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环境工程设计基础知识第一节环境工程设计的范围和内容一、环境工程设计的工作范围环境工程设计对象是“对环境有影响的建设项目”。
对“环境有影响的建设项目”就是在建设过程中、建成投产后生产运行阶段和服务期满后，对周围的大气、水、海洋、土地、矿藏、森林、野生生物、自然遗迹、人文遗迹、自然保护区、风景名胜区、居民生活区等环境要素可能带来变化的建设项目。
这种变化大多是对环境产生的污染和破坏。
简单说，“产生污染的建设项目”是指项目建成投产后，因排放废气、废水、废渣等污染物一定会或可能对环境带来污染的项目。
随着社会经济的发展和科学技术的进步，“工程”的概念也发生了变化。
工程已不再是单纯的技术问题，而且与社会经济密切联系。
在解决具体工程问题时，需要综合考虑技术、经济、市场、法律等多方面因素。
环境工程设计不能仅理解为完成设计任务的工作阶段，更不能认为“设计”就等于出图纸。
实际上环境工程设计贯穿于整个建设项目的全过程。
图l一1表示了我国工程项目管理程序图。
从图1—1不难看出，在项目建设的前期阶段中，项目批准立项、可行性研究、环境影响评价、编制设计任务书都必须有环境工程方向的设计人员参与。
在工程设计施工阶段中的各项任务主要是由环境工程设计人员承担。
在工程后期，如处理设备试运行、测试、工程总结也必须有环境工程设计人员参加工作。
二、环境工程设计的主要内容环境工程设计的主要内容有以下几方面。
1．大气污染防治大气污染物种类很多，一次污染物(指直接由污染源排放的污染物)按其存在状态可分为两大类：颗粒物和气态污染物。
其中对环境危害严重的气态污染物有硫氧化物、氮氧化物、碳氢化合物、碳氧化物、卤素化合物等；对以上大气污染物的主要防治措施有工业污染防治、提高能源效率和节能、洁净煤技术、开发新能源和可再生能源、机动车污染控制等。
2．水污染防治水污染的主要来源是生活污水和工业废水。
生活污水主要产生于居民日常生活和城市的公用设施。
污水中主要含有悬浮态和溶解态的各种有机物、氮、硫、磷等无机盐和各种微生物。
环保工程制图讲义第一章环境工程图识读环境工程制图是表达房屋、道路、桥梁、给水排水、环境污染治理等工程的图样，是工程设计的重要技术资料，是施工建筑不可缺少的依据，是表达和交流技术思想的重要工具，因此，人们将它比喻为〝工程界的语言〞。
设计者能够把自己的设计思想用图样的形式画出来，施工者那么通过图样的阅读，把设计者的意图表达出来，并依照图样制造出建筑物或构筑物。
本章中简要介绍制图的差不多规格、建筑图的差不多表示方法、贮水池构筑物工艺图的差不多表示方式以及施工图的差不多表示方法。
第一节制图差不多规格为了使图样的表达方法和形式统一，图面简明清晰，符合施工要求，有利于提高制图效率，以满足设计、施工、存档等要求，我国差不多制订和颁布了有关制图的〝中华人民共和国国家标准〞，简称〝国标〞。
关于土建工程图，国家打算委员会重新修订和颁布了«房屋建筑制图统一标准»(GBJ l—86)，供全国参照执行。
我们在学习画图和读图时，也必须严格依照«房屋建筑制图统一标准»(以下简称«标准»)来进行。
一、图纸幅面«标准»规定，图纸幅面的规格分为A0、A1、A2、A3、A4号共五种，各号图纸的规格见表1—1所示，表中差不多幅面代号见图1—1，尺寸单位为毫米(mm)。
图1—2给出了五种图幅之间的关系。
表1—1 图纸幅面及图框尺寸mm尺寸代号幅面代号A0A1A2A3A46×L 841 × 1189594× 841420× 594297×420 210×297C105a25图1—1 图纸幅面格式(横式)及其尺寸代号图1—2 各号图纸的关系为使图纸整齐划一，在一套工程图纸中应以一种规格图纸为主，尽量幸免大小幅面图掺杂使用。
在专门情形下，承诺A0、A1、A2、A3号图纸加长，但应符合表1—2的规定。
表1—2 图纸长边加长尺寸mm幅面代号长边尺寸长边加长后尺寸A0 1 189 1 338 1487 1 635 1784 1932 2081 2230 2387A1841 1 051 1261 1472 1682 1 892 2102A2594743 892 1 041 1 189 1 338 1487 1 635 1 784 1932 2081A3420631 841 1051 1 261 1472 1682 1 892二、图纸标题栏与会签栏图纸标题栏位于图纸的右下角，见图1—1。
本设计污水处理厂综合设计包括15个图纸，十分全面，具体详见报告后附图。
本报告附图全面详细。
图纸内容如下：A2O池，初沉池，幅流式二沉池，隔栅，工艺简单图，工艺流程图（高程图），回转耙式格栅除污机图，平面布置图，污泥浓缩池，厌氧消化池，钟式沉砂池等。
全为CAD制图。
下载后复制放大或打印可看清！题目20000m3/d城市污水处理厂综合设计专业: 环境工程年级: 2005级学号: 3105001286姓名: 莫笑伟指导教师:2008年12 月摘要我国水体污染主要来自两方面，一是工业发展超标排放工业废水，二是城市化中由于城市污水排放和集中处理设施严重缺乏，大量生活污水未经处理直接进入水体造成环境污染。
工业废水近年来经过治理虽有所减少，但城市生活污水有增无减，占水质污染的51%以上。
我国水体污染主要来自两方面，一是工业发展超标排放工业废水，二是城市化中由于城市污水排放和集中处理设施严重缺乏，大量生活污水未经处理直接进入水体造成环境污染。
工业废水近年来经过治理虽有所减少，但城市生活污水有增无减，占水质污染的51%以上。
本设计要求处理水量为20000m3/d的城市生活污水，设计方案针对已运行稳定有效的A2/O活性污泥法工艺处理城市生活污水。
A2O工艺由于不同环境条件，不同功能的微）能生物群落的有机配合，加之厌氧、缺氧条件下，部分不可生物降解的有机物（CODNB被开环或断链，使得N、P、有机碳被同时去除，并提高对COD的去除效果。
它可以同NB－－时完成有机物的去除，硝化脱氮、磷的过量摄取而被去除等功能，脱氮的前提是NH3N应完全硝化，好氧池能完成这一功能，缺氧池则完成脱氮功能。
厌氧池和好氧池联合完成除磷功能。
关键词：城市生活污水，活性污泥，A2/O目录摘要 (III)目录 (IV)第一章设计概述 ······································································- 7 -1设计任务 ······································································- 7 - 2设计原则 ······································································- 7 - 3设计依据 ······································································- 8 - 第二章工艺流程及说明 ·····························································- 8 -1工艺方案分析 ································································- 8 - 2工艺流程 ······································································- 9 - 3流程各结构介绍 ·····························································- 9 -3.1格栅······························································································· - 9 -3.2沉砂池··························································································- 10 -3.3初沉池··························································································- 10 -3.4生物化反应池··············································································- 10 -3.5二沉池··························································································- 12 -3.6浓缩池··························································································- 12 - 第三章构筑物设计计算 ··························································· - 12 -1格栅 ·········································································· - 12 -1.1设计说明······················································································- 12 -1.2设计计算······················································································- 13 -2沉砂池 ······································································· - 16 -2.1设计说明······················································································- 16 - 3初沉池 ······································································· - 17 -3.1设计说明······················································································- 17 -3.2设计计算······················································································- 17 - 4生化池 ······································································· - 19 -4.1设计说明······················································································- 19 -4.2设计计算······················································································- 19 - 5二沉池 ······································································· - 26 -5.1设计说明······················································································- 26 -5.2设计计算······················································································- 26 - 6液氯消毒 ···································································· - 29 -6.1设计说明······················································································- 29 -6.2设计计算······················································································- 29 - 7污泥浓缩池 ································································· - 30 -7.1设计说明······················································································- 30 -7.2设计计算······················································································- 30 -8 污泥消化池 ································································· - 31 -8.1设计说明······················································································- 31 -8.2设计计算······················································································- 32 - 9浓缩污泥提升泵房 ························································ - 38 -9.1设计选型······················································································- 38 -9.2提升泵房······················································································- 38 -9.3污泥回流泵站··············································································- 38 -10污泥脱水间 ······························································· - 39 -10.1设计说明······················································································- 39 -11鼓风机房 ·································································· - 39 - 12恶臭处理系统 ···························································· - 39 -12.1设计说明······················································································- 39 -12.2设计计算······················································································- 39 -12.3风机选型······················································································- 40 - 第四章污水处理厂总体布置 ····················································· - 41 -1总平面布置 ································································· - 41 -1.1总平面布置原则··········································································- 41 -1.2总平面布置结果··········································································- 41 -2高程布置································································································- 42 -2.1高程布置原则··············································································- 42 - 第五章参考文献 ···································································· - 42 -第一章设计概述1设计任务本次课程设计的主要任务是完成某城市污水厂的A2/O工艺设计处理生活污水，处理水量为20000m3/d，按近期规划人口10万人计算（自定）。
本设计污水处理厂综合设计包括15个图纸，十分全面，具体详见报告后附图。
本报告附图全面详细。
图纸内容如下：A2O池，初沉池，幅流式二沉池，隔栅，工艺简单图，工艺流程图（高程图），回转耙式格栅除污机图，平面布置图，污泥浓缩池，厌氧消化池，钟式沉砂池等。
全为CAD制图。
下载后复制放大或打印可看清！题目20000m3/d城市污水处理厂综合设计专业: 环境工程年级: 2005级学号: 3105001286姓名: 莫笑伟指导教师:2008年12 月摘要我国水体污染主要来自两方面，一是工业发展超标排放工业废水，二是城市化中由于城市污水排放和集中处理设施严重缺乏，大量生活污水未经处理直接进入水体造成环境污染。
工业废水近年来经过治理虽有所减少，但城市生活污水有增无减，占水质污染的51%以上。
我国水体污染主要来自两方面，一是工业发展超标排放工业废水，二是城市化中由于城市污水排放和集中处理设施严重缺乏，大量生活污水未经处理直接进入水体造成环境污染。
工业废水近年来经过治理虽有所减少，但城市生活污水有增无减，占水质污染的51%以上。
本设计要求处理水量为20000m3/d的城市生活污水，设计方案针对已运行稳定有效的A2/O活性污泥法工艺处理城市生活污水。
A2O工艺由于不同环境条件，不同功能的微）能生物群落的有机配合，加之厌氧、缺氧条件下，部分不可生物降解的有机物（CODNB被开环或断链，使得N、P、有机碳被同时去除，并提高对COD的去除效果。
它可以同NB－－时完成有机物的去除，硝化脱氮、磷的过量摄取而被去除等功能，脱氮的前提是NH3N应完全硝化，好氧池能完成这一功能，缺氧池则完成脱氮功能。
厌氧池和好氧池联合完成除磷功能。
关键词：城市生活污水，活性污泥，A2/O目录摘要 (III)目录 (IV)第一章设计概述 ······································································- 7 -1设计任务 ······································································- 7 - 2设计原则 ······································································- 7 - 3设计依据 ······································································- 8 - 第二章工艺流程及说明 ·····························································- 8 -1工艺方案分析 ································································- 8 - 2工艺流程 ······································································- 9 - 3流程各结构介绍 ·····························································- 9 -3.1格栅······························································································· - 9 -3.2沉砂池··························································································- 10 -3.3初沉池··························································································- 10 -3.4生物化反应池··············································································- 10 -3.5二沉池··························································································- 12 -3.6浓缩池··························································································- 12 - 第三章构筑物设计计算 ··························································· - 12 -1格栅 ·········································································· - 12 -1.1设计说明······················································································- 12 -1.2设计计算······················································································- 13 -2沉砂池 ······································································· - 16 -2.1设计说明······················································································- 16 - 3初沉池 ······································································· - 17 -3.1设计说明······················································································- 17 -3.2设计计算······················································································- 17 - 4生化池 ······································································· - 19 -4.1设计说明······················································································- 19 -4.2设计计算······················································································- 19 - 5二沉池 ······································································· - 26 -5.1设计说明······················································································- 26 -5.2设计计算······················································································- 26 - 6液氯消毒 ···································································· - 29 -6.1设计说明······················································································- 29 -6.2设计计算······················································································- 29 - 7污泥浓缩池 ································································· - 30 -7.1设计说明······················································································- 30 -7.2设计计算······················································································- 30 -8 污泥消化池 ································································· - 31 -8.1设计说明······················································································- 31 -8.2设计计算······················································································- 32 - 9浓缩污泥提升泵房 ························································ - 38 -9.1设计选型······················································································- 38 -9.2提升泵房······················································································- 38 -9.3污泥回流泵站··············································································- 38 -10污泥脱水间 ······························································· - 39 -10.1设计说明······················································································- 39 -11鼓风机房 ·································································· - 39 - 12恶臭处理系统 ···························································· - 39 -12.1设计说明······················································································- 39 -12.2设计计算······················································································- 39 -12.3风机选型······················································································- 40 - 第四章污水处理厂总体布置 ····················································· - 41 -1总平面布置 ································································· - 41 -1.1总平面布置原则··········································································- 41 -1.2总平面布置结果··········································································- 41 -2高程布置································································································- 42 -2.1高程布置原则··············································································- 42 - 第五章参考文献 ···································································· - 42 -第一章设计概述1设计任务本次课程设计的主要任务是完成某城市污水厂的A2/O工艺设计处理生活污水，处理水量为20000m3/d，按近期规划人口10万人计算（自定）。
环境工程工程图纸设计在现代社会，环境工程对于保障人类的生活质量和生态平衡起着至关重要的作用。
而环境工程图纸设计作为环境工程项目实施的重要环节，其质量和准确性直接影响着项目的成败。
环境工程图纸设计是一项综合性的工作，需要涉及多个学科的知识和技能。
首先，设计师要对环境科学、化学、物理学等基础学科有深入的理解，以便能够准确分析和解决环境问题。
例如，在污水处理工程的图纸设计中，需要了解污水的成分、性质以及处理工艺的原理，从而合理规划处理设施的布局和流程。
同时，工程力学、材料学等工程学科的知识也是不可或缺的。
设计师要确保所设计的结构能够承受各种荷载，选用的材料能够满足工程的要求和耐久性。
比如，在垃圾填埋场的设计中，要考虑到填埋物的压力对底层防渗结构的影响，选择合适的材料和结构形式来防止渗漏和污染扩散。
环境工程图纸设计还需要遵循一系列的规范和标准。
这些规范和标准是经过长期实践和研究总结出来的，旨在保证工程的质量、安全和环保性能。
设计师必须熟悉国家和地方的相关法规、标准，如《环境保护法》、《建筑设计防火规范》等，以及行业内的标准图集和技术规程。
只有严格按照规范进行设计，才能确保工程符合法律要求和技术标准，避免出现安全隐患和环境污染问题。
在实际的设计过程中，设计师通常会从项目的可行性研究阶段就开始介入。
这个阶段主要是对项目的必要性、技术可行性和经济合理性进行论证。
设计师需要根据项目的需求和目标，初步提出设计方案，并进行技术经济分析，为项目的决策提供依据。
在初步设计阶段，设计师会进一步细化设计方案，确定工程的规模、工艺流程、主要设备选型和平面布置等。
这个阶段的设计图纸要能够清晰地表达出工程的总体布局和主要结构，为后续的详细设计提供指导。
详细设计阶段则是对初步设计的进一步深化和完善。
设计师要绘制出详细的施工图纸，包括设备安装图、管道布置图、结构施工图等。
这些图纸要标注出详细的尺寸、材料、施工要求等信息，以便施工人员能够准确无误地按照图纸进行施工。
环境工程初步设计文件内容及编制要求1 一般规定1.1 环境工程初步设计的重点是解决环境工程功能、工艺系统及工程设施、设备、材料等工程技术方面的问题。
1.2 环境工程初步设计文件应依据已批准的环境工程可行性研究报告（项目申请书）、环境影响评价报告、安全评估报告、自然灾害评估报告、节能评估报告、水土保持评估报告书及其批准、核准、批复意见编制。
1.3 环境工程初步设计阶段各专业对本专业内容的设计方案或重大技术问题的解决方案进行综合技术经济分析，论证技术适用性、可靠性和经济合理性，并将其主要内容写进本专业初步设计说明书中，设计总负责人对工程的总体设计在设计总说明中予以论述。
1.4 环境工程初步设计文件应能满足编制施工图、采购主要设备及控制工程建设投资的需要。
1.5 环境工程的市政污水处理、垃圾处理工程初步设计文件深度应满足《市政公用工程设计文件编制深度规定》（2013 年版）要求。
2 初步设计文件内容2.1 初步设计文件应包括初步设计说明书（含设计总说明、各专业设计说明、主要设备材料表）、初步设计概算书、初步设计图纸三部分，每一部分宜单独成册。
2.2 初步设计说明书应由以下内容组成：a）工程概况；b）设计依据；c）设计基础资料；d）主要污染负荷；e）污染物收集及转输工程；f）污染物处理（处置）工程；g）总图工程；h）建筑工程；i）结构工程；j）给排水工程；k）采暖通风工程；l）电气工程；m）自动化工程；n）维修工程；o）通讯工程；p）环境保护；q）劳动安全及卫生；r）自然灾害及防范；s）火灾及消防；t）能耗及节能；u）工程占地及节约用地；v）场地水土保持；w）文物及矿产保护；x）工程建设管理；y）工程运行管理；z）附件。
2.3 初步设计说明书内容组成可根据项目及工程特点合理增减，其中：a）若不包括污染物收集及转输工程内容，可省略“污染物收集及转输工程”章节，但对于污水、废水处理及固体废物处理（处置）工程，应在“主要污染负荷”章节中说明污染物收集及转输方式；b）对物理污染防治、污染场地及污染土壤修复工程，可省略“污染物收集及转输工程”章节；c）若厂（场）址不处于自然灾害频发区，或自然灾害明显不会对工程造成影响，可省略“自然灾害及防范”章节，可在工程运行管理章节中提出突发自然灾害应急措施；d）若厂（场）址明显不涉及水土流失问题，可省略“场地水土保持”章节；e）若厂（场）址明显不涉及文物、矿产和其它公共设施，可省略“文物及矿产保护”章节，但在“工程建设管理”章节中提出工程施工期间发现文物、矿产和其它公共设施时的处理措施和程序。
环境工程工程图纸设计（转自CESPN）
发信站: 水木社区(Fri Jun 5 22:38:31 2009), 转信
环境工程（二）_就业_能力培养——工程图纸设计
在上个月写了那篇专业分析后，看到大家的讨论和同学的提问，就有了写能力培养系列的想法。
开始的动机只是看到一些学环境的同学对于前景过于悲观，
于是客观分析了一下目前我们所处的位置，
我国面临的环保压力是不言而喻的，要改变现状需要各个层次的环保人才，
从事科研的，
从事规划和环境经济的，
从事环境工程建设的，
从事环境服务运营的。
环境工程专业工程师则是有着最广阔的平台，因为我们是最终的实践者。
奥巴马要用每年150亿美元打造一个绿领阶层，因为他清楚最终推动再生能源的是一批工程人员，
只有大批的工程技术人员才能够将一个个工程从平地建起，从最初方案推进到投产运营；
很多人寄希望于科研上有突飞猛进的发展，来推动新能源和环保产业，
但不管怎样，最终还是需要有大批的专业工程技术人员将科技成果转化为产业；
下面就如何成为专业的环保工程技术人员，如何培养我们的工程能力，如何从学校到工程公司后快速上手，
来分享我的经验，
和一些应该可以在学校阶段就培养的环境工程能力，
以及如何一步一步来培养。
今天和大家聊聊工程图纸设计，希望大家可以有的放矢少走弯路，
说道设计能力，很多人的第一反应就是制图能力，
那好，我们就从制图能力谈起，
一、制图软件使用
最常用的工程制图软件当属autocad，
这个基本是每个工程师必修基本功之一，
对于环境工程制图来说，要至少学习到图层、块操作、打印操作，
基本画图的快捷键要掌握，
要做到左手不离键盘，右手不离鼠标；
如果能达到指法如飞，鼠标和键盘合奏出和谐的乐律的境界时。
；）
我上学时很喜欢打星际，api可以稳定在200+，后来到单位后，我感觉我当时星际没有
白练，因为我的手速快，曾经半年出了800工日的图，而且我也很少加班，那时同事们说我用键盘鼠标的时候，从声音上分辨不出我是在打星际还是在画图。
这里不是鼓励大家去打游戏，但是具有一定的熟练度还是有必要的。
需要澄清的一点，制图软件只是一个工具而已，设计过程是创作过程，该过程包括两部分：建模和标注；在画图的时候一定要头脑清楚，而且不断问自己，现在是在建模阶段还是在标注阶段。
二环境工程师必须会画的几种图
现代化的工程管理，图纸往往也是分阶段的，
我经常把环境工程的图纸分为以下几个阶段，让同学们能够有一个清晰的概念，
了解图纸功能和作用后，再画起图来也会比较轻松，
如果画图的时候，不知道要表现什么，就麻烦了。
我是按照国际工程管理的一些惯例做法，按照合同执行顺序列出的：（目前国内一些大型正规管理的项目基本都是此结构，随着市场的正规，相信会有越来越多的项目正规化管理的）
方案阶段（有的还可以在方案之前分出一个“市场阶段”，专门给市场人员用的图纸），这个阶段是指在合同签订之前的图纸，往往作为投标用，图纸经常变成合同的一部分，此类图纸的严禁性不言而喻，而且会含有一些tricky的商业目的。
常见的一些图和作用如下：
工艺流程图：工艺竞争
工艺系统图：合同范围
平面布置图：占地，技术是否合理
关键单元单体图：一般不会很细节，提高工艺的竞争能力
执行阶段，这时我们环境工程专业作为主专业时，涉及到的图纸会很多，我按照功能列出一下几项：
内部资料提供图纸：给单位内部其他专业的图纸，给他们图纸后他们才能干活呀，比如给土建专业的图纸，给电气、自控专业的图纸等；
外部资料提供图纸：这些图纸经常加入补充合同，包括和业主的接口图纸，和其他有联系的合同接口图纸；
第三方合同涉及到的图纸：包括施工图（施工合同）、非标设备加工图（加工合同）、采购接口图（采购合同）等，这些图都是要分别纳入分包方合同的。
除了工程项目的图纸，如果做其他方面环保工程师，图纸体系可能会简单些，
比如做技术研发的环保工程师，侧重非标设计，创造性的设计，这块往往对经验和知识
基础的要求更多；
做管理和运营的，也要会看懂图纸，以上哪个阶段的图纸侧重看哪些内容。
我见过的有些技术不扎实的管理人员，经常对着电话大喊，说你的图纸上缺什么什么东西，其实可能那张图就没打算要表现那些内容。
三让你走进专业的一些技巧
还有一些可能书上学不到的，下面再点一下，
首先，制图规范问题，对于图纸的大小数据要熟背在心，比如：A4图297x420，字体打印到纸面的大小为7mm-5mm-3.5mm-2.5mm，标注箭头大小，标注数据高于尺寸线多高等，常用线宽，
一定要自己亲手按照“国家制图规范”制造出一套文字样式、标注样式，
其中，文字样式是值得下功夫研究的事情，当你工作后会看到很多人对着电话喊“你给
我的图缺字体”，这时作为一名专业的环境工程师，你可以教给他如何使用通用字体，
如何来做到中文和数字和谐显示等；
其次，标注问题，有人说标注水平可以判断一个工程师的工龄，这里说的标注不光是尺
寸标注，还有文字说明标注，这里我告大家隐藏工龄的方法，第一点，严格按照规范样
式标注，这点能反应一个工程师的态度，记住：谁也不愿意和一个不严谨的工程师合
作；第二点，注重细节，比如标注数字正好被其他直线覆盖，要进行位置微调，做到每
个字符都要进行检查，出图前要自己打印出来，检查每一个印刷符号；第三点，文字说
明标注，同学们不妨找一套正规的图纸，把里面的文字部分都背过，只要花经历背一个
工程，你基本就不怕类似问题了。
最后说下出图，一般有两种模式，一、放大图框模型空间出图；二、标准图框图纸空间
出图。
因为我国的大部分设计院标准化是基于autocad14 或12的，后来版本升级到
2000有了图纸空间后，大部分设计院并没有随着软件一起升级，可能跟那时的设计院的年龄结构有关，很多老设计师并不愿意接受新事物，因此“放大图框模型空间出图”，现
在还是站主流。
操作时，注意图框放大的比例要用标准比例，打印时用窗口1：1选择图纸外侧大约5mm的地方，这样保证打印出图纸外框（如果没有绘图仪，用A3打印机时，可以把外侧图框内缩5mm），这时你的图比例是准确的，当有施工方打电话问你图纸尺
寸问题时，你连图都不用看，很有信心得告诉他“你直接用尺子量，量出多少就是多少”。
（没有把握的要在图纸说明里加上一句“图中尺寸以标准为准”）对于出图线型控
制（虚线、点划线）和标注放大的控制方法，大家要精通两个命令，ltscale和dimscale。
也有些外企和电力设计院使用microstation，还有一些化工单位会用到一些高级插件
PDS等，我认为同学们做到使用microstation浏览图纸即可，就是如果给你一个dgn格
式的图纸你要能够找出图纸的工程数据就可以了，有了autocad制图基础改用其他软件
上手也快。
有了这些基础，多家练习，基本去了任何设计院都能轻松上手了。
四、上手之后，如何进阶
这个阶段个人的因素就占主导了，
有的人可能运气好，碰到比较好的项目锻炼机会；
有的人比较注意观察，可能参观过一次的污水厂，就消化掉少东西进入自己的知识库，
不断充实自己；
我说些我的体会，供大家参考，有些问题还会在以后的其他能力培养方面来展开说。
前面聊到的都是制图能力，可以帮助大家在工程制图方面快速上手，
对于一个专业的设计工程师来说，应该更注重设计能力，
设计能力包括的范围更广泛，对于环境工程专业需要一定的经验积累，
这个能力培养是一个漫长渐进的过程，我想大概包括两个相对独立的方面：
一方面，专业知识和实践经验的结合，
慢慢把经验转化到自己的专业知识系统里面去，
这样在设计时，要做到落在纸面的每一笔都是自己头脑中有据可查，
要么是根据reference的选择（这里用reference而不用experience,读者可以自己
体会），比如各个设备的选择，头脑中有没有该设备成功运行的经验；
要么是知识系统的有效判断，比如如何让水泵来适应管路系统的流量曲线，化学药剂投
加范围等
另一方面是图纸表现能力，把设计如何清晰的表达给别人，
尤其是在做新工艺和新设备开发的时候，
肯定要考虑那些细节需要表现，这个细节一张A3图能不能说清楚，是否要给一个3D标准局部，
复杂系统怎么差分才能符合施工方或加工厂的习惯等等
随着将来工程经验的增加，可以了解到工程各阶段图纸的区别，系统图和流程图表达的
侧重点，导图和细节图的关系，图纸设计输入和设计输出管理以及我们环境工程专业作
为主体专业如何与其他专业合作等
写累了，看来一次还只能写一种能力。
欢迎大家来讨论和指正呀。
