英语非谓语动词精华

一、非谓语动词语法功能表
二、非谓语动词用法:
（一）主语：
1、不定式做主语表示特指、一次、具体的动作。

可以用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。

e.g. It is not very good for you to smoke so much. （具体）
To be invited to the palace ball would be exciting. (目的) 邀请去参加宫廷舞会将会是件令人激动的事情。

2、动名词做主语表示泛指、经常、抽象的动作。

通常用来表示一件已知或已完成的事或经验。

e.g. Smoking is prohibited here. 这里禁止抽烟。

（抽象）
Climbing mountains is interesting. 爬山很有趣。

（经验）
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring. 在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。

（经验）
Being invited to the palace ball made her very excited. 被邀请去参加宫廷舞会使她很激动。

（二）宾语
有些动词只能用不定式作宾语如afford, agree等；有些则只能用动名词作宾语如admit, enjoy等。

还有些动词（短语）用两种形式均可，但意义不同，如抽象forget, remember, regret等。

（三）定语
1、不定式做定语多表示将来的动作：I have many letters to type.
（1）不定式与被修饰的名词构成动宾关系：
e.g. I have something to say.
I’d like a few books to read during the journey.
（2）在处于动宾关系的情况下，若不定式为不及物动词，其后须加上结构和意义上所需的介词。

e.g I’ve bought a motorcycle to go to work on.
Henry is a pleasant man to talk to.
（3）不定式为及物动词后接宾语和介词。

介词与被修饰的名词构成介宾关系。

I want to a bookcase to put my books in.
The boy cried as he had no children to play games with.
（4）名词place,time,way后接不定式可以省去介词。

That’s a nice place to live.
I’m afraid there is no time to play now.
（5）不定式和被修饰名词构成主谓关系：
He is the right person to do that job.
Mary is always the last to arrive at the office.
（6）不定式和被修饰名词构成同位关系：
His plan to set up more branches in other cities wasn’t approved.
注意：不定式+介词修饰名词也可以转化成介词+关系代词+不定式。

前者用于口语，后者用于正式语体。

Della had only ten dollars to buy a present with
= Della had only ten dollars with which to buy a present.
Shella is a nice companion to travel with=Shella is a nice companion with whom to travel.
2、动名词做定语通常表示它所修饰的名词的用途：
e.g. The old man walked with a walking stick in his hand.
Swimming pool reading room sleeping car flying school
3、现在分词（短语）作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，表示主动和进行。

The doctor are trying their best to save the dying woman.
4、过去分词（短语）作定语与它所修饰的名词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，表示被动，完成。

We only sell used books in our bookstore.
（四）状语
1、不定式可做目的状语、原因状语、结果状语等。

他表示在谓语动词动作之后发生的动作。

不定式作结果状语，常与only一起连用，暗示一种意料之外的结果。

With Father’s Day around the corner, I have take some money out of the bank to buy presents for my dad. （目的）The old man came running to the railway station, only to find the train was pulling out of the station. （结果）
2、现在分词可做目的、原因、结果、条件或伴随（貌似还有方式见上面句子）等状语。

（其一般时表示与谓语动词动作同时发生的动作；完成时表示在谓语动作之前发生的动作。

）
Arriving in Shanghai, I lost my way. （伴随）
Henry died in 1919, leaving his house to the American people. （结果状语）
Lots of rescue workers were working around the clock, sending supplies to Y ushu, Qinghai Province after the earthquake.
Not knowing the way to the post-office, the old man asked a policeman for help. （原因）
Having read the chapter four times, I finally understood the author’s theory. （原因：完成时）
3、过分分词形式作状语表示完成或被动，其动作由句子的主语承受的。

而不定式和现在分词作状语时，其动作是由句子主语发出的。

Seen from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.
（五）表语
1、不定式作表语表示将要完成的某一具体动作；而动名词则泛指日常反复的动作。

My job is to collect letters. 我的工作是去收信。

My job is collecting letters. 我的工作是收集信件。

2、现在分词和过去分词作表语相比，二者在剧中起形容词作用，现在分词往往带有主动意义，说明主语的性质和特征；而过去分词常有被动意义，表示主语因外部原因而产生某种状态。

The film was boring. （电影本身乏味）
The students were bored at the film. （因电影乏味而产生厌烦的感觉）
3、动名词与现在分词作表语相比，动名词相当于名词的功能，说明主语的内容；现在分词相当于形容词的功能，说明主语的性质、特征。

My hobby is collecting stamps.
My hobby is encouraging.
（六）补语
1、不定式作宾补与现在分词作补语相比，不定式表示工作的全过程，与宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系；现在分词表示动作正在进行，与宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。

He saw a boy get on the train. （上了车）
He saw a boy getting on the train. （正在上车）
2、过去分词作宾补与宾语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，与补充说明的成分之间有被动或完成的关系。

I’ll have my house painted tomorrow.
Lucy has a great sense of humour and always keeps her colleagues amused with her stories.
3、动词不定式作宾语补足语：在动词tell, want, would like, wish, ask等后常用动词不定式作宾语补足语，即：
Tell/want/would like/wish/ask sb. (not) to do sth.
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