的忠告充耳不闻.Example is beeter than precept. 言传不如身教It takes two to make a quarrel. 一个巴掌拍不响.Beauty is but skin-deep. 不可以貌取人。