课下每天练(十) 50分阅读提分练姓名________ 班级________ 考号________ 时间：40分钟阅读(共两节，满分50分)第一节(共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A[2024·福建省高三诊断性练习]Today's modern travelers are journeying further to explore Europe off the beaten track, and bringing home new skills and experience. Here are 4 ideas for an unusual holiday in Europe.Volunteer in TransylvaniaTransylvania is a top choice for an unusual European city break, with wonderfully preserved medieval (中世纪的) towns and castles that inspired the famous novel Dracula. In addition, you can take your unusual holiday experience even further by volunteering in Eastern Europe's largest bear reserve and working with bears.Teach skiing in AustriaAustria is one of Europe's top skiing destinations. If you're looking for a more unusual way to spend a winter holiday, why not consider training to be a ski instructor there? You'll gain a qualification that is recognized worldwide, and this programme includes a guaranteed paid instructor job at a ski resort (旅游胜地) once you have finished your training.Go diving in SpainFor a European holiday with a difference, take part in a plastic cleanup project based in Barcelona, help to empty plastic waste in the Mediterranean Sea and make a difference as you travel. This volunteer project combines diving with collecting plastic or other waste from the water, alongside giving you the chance to explore the city.Explore Tuscany on horsebackTuscany, one of the best places in Europe to explore on horseback, has witnesseda sharp increase in travelers. There are various activities that combine sightseeing with basic horse riding lessons and you can stay in Renaissance villas (文艺复兴风格的别墅) and farmhouses. You don't need to have any experience for horse riding holidays, and they are a brilliant alternative to your typical guided tour.1．What does the author suggest doing in Transylvania?A.Helping to care for bears.B．Finding a job in the castle.C．Reading the novel Dracula.D．Visiting its modern buildings.2．Where can you earn money while traveling?A．Transylvania. B．Tuscany.C．Spain. D．Austria.3．What do we know about horse riding holidays in Tuscany?A．They suit experienced riders.B．They are unique to Tuscany.C．They are growing in popularity.D．They feature a typical guided tour.B[2024·广东七校联考试卷]Overlooking the DavisGant Varsity Soccer Field, a bed of overturned soil waits for further development. In a few years, this area will become a natural habitat and a playground for animals and residents. This peaceful area didn't appear naturally, but through planning and action taken by Catlin Gabel's Tiny Forest project launched by teacher Patrick Walsh.Forests typically take hundreds of years to mature, with four stages of growth. “Tiny forests flatten out time through the plant ing of all four layers (层)，” Walsh explained. The end result is a fastgrowing, native forest in about 20 years. Over 600 plants from 43 species will be planted in the tiny forest, the first one in Oregon.Walsh was inspired to build a tiny forest after hearing about this idea, which emerged in Japan and has taken hold in North America. He shared his vision withseniors in his class. The seniors researched tiny forests and made a proposal resulting in Clean Water Services donating 60 trees and $5，000 from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Armed with these resources, Walsh and the students started working. “Something I didn't really expect was the outpouring of students' enthusiasm. Seeing students from all grades volunteered to contribute to the ‘dirty work’ really blew me away，” Walsh said.Senior Megan Cover has been at the school since the first grade. “I'll graduate after working on this project, which is surely sad, but it's really rewarding and great to be a part of this project and to do my bit. We're creating this educational space for many young kids，” Cover said.Walsh summed up his goal of the project, which is to build a place where students can enjoy and learn about nature. “The forest will obviously not solve climate change, but it would deserve the efforts if the kids think about climate change and remember the importance of reforestation and trees when they look outside at the forest.”4．What is special about tiny forests?A．They originated in North America.B．They are usually planted in schools.C．They contain various types of trees.D．They become mature in a shorter time.5．What surprised Walsh in the process of planting the tiny forest?A．The abundance of native tree species.B. Public concern about the environment.C．The active participation of students.D．Support from local organizations.6．How does Megan Cover feel about the project?A.Proud. B．Hopeful.C．Excited. D．Grateful.7．What does Walsh want the forest to function as for the students?A．A source of enjoyment.B．A reminder.C．A source of inspiration.D．A witness.C[2024·唐山市模拟]Math anxiety is far from uncommon, but too often, those who fear the subject simply avoid it. Research from The University of Chicago offers evidence for the link between math anxiety and avoidance.Studying nearly 500 adults through a computer program called the ChooseAndSolve Task (CAST), the researchers gave participants a choice between math and word problems labeled “easy” and “hard”. The easy problems were always worth two cents, while the hard problems were worth up to six cents. They also informed participants the computer task would modify the questions in the process of testing based on their abilities, enabling them to handle about 70% of the hard problems.Although participants attempted hard word problems when promised higher monetary prizes, they rarely chose to do the same for math problems. “We found we couldn't even pay mathanxious individuals to do difficult math problems，” researcher Rozek says.The findings also contradict a widely held belief that feeling anxious about math and avoiding mathrelated problems is rooted in being bad at math. “If you take two students good at math, the mathanxious one will do worse at math than the one that isn't anxious.”Such a mentality does more than stopping people from taking calculus courses or pursuing a career in STEM. It can affect everyday interactions with math—like leaving a tip in a restaurant. But all is not lost. Reframing their anxiety from negative to positive cou ld help mathanxious people reengage. Giving those anxious about siting exams guidance may lead them to perform better. “Telling them if you're anxious, this is your body getting you ready to perform and focus，” Rozek says. Another path may be to create early positive experiences around math. For example, telling stories featuring math and tackling problems around the story may be helpful.8．What does the underlined word “modify” mean in Paragraph 2?A．Adjust. B．Design.C．Solve. D．Add.9．What does the study find?A.Math anxiety interacts with math avoidance.B.Word problems are often regarded as easier.C.Fear of math can outweigh higher rewards.D．People underrate their mathematical ability.10．What is a common misunderstanding about math anxiety?A．It is the cause of math avoidance.B．It causes people to be bored of math.C．It is a complex phenomenon in life.D．It results from poor math performance.11．What is the last paragraph mainly about?A．Consequences of math avoidance.B．Ways to break the anx ietyavoidance link.C．Explanations for math anxiety.D.Mental barriers to mathematical achievements.D[2024·厦门市高三质量检测]The burning of coal may be falling out of favor as a means of generating heat and electricity, but that doesn't mean it no longer has valuable uses. The team of King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) is using coal for a new economy.The project is led by Associate Professor Andrea Fratalocchi. While reading about challenges of ending the use of coal in power generation, Fratalocchi was struck by a novel possible use for coal. “Why don't we use coal for seawater desalination (脱盐)？” Fratalocchi recalls, still excited. Capable of taking in sunlight, the black mineral adds to the list of substances in dark colors serving t he purpose, which the team is on a longstanding hunt for.Fratalocchi and his team began to explore the use of a material known ascarbonized compressed powder (压缩粉末), also CCP, which is created by breaking coal into powder, and then pressing that powder back into a solid that has more tiny holes—it can also be made into a desired shape. The team combined CCP with natural cotton fibers, producing a block which was then placed within a seawater containing container, with its bottom touching water surface. While sunlight heated the black surface of the block, the inside fibers helped water flow in and through the block from the bottom. When that liquid water reached the hot surface, it turned into steam which rose and condensed (冷凝) on the inside of a specially shaped cover. That condensation then flew down the cover and was collected as fresh, drinkable water. The seawater's salt content remained behind within the CCP. A simple wash was enough to remove most of it, so the material could be reused multiple times.KAUST has partnered with the Dutch startup PERA Complexity to promote the technology. The material will see its first use in a pilot plant in Brazil. “CCP is abundant in nature and reasonable to use, besides being lightweight and highly changeable，” says team member Marcella Bonifazi. “The device's desalination rate per unit of raw material is two to three times higher than that of any other solar desalination system, but it produces fresh water at around onethird the expense of current stateoftheart technologies.”12．What is Fratalocchi's team seeking for?A．Fibers functioning well with CCP.B．Green ways to desalinate seawater.C．Novel industrial applications of coal.D．Darkcolored materials for desalination.13．How did the team get water into the CCP device?A．By placing cotton fibers inside.B．By heating its black surface.C．By making the powder into a block.D．By installing a special cover.14．Which feature of CCP does Marcella Bonifazi stress?A．Being ecofriendly. B．Being lowcost.C．Being efficient. D．Being flexible.15．What does the text mainly talk about?A．Scientists have made a breakthrough in desalination.B．Coal finds new use in desalination technology.P is expected to be in reallife use soon.D．Drinkable water will be got from the sea.其次节(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
星期3 WednesdayHe who doesn’t advance lose groud.学如逆水行舟，不进则退。
Text ALike all animals, humans are territorial. But unlike other creatures, we are also attached to the soil by an emotional motherland. What nation doesn’t have its rural landscape — its fatherland or motherland — as one of the wellspring of its poetry, music and folklore? So the luckiest of people mus t surely be farmers. As the poet Virgil, a smaller farmer himself, put it: “How blessed beyond all blessings are farmers, if they but knew their happiness! Far from the clash of arms, the most just earth brings forth from the soil an easy living for them.”But Virgil wrote those lines in about 30 B.C. Today, how many small farmers in Europe would share his view that the living is easy? The truth is that the image city people love to hold of farmers — with their wheat rippling in the sunshine, brown cows and battered red tractors — is in danger of becoming restricted to storybooks. A great many of Europe’s millions of small farmers are deep in financial mire, unable to battle modern intensive agribusiness, and suffering the humiliation of earning a big chunk of their income by being paid not to grow crops or raise animals.The depth of the crisis was brought home earlier this year in Britain, when about 280,000 country people marched quietly through the streets of London carrying placards pleading “Listen to U s”, and “Don’t Take the Backbone out of Farming”. As well as farmers, there were people wanting to preserve rural jobs and ways of life: hunters and foresters. Thousands were there simply because they know that the countryside is an economic, recreational and spiritual resource that, once lost, cannot be replaced, says one of those marchers, Peverell Bruce, a dairy and arable farmer in Hampshire: “I see my life’s work as being for my children. I want to nurture my land for them. I hope there’s a future in f arming for my sons.”The fact that there is no future on the land for the children of many farming families is popularly blamed on the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union — probably unfairly. The CAP aimed to provide farmers with a guaranteed price for their goods, help peasant farmers adapt to modern, sustainable agriculture and offer rural workers “a fair standard of living”. Behind those noble goals was the need to boost food production in a post-war Europe plagued by shortage.1. At the beginning of the passage, the author indicates that[A] land is important to humans, especially farmers.[B] Virgil is a great and fruitful poet.[C] humans are different from animals.[D] farmers should be satisfied with their living.2. In Europe, modern farmer’s attitude towards Virgil’s view is[A] indifferent. [B] neutral.[C] opposite. [D] favorable.3. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?[A] There are many songs and poems in praise of the rural landscape.[B] Many city people still believe in the beauty of rural life.[C] Small farmers’ living is threatened by modern agribusiness.[D] Farmers are unwilling to be bound to their land.4. The reason why British country people marched is that[A] they were not allowed to read those storybooks anymore.[B] they wanted to keep their rural life unchanged.[C] they needed government to enlarge their farming land.[D] they required government to hasten modernizations in agriculture.5. According to the passage the CAP tried to[A] strengthen the modern influence on farming life.[B] take care of children’s life.[C] help farmers adjust to new situations.[D] import more from other continents.Text BIn the whole of French literary history, there is, perhaps, no subject of such inexhaustible and modern interest as that of George Sand. Of what use is literary history? It is not only a kind of museum, in which a few masterpieces are preserved for the pleasure of observers. It is this certainly, but it is still more than this. Fine books are, before anything else, living works, they not only have lived, but they continue to live. They live within us, underneath those ideas which form our conscience and those sentiments which inspire our actions. There is nothing of greater importance for any society than to make an inventory of the ideas and the sentiments which are composing its moral atmosphere every instant that it exists. For every individual this work is the very condition of his dignity. The question is, should we have these ideas and these sentiments, if, in the times before us, there had not been some exceptional individuals, who seized them, as it were, in the air and made them practicable and durable? These exceptional individuals were capable of thinking more vigorously, of feeling more deeply, and of expressing themselves more forcibly than we are. They leaved these ideas and sentiments to us. Literary history is, then, above and beyond all things, the everlasting examination of the conscience of humanity.George Sand wrote for nearly half a century. For fifty times three hundred and sixty-five days, she never let a day pass by without covering more pages than other writers in a month. Her first books shocked people, her early opinions were greeted with storms. From that time forth she rushed head-long into everything new, she welcomed every fantasy and passed it on to us with more force and passion in it. Vibrating with every breath, electrified by every storm, she looked up at every cloud behind which she fancied she saw star shining. The work of another novelist has been called a repertory of human documents. But what a repertory of ideas her work was! She has said what she had to say on nearly every subject: on love, the family, social institutions and on the various forms of government. And with all this she was a woman. Her case is almost unique in the history of letters. It is intensely interesting to study the influence of this woman of genius on the evolution of modern thought.The share which belongs to George Sand in the history of the French novel is that of havingimpregnated the novel with the poetry in her own soul. She gave to the novel a breadth and a range which it had never hitherto had. She celebrated the hymn of nature, of love and of goodness in it. She revealed to us the country and the peasants of France. She gave satisfaction to the romantic tendency which is in every one of us, to more or less degree.George Sand’s literary ideal may be read in the following words, which she wrote to Flaubert: “You make the people who read your books still sadder than they were before. I want to make them less unhappy.” She tried to do this, and she often succeeded in her attempt. What greater praise can we give to her than that? And how can we help adding a little gratitude and affection to our admiration for the woman who was the good fairy of the contemporary novel?6. What’s the usage of the literary history?[A] It is just a kind of museum.[B] It is an inventory of ideas and sentiments.[C] It records ordinary people’s life.[D] It exams the moral or ethical awareness of human being forever.7. According to the passage, exceptional individuals have all the following characteristics EXCEPT[A] they have more active thought.[B] they feel more deeply.[C] they have strong expressive power.[D] they can forecast the future.8. The author thinks that George Sand[A] was a productive writer.[B] was the first female writer in the literary history.[C] wrote on all subjects except politics.[D] had a significant influence on moral atmosphere.9. The word “impregnated” in Para. 3 is closest in meaning to[A] communicate. [B] filled up.[C] jointed. [D] associated.10. According to the passage, we can know that George Sand described[A] the life of upper-class society. [B] the life of children.[C] French country and peasants. [D] the economic development.11. What was George Sand’s literary ideal?[A] She wanted to make readers happy.[B] She attempted to record the life in her generation.[C] She tried to satisfy her readers.[D] She wanted to encourage women in those days.Text CAmerican federalism has been described as a neat mechanical theory. The national government was said to be sovereign in certain areas of governmental concern, such as the regulation of interstate commerce. State governments were said to be sovereign in certain other areas, such as regulation of intrastate commerce and exercise of the police power. One writer has described this as the “layer cake” concept of American federalism. In the top layer are neatly compacted all the powers of the national government; in the bottom layer are found the separate and distinct functions and powers of state governments.How nice it would be if the American federal system could be so easily and conveniently analyzed. But Professor Martin Grodzins of the University of Chicago has gone to describe federalism in practice as more like a marble cake, with an intermingling of functions, than like a layer cake, with functions separate and distinct. The intermingling can be seen best, perhaps, by examining the example of railroad traffic. If it crosses a state line, it constitutes interstate commerce, coming under control of national government. Rail shipments originating and ending within a single state constitute intrastate commerce, thus — the theory tells us — falling under regulation of state government. However, both the interstate and intrastate shipments may have moved over the same rails. In this simple example, one might easily read the urgent necessity for close cooperation between state and national governments. This need has not gone unrecognized by administrators of governmental programs at the state, local, and national levels.Nonetheless, national and state interests often conflict in the political area. Pressures may be brought to bear down on state legislators which differ from those felt by members of the national Congress. Disagreement over the proper division of powers between states and the national government often lies beneath a conflict of interests. But no best formula has been discovered for drawing a dividing line between state powers and national powers.The men who wrote the United States Constitution did the best they could in the face of circumstances which confronted them at the time. The state-national power dispute has raged persistently ever since. What are “states rights”? It is obvious that, throughout the United States history, the issue of “states rights” has arisen repeatedly as the painful wailed for any interest which they felt being treated unsympathetically at a given moment by the national government. The source of the cry would seem to depend on whose ox is being gored.12. “L ayer cake” concept is cited to show[A] separate and distinct functions and power between governments.[B] sovereign power of the national government.[C] regulation of intrastate commerce in state governments.[D] exercise of the police power in state governments.13. In which paragraph does the author indicate his/her view about American federalism?[A] 1 [B] 2 [C] 3 [D] 414. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the author?[A] This need for close state-national cooperation has not been recognized.[B] Conflict of interests often accounts for the state-national power disputes.[C] At the very beginning federalism was an ideal one without state-national power disputes.[D] Those who wrote the United States Constitution should be blamed for the present confusion.15. Since there is no clear-cut formula for dividing state and national powers,[A] interstate cooperation is primarily a thing of the past.[B] state governments have been forced to delegate certain functions to the federal government.[C] states constantly cry to the national government for more rights.[D] state governments have been losing power since the foundation of federalism.Text DIn 1943 as a bright-eyed 14-year-old, Akira Ogasawara joined the Japanese army, partly because the officials who enrolled army members promised him a ride in an airplane. Instead of getting his flight, he was assigned to a secret medical unit that performed experiments on prisoners in Manchuria. Now 65 and a construction worker, he is still tormented by the memory of his twoy ears with Unit 731 as it worked on developing a “germ bomb”, which Tokyo hoped would help win World WarⅡ. “I myself did not put any prisoner under the knife.” he tells a mostly middle-aged audience of about 50 people at Hachioji, near Tokyo. “But when I th ink that the rats and fleas I bred were used in experiments which killed so many people, I feel that it’s my task to tell everyone that such things took place.” The audience stirs uneasily, sharing a hideous secret from the past.Until the early 1980s, few Japanese were eager to learn about events like Unit 731’s activities in Manchuria, a region in northern China conquered and governed by the Japanese army from 1932 to 1945. Untold thousands of Russians, Koreans and Chinese suspected of anti-Japanese activities were brought to the Unit 731 base at Pinfang, near Harbin. Clinically referred to as maruta, or “logs”, they were initially treated well since the experiments required healthy subjects. Eventually, however, some of the prisoners were infected with contagious diseases — typhoid(伤寒症), tetanus(破伤风), anthrax(炭疽热), syphilis(梅毒)— or poisoned with mustard gas(芥子气); others, stripped and tied to poles, were exposed to the -20℃Manchurian winter to develop frostbite and subsequently gangrene(坏疽). Some were even dissected while still alive, according to former unit members. At least 3,000 prisoners died.In the late summer of 1945 the surviving prisoners were put to death, and Ogasaware was among the men assigned to dispose of the bodies. After the war, senior officers of Unit 731 captured by the Soviets were sent to Siberian labor camps. The U.S. agreed not to prosecute unit members in exchange for the death camp’s medical data.Today an exhibition about Unit 731, complete with photographs and man-made things, is touring Japan, with 40 stops planned around the country; Ogasawara — along with other former unit members — offers his testimony at the exhibition whenever he can. For a Japan that still has not totally come to terms with the wartime past, his words are painful reminders of one of the darkest chapters in the country’s history.16. According to the passage, why did Akira Ogasaware join the army?[A] He was inspired to devote himself to world peace.[B] He was well-prepared to sacrifice himself for his country.[C] He was so childish that he was keen on taking the plane.[D] He was cheated that he could join in the Air Force.17. The following information about Unit 731 and “germ bomb” is true EXCEPT[A] Japan intended to abuse germ in war.[B] Japan ever cut down many logs for experiments.[C] Japan also experimented on Russians besides Chinese.[D] Japan infected maruta with contagious diseases.18. The prisoners were primitively treated well because[A] Japanese cared about the health of maruta.[B] the aim of the experiments was a top priority for Japanese.[C] Japanese were eager to inquire of them about Manchuria.[D] they were infected with contagious diseases.19. Which of the following adjectives can best describe Japanese’s deeds in Manchuria?[A] Inhuman. [B] troublesome.[C] Historic. [D] rude.20. Which of the following is NOT correct?[A] The U.S.A. ever lacked the sense of justice in accusation of Japanese prisoners of the war.[B] The true wartime past does not completely come to light in Japan.[C] Akira Ogasaware’s testimony reminds the world of the true history of Japan in the war.[D] Akira Ogasaware himself operated on “logs”.语境词汇Text A1. territorial a.地盘性的；领土的2. be attached to 依附于3. wellspring n.源泉4. bring forth 产生，引起；提出，引证5. ripple v.(使)起微波n.细浪；水的潺潺声6. battered a.磨损的7. mire n.困境；泥潭，沼泽8. a big chunk of 大部分9. bring home 以强调形式清楚地显示（或证实）10. placard n.标语牌；布告，海报11. plague vt.使受灾祸；使染瘟疫n.瘟疫；祸患Text B1. inexhaustible a.无穷无尽的，用不完的；不会疲劳的，不倦的2. sentiment n.情操，思想感情；情绪3. make an inventory of 编制…清单，盘点4. repertory n.贮存，库存；仓库5. social institution 社会制度6. impregnate vt.注入，灌输；使怀孕Text C1. sovereign a.有主权的；最高的n.君主2. police power 治安权；警察部队3. compact v.使紧密结合；使结实a.紧密的；简洁的4. bear down on sb. 对某人施加压力5. dividing line 分界线，界限6.rage v.猛烈进行；发怒n.盛怒7. wail for 为…恸哭8. gore v.用角伤害；把…剪成楔形三角布n.（伤口流出的）血，凝固的血Text D1. assign sb. to do sth. 指定某人做某事2. hideous a.令人惊骇的；极丑的；庞大的3. germ bomb 细菌炸弹4. contagious disease 传染性疾病5. typhoid n.伤寒a.伤寒性的6. tetanus n.破伤风7. anthrax n.炭疽热8. syphilis n.梅毒9. mustard gas 芥子气10. frostbite n.冻伤，冻疮v.使遭霜害，使冻伤11. gangrene n.坏疽12. come to terms with 达成协议，让步难句突破Text A1. Thousands were there simply because they know that the countryside is an economic, recreational and spiritual resource that, once lost, cannot be replaced, says one of those marchers, Peverell Bruce, a dairy and arable farmer in Hampshire.【分析】复合句。
人教版必修一·U4第四课时随堂训练（解析版）一、单项选择（共8小题）1. I can never understand the reason _______ he explained to me.A．why B．that C．when D．Where2. It’s such a difficult problem _______ nobody can work out.A．as B．that C．which D．so that3. He bought a new building ________top is different from those of the others around.A．what B．which C．that D．Whose4. It is in the hall can house 10,000 people the opening ceremony of the Global 5G Technology Summit will be held.A．which;that B．where;that C．which;who D．where; whom5. The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those lives were affectedA．whose B．that C．who D．Which6. As President, he appointed men to high government positions ________ he considered most capable, ________ some of them openly defied his authority.A．which … as though B．/ … thoughC．which … even if D．whom … as though7. The movie Jurassic Park was a big hit, with its novel idea ___________ a mixture of fear and excitement into people’s hearts.A．strikes B．struck C．to strike D．Striking8. It ________ me that nobody is in favour of the new changes.A．catches B．bears C．charges D．strikes【答案与解析】1.考查定语从句。
Theory and Practice of Science and Technology2022, VOL. 3, NO. 6, 4-10DOI: 10.47297/taposatWSP2633-456901.20220306A Novel Hierarchical Structure for Multilayer PerceptronGuodong Ma1, Zerui Qin21The Australian University, Canberra 2600,Australia2New York University,New YorkABSTRACTBased on the training set of the football game FIFA, the project developeda model that could classify the positions of players by their variousnumerical values. The model can select the best position for a player onthe field, providing strong guidance and suggestions for players toimprove the game experience. This problem is a multi-classificationproblem, the most important is to ensure the accuracy of modelclassification. We first try to use a classification model to classify the wholesample directly, and find that the accuracy is low. Then we introduced"hierarchical classification", that is to set up a hierarchical classificationmodel and realize the final classification step by step. We choose theneural network model as the classification model by comparing theaccuracy of four classification models. In the process of implementation,we also optimized the basic hierarchical classification model innovatively,which greatly improved its performance.KEYWORDSNeural Network; Multilayer Perceptron; Hierarchical Structure1 IntroductionThe project evaluates and classifies given players by collecting, processing, and analyzing various data (age, height, weight, physical, value, position, pace, shooting, dribbling, defending) of football players worldwide. Before, there have been researches on the position distribution of players, the selection of the top ten players, and overall prediction of a FIFA player. In real games, however, players are often placed in positions that do not fit their player stats. In this project, we train the player data of various league in the world, compare the efficiency of multiple classification models, and use the optimal model to achieve different degrees of position classification.2 DatasetThe project uses the FIFA complete player data sets in Kaggle[1] and FIFA's official website[2][3] to build the project model. The data sets contains 6 data sets provided the players data for career mode from FIFA 15 to FIFA 20. Each data set includes about 18,000 player information records of 104 aspects (e.g. id, name, various skill scores, etc.). This database has a lot of football analysis that can be studied and analyzed in depth by researchers. FIFA 20 data set is used as a training set to build a model, and FIFA 19 data set is used as a testing set to detect the model.Theory and Practice of Science and Technology 3 Solution(1) Data set preprocessingThe project first deals with the wrong data (serial, missing, format error). The number of serial and format error samples in the data set is small, and these sample data are discarded from the data set. The project explores the reasons for the missing data.According to the Figure 1, The missing value is generated because the "goalkeeper" has no record meaning in some specific features; similarly, other players have no record meaning in the goalkeeper features. Therefore, there are no recorded values on these features. The project first excludes the "goalkeeper" samples in the data set, and then deleted the meaningless features from the remaining data set. The missing value is no longer included in the current data set.In order to better build the player position classification model, the project only retains 49 useful features, and the data type saved by all characters is changed to numeric form.The label of the data set originally has 11 categories. In order to better classify the label, the 11 categories are summarized into 4 categories and 9 categories, which are recorded in digital form (i.e. 0,1,2,3 and 0, 1...,8). Before implementing classification, the project explores the influence of the left and right feet on the position in advance. The project compared the ratio of the left and right feet to the left and right field positions (forward-field, mid-field, center-back-field, side-back-field). According to the Figure 2 , we can see that for the side-back-field players, the left-footed players are basically on the left field, and the right-footed players are basically on the right field. But for the midfield, backfield and center-side the use of the left and right feet of a player has little to do with being on the left and right side of the field. Therefore, in the classification process, we will finally further classify the side-back-field players (labeled L/RB) into two categories, LB and RB.(2) Classification structure1) Basic hierarchical classification structureAs shown in Figure 3, the algorithm first builds four classification models [4] for all players. Because the features of the players whose label is "GK" are different from those of the other three types of players, the algorithm first classifies the players with GK features into the goalkeeper category. Next, the algorithm builds a model to classify players into three categories by training set (2020 data set):"Forward", "Mid", and "Back".Figure 1 Missing value proportion 5Guodong Ma and Zerui Qin Through the classification model in the first step, four classifications will be obtained as a result. Next, the project further categorizes the "Forward", "Mid", and "Back" categories into 8 categories "ST", "R/LW", "CAM", "CDM", "CM", "R/LM" ,"CB", and "L/RB"[5]. The classification model in the second step is still built with the MLP model, and the test set is used to get the accuracy of the second-step classification (model1, model2, model3).Because we find that the left and right feet have a great influence on the left and right guards based on the preprocessing, the project finally divided the "L/RB" into two categories.The project compares 4 types of classification models (Logistic regression, decision tree [6], QDA, MLP [7]). Considering the efficiency and accuracy of the model, MLP is the optimal model. AndtheFigure 2 Flow of classificationFigure 3 Flow of classification 6Theory and Practice of Science and Technology7 project applies MLP to the algorithm.2) Classification improvement Array second layer outputFigure 4 When analyzing the accuracy of the model, we found that there would be some wrong classifications in the results of the second layer. For example, after the second classification, in theforward result, there will be some players who are not forwards. We decided to separate out theplayers in this section to improve our accuracy. Array Figure 5 advanced classification modelGuodong Ma and Zerui Qin As shown in the figure 5, we optimized its structure based on the existing classification model. We add an additional category to the existing categories of the three models at the third level. Then the data belonging to this category are extracted for further classification.As shown in the figure 6, take the first classification model of the third layer, which is responsible for classifying the data with the "front field" label from the previous layer. In the previous model, we only divided it into two categories: ST, L/RW. In the optimized model, we added a new category "other" to store data other than the first two, and then we used the next level of classification model to divide the data into all categories except ST and L/RW. This optimization will greatly increase the accuracy of the classification model. In fact, we can add more layers and repeat this process many times with satisfactory accuracy.In addition, PCA is also used to reduce model complexity by removing variables that are not closely related to classification results.Due to the large difference deviation between different players and different positions, the accuracy and error are different in different categories. Therefore, Boosting algorithm can be introduced in the future to make the model focus on samples with large error, so as to achieve optimization effect.(3) Model constructionAs shown in Figure 7, the MLP classification model built by the project has two hidden layers.Figure 6 advanced classification model detailFigure 7 MLP diagram 8Theory and Practice of Science and Technology The input layer will undergo a normalization process(as shown in formula 1):Normalization formula:The batch of the model is 64, and it has been trained 300 iterations to get the best accuracy. We formulate this MLP as our core classification model.4 Results AnddiscussionThe test accuracy for the models is shown in Figure 8. The first column shows the test accuracy for the classification model that do not use the c structure, only use one MLP classifier to classify 10 classes. The second column shows the test accuracy for the hierarchical classification model before the improvement. The third column shows the test accuracy for the hierarchical classification model after the improvement.From the table, we can see that the hierarchical classification model has better performance than the non hierarchical classification model. Also, the hierarchical classification model after the improvement has better performance than the original hierarchical classification model. But the complexity of our model is high, the over fit of the training data can be a problem. In the future, we will try to increase the number of layers in the improved model layer, find a balance for how many layers we should use in the model. For each classifier in the model, we will introduce boosting algorithm and other training method to improve each classifier in each layer, this might decrease the influence of over fitting.References[1] S. Leone, "Fifa 20 complete player dataset," https:/// stefanoleone992/fifa-20-complete-player-dataset.Figure 8 Test accuracy 9Guodong Ma and Zerui Qin 10[2] X. wang, "A crawler for player data analysis of fifa football games," https: ///developer/news/368808.[3] FIFA, "Fifa players," https:///.[4] J.-P. Alemeida, A. Rutle, and M. Wimmer, "Preface to the 6th international workshop on multi-level modelling (multi2019)," in 2019 ACM/IEEE 22nd International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems Companion (MODELS-C), 2019, pp. 64–65.[5] francefootball, "francefootball," https://www.francefootball.fr/.[6] S. Mitrofanov and E. Semenkin, "An approach to training decision trees with the relearning of nodes," in 2021International Conference on Information Technologies (InfoTech), 2021, pp. 1–5.[7] L. Abhishek, "Optical character recognition using ensemble of svm, mlp and extra trees classifier," in 2020International Conference for Emerging Technology (INCET), 2020, pp. 1–4.。
