Unit 3 Alienation and the InternetWords and Expressions1.given: prep. when you consider sth. 考虑到,如果adj. 假设的,特定的e.g. Given his age (= considering how old he is), he’s remarkably active.Given her interest in children, teaching seems the right job for her.given that: conj. 假定,考虑到e.g. It was surprising the government was re-elected, given that they had raised taxes so much.given: a. fixed for a purpose and stated as suche.g. They were to meet at a given time and place.2.equivalent: n. sth. equal in value, measure, force, effect or significance 相等物Comparison: equivalent (of/to sth.)e.g. The dress cost the equivalent of a week’s salary.What is the equivalent of fifty pounds in US dollars?equivalent: a. equal in value, amount, meaning, importance, etc. 相等的Comparison: equivalent (to sth.)e.g. Eight kilometers is roughly equivalent to five miles.3.dramatically: ad. suddenly and noticeably 戏剧性地,引人注目地e.g. Prices have fallen dramatically.Events could have developed in a dramatically different way.Derivation: dramatic a.e.g. a dramatic increase/fall/change/improvementdramatic results/developments/news4.alter: v. become different; make sb./sth. different 改变,更改e.g. He had altered so much that I scarcely recognized him.Nothing can alter the fact that we are to blame.The landscape has been radically altered, severely damaging wildlife.Derivation:alteration: n. a change to sth. that makes it different 交互,轮流,变换e.g. They are making major/minor alterations to the house.5.further: v. help forward 促进,推动e.g. Additional training is probably the best way to further your career these days.The interests of an organization will never be furthered through acts of terrorism.6.fragment: v. break into parts or small pieces 使破碎,分裂/frag’ment/e.g. The satellite will fragment and burn up as it falls through the Earth’s atmosphere.The government is planning to fragment the industry before privatizing it.fragment: n. a small part of sth. that has broken off or comes from sth. Largere.g. Police found fragments of glass near the scene.I overheard a fragment of their conversation.Pronunciation:Note that when the same form is used as a noun, the stress shifts to the first syllable.Derivation:fragmentation n. 分裂e.g. the fragmentation of the country into small independent statesfragmented a. 成碎片的,片段的e.g. a fragmented society7.alienate: v. cause sb. to feel very distant from or not welcome to sb. else 使疏远,离间,麻木e.g. She was alienated from her brother by her foolish behavior.All these changes to the newspaper have alienated its traditional readers.Derivations:alien: a. & n. 外国的,陌生的;外星人e.g. In a world that had suddenly become alien and dangerous, he was her only security.aliens from outer space (n.)alienation: n. 疏远,离间,[哲]异化e.g. The new policy resulted in the alienation of many voters.Many immigrants suffer from a sense of alienation.8.addicted: a. being dependent on sth. and wanting to spend as much time doing it as possibleCollocation:be addicted to sth.e.g. Some youngsters are hopelessly addicted to video games.She’s become addicted to love stories.Derivations:addiction: n. 沉溺,上瘾e.g. He is now fighting his addiction to alcohol.addictive: a. 使人上瘾的e.g. Heroin is highly addictive.9.alcoholic: n. sb. who cannot stop drinking large amounts of alcohol, even when this is makinghim/her ill 酗酒者Word Formation:-aholic: (suffix in nouns) liking sth. very much and unable to stop doing or using ite.g. shopaholic; chocaholic; workaholic 购物狂;巧克力迷;工作狂10.in that: conj. (formal) for the reason that; because 因为e.g. She was fortunate in that she had friends to help her.Men differ from brutes in that they can think and speak.The news was all the more reliable in that it was from an official source.11.be given to: (formal) so sth. often or regularlyCollocation:e.g. The evidence against him was overwhelming.She had the almost overwhelming desire to tell him the truth.Derivation:be given to sth. / doing sth.e.g. He is given to heavy drinking.He is given to going for long walk on his own.12.exaggeration: n. continue in a course of action even in the face of difficulty or with little or noindication of success 夸张e.g. He told his story simply and without exaggeration.Derivations:exaggerate: v. make sth. seem larger, better, worse or more important than it really ise.g. The hotel was really filthy and I’m not exaggerating.He tends to exaggerate the difficulties.13.binge: n. an occasion when an activity is done in an extreme way, esp. eating, drinking orspending money 狂欢,作乐e.g. go on a binge / an Internet binge / a chocolate bingeOne of the symptoms of this disease is binge eating.14.skew: v. cause to be not straight or exact; twist 歪斜,扭转e.g. The company’s results for this year are skewed because not all our customers have paidtheir bills.Today’s election will skew the results in favor of the northern end of the country.ment: v. express sadness and regret about sth. 惋惜,哀悼e.g. He lamented the death of his friend.She lamented that she had never been to Paris.Derivation:lamentable: a. very disappointing 可悲的,哀伤的,可怜的e.g. She shows a lamentable lack of understanding.16.… it struck us that …: … it occurred to us that … / … we suddenly realized that …e.g. How does the concert last night strike you?He struck me as an odd, old-fashioned professor of Chinese.17.confront: 面对,遭遇(1)v. deal with a problem or difficult situationSynonym:face up to 大胆面对,勇于正视e.g. She knew that she had to confront her fears.He manifested extraordinary courage when confronted with formidable difficulty.(2) face sb. so that they cannot avoid seeing and hearing you, esp. in an unfriendly ordangerous situatione.g. The lawyer confronted the accused man with the forged check.This was the first time he had confronted an armed robber.18.perceive: v. see, notice, or realize sth., esp. when it is not obvious 注意到,察觉到,认为e.g. I perceived a change in his behavior.She perceived that all was not well.The patient was perceived to have difficulty in breathing.Derivations:perception: n. 观念,洞察力,认识能力perceptive: a. having or showing the ability to see or understand things quickly, esp.things that are not obvious 敏感的,有洞察力的,感知的e.g. It was very perceptive of you to notice that.perceptible: a. great enough for you to notice it (Synonym: noticeable) 可察觉的,能感觉到的e.g. Her foreign accent was barely perceptible.19.converse: n. the opposite 相反的e.g. In the U.S., cars are driven on the right side of the road, but in Britain the converseapplies.It is possible, of course, that the converse of this theory may also be true.20.maximize:(1) v. increase sth. as much as possiblee.g. maximize efficiency/fitness/profits[computing] Maximize the window to full screen.(2)v. make the best use of sth.e.g. maximize opportunities/resourcesAntonym: minimizeVocabulary ExercisesIII. Word Derivation1.alienation n. → alienate v.(1)制造业的工作又枯燥又单调，使许多工人产生了一种疏离感。
