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（完整版）现在完成时讲解及练习Unit 9:现在完成时讲解一．基本结构：助动词have/has+过去分词(done)二．句型：否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他.一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他.简略答语: Yes, 主语+ have/has.(肯定)No, 主语+ haven't/hasn't.(否定)三．用法（1）现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果I have spent all of my money (so far).(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)Guo zijun has (just/already) come. (含义：郭子君现在在这儿) My father has gone to work.(含义是:我爸爸现在不在这儿)（2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作（用行为动词表示）或状态（be动词表示）常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用.①for+时段②since+过去一个时间点（译为：自从……以来）③since+时段+ago④since+从句（过去时）●⑤It is+时段+since+从句（过去时）Mary has been ill for three days.I have lived here since 1998.四．has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的区别Have/Has gone(to) :去了(现在不在说话现场)Where is your father？He has gone to Shanghai.Have/Has been (to) :去过（已不在去过的地方）My father has been to Shanghai.Have/has been in：呆了多久（还在所呆的地方）My father has been in Shanghai for two months. /sin ce two months ago.五．现在完成时的标志1. 现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响,用以下四大标志词可以表达这种含义:* 以already, just和yet为标志He has already got her help. 他已得到她的帮助。
现在完成时讲解一、基本结构：主语+have/has+过去分词(done)①肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他②否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他）二、用法1）现在完成时的"完成用法"现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。
(动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。
)I have spent all of my money.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)Jane has laid the table.(含义是:现在桌子已经摆好了.)2）现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。
这里的动词要用持续性动词。
常与for （+时间段）,since（+时间点）连用.Mary has been ill for three days.Mary has been ill since three days ago.注意:1.现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用，(如表示过去的时间状语）如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等，除非与for, since连用.2.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如already（肯定）, yet（否定，疑问）, just, before, recently, still, latel y等:He has already obtained a scholarship.I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).We have seen that film before.Have they found the missing child yet ?3. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用,如ever, never, twice, several times等:Have you ever been to BeijingI have never heard Bunny say anything against her.I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.George has met that gentleman several times.4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,如up to these few days/weeks/months/years, just, up to present(now), so far等:Peter has written six papers so far.Up to the present everything has been successful.5. 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作.We have had four texts this semester.6. have been to 和have gone to的区别have been to 强调“去过”，现已不在那里，如：He has been to the USA three times.他到美国去过三次。
（完整版）现在完成时讲解（含讲解及习题）（可编辑修改word版）现在完成时讲解一、构成:肯定式：主语+ 助动词have/has + 动词的过去分词.疑问式：助动词Have/Has + 主语+ 动词的过去分词?否定式: 主语+ 助动词have/has + not + 动词的过去分词.过去分词规则变化：a)一般情况下，直接加ed, （work---worked，water---watered, finish---finished 等;）b)以“辅音字母+ y”结尾的动词, 把y 变成i 再加ed, （carry-- -carried study---studied 等;）c)以辅+元+辅结尾且中读的动词，要双写最后一个辅音字母，再加ed。
（stop---stopped，shop---shopped）d)以不发音的e 结尾的动词，只加d（过去分词不规则变化表：二、用法：用法一：表示过去（已经、曾经或从未）发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
标志词：①already, ②never, ③ever, ④just, ⑤yet, ⑥before,⑦once/twice/数字+ times例：I have cleaned my room. 我已打扫了房间(房间现在是干净的，不需要打扫了)They have left. --他们已经离开了,也就是说现在他们人不在这里I have never had a car (我从未有过汽车。
)I have been there twice.a）already 往往用于肯定句，用在疑问句时表示强调或加强语气；yet 用于否定句和疑问句。
He has already left here. 他已经离开这里了。
Has he already left here? 他（真的）已经离开这里了吗？（表示加强语气）My teachers haven’t had breakfast yet. 我的老师们还没有吃早饭。
现在完成时讲解一、基本结构：主语+have/has+过去分词(done)①肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他②否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他）二、用法1）现在完成时的"完成用法"现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。
(动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。
)I have spent all of my money.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)Jane has laid the table.(含义是:现在桌子已经摆好了.)2）现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。
这里的动词要用持续性动词。
常与for （+时间段）,since（+时间点）连用.Mary has been ill for three days.Mary has been ill since three days ago.注意:1.现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用，(如表示过去的时间状语）如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等，除非与for, since连用.2.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如already（肯定）, yet（否定，疑问）, just, before, recently, still, latel y等:He has already obtained a scholarship.I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).We have seen that film before.Have they found the missing child yet ?3. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用,如ever, never, twice, several times等:Have you ever been to BeijingI have never heard Bunny say anything against her.I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.George has met that gentleman several times.4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,如up to these few days/weeks/months/years, just, up to present(now), so far等:Peter has written six papers so far.Up to the present everything has been successful.5. 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作.We have had four texts this semester.6. have been to 和have gone to的区别have been to 强调“去过”，现已不在那里，如：He has been to the USA three times.他到美国去过三次。
现在完成时The Present Perfect Tense一.Form:1.肯定句:S (主语)+have/has+PP(过去分词)2. 否定句:S (主语)+have/has+not +PP(过去分词)3.疑问句Have/has+ S (主语)+PP(过去分词)?Yes, S+have/has.No,S+have/hasn’t.助动词have和has可前面的主语缩略为’ve, ‘s.如they’ve, we’ve, he’s, it’s;has not=hasn’t have not=haven’t二、过去分词的构成1.+ed work, plant,call2.e+d live, change, like, love, agree, save, hate, move, arrive,,skate, hope, use3.以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的双写＋ed. 如：plan, stop, drop, fit(适合), prefer(更喜欢), travel４。
以辅音字母＋y，结尾，变y为i＋edtry, study, carry, hurry, cry, worry, copy三，用法：1．表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
常与以下词连用，already, yet, just, now, 例如：I have just cleaned my clothes. 我刚洗过衣服。
（“洗衣服”是发生在过去的动作，对现在造成的结果是“衣服干净了”）already(“已经”，用在肯定句)I have already finished my homework.yet （“已经”,用在疑问句;“还”用在否定句）Has he finished his homework yet?She hasn’t finished her homework yet.just(“刚刚”，用在肯定句)We have just finished our homework.now(现在) I have had my breakfast now.2. 表示说话前发生过一次或多次，而现在已成为经历或经验的动作或状态，常与以下词连用。
ever(“曾经”，用在疑问句中) Have you ever been to Hong Kong?never(“从未” 表示否定) I’ve never been there.before(以前) He has seen her before.once(“曾经”“一次，用在肯定句),twice, three times…She has been there once.3.表示动作从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和表示一段的时间状语连用。
如for引导的时间段，since引导的过去时间点和含有过去时的从句，动词用持续性动词。
have/has+过分(延续性动词)+ for+一段时间,+since+一段时间+ago+since+时间点We have learned English for five years.We have learned English since five years ago.I have been here since 5 o’clock.现在完成时+ since+ 一般过去时即：have/has+过分(延续性v)since从句(一般过去时)I have been here since I was young.He has lived here since he came here.•短暂性动词与延续性动词◆短暂性动词也叫瞬间动词或终止性动词。
这种动词是指它们动作的开始也就意味着动作的结束，所以不能跟表示一段的时间状语连用，象这样的词有：buy, sell, begin, start, leave, come, go, borrow, lend, return, die, join等。
◆延续性动词也叫持续性动词，能和一段时间连用。
1.短暂性动词和延续性动词都可用于现在完成时中have/has+过分(短暂性v) (肯定句, 疑问句中，不能加一段时间)have/has not+过分(短暂性v) (否定句,能加一段时间)即：have/has not +过分(短暂性动词) +for+一段时间,+since+时间点+ since+一段时间,+gohave / has +过分(延续性动词)(可加一段时间)例如：She has died.(短暂性v,肯定句,不能加一段时间)She has been dead (for 5 years.)(延续性动词)2.短暂性动词不能用于由for+一段时间, since+时间点(或since…ago)引导的现在完成时的肯定句，疑问句中,此句型必须用延续性动词,即have/ has+ 过分(延续性动词) + for+一段时间,(短暂性动词必须+since+一段时间+ago转换成延续性动词) +since+时间点have/has+过分(延续性v) + since从句(一般过去时)3．短暂性动词与时间段的关系短暂性动词在肯定句、疑问句中不能与时间段连用，这些动词是：become, begin, buy, borrow, arrive, come, die, fall, finish, get to know, go, join, leave, marry等。
为了表述这种意思，可用以下几种表示法：(1) It is +一段时间＋since从句(一般过去时)(短暂性v)(2) 一般过去时(短暂性v) + 一段时间＋ago还可用相应的延续性动词have，keep等或短语“be+名词（形容词、位置副词、介词短语）”来代替短暂性动词,由since和for引导, (短暂性动词必须转换成延续性动词)(3)have/has+过分(延续性动词) + for+一段时间,(4)have/has+过分(延续性动词)+since+一段时间+agohave/has+过分(延续性动词) +since+时间点have/has+过分(延续性动词) + since从句(一般过去时)(短暂性v)(5)一段时间+现在完成时+ since从句(一般过去时)(短暂性v)Two weeks has passed sine he left Shanghai .红色字体的句子可以相互替换他离开学校已经20年了.1.He has been away from the school for 20 years.2.He has been away from the school since 20 years ago.3.It is 20 years since he left the school.4.He left the school 20 years ago.5.20 years has passed since he left the school.这类常见的动词有：A. 瞬间性持续性come /go 来/去——be in /atleave 离开—— be away (from)arrive 到达—— be in/ at /hereSth.begin /start开始——be onfinish 结束—— be overdie 死—— be deadjoin 参加——be in +组织——be a+成员marry结婚—— be marriedfall asleep/ ill /sick 睡着/病倒—— be asleep/ ill/sickbecome 成为—— be aB. 瞬间性持续性borrow 借—— keepbuy 买—— havecatch (a cold) 感冒—— have (a cold)Sb. begin/ start to do sth. 开始做—— do sth.区别一、现在完成时与一般过去时的用法比较现在完成时表示过去的动作一直延续到现在甚至会继续下去或表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响,强调的是现在的情况，因此不能和表示确定的时间状语连用；一般过去时表示动作发生的时间在过去,强调的是过去的动作或状态,和现在无关，可以和确定的过去时间状语连用.用于现在完成时的时间状语never, ever, already, yet, just, lately, recently，for…, since …, since+一段时间+ago,in the past (或last) few years (过去几年来) even since then （打那以后）,before＋时间点, these days(这些天)，so far= up to now, till now, by now (到目前为止)，用于一般过去时的时间状语yesterday, (yesterday morning…) last night (last…),一段时间＋ago ，in the past，just now=a moment ago，in +具体年份(in 2002), from then on (=after that 打那以后),试比较：The plane has arrived . 飞机已经来了。
(说明现在的情况:飞机在这儿)The plane arrived a quarter ago. 飞机是一刻中以前来的.(强调动作发生的时间在过去)I have taught here for fifteen years. 我在这儿已经教了十五年.(表示十五年前的动作一直延续到现在，还可能会继续.)I taught here for a year. 我过去在这儿教过一年.(表示“我“现在已经不在这儿任教了)二、have been to/ in 与have gone 的用法比较1．have been +in+地点名词+for+一段时间+since+一段时间+ago或“have been + 位置副词+for+一段时间+since+一段时间+ago意思是“在某地呆过（多久）”，◆Mr. Green has been in China for many years. 格林先生在中国呆过好多年。
◆I have been here since I began to work. 我工作以来一直呆在这儿。
2．“have been + to +地点名词”“have been+ 位置副词”意思是“曾经到过某地（多少次）( 人已经回来)”。
如：◆Miss Brown has been to Japan twice. 布朗小姐到日本去过两次。
◆Have you ever been here before? 你以前到过这吗？3．“have gone + to +地点名词”或“have gone + 位置副词”意思是“到某地去了（人不在此处）”，一般不用于第一、二人称,如：“Where’s Tom?”“He’s gone to the cinema.”“Has Mary gone there with him?”“No, she hasn’t.”“汤母在哪儿？” “他去看电影了。
