2011 Regulation 2 Update

常见英语法律词汇汇总英语法律词汇的掌握对于专业律师、法律翻译和涉及法律领域的相关行业从业人员来说是非常重要的。

下面将详细介绍一些常见的英语法律词汇，以便大家更好地理解和运用。

1. Law - 法律Law refers to a system of rules and regulations that are created and enforced by a particular country or community.2. Legal - 法律的Legal pertains to anything related to the law or its requirements.3. Legislation - 立法Legislation refers to the process of creating new laws or modifying existing laws.4. Statute - 法规A statute is a written law that has been formally passed by a legislative body.5. Regulation - 规定A regulation is a rule or directive that is issued by an executive branch of government in order to implement a law.6. Act - 法案An act is a formal written record of a decision made by a legislative body. Acts can be used to create new laws or modify existing ones.7. Legal system - 法律体系A legal system is a framework of rules, institutions, and procedures within which disputes are resolved and laws are made and enforced.8. Court - 法院A court is a governmental body with authority to resolve legal disputes.Courts apply the law to make decisions and judgments.9. Judge - 法官A judge is a public official who presides over court proceedings and makes decisions based on the law.10. Jury - 陪审团A jury is a group of citizens who are chosen to hear evidence and decide the outcome of a trial.11. Defendant - 被告A defendant is a person or entity that is accused of committing a crime or is being sued in a civil case.12. Plaintiff - 原告A plaintiff is a person or entity that brings a lawsuit against another party in a civil case.13. Prosecutor - 检察官A prosecutor is a lawyer who represents the government in criminal cases and is responsible for presenting the case against the defendant.14. Attorney - 律师An attorney is a person who is qualified and licensed to practice law, and is responsible for providing legal advice and representation to clients.15. Evidence - 证据Evidence is any information or material that is presented in court to prove or disprove a fact or issue in a case.16. Testimony - 证词Testimony is the oral or written statement given by a witness under oath in a court proceeding.17. Contract - 合同A contract is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties that creates rights and obligations.18. Tort - 侵权行为A tort is a civil wrong that causes harm or loss to another person, and can result in a legal liability.19. Liability - 责任Liability refers to legal responsibility for one's actions or omissions that cause harm to others.20. Damages - 损害赔偿Damages are monetary compensation awarded by a court to a party who hassuffered harm or loss as a result of another's actions.21. Intellectual property - 知识产权Intellectual property refers to creations of the mind such as inventions, literary and artistic works, symbols, names, and designs that are protected by law.22. Copyright - 版权Copyright is a legal protection that gives the creator of an original work the exclusive right to reproduce, distribute, and display the work.23. Trademark - 商标A trademark is a distinctive sign or symbol that is used to identify and distinguish goods or services of one party from those of others.24. Patent - 专利A patent is a government grant that gives inventors the exclusive right to make, use, and sell their inventions for a limited period of time.25. Constitutional law - 宪法法律Constitutional law refers to the body of law that deals with theinterpretation and application of a country's constitution.26. Civil law - 民法Civil law refers to the body of law that governs private disputes between individuals or organizations.27. Criminal law - 刑法Criminal law refers to the body of law that deals with crimes and the punishment of those who commit them.28. International law - 国际法International law refers to the body of rules and principles that govern the relations between states and international organizations.29. Human rights - 人权Human rights are fundamental rights and freedoms that every individual is entitled to, regardless of their nationality, race, gender, or other characteristics.30. Constitutional rights - 宪法权利Constitutional rights are the rights and freedoms guaranteed to individuals by a country's constitution, which serve as the foundation for the legal protection of citizens.31. Due process - 正当程序Due process refers to the fair and impartial treatment of individuals within the legal system, ensuring that their rights are protected and upheld throughout legal proceedings.32. Legal precedent - 法律先例Legal precedent refers to a previously decided case that serves as a guiding principle or authority in subsequent similar cases, providing a basis forlegal interpretation and decision-making.33. Rule of law - 法治The rule of law is the principle that all individuals, including government officials, are subject to and equal before the law, ensuring accountability, fairness, and justice in society.34. Judicial review - 司法审查Judicial review is the power of a court to review and evaluate the constitutionality and legality of laws, regulations, and governmental actions.35. Legal counsel - 法律顾问Legal counsel refers to the advice and representation provided by a lawyer or legal professional to individuals, businesses, or organizations in legal matters.36. Legal ethics - 法律道德Legal ethics are the professional standards and principles that govern the conduct and behavior of lawyers, ensuring integrity, confidentiality, and loyalty to clients.37. Mediation - 调解Mediation is a form of alternative dispute resolution in which a neutral third party facilitates communication and negotiation between conflicting parties to help them reach a mutually acceptable agreement.38. Arbitration - 仲裁Arbitration is a method of resolving disputes outside of court, where aneutral third party, called an arbitrator, reviews the evidence and makes a binding decision.39. Legal research - 法律研究Legal research involves the systematic investigation and analysis of legal principles, statutes, regulations, and cases to support legal arguments and provide accurate legal advice.40. Legal writing - 法律写作Legal writing refers to the clear and concise communication of legal information, including legal opinions, contracts, briefs, and other legal documents, in a manner that is easily understood by the intended audience.41. Legal interpretation - 法律解释Legal interpretation is the process of analyzing and understanding the meaning and intention behind laws, statutes, and legal texts, in order to apply them accurately to specific cases or situations.42. Legal advocacy - 法律倡导Legal advocacy involves representing and defending the interests, rights, and positions of clients in legal proceedings, using persuasive arguments and evidence to support their case.43. Legal education - 法律教育Legal education encompasses the academic study and professional training of individuals aspiring to become lawyers or legal professionals, providing them with the necessary knowledge and skills to practice law.44. Legal system reform - 法律体系改革Legal system reform refers to efforts to improve and update a country's legal system, including its laws, institutions, and procedures, in order to enhance access to justice, efficiency, and fairness.45. Intellectual Property Rights - 知识产权Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) refer to the legal rights granted to individuals or organizations for their creative and innovative works, such as inventions, literary and artistic works, trademarks, and designs. These rights enable creators and innovators to have exclusive control over their creations and prevent others from unauthorized use or exploitation.46. Trade Secret - 商业秘密A trade secret is confidential business information that provides a competitive advantage to its owner. It can include formulas, processes, customer lists, and other valuable information that is not generally known or easily discoverable. Trade secrets are protected by law, and unauthorized acquisition, use, or disclosure of trade secrets can result in legal action.47. Infringement - 侵权Infringement refers to the unauthorized or unlawful use, reproduction, distribution, or display of copyrighted works, trademarks, or otherintellectual property without the permission of the rights holder. Infringement can result in legal consequences, including injunctions, damages, and penalties.48. Fair Use - 合理使用Fair use is a legal doctrine that allows limited use of copyrighted works without the permission of the rights holder, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, or research. The determination of fair use depends on several factors, including the purpose and character of the use, the nature of the copyrighted work, the amount and substantiality used, and the effect on the potential market for the work.49. Legal Aid - 法律援助Legal aid refers to the provision of free or low-cost legal services to individuals who cannot afford to pay for legal representation. It ensures access to justice for marginalized and disadvantaged individuals and helps balance the scales of justice by providing equal opportunities for legal protection and representation.50. Pro Bono - 免费法律服务Pro bono refers to the provision of legal services voluntarily and without charge by lawyers or law firms to individuals or organizations in need. Pro bono work aims to promote equal access to justice and assist those who cannot afford legal representation.51. Legal Clinic - 法律诊所A legal clinic is a facility or program that provides legal assistance and advice to individuals, usually under the supervision of licensed attorneys or law professors. Legal clinics often serve as training grounds for law students to gain practical experience while offering free or low-cost legal services to underserved communities.52. Confidentiality - 保密Confidentiality is the ethical and legal duty to keep information shared by clients or obtained during the course of legal representation confidential. Lawyers are obligated to protect the privacy and confidentiality of their clients and can face disciplinary action if they disclose privileged or confidential information without authorization.53. Conflict of Interest - 利益冲突A conflict of interest arises when a person, such as a lawyer, has competing personal, professional, or financial interests that could compromise their objectivity, judgment, or loyalty to their client. Lawyers must avoidconflicts of interest and, if they arise, disclose them to the client and take appropriate measures to address them.54. Legal Precedent - 法律先例Legal precedent, also known as case law, refers to the past decisions of higher courts that establish binding legal principles and interpretation of the law. Lower courts are generally bound to follow the precedent set by higher courts unless there are compelling reasons to depart from it.55. Legal System Hierarchy - 法律体系层级Legal systems often have a hierarchical structure, with different levels of courts and judicial authorities. Generally, the hierarchy starts with trial courts or district courts at the lowest level, followed by appellate courts or high courts, and ultimately the highest court, such as a supreme court or constitutional court, which has the final authority to interpret and apply the law.56. Legal Dispute Resolution - 法律纠纷解决Legal dispute resolution refers to the methods and processes used to resolve conflicts and disputes between parties, including negotiation, mediation, arbitration, and litigation. Different dispute resolution mechanisms offer varying degrees of formality, cost, flexibility, and finality, allowingparties to choose the most suitable approach for their specific circumstances.57. Legal Liability - 法律责任Legal liability is the legal responsibility or obligation to compensate someone for harm or loss resulting from one's actions or omissions. It can arise from various areas of law, such as tort law, contract law, or criminallaw, and may involve civil or criminal liability depending on the nature of the offense.58. Legal Reform - 法律改革Legal reform refers to deliberate and systematic changes made to improve and update the legal system and its processes. Legal reform aims to address shortcomings, enhance access to justice, promote fairness and efficiency, and adapt the law to social, economic, and technological developments in order to better serve the needs of society.59. Legal Compliance - 法律合规Legal compliance refers to the adherence and conformity to applicable laws, regulations, and legal requirements. Individuals, businesses, and organizations must ensure that their activities and operations comply with the law to avoid legal penalties, reputational damage, and other adverse consequences.60. Legal Due Diligence - 法律尽职调查Legal due diligence involves the careful examination, investigation, and assessment of legal risks and obligations associated with a particular transaction, investment, or business activity. Legal due diligence aims to identify and mitigate potential legal issues, liabilities, or regulatory compliance problems that could impact the outcome or viability of the transaction or activity.以上是一些常见的英语法律词汇汇总，这些词汇的掌握对于从事法律领域工作的人员来说非常重要。

Draft 1 – February 2010 Draft 2 – December 2010
3 annexures Explanatory memo Response to industry comments Press release
Final Amendment – February 2011
What has changed?
Definitions - enhanced Principles - introduced Rules / limits - enhanced / changed Derivatives - introduced Securities lending - introduced Credit ratings - ??? Individual Member Choice - introduced Exemption - encouraged

Definitions
Act Collective investment scheme Credit ratings Derivative instruments Exchange Fair value Financial reporting standards Foreign asset Foreign bank Fund member policy Fund of hedge funds Fund of private equity funds Hedge fund Investment policy statement Islamic debt instrument Islamic liquidity management financial instrument Listed Long-term insurance act Long-term insurer Pension preservation fund PostBank Prescribed Private equity fund Property company Provident preservation fund Reporting period South African bank

Pair(s) 20.6 Ohm/1000ft
30 pF/ft (98 pF/m)
6 Amps per Conductor at 30ºC
Voltage UL Voltage Rating
150 V (CMG), 150 V (UL AWM 2576)
Mechanical Characteristics
Indoor CA Prop 65 UL 1685 FT4 Loading, IEC 60332-1-2 CPR Euroclass: Eca Article 800, CMG AWM 2576 CMG EU CE Mark, EU Directive 2011/65/EU (RoHS 2), EU Directive 2012/19/EU (WEEE) UKCA Mark China RoHS II (GB/T 26572-2011)
16 lbs (7.3 kg) 12 lbs/1000ft
Standards and Compliance
Environmental Suitability: Sustainability: Flammability / Reaction to Fire: CPR Compliance: NEC / UL Compliance: AWM Compliance: CEC / C(UL) Compliance: European Directive Compliance: UK Regulation Compliance: APAC Compliance:
Pair(s) PVC - Polyvinyl Chloride 0.010 in (0.25 mm) 0.046 in (1.2 mm)
Black & Red

Previous Issue: 31 August 2002 Next Planned Update: 6 February 2016 Revised paragraphs are indicated in the right marginPage 1 of 7Primary contact: on 966-3-873-5067Engineering ProcedureSAEP-1216 February 2011Operating Instructions for New FacilitiesDocument Responsibility: Project Management Office DepartmentSaudi Aramco DeskTop StandardsTable of Contents1 Scope............................................................ 2 2 Applicable Documents................................... 2 3 Instructions.................................................... 2 4 Responsibilities. (2)Attachment 1 – Operating Instructions (4)Next Planned Update: 6 February 2016 Operating Instructions for New Facilities1 ScopeThis Saudi Aramco Engineering Procedure (SAEP) describes the format and content for initial or revised operating procedures for all new Saudi Aramco facilities that havemechanical equipment which involve regulation or control. This SAEP also assignsresponsibility for the preparation and revision of the operating procedures.2 Applicable DocumentsThe requirements contained in the following documents apply to the extent specified in this procedure.Saudi Aramco Engineering ProcedureSAEP-122Project RecordsSaudi Aramco Engineering StandardSAES-B-006Fireproofing for PlantsSaudi Aramco Safety Management GuideManagement of Change (MOC)3 InstructionsOperating Instructions shall be separate books and distributed by the Project Manager in accordance with SAEP-122.The content of Operating Instructions depends on the nature of the facility; format shall follow the general arrangement indicated in Attachment I, unless the project involvesmodifications/additions to an existing facility where the Operating Department requires the Project Manager to duplicate the format of existing manuals.4 Responsibilities4.1 New IssuesThe Engineering Contractor is responsible for the preparation of a complete,comprehensive and clear Operating Instructions for new facilities. SuchOperating Instructions shall contain all procedures required to safely start,operate, maintain and shut down the new facilities, including componentequipment. Lay-up measures for short T&I durations shall also have to beaddressed by these procedures.Next Planned Update: 6 February 2016 Operating Instructions for New Facilities Where detailed instructions and trouble-shooting procedures are contained invendor manuals, the Operating Instructions shall refer to the applicabledocuments. The project Management team and the Operating Department shallensure the above requirements are met.4.2 RevisionsThe Operating Department in consultation with Operations Engineering shall beresponsible for modifying the new instructions as required to suit actualoperating conditions when facilities are expanded or replaced by the OperationDepartment. When new installed facilities interface with existing equipment,the Engineering contractor is responsible for updating the existing operatinginstructions to reflect the new equipment and its relationship with the existingoperations. The Process & Control Systems Department, Consulting ServicesDepartment and Inspection Department shall be consulted as appropriate.All changes to process technology, chemicals, equipment, procedures, facilities,buildings or organizations at Saudi Aramco industrial facilities shall besubjected to a Management of Change (MOC) process.The Operating Department shall be responsible for providing ProjectManagement with all portions of the Operating Instructions which relate to theexisting facilities included in the project scope and identify any specificrequirements for operating instruction to be included in the contract package.4.3 ApprovalSoft copy of new Operating instructions should be submitted to the proponentfor review and concurrence with Operations teams. The Operating DepartmentManager is the final approval authority for Operating Instructions for newat least two months prior to the initial start up of new facilities.Revision Summary6 February 2016 Revised the "Next Planned Update". Reaffirmed the contents of the document, and reissuedwith minor changes.Next Planned Update: 6 February 2016 Operating Instructions for New FacilitiesAttachment 1 – Operating InstructionsI Index of Operating InstructionsII Outline for Plant as a wholeA. Introduction1. Purpose of PlantB. General Description1. Process Description2. Description of Unit Flowa) Include Plot Plan, Process Flow Diagrams, Piping and InstrumentDiagramsb) Relief and Vent Systemc) Line Designation Tables (If required by Operations)3. Description of Utilitiesa) Flow descriptions and diagrams of auxiliary systems: air, steam, water,power, fuel, etc.b) Utility Material Balances4. Control Systemsa) Distributed Control Systems (DCS)1. Control Narratives2. Logic Narrativesb) Emergency Shutdown (ESD)1. Control Narratives2. Logic Narrativesc) Management Information Systems (MIS)1. Control Narratives2. Logic NarrativesNext Planned Update: 6 February 2016 Operating Instructions for New Facilitiesd) Alarm Management Systems (AMS)1. Control Narratives2. Logic Narrativese) Fire Protection1. Equipment2. System Narratives5. Emergency Preparednessa) Emergency Preparedness Procedureb) Emergency Shutdown Systems and Alarmsc) Combustible and Toxic Gas Detection6. Overview Drawingsa) Electrical One Line Diagramb) Area Classification Diagramc) Material Selection Diagramd) Valve Operating Diagrame) Hazardous Area Diagramf) Plant LAN or other Control Network Diagramg) Plant Communication Cabling Infrastructure Diagramh) Fire Hazardous Classification Drawings as per SAES-B-006(Fireproofing for Plants)7. General Safety InstructionsC. Operating Instructions1. Preparation of detailed instructions for initial start-up2. Detailed start-up procedure3. Operating procedure logic diagrams4. Troubleshooting logic diagrams/procedures5. Detailed procedure for normal shut-down with checklist or logic diagramsNext Planned Update: 6 February 2016 Operating Instructions for New Facilities6. Detailed emergency shut-down and re-start procedures with checklist or logicdiagramsa) Equipment Failuresb) Utility Failures7. Cause and Effect Diagrams8. Plant hazards requiring special precautions9. Plant network and system securityD. General Equipment Information, Complete Facility Equipment List Including1. Individual Name2. Individual NumberE. Standby EquipmentIdentify all standby equipment and instructions for switchover as well as frequencyof switchover defined.III Outline for Individual EquipmentA. Brief description of Major Equipment1. Purpose of EquipmentB. Operating Instructions1. Preparation for initial start-up with checklist or logic diagrams2. Start-up procedure with checklist or logic diagrams3. Normal operation, including operating variables with checklist or logicdiagram4. Temporary and Emergency Operations5. Shut-down procedure with checklist or logic diagram6. Emergency shut-down procedure7. List of Consumables required for startup including dosing rates, etc.C. Operating Limitations1. Include Safety Instructions Sheets.2. Operating Parameters, Performance Criteria, allowable variances, and a list ofNext Planned Update: 6 February 2016 Operating Instructions for New Facilitiesset points for safety operations in accordance with specified operatingparameters.3. Operating Deviations, steps required to mitigate deviations.4. Consequences of process or operating deviations.5. Procedure for mitigating consequences when an exposure or loss occurs.6. Developed alarms (Process and Safety) within the control system.D. Safety Items and Operational HazardsE. Recommendations for Maintenance and Repairs by Operating PersonnelIV Support SystemsA. Corrosion Protection SystemsB. Communications Systems1. Plant network and system architecture2. Plant network and system security design3. Information technology services and interconnection4. Wireless system5. Others as applicableC. Safety Systems。